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Progressive Facial and Cerebral Hemiatrophy1

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Progressive Facial and Cerebral Hemiatrophy1 Progressive facial and cerebral hemiatrophy1 Richard J. Lederman, M.D., Ph.D. A 43-year-old woman with progressive facial hem- Case report iatrophy had contralateral hemianopia and sensory A 43-year-old right-handed housewife was cyanotic at loss. A computed-tomographic brain scan showed ipsi- birth, but had no obvious congenital abnormality or devel- lateral cerebral atrophy. The neurological and neuro- opmental delay. At two years of age, she had sepsis with radiological features of progressive facial hemiatrophy high fever and a generalized convulsion. She was then well are reviewed. until she was 21 years old when numbness of the right foot Index terms: Brain, pathology • Case reports • spread to the ipsilateral leg, trunk, and arm over a period Facial muscles of several months. From that time, she observed incoordi- nation of the right hand, which has remained relatively Cleve Clin Q 51:545-548, Fall 1984 stable since then. At about age 23, she noted left facial flattening and was told of Bell's palsy. At age 29, generalized tonic-clonic seizures began, occurring one to four times per Progressive facial hemiatrophy (PFH) is a dis- month despite anticonvulsants until the last three years when order of unknown etiology characterized by loss only an occasional seizure occurred while she was taking of subcutaneous tissue, sometimes accompanied phenytoin (400 nig daily). At about age 30, generalized, nonthrobbing headaches occurred two to four times per by changes in skin, muscle, hair, cartilage, and month, lasting up to one day. Three years previously, she bone, and confined to one side of the face and consulted an ophthalmologist because of a "lump" on her 1,2 cranium. Less commonly, the atrophy may lower eyelid. A right homonymous superior quadrantanopia spread to the neck, upper trunk, and arm ipsilat- and uveitis in the left eye were identified. She was referred erally and rarely may involve the entire side of to a neurosurgeon as well as a neurologist and underwent numerous studies, including at least two electroencephalo- the body/ grams (FF.Cs) which were normal. Interpretations of CT Neurological disorders, including epilepsy, scans at that time were conflicting; one indicated a brain either partial or generalized; headache; ipsilateral tumor; the other, brain atrophy. There was no family history facial pain; and focal deficits, may be found in up of facial abnormality or neurological disease other than a to 15% of patients with PFH.4,5 Focal deficits recently diagnosed brain tumor in a maternal aunt. usually suggest ipsilateral, but occasionally con- The patient was seen at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 8 for differential diagnosis of her condition. Examination of tralateral, brain involvement.*'" this depressed-appearing woman revealed moderate left The patient described here had typical clinical hemifacial atrophy (Fig. 1). The cranium, facial bones, and features of PFH with neurological involvement. ears were normal. She had mild thoracic kyphoscoliosis. Her Serial computed-tomographic (CT) scans showed arms were symmetrical, but the right leg was slightly shorter and the right foot slightly smaller than the left. Mental brain hemiatrophy ipsilateral to the facial abnor- function was normal. She had a congruous homonymous mality, correlating with the contralateral visual right upper quadrantanopia. The right optic disc was nor- and limb dysfunction. mal; the left was poorly visualized. She had heterochromia iridis, the left being lighter in color. The palpebral fissures were symmetrical. Pupils were 4 mm in diameter and nor- ' Department of Neurology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. mally reactive to light and near point stimulation. No ocu- Submitted for publication January 1984; accepted April 1984. lp lomotor abnormalities were noted. The corneal reflex in the right eye was diminished and there was impaired sensa- 0009-8787/84/03/545/04/$2.00/0 tion of the right side of the face, least prominent in the Copyright © 1984, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation mandibular division. Despite facial asymmetry, there was Downloaded from www.ccjm.org on October 2, 2021. For personal use only. All other uses require permission. 546 Cleveland Clinic Quarterly Vol. 51, No. 3 tain, but probably is in the range of 15%.4,5 Seizures are the most common form of neurolog- ical involvement, including generalized tono- clonic,6_8•12'1', simple partial (primarily affecting contralateral limbs), and complex partial types.712,14'15 Headaches, both hemicranial and generalized, have also been frequently de- scribed.'1"'1''"' Facial pain ipsilateral to the hem- iatrophy was reported by Wolff.13 Asher and Berg described a patient with bifacial paresis, more pronounced on the atrophic side, and ipsi- lateral tongue atrophy has also been noted.' ' ' Signs of cerebral hemispheric dysfunction, usu- ally ipsilateral to the facial atrophy, occasionally occur. These include hemiparesis and hemisen- sory loss,7,8,14,15 hemianopia,14 and aphasia.14 A variety of neuro-ophthalmologic disturbances has also been