結合系集降雨預報之淺層崩塌預警模式 Landslide Warning System Integrated with Ensemble Rainfall Forecasts
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An Efficient Method for Simulating Typhoon Waves Based on A
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article An Efficient Method for Simulating Typhoon Waves Based on a Modified Holland Vortex Model Lvqing Wang 1,2,3, Zhaozi Zhang 1,*, Bingchen Liang 1,2,*, Dongyoung Lee 4 and Shaoyang Luo 3 1 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; [email protected] 2 College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China 3 NAVAL Research Academy, Beijing 100070, China; [email protected] 4 Korea Institute of Ocean, Science and Technology, Busan 600-011, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (B.L.) Received: 20 January 2020; Accepted: 23 February 2020; Published: 6 March 2020 Abstract: A combination of the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model and a modified Holland vortex model is developed and studied in the present work. The Holland 2010 model is modified with two improvements: the first is a new scaling parameter, bs, that is formulated with information about the maximum wind speed (vms) and the typhoon’s forward movement velocity (vt); the second is the introduction of an asymmetric typhoon structure. In order to convert the wind speed, as reconstructed by the modified Holland model, from 1-min averaged wind inputs into 10-min averaged wind inputs to force the WW3 model, a gust factor (gf) is fitted in accordance with practical test cases. Validation against wave buoy data proves that the combination of the two models through the gust factor is robust for the estimation of typhoon waves. -
Japan's Insurance Market 2020
Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Contents Page To Our Clients Masaaki Matsunaga President and Chief Executive The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 1 1. The Risks of Increasingly Severe Typhoons How Can We Effectively Handle Typhoons? Hironori Fudeyasu, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Education, Yokohama National University 2 2. Modeling the Insights from the 2018 and 2019 Climatological Perils in Japan Margaret Joseph Model Product Manager, RMS 14 3. Life Insurance Underwriting Trends in Japan Naoyuki Tsukada, FALU, FUWJ Chief Underwriter, Manager, Underwriting Team, Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 20 4. Trends in Japan’s Non-Life Insurance Industry Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 25 5. Trends in Japan's Life Insurance Industry Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 32 Company Overview 37 Supplemental Data: Results of Japanese Major Non-Life Insurance Companies for Fiscal 2019, Ended March 31, 2020 (Non-Consolidated Basis) 40 ©2020 The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. All rights reserved. The contents may be reproduced only with the written permission of The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. To Our Clients It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to welcome you to our brochure, ‘Japan’s Insurance Market 2020.’ It is encouraging to know that over the years our brochures have been well received even beyond our own industry’s boundaries as a source of useful, up-to-date information about Japan’s insurance market, as well as contributing to a wider interest in and understanding of our domestic market. During fiscal 2019, the year ended March 31, 2020, despite a moderate recovery trend in the first half, uncertainties concerning the world economy surged toward the end of the fiscal year, affected by the spread of COVID-19. -
Assimilation of Ttrecretrieved Wind Data with WRF 3DVAR
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES, VOL. 118, 10,361–10,375, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50815, 2013 Assimilation of T-TREC-retrieved wind data with WRF 3DVAR for the short-term forecasting of typhoon Meranti (2010) near landfall Xin Li,1 Jie Ming,1 Yuan Wang,1 Kun Zhao,1 and Ming Xue 2 Received 11 April 2013; revised 30 August 2013; accepted 4 September 2013; published 18 September 2013. [1] An extended Tracking Radar Echo by Correlation (TREC) technique, called T-TREC technique, has been developed recently to retrieve horizontal circulations within tropical cyclones (TCs) from single Doppler radar reflectivity (Z) and radial velocity (Vr, when available) data. This study explores, for the first time, the assimilation of T-TREC-retrieved winds for a landfalling typhoon, Meranti (2010), into a convection-resolving model, the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). The T-TREC winds or the original Vr data from a single coastal