Genetic Resources and Varietal Environment of Grown Fonio Millets in West Africa: Challenges and Perspectives

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Genetic Resources and Varietal Environment of Grown Fonio Millets in West Africa: Challenges and Perspectives Plant Breed. Biotech. 2020 (June) 8(2):77~88 Online ISSN: 2287-9366 https://doi.org/10.9787/PBB.2020.8.2.77 Print ISSN: 2287-9358 REVIEW ARTICLE Genetic Resources and Varietal Environment of Grown Fonio Millets in West Africa: Challenges and Perspectives 1 1 2 Cyrille Kanlindogbe *, Emmanuel Sekloka , Emmanuel Hala Kwon-Ndung 1 Laboratory of Phytotechny, Plant Breeding and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou 123, Benin 2 Department of Botany, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia 950101, Nigeria ABSTRACT Fonio, known to be the smallest and oldest form of millet grown in sub-Saharan Africa, has remained relatively poor of research despite its nutritional, sociocultural, agroecological, therapeutic and economic potentials. Based on systematic literature review, this critical study showed that fonio genetic breeding progress is at a low level. Genetic resources are threatened by erosion, particularly extra-early cultivars of Digitaria exilis, and mainly D. iburua species have practically disappeared in some cultivation countries including Benin. Varietal environment is characterized by lack of improved varieties and seeds, so that cultivars are ecotypes derived from natural selection often with low yields. Seeds, very tiny, are generally heterogenous, in polyvarietal mixtures because of unimproved systems and management by farmers. These ecotypes are susceptible to stem lodging and seed shattering. An exhaustive list of fonio genetic resources from West and Central Africa into catalog remains to be documented. There is a need for regional and international networking of fonio researchers with institutional support for harmonizing germplasm characterization methods, will facilitate descriptors development for all countries. It is necessary to consider in this work wild relative species that have potential genes of resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Starting from autogamy and apomixis revealed on fonio, homogenization program using pureline and mass selection of cultivars could enable rapid release of homogeneous and higher yielding materials to farmers and processors. Development of early and yielded varieties, with upright stem and coarse grains, resistant to lodging, shattering, and facilitating mechanical harvesting would enhance effective production revival. Keywords Genetic erosion, Networking, Catalog and descriptors, Selection, Improved varieties of fonio, Africa INTRODUCTION neglected species that is a staple food for populations in several West African countries (Cruz et al. 2011). It plays Conservation and sustainable exploitation of traditional a crucial role in food security of thousands of people around phytogenetic resources is now a major concern for agri- the world, especially with early cultivars harvested often culture and scientific research. Indeed, it is estimated that early that serve to get through the lean season (Dramé and nearly three-quarters of crop genetic diversity has been lost Cruz 2002; Paraïso et al. 2011; Sekloka et al. 2016). In the in the last century, and this genetic erosion continues (Con- world, apart from Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica vention on Biological Diversity, http://fr.wikipedia.org/ from the sub-temperate countries, there are not yet small wiki/Convention_sur_la_diversit%C3%A9_biologique). cereals cultivated by a large number of small producers This is the case of neglected and underutilized food species (Portères 1955; CIRAD 2009). Cultivated often without of the tropical world, which today represent an unexplored chemical inputs, fonio contributes to environment protec- pool of diversities and potentialities. tion (CIRAD 2009; Cruz et al. 2011). Recognized for its Fonio (Digitaria exilis S., D. iburua S.) is one of these nutritional, medicinal and socio-cultural importances (Jideani Received January 7, 2020; Revised March 6, 2020; Accepted April 9, 2020; Published June 1, 2020 *Corresponding author Cyrille Kanlindogbe, [email protected], Tel: +229-23-61-20-10, Fax: +229-23-61-20-10 Copyright ⓒ 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 78 ∙ Plant Breed. Biotech. 