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ISSN. 1829 586X 46 TAKSONOMI GULMA PADI (Oryza Sativa)

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ISSN. 1829 586X 46 TAKSONOMI GULMA PADI (Oryza Sativa) Taksonomi Gulma Padi (Oryza sativa),...Dewi Rosanti ,...Sainmatika,...Volume 13,...No.1,...Juni 2016,...46-51 TAKSONOMI GULMA PADI (Oryza sativa) DI AREAL PERSAWAHAN JAKABARING PALEMBANG Dewi Rosanti e-mail: [email protected] Dosen Tetap Yayasan pad Fakultas MIPA Universitas PGRI Palembang ABSTRACT Taxonomic studies weeds of rice (Oryza sativa) in paddy fields Jakabaring Palembang was held in September to October 2015, the descriptive survey method. Sampling is done in a systematic way. Weeds found on land rice plant (Oryza sativa) consists of 1 divisio, 2 class, 7 order, 7 of family, genus and 12 species. All weeds are divisio Spermatophyta, which can be divided into class Dicotyledoneae. Family of Class Dicotyledoneae is Asteraceae as species Ageratum conyzoides (bandotan) and Crassocephalum crepidioides (sintrong); familia Convolvulaceae as species Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach); familia Euphorbiaceae as Acalypha indica (kucingan), Phyllanthus niruri (meniran) and Euphobia hirta (patikan kebo); familia Fabaceae as species Mimosa pudica var unijuja (shy daughter). Familia of class Monocotyledoneae are familia Cyperaceae as species Cyperus compressus (puzzle), Cyperus pilosus (puzzles) and Ischaemum timorens (jakut racket); familia Hydrocharitaceae as Blyxa echinosperma (junjung water); familia Poaceae as Digittaria longiflora (grass digataria). Keywords: weed, Oryza sativa, rice fields, taxonomy ABSTRAK Penelitian taksonomi gulma padi (Oryza sativa) di areal persawahan Jakabaring Palembang telah dilaksanakan pada bulan September sampai dengan bulan Oktober 2015, menggunakan metode survey deskriptif. Gulma yang terdapat pada lahan tanaman padi (Oryza sativa ) terdiri dari 1 divisio, 2 class, 7 ordo, 7 familia, genus dan 12 spesies. Semua gulma merupakan divisio Spermatophyta, yang dapat dibedakan menjadi class dicotyledonae. Familia dari Class Dicotyledoneae yaitu Asteraceae dengan spesies gulma Ageratum conyzoides (bandotan) dan Crassocephalum crepidioides (sintrong); familia Convolvulaceae dengan spesies Ipomoea aquatica (kangkung air); familia Euphorbiaceae dengan spesies Acalypha indica (kucingan), Phyllanthus niruri (meniran) dan Euphobia hirta (patikan kebo); familia Fabaceae dengan spesies Mimosa pudica var unijuja (putri malu). Familia dari class Monocotyledoneae yaitu familia Cyperaceae dengan spesies Cyperus compressus (teki), Cyperus pilosus (teki) dan Ischaemum timorens (jakut raket); familia Hydrocharitaceae dengan spesies Blyxa echinosperma (junjung air); familia Poaceae dengan jenis Digittaria longiflora (rumput digataria). Kata Kunci : Gulma, Oryza sativa, sawah, taksonomi ISSN. 1829 586X 46 Taksonomi Gulma Padi (Oryza sativa),...Dewi Rosanti ,...Sainmatika,...Volume 13,...No.1,...Juni 2016,...46-51 PENDAHULUAN Salah satu faktor yang Padi merupakan salah satu menyebabkan rendahnya hasil beras tanaman pangan yang diusahakan oleh baik kualitas dan kuantitas adalah para petani di daerah Kecamatan Lahat. gangguan gulma. Gulma sebagai Dalam membudidayakan tanaman padi organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) banyak masalah yang dihadapi oleh petani. termasuk kendala penting yang harus Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan diatasi dalam peningkatan produksi rendahnya hasil beras baik kualitas dan kuantitas adalah gangguan gulma. Gulma padi di Indonesia. Penurunan hasil padi sebagai organisme pengganggu tanaman akibat gulma berkisar antara 6-87 (OPT) termasuk kendala penting yang %. Data yang lebih rinci penurunan harus diatasi dalam peningkatan produksi hasil padi secara nasional akibat padi di Indonesia. Kehadiran gulma di gangguan gulma 15-42 % untuk padi sawah sebagai tumbuhan yang tidak sawah dan padi gogo 47-87 % (Pitoyo, dikehendaki akan mengurangi hasil gabah 2006). karena tanaman padi bersaing dengan Ciri-ciri umum padi tumbuh gulma dalam pengambilan hara, air, udara di sawah. Padi termasuk dalam suku dan ruang (Buhaira, 2010 dan Eskandar, padi-padian atau Poaceae (sinonim 2009). Graminae atau lumiflorae). Sejumlah Sistem penanaman padi di ciri suku (familia) ini juga menjadi ciri sawah biasanya didahului oleh padi, misalnya berakar serabut, daun pengolahan tanah secara sempurna berbentuk lanset (sempit memanjang), seraya petani melakukan persemaian. urat daun sejajar, memiliki pelepah Mula-mula sawah dibajak, pembajakan daun, bunga tersusun sebagai bunga dapat dilakukan dengan mesin, kerbau majemuk dengan satuan bunga atau melalui pencangkulan oleh berupa loret, floret tersusun manusia. Setelah dibajak, tanah dalam spikelet, khusus untuk padi satu dibiarkan selama 2-3 hari. Namun di spikelet hanya memiliki satu floret, beberapa tempat, tanah dapat dibiarkan buah dan biji sulit dibedakan karena sampai 15 hari. Selanjutnya tanah merupakan bulir (Purba, 