Doppler radar are assimilated at the single time using the WRF three-dimensional variational (3DVAR), at 8, 6, 4, and 2 h before the landfall of typhoon Meranti. In general, assimilating T-TREC winds results in better structure and intensity analysis of Meranti than directly assimilating Vr data. The subsequent forecasts for the track, intensity, structure and precipitation are also better, although the differences becomes smaller as the Vr data coverage improves when the typhoon gets closer to the radar. The ability of the T-TREC retrieval in capturing more accurate and complete vortex circulations in the inner-core region of TC is believed to be the primary reason for its superior performance over direct assimilation of Vr data; for the latter, the data coverage is much smaller when the TC is far away and the cross-beam wind component is difficult to analyze accurately with 3DVAR method. -
Two Typical Ionospheric Irregularities Associated with the Tropical Cyclones Tembin (2012) and Hagibis (2014)
Originally published as: Lou, Y., Luo, X., Gu, S., Xiong, C., Song, Q., Chen, B., Xiao, Q., Chen, D., Zhang, Z., Zheng, G. (2019): Two Typical Ionospheric Irregularities Associated With the Tropical Cyclones Tembin (2012) and Hagibis (2014). - Journal of Geophysical Research, 124, 7, pp. 6237—6252. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026861 RESEARCH ARTICLE Two Typical Ionospheric Irregularities Associated With 10.1029/2019JA026861 the Tropical Cyclones Tembin (2012) and Hagibis (2014) Key Points: Yidong Lou1 , Xiaomin Luo1 , Shengfeng Gu1 , Chao Xiong2 , Qian Song3 , Biyan Chen4, • Different characteristics of EPB and 5 1 1 1 MSTID associated with tropical Qinqin Xiao , Dezhong Chen , Zheng Zhang , and Gang Zheng cyclones in China are analyzed in 1 2 detail GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam, • Cautions should be taken when the Germany, 3Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, ROTI maps are used to identify the Beijing, China, 4School of Geosciences and Info‐Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China, 5School of ionospheric irregularities since they Municipal and Surveying Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China are sensitive to both plasma bubble and MSTID • Both EPB and MSTID show the geomagnetically conjugating feature Abstract Two remarkable ionospheric irregularities named equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) and in the East‐Asia region medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) are verified by using multi‐instrumental observations, for example, the ground‐based GPS networks, ionosonde stations, and Swarm satellites, when the tropical cyclones Tembin and Hagibis approached Hong Kong on 26 August 2012 and 15 June 2014, Correspondence to: respectively. -
Global Climate Risk Index 2018
THINK TANK & RESEARCH BRIEFING PAPER GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2018 Who Suffers Most From Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2016 and 1997 to 2016 David Eckstein, Vera Künzel and Laura Schäfer Global Climate Risk Index 2018 GERMANWATCH Brief Summary The Global Climate Risk Index 2018 analyses to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves etc.). The most recent data available – for 2016 and from 1997 to 2016 – were taken into account. The countries affected most in 2016 were Haiti, Zimbabwe as well as Fiji. For the period from 1997 to 2016 Honduras, Haiti and Myanmar rank highest. This year’s 13th edition of the analysis reconfirms earlier results of the Climate Risk Index: less developed countries are generally more affected than industrialised countries. Regarding future climate change, the Climate Risk Index may serve as a red flag for already existing vulnerability that may further increase in regions where extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. While some vulnerable developing countries are frequently hit by extreme events, for others such disasters are a rare occurrence. It remains to be seen how much progress the Fijian climate summit in Bonn will make to address these challenges: The COP23 aims to continue the development of the ‘rule-book’ needed for implementing the Paris Agreement, including the global adaptation goal and adaptation communication guidelines. A new 5-year-work plan of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage is to be adopted by the COP. -
Minnesota Weathertalk Newsletter for Friday, January 1, 2010