2020 (June) 8(2):77~88 1999; Adoukonou-Sagbadja et al. 2006; Ballogou 2013), fonio) and Digitaria iburua (black fonio) are the two fonio is intended to be a cereal of the future. However, it has species grown in West Africa. Digitaria sanguinalis (Euro- remained a long-time marginal plant and poor relative of pean millet or red manna) is produced in Eastern Europe research. In all areas of West Africa where this cereal is and Digitaria cruciata (raishan) practiced in India and grown, very little attention is paid to the assessment and Vietnam (Froment and Renard 2001; Vodouhè and Achigan breeding of its germplasm (Hilu et al. 1997; Sekloka et al. Dako 2006). Today, Digitaria exilis and D. iburua, the 2016; Animasaum et al. 2018). It is still little known from most species cited in the literature, dominate the biodiver- morphological, agronomic, physiological or even biologi- sity of digitaria genus. Better, only D. exilis is much more cal point of view so that it is difficult to determine with cultivated and even outside Africa, it is grown in Dominican precision extent of its diversity and cultivated varieties of Republic mainly for fodder production (Morales-Payán et fonio. With this in context, this study aims at making a al. 2002). critical documentary synthesis on genetic resources diver- Fonio origin dates back to 5000 years before J-C and has sity and varietal environment of fonio so as to identify been domesticated in the western part of Sudan (Vodouhè challenges and prospects for breeding. et al. 2003). White fonio comes from the Niger Delta region and Togo would be secondary center of diversification Methodology (Portères 1955; Vodouhè et al. 2003). Black fonio, on the This study involved a systemactic literature search on other hand, is related to Haoussa culture and is believed to genetic resources and varietal breeding of fonio in different be native to Nigeria from where it is spread to Zinder in crop areas in West Africa. Thus, the keywords “fonio gene- Niger, Benin, and Togo (Porteres 1946; Haq and Ogbe 1995; tic resources_ biology and reproduction_related species Vietmeyer et al. 1996). and genetic reservoir_agro-morphological classification In West Africa, fonio growing area extends between the th th and phenotypic discrimant traits_ markers and molecular 8 and 14 parallel north, from Senegal to Lake Chad characterization of fonio” have been submitted for collect- (Portères 1976; Cruz et al. 2011). Digitaria exilis is mainly ing the literature available via Google Scholar, AJOL, grown in Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Benin, DOAJ, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, JSTOR and AGORA. Togo, Senegal and Guinea Bissau (Adoukonou-Sagbadja This search has led to more than 800 documents of different 2010; Cruz et al. 2011) whereas D. iburua has weak geo- kinds (articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, re- graphic extension (Fig. 1) concentrating mainly in parts of ports and statistical data). Selective sorting based on the Central Nigeria (Kwon-Ndung et al. 1998). choice of documents addressing the sub-themes developed, and prioritizing scientific publications has enabled to re- Phylogenic relationships and interests for fonio duce the number of documents and to retain 62 papers in breeding this article. This documentation has been subjected to sys- First work early reported important botanical and geo- temic and critical analysis. Thus, the results of analysis graphical similarities of grown fonios (Digitaria exilis and have been presented in the form of literature synthesis, D. iburua) with several wild species of Digitaria genus (D. tables and figures. longiflora, D. barbinodis, D. fuscescens, D. ternata, D. tricostulata, D. atrofusca) (Stapf 1915; Henrard 1950; Haq Origin, domestication, and distribution areas of and Ogbe 1995). cultivated fonios Further, phylogenetic researches based on molecular Designated from the Malinke patois of Upper Senegal markers (RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, SSR, etc.) carried out to and Upper Niger, fonio is one of the first cereals grown in date have unanimously shown that Digitaria longiflora and West Africa (Portères 1955; Adoukonou-Sagbadja et al. D. ternata were the most likely wild relatives of Digitaria 2006). The biodiversity of fonio millet includes four (4) exilis and D. iburua respectively (Table 1). Among these cultivated species around the world. Digitaria exilis (white grown fonios, molecular analyzes also revealed differentia- Genetic Resources and Varietal Environment of Grown Fonio Millets in West Africa ∙ 79 Fig. 1. Fonio cultivation areas in West Africa. Source: Map reproduced from Portères (1976), Adoukonou-Sagbadja (2010), Cruz et al. (2011). Table 1. Phylogenetic studies and diversity of grown fonios. References Used Markers Obtained results Hilu et al. (1997) RAPD High genetic diversity of fonio (D. exilis), and confirmation of D. longiflora and D. temata as wild relatives of D. exils and D.iburua respectively Adoukonou-Sagbadja AFLP Very high genetic affinity with more than 92% similarity noted between wild species et al. (2010) D. longiflora and D. ternata respectively with those
Recommended publications
  • Crabgrass for Forage FSA3138
    Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA3138 Crabgrass for Forage John Jennings Even though it has a reputation high-yielding growth type. Common Professor - Animal Science as a lawn weed, crabgrass is a high- crabgrass is also available. Crabgrass quality, very palatable grass that is has a wide range of growth types, so excellent forage for grazing livestock. a particular lot of common crabgrass Dirk Philipp It is a summer annual grass that seed may or may not have the desired Associate Professor - germinates in spring, grows through growth characteristics for forage pro- Animal Science summer and dies at frost in fall. Daily duction. weight gains or milk production of Kenny Simon livestock grazing crabgrass can easily Program Associate - exceed that from bermudagrass. It is Establishment Animal Science very productive under good manage- Crabgrass germination begins ment. Crabgrass works well to provide when soil temperature is around 58°F, summer forage when grown in mix- so planting can usually begin by mid- tures with cool-season grasses such as April. Planting after mid-June is risky tall fescue or with small grains used due to the lack of dependability of late for forage. summer rainfall. Seeding rate should be a minimum of 2 to 4 pounds of seed per acre, but planting 4 to 6 pounds Description per acre helps ensure better stands. Several species of crabgrass exist, Two-year-old seed has been noted to but the most common one grown for have a higher establishment rate than forage is large or hairy crabgrass one-year-old seed. The period from (Digitaria sanguinalis).
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Characteristics, Agricultural and Technological Profile of Acha Farmers in Nigeria
    March, 2012 Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal Open access at http://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 14, No.1 89 Demographic characteristics, agricultural and technological profile of acha farmers in Nigeria Theresa K. Philip, Isaac N. Itodo (Dept. of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria) Abstract: A quantitative research was undertaken to determine the demographic characteristics, agricultural and technological profile of acha farmers using structured questionnaire. The demographic profile of the respondents showed that 44% of the farmers are 30 - 44 years old, 25% aged 45 - 59 years, 17% are 15 - 29 years old and 10% are 5 - 14 years old, while 4% represented those of 60 years and above. Farmers that had no formal education were 57%, those that went through adult education were 8%, while the remaining 18%, 14% and 3% had primary, secondary and tertiary education respectively. Regarding agricultural profile the study showed that most of the acha farmers have farm holdings of less than 3 ha and most of them planted the white acha (Digitaria exilis) variety. All the farmers use manual power, emanating from self, hired, family or communal labour employing the hand-tool technology. Acha production and processing is at zero mechanization level, therefore 100% of the farmers indicated a desire for the mechanization of acha farming operations. This information is an indication that acha production needs to be mechanized and this can be done by introducing simple motorized technologies affordable to the farmers. Keywords: acha farmers, agriculture, demographic characteristics, digitaria spp, Nigeria, technological profile Citation: Philip, T.K., and Isaac N.