2007). dilumpurkan dengan cara dibajak lagi Gulma merupakan tumbuhan untuk kedua kalinya atau bahkan ketiga pada waktu, tempat dan kondisi yang kalinya 3-5 hari menjelang tanam. tidak di inginkan oleh manusia. Pada Setelah itu bibit hasil semaian ditanam umumnya untuk tanaman persawahan dengan cara pengolahan sawah seperti diperlukan lahan yang cukup luas dan di atas (yang sering disebut pengolahan memerlukan jarak tanaman yang cukup tanah sempurna, intensif atau lebar. Hal ini memberikan kesempatan konvensional) banyak kelemahan yang pada gulma untuk tumbuh dan timbul penggunaan air di sawah berkembang lebih banyak dan lebih amatlah boros. Padahal ketersediaan air cepat sesuai dengan sifat gulma semakin terbatas. Selain itu (Daniel, 2002 dan Rosanti, 2013). pembajakan dan pelumpuran tanah Gulma adalah tanaman yang yang biasa dilakukan oleh petani tumbuhnya tidak diinginkan. Gulma di ternyata menyebabkan banyak butir- suatu tempat mungkin berguna sebagai butir tanah halus dan unsur hara bahan pangan, makanan ternak atau terbawa air irigasi. Hal ini kurang baik sebagai bahan obat-obatan. Dengan dari segi konservasi lingkungan demikian, suatu spesies tumbuhan (Sunardi, 2002 dan Purba, 2007). tidak dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai ISSN. 1829 586X 47 Taksonomi Gulma Padi (Oryza sativa),...Dewi Rosanti ,...Sainmatika,...Volume 13,...No.1,...Juni 2016,...46-51 gulma pada semua kondisi. Namun biasanya dinamakan pakis yang demikian, banyak juga tumbuhan daunnya hampir selalu tersusun diklasifikasikan sebagai gulma sebagai daun majemuk. Berdasarkan dimanapun gulma itu berada karena bentuk masa pertumbuhan dibedakan gulma tersebut umum tumbuh secara menjadi gulma semusim (anual), dua teratur pada lahan tanaman budidaya musim (bienual), dan tahunan (Mulyaningsih, 2008 dan Sarwanto, (perenial). 2013). Klasifikasi adalah Ekologi gulma akan tumbuh pengelompokan gulma berdasarkan baik dalam kondisi yang kesamaan aspek-aspek biologi yang menguntungkan pertumbuhan tanaman terkait dengan adaptasi lingkungan, padi. Lebih suka pada tanah basah dan kemampuan bersaing terhadap tanaman akan tumbuh bila sebagian batangnya pokok atau responnya terhadap terendam air. Gulma muda yang mirip tindakan pengendalian dalam kaitannya dengan bibit padi dan sering ikut dengan budidaya tanaman persawahan. ditanam tanpa disengaja. Pengurangan Cara klasifikasi gulma cenderung hasil padi paling gawat jika gulma mengarah ke sisitem buatan. Masing- tumbuh dalam 60 hari setelah padi masing kelompok memperlihatkan berkecambah. Tak satupun metode perbedaan di dalam pengendalian dapat mengedalikan gulma secara (Wahyudi, dkk. 2009). tuntas di pertanaman. Suatu metode mungkin menekan species tertentu METODE PENELITIAN tetapi beberapa species lain mendapat pengaruh meguntungkan secara Penelitian ini dilakukan pada langsung atau tidak langsung. Bila bulan September sampai dengan suatu metode dipraktekkan secara terus Oktober 2015, di areal persawahan menerus pada beberapa musim maka Jakabaring Palembang. Alat yang pengaruh yang menguntungkan itu digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu cenderung mendominasi di musim kamera, tali rapiah, meteran, tiang selanjutnya. Hal inilah yang pancang dan alat tulis, Bahan yang memungkinkan timbulnya gulma- digunakan adalah tumbuhan gulma di gulma utama yang mendominasi suatu kawasan persawahan. Metode yang pertanaman (Sarwanto, 2013). digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Menurut Sukman dan Yakub langsung di lapangan. Gulma yang (2002), gulma dapat menjadi empat didapat diidentifikasi dan tipe berdasarkan keragamannya, dikelompokkan berdasarkan taksanya. pertama golongan gulma berdaun lebar, yaitu berbentuk daunnya lebih lebar dibandingkan golongan lainnya. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kedua, rerumputan kebanyakan berasal dari famili gramineae (poaceae) Komposisi Gulma ukurannya berpariasi, ada yang tegak, Dari penelitian yang telah menjalar, hidup semusim, atau dilakukan di areal persawahan tahunan. Ketiga, teki-tekian golongan Jakabaring Palembang didapat hasil ini dari penampakannya hampir mirip berupa komposisi gulma sebagaimana dengan golongan rerumputan, bedanya tercantum di bawah ini : terletak pada bentuk batangnya. Keempat, golongan paku-paku ISSN. 1829 586X 48 Taksonomi Gulma Padi (Oryza sativa),...Dewi Rosanti ,...Sainmatika,...Volume 13,...No.1,...Juni 2016,...46-51 Tabel 1. Komposisi gulma yang ditemukan pada areal persawahan Jakabaring Palembang No Ordo Familia Nama spesies Nama Lokal 1 Asterales Asteraceae Ageratum Bandotan conyzoides 2 Crassocephalum Sintrong crepidioides 3 Convolvulales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Kangkung air 4 Euphobiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica Kucingan 5 Phyllanthus niruri Meniran 6 Euphobia hirta Patikan kebo 7 Fabales Fabaceae Mimosa pudica var Putri malu unijuja 8 Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus Teki compressus 9 Cyperaceae
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