Minnesota WeatherTalk Newsletter for Friday, January 1, 2010 To: MPR Morning Edition Crew From: Mark Seeley, University of Minnesota Extension Dept of Soil, Water, and Climate Subject: Minnesota WeatherTalk Newsletter for Friday, January 1, 2010 Headlines: -Preliminary climate summary for December 2009 -Weekly Weather Potpourri -MPR listener question -Almanac for January 1st -Past weather features -Auld Lang Syne -Outlook Topic: Preliminary Climate Summary for December 2009 Mean December temperatures were generally 1 to 2 degrees F cooler than normal for most observers in the state. Extremes for the month ranged from 52 degrees F at Marshall on December 1st to -23 degrees F at Orr on the 12th. Minnesota reported the coldest temperature in the 48 contiguous states on five days during the month. Nearly all observers in the state reported above normal December precipitation, mostly thanks to the winter storms and blizzards on the 8th and 9th and again on the 24th and 25th. Many communities reported three to four times normal December precipitation. Winnebago with 3.05 inches recorded the 2nd wettest December in history, while Lamberton with 3.76 inches also reported their 2nd wettest December in history. Browns Valley in Traverse County reported their wettest December in history with 1.98 inches. Snowfall amounts were well above normal as well. Many climate observers reported over 20 inches. Worthington reported a record amount of snow for December with 34.6 inches, while Fairmont and Lamberton also reported a new record monthly total with 36.3 inches. The blizzard on December 8-9 closed highways and schools in many southeastern communities with winds gusting to 45-50 mph. -
Analysis of Terrain Height Effects on the Asymmetric Precipitation Patterns During the Landfall of Typhoon Meranti (2010)
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2019, 9, 331-345 http://www.scirp.org/journal/acs ISSN Online: 2160-0422 ISSN Print: 2160-0414 Analysis of Terrain Height Effects on the Asymmetric Precipitation Patterns during the Landfall of Typhoon Meranti (2010) Jinqing Liu1,2, Ziliang Li1*, Mengxiang Xu1 1College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China 2Hunan Meteorological Observatory, Changsha, China How to cite this paper: Liu, J.Q., Li, Z.L. Abstract and Xu, M.X. (2019) Analysis of Terrain Height Effects on the Asymmetric Precipi- The predictions of heavy rainfall in an accurate and timely fashion are some tation Patterns during the Landfall of Ty- of the most important challenges in disastrous weather forecast when a ty- phoon Meranti (2010). Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 9, 331-345. phoon passes over land. Numerical simulations using the advanced weather https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2019.93024 research and forecasting (WRF) model are performed to study the effect of terrain height and land surface processes on the rainfall of landfall typhoon Received: May 25, 2019 Accepted: July 8, 2019 Meranti (2010). The experimental results indicate that terrain height could Published: July 11, 2019 enhance convection and precipitation. The heavy rainfall is concentrated on the west side of typhoon track, which is mainly associated with the distribu- Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and tion of deep convection. The terrain height exacerbated the asymmetric dis- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative tribution of heavy rainfall. The most striking feature is that enhanced rainfall Commons Attribution International is mainly caused by secondary circulation, which is induced by terrain height License (CC BY 4.0). -
Natural Catastrophes and Man-Made Disasters in 2016: a Year of Widespread Damages
No 2 /2017 Natural catastrophes and 01 Executive summary 02 Catastrophes in 2016: man-made disasters in 2016: global overview a year of widespread damages 06 Regional overview 13 Floods in the US – an underinsured risk 18 Tables for reporting year 2016 40 Terms and selection criteria Executive summary There were a number of expansive In terms of devastation wreaked, there were a number of large-scale disasters across disaster events in 2016 … the world in 2016, including earthquakes in Japan, Ecuador, Tanzania, Italy and New Zealand. There were also a number of severe floods in the US and across Europe and Asia, and a record high number of weather events in the US. The strongest was Hurricane Matthew, which became the first Category 5 storm to form over the North Atlantic since 2007, and which caused the largest loss of life – more than 700 victims, mostly in Haiti – of a single event in the year. Another expansive, and expensive, disaster was the wildfire that spread through Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada from May to July. … leading to the highest level of overall In total, in sigma criteria terms, there were 327 disaster events in 2016, of which losses