    [Show full text]
  • 24. Tribe PANICEAE 黍族 Shu Zu Chen Shouliang (陈守良); Sylvia M
    POACEAE 499 hairs, midvein scabrous, apex obtuse, clearly demarcated from mm wide, glabrous, margins spiny-scabrous or loosely ciliate awn; awn 1–1.5 cm; lemma 0.5–1 mm. Anthers ca. 0.3 mm. near base; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Inflorescence up to 20 cm; spike- Caryopsis terete, narrowly ellipsoid, 1–1.8 mm. lets usually densely arranged, ascending or horizontally spread- ing; rachis scabrous. Spikelets 1.5–2.5 mm (excluding awns); Stream banks, roadsides, other weedy places, on sandy soil. Guangdong, Hainan, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, basal callus 0.1–0.2 mm, obtuse; glumes narrowly lanceolate, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri back scaberulous-hirtellous in rather indistinct close rows (most Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa (probably introduced), Australia obvious toward lemma base), midvein pectinate-ciliolate, apex (Queensland)]. abruptly acute, clearly demarcated from awn; awn 0.5–1.5 cm. Anthers ca. 0.3 mm. Caryopsis terete, narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 3. Perotis hordeiformis Nees in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beech- 1.5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer and autumn. 2n = 40. ey Voy. 248. 1838. Sandy places, along seashores. Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, 麦穗茅根 mai sui mao gen Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand]. Perotis chinensis Gandoger. This species is very close to Perotis indica and is sometimes in- Annual or short-lived perennial. Culms loosely tufted, cluded within it. No single character by itself is reliable for separating erect or decumbent at base, 25–40 cm tall. Leaf sheaths gla- the two, but the combination of characters given in the key will usually brous; leaf blades lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 2–4 cm, 4–7 suffice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity Distribution Pattern of Ruderal Community Under the Rapid Urbanization in Hangzhou, East China
    diversity Article The Diversity Distribution Pattern of Ruderal Community under the Rapid Urbanization in Hangzhou, East China Mingli Zhang 1,2, Kun Song 1,3,4,* and Liangjun Da 1,3,4,* 1 School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; [email protected] 2 Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China 3 Shanghai Key Laboratory for Ecology of the Urbanization Process and Eco-restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China 4 Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200241, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (L.D.) Received: 4 March 2020; Accepted: 19 March 2020; Published: 23 March 2020 Abstract: The process of rapid urbanization has affected the composition and diversity of urban vegetation species. The process of urbanization from 2000 was analyzed in the area of "one major city with three vice cities and six groups", according to the urban master planning of Hangzhou from 2001 to 2020. The results show that dramatic changes have occurred for land use types during the ten years from 2000 to 2010 in Hangzhou, of which urban land has become the main type of land use and the area of arable land has presented serious loss. This study found that the Gramineae and Compositae species were the main groups of ruderals in 1665 quadrats, which reflected the characteristics of a few large families. The number of Monotypic and Oligotypic family/genera accounted for 67.3% of the total number of families and 97.5% of the total number of genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Allelopathic Potential of Mustard Crop Residues on Weed Management
    J Bangladesh Agril Univ 16(3): 372–379, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i3.39398 ISSN 1810-3030 (Print) 2408-8684 (Online) Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University Journal home page: http://baures.bau.edu.bd/jbau, www.banglajol.info/index.php/JBAU Weed diversity of the family Poaceae in Bangladesh Agricultural University campus and their ethnobotanical uses Ashaduzzaman Sagar, Jannat-E-Tajkia and A.K.M. Golam Sarwar Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh ARTICLE INFO Abstract A taxonomic study on the weeds of the family Poaceae growing throughout the Bangladesh Agricultural Article history: University campus was carried out to determine species diversity of grasses in the campus. A total of 81 Received: 03 July 2018 species under 46 genera and 2 subfamilies of the family Poaceae were collected and