recorded, including pupillary dilata- tion,6,8,13 with or without reactivity, ocular palsy or conjugate-gaze paresis,'''8151' ptosis,6'81''1' and optic atrophy,15 as well as heterochromia iridis as in the patient described here. Archambault and Fromm6 reviewed several cases showing signs of Horner syndrome, including facial anhidrosis. FEG abnormalities have been reported by Rischbieth,1:' Eadie et al12 (bilateral or unilateral slowing, focal contralateral slowing, diffuse dys- rhythmia), and Asher and Berg"' (ipsilateral focal Fig. 1. Left hemifacial atrophy. slowing). Air encephalography has demonstrated ventricular dilatation, both ipsilaterally1214 and contralaterally,12 as well as diffusely.8, Abnor- neither facial weakness nor synkinesis. The left nasolabial malities on the CT scan, as reported by Asher fold was deeper than the right. 1'he lower cranial nerves and Berg,"1 included intracerebral calcification, were normal. Muscle tone, bulk, and strength in the trunk and limbs were symmetrical. There was mild slowing of ipsilateral hypodense areas, and a contralateral finger tapping on the right and marked ataxia of the right area of enhancement with no angiographic lesion limbs, particularly with eyes closed. Sensation was markedly demonstrable. Brain hemiatrophy, as noted on impaired for all modalities on the right. Pseudoathetotic the CT scan of the patient described here, has movements of the right hand were noted with eyes closed not been previously reported to my knowledge. and upon walking. Tendon reflexes were symmetrical and normal. Plantar responses were flexor. A CT scan is shown The etiology of PFH remains unknown. (Fig- 2). The patient's condition was diagnosed as PFH. Wartenberg' considered it to be a heredode- generative disorder of the nervous system, al- though familial cases remain distinctly rare and Discussion only in a minority can neurological abnormalities PFH was first described by Parry9 in 1825, be detected. A primary disorder of the sympa- although credit is generally given to Romberg'" thetic nervous system has been suspected by for the initial recognition of this entity in 1846. some,2 6 and there are a few experimental studies Eulenburg11 named this disorder PFH in 1871. linking localized atrophy to lesions of sympathetic The neurological aspects of PFH have been ex- ganglia. Moss and Crikelair18 produced variable tensively reviewed by Archambault and Fromm1' ipsilateral decrease in subcutaneous facial fat in and Wartenberg.' Wolf and Verity* have more rats by severing the cervical sympathetic chain. recently enumerated the neurological complica- No bony, skin, or neurological changes were tions of the disorder. The prevalence of neuro- noted. The sympathectomy was done when the logical abnormalities in PFH is difficult to ascer- animal was one month old—a time at which Downloaded from www.ccjm.org on October 2, 2021. For personal use only. All other uses require permission. Fall 1984 Facial and cerebral hemiatrophy 547 Fig. 2. Contrast-enhanced CT scan. The left cerebral atrophy involves both cortical and subcortical structures. neurocranial growth in the rat is virtually com- burn-Mason.19 Other suspected causes of PFH plete. Certainly, atrophic changes are well rec- have included localized lipodystrophy, localized ognized in limbs following nerve injury, and the scleroderma, trauma, and infection.2 autonomic nervous system presumably plays at Treatment of PFH has largely been sympto- least some role in this, whether directly or via matic. Seizures and headaches will generally re- effects on nutrient blood vessels. Probably little spond to the usual measures. Early attempts to has been learned in this regard since the classic manage the cosmetic abnormalities included sub- and extensive monograph on trophism by Wy- cutaneous injections of paraffin—a procedure Downloaded from www.ccjm.org on October 2, 2021. For personal use only. All other uses require permission. 548 Cleveland Clinic Quarterly Vol. 51, No. 3 now considered hazardous and obsolete.1,2 A va- 7. Wartenberg R. Progressive facial hemiatrophy. Arch Neurol riety of grafting techniques has been suggested Psychiat 1945; 54:75-96. 8. Wolf SM, Verity MA. Neurological complications of pro- and some are highly successful in improving the gressive facial hemiatrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry appearance of the more severely disfigured pa- 1974; 37:997-1004. 2021 tients, thus reducing the psychological bur- 9. Parry CH. Collections from the Unpublished Medical Writ- den of the disease. ings of the Late Caleb H. Parry. London, Underwoods, 1825, p 478. 10. Romberg HM. Klinische Ergebnisse. Berlin, A Forstner, 1846. 11. Eulenburg A. Lehrbuch der functionellen Nervenkrankhei- Department of Neurology ten. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1871. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 12. Eadie MJ, SutherlandJM, Tyrer JH. The clinical features of 9500 Euclid Ave. hemifacial atrophy. Med J Aust 1963; 50:177-180. Cleveland OH 44106 13. Wolff HG. Progressive facial hemiatrophy. II. Report of a case with convulsions and anisocoria. J Nerv Ment Dis 1929; 69:140-144. 14. Brain L. Diseases of the Nervous System. 6th ed. London, References Oxford Univ Press, 1962, pp 550-551.
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