identified; their uses Accepted: 19 November 2018 in various ailments were also recorded. Out of the three subfamilies, no weed from the subfamily Published: 31 December 2018 Bambusoideae was found. Among the genera, Digitaria, Eragrostis, Brachiaria, Panicum, Echinochloa and Sporobolus were most dominant in context to number of species with a total of 29 species. While 28 Keywords: genera were represented by single species each in BAU campus; of these 15 genera were in Bangladesh as Grass weeds; Phenology; well. Some of them are major and obnoxious weeds in different crop fields including staples rice and Taxonomy; BAU campus; wheat. The flowering period will be helpful for the management of respective weed population. Many of Ethnobotanical uses these weed species have high economical, ethnomedicinal and other uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 5 Weeds — Headaches in Our Summer Lawns
    Top 5 Weeds — Headaches in Our Summer Lawns By Sharon V. Smith, Fairfax Master Gardener Intern Before we fire up the grill and invite guests over for fun, we survey our outdoor space and notice that growing in the gaps of our patio pavers, our lawn areas and garden beds are unwelcomed plants. This time of year, both annual and perennial weeds are popping up and competing with our cultivated and native plants, and giving us headaches. Here are the top 5 unwanted annual/perennial weeds: Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata) Wild violet (Viola papilionacea) They are all tough plants and will require management at various times to prevent them from getting the upper hand. North Carolina State University Japanese Stiltgrass Crabgrass We probably can remember our fathers complaining about this first, pesky summer annual weed when we were growing up. The noteworthy crabgrass is native to Europe and Eurasia and was introduced in 1849 as a forage crop. It thrives in full sunlight and high temperatures. Its seeds germinate in the spring when the soil temperatures reach 55 to 60 F for two or three consecutive days. It grows through the summer and dies with the first frost. It is important to note that crabgrass cannot be controlled in one growing season because of the prolific number of viable seeds it produces. Control will require several seasons of well-timed cultural practices such as increasing mowing height during crabgrass germination periods of spring and early summer, fertilizing to supply adequate, balanced nutrition to your lawn, irrigating to maintain continued turf growth, and reseeding in late summer or early fall to prevent its encroachment.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing, Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits of Finger Millet
    a OSSN 0101-2061 (Print) Food Science and Technology OSSN 1678-457X (Dnline) DDO: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.25017 Processing, nutritional composition and health benefits of finger millet in sub-saharan Africa Shonisani Eugenia RAMASHOA1*, Tonna Ashim ANYASO1, Eastonce Tend GWATA2, Stephen MEDDDWS-TAYLDR3, Afam Osrael Dbiefuna JODEANO1 Abstract Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) also known as tamba, is a staple cereal grain in some parts of the world with low income population. The grain is characterized by variations in colour (brown, white and light brown cultivars); high concentration of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, phytochemicals and essential amino acids; presence of essential minerals; as well as a gluten-free status. Finger millet (FM) in terms of nutritional composition, ranks higher than other cereal grains, though the grain is extremely neglected and widely underutilized. Nutritional configuration of FM contributes to reduced risk of diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and gastro-intestinal tract disorder when absorbed in the body. Utilization of the grain therefore involves traditional and other processing methods such as soaking, malting, cooking, fermentation, popping and radiation. These processes are utilised to improve the dietetic and sensory properties of FM and equally assist in the reduction of anti-nutritional and inhibitory activities of phenols, phytic acids and tannins. However, with little research and innovation on FM as compared to conventional cereals, there is the need for further studies on processing methods, nutritional composition, health benefits and valorization with a view to commercialization of FM grains. Keywords: finger millet; nutritional composition; gluten-free; antioxidant properties; traditional processing; value-added products. Practical Application: Effects of processing on nutritional composition, health benefits and valorization of finger millet grains.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Edible Plants of Africa
    Domesticates Geographical Distribution Morphology/Description Common, edible fruits Oil Palm Tropical Africa, cannot tolerate full A tree. The oil palm is now one of the most economically Elaeis guineensis shade, but prefers disturbed important palms in Africa. It has a walnut-size fruit habitats5 clustered in big pods, with a fibrous pulp rich in oil (which is rich in energy, fatty acids, and a great source of Vitamin West African origins, but has 6, A). Within the husk is a hard-shelled seed containing an spread throughout tropical Africa edible kernel (eaten by chimps and people). (The sap is tapped to make palm wine too.) The species still grows wild, as well as being cultivated and planted by people. The wild form growing in the Ituri Forest in the Congo, provides 9% of the total caloric intake for the Efe pygimies, for example (Bailey and Peacock 1988, McGrew 1992). Okra Savanna, full sun areas Possible originated in East Africa6 Hibiscus esculentus5 Melon Continent Wild varieties of this melon still grow in many arid and Citrullus lanatus5 semi-arid regions of the continent. They are smaller, and more bitter/toxic than the domestic versions. Gourd Tropical Africa Lagenaria siceraria7 Desert Date Dry regions of the continent Scrambling shrub. Fruits are 1-2 inches long, with fibrous, Balanites aegyptiaca oily flesh and large seed. Baobab Widespread in south-central Africa Large tree with huge trunk. Dry, fleshy pods 8-10 inches Adansonia digitata in semi arid regions long containing numerous seeds P380: Common edible plants of Africa - 1 - Horned melon, wild cucumber Widespread in Savannas Wild varieties of cucumis, the cucumber genus, grow Cucumis (many species) widely as spreading vines on the ground in savanna regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fonio 1 Fonio Scientific Classification Kingdom: Plantae (Unranked)
    Fonio 1 Fonio Fonio Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Monocots (unranked): Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Digitaria Species: D. exilis Binomial name Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf Synonyms Paspalum exile Kippist Syntherisma exilis (Kippist) Newbold Fonio is the term for cultivated grains in the Digitaria genus. These are notable in parts of West Africa in addition to one species in India. The grains are very small. The name (borrowed by English from French) is from Wolof foño "Digitaria exilis," itself from one of the Mande languages (cf. Bambara fini).[1] Fonio 2 Types White fonio (Digitaria exilis) White fonio (D. exilis), also called "hungry rice," is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of West Africa. Fonio has the smallest seeds of all species of millet. It has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable use of the land. Fonio has continued to be important locally because it is both nutritious and one of the world's fastest growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks. It is a crop that can be relied on in semi-arid areas with poor soils, where rains are brief and unreliable. The grains are used in porridge and couscous, for bread, and for beer. Some regions in which this crop is important are the Fouta Djallon region of Guinea, the Akposso area of Togo and Central Nigeria. In Togo, fonio (called ɔva) is primarily a women's crop; it and cowpeas are used to make a traditional dish.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Fonio (Digitaria Exilis) As Ghana 1
    Assessment of fonio (Digitaria exilis) as a dietary intervention in Northern Ghana By AFRAM YAYRA NUS CONFERENCE PRESENTATION - 26/09/13 1 ORDER OF PRESENTATOIN INTRODUCTION. IMPORTANCE OF FONIO. USES OF FONIO. PROBLEM STATEMENT. JUSTIFICATION. OBJECTIVE. STUDY SITE FONIO AS A DIETARY INTERVENTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 2 INTRODUCTION Fonio (Digitaria Exilis and Digitaria iburua) is an important cereal in the West Africa Sub – Region and elsewhere. It originated from West Africa and spread to East and Central Africa. Its cultivation is thought to date back to 5000 B.C. (Purseglove, 1988) Family: Poacea Sub-family: Panicoideae Sub-tribe: Digitariinae Genera: Digitaria 3 INTRODUCTION CONT… 4 INTRODUCTION CONT… Fonio crop growing on the field 5 INTRODUCTION CONT… polished fonio (A) and unpolished fonio (B) 6 IMPORTANCE OF FONIO Fonio is believed to be among the world’s tastiest and most nutritive cereal (National Research Council, 1996). It does well in poor marginal soils and matures earlier than the major known cereals hence the name – hungry rice. Fonio provide food to about 4 million people in Africa. Asides digestible carbohydrate, the grain contains essential protein : methionine, cystine, lysine, which are missing in major cereals and highly recommended for expectant mothers and malnourished children. ( CIRD news file, 2009) 7 SCALE OF PRODUCTION 8 Source : J F Cruz, 2008 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FONIO Cereal Protein (%) Lipid (%) Minerals (%) Carbohydrate (% whole polished whole polished whole polished whole polished Fonio 9 – 11 7 – 9 3.3 - 3.8 0.8 – 1 1 – 1.1 0.3 – 0.6 84 – 86 89 – 91 Sorghum 11 10 3.5 1.2 1.2 0.5 84 88 Millet 12 11 4 1.2 1.2 1.2 83 87 Maize 11 10 4.5 1 1.3 1 83 88 Rice − 8 − 0.9 − 0.5 − 90 9 USES OF FONIO The grain can be processed to prepare jollof, or eaten with stew used to prepare porridge, tuo zaafi, bread biscuit etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Baking Value of Wheat-Fonio Flour Composites
    Advances in Food Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2018 https://dx.doi.org/10.22606/afse.2018.22001 59 Baking Value of Wheat-Fonio Flour Composites Ivan Švec, Marie Hrušková Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Abstract. Three different addition levels of commercial fonio flour (2.5, 5.0, 10.0%) were mixed with wheat flour to explore flour pasting, dough rheological behaviour and bread quality. During farinograph test, fonio flour addition clearly shortened wheat dough stability (from 12.0 up to 3.5 min). Extensigraph data were influenced equivocally. Viscosity profiles determined by using of Amylograph and Rapid Visco Analyser, corresponded together (peak viscosities 2263 (control), 2348, 2367, 2381 mPa∙s). During fermentograph, maturograph and oven-spring tests, composite dough variants exhibited higher dough volumes (+20% in average). Bread volume has risen by 2.5% fonio flour dosage only (from 337 to 402 ml/100 g); specific volumes of more enhanced variants were comparable to control. Crumb penetration corresponded to specific bread volume, rising from 12.6 mm to 22.3 mm. Fonio wholemeal did not affected bread sensory profiles. Principal component analysis pointed to higher baking potential of wheat-fonio composite 95:5. Keywords: Wheat flour composite; fonio flour; rheological properties; composite bread quality; Principal Component Analysis 1 Introduction Fonio (Digitaria spp.) belongs to cereals of Sahel region of the Africa, and its breeding is dated to 5,000 years BC. Fonio is classified among grasses (Poaceae) and into the same subfamily as maize, sorghum and millet.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Perspective on the Origins of Agriculture: the Importance of Unconscious Selection
    A global perspective on the origins of agriculture: the importance of unconscious selection Thomas Kluyver Department of Animal and Plant Sciences A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2013 1 Acknowledgements My primary supervisor, Colin Osborne, has provided advice, encouragement and inspiration throughout my PhD. My supervisors in the Department of Archaeology, Glynis Jones and Mike Charles, have patiently helped me to get to grips with a field which I had never studied before this project. Mark Rees’ advice about statistics has also been invaluable. I am grateful to Irene Johnson, for her eminently practical help with growing all kinds of plants, and to Emily Mockford and Chris Bennett, for painstakingly dissecting beet seed capsules to weigh individual seeds. Katherine Haynes and Rebecca Crabtree weighed seed of modern garden vegetables for chapter 3, and that chapter also could not have been written without people and organisations around the world who shared their data with me, including Benoît Pujol (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, France), the Botanical Information Section at RBG Kew, the USDA National Genetic Resources Program, the International Potato Centre (CIP) in Peru, and EMBRAPA in Brazil. Over the last few years, I have enjoyed a warm, friendly and intellectually stimulating environment in Sheffield. It has been a pleasure to work with the people in Colin Osborne’s lab group, as well as the many others who I have got to know. My PhD research was funded by a university studentship from the University of Sheffield, for which I am very thankful. Last but not least, my thanks to my girlfriend and my family, for their support both during my PhD and in the years of education which prepared me to undertake it.
    [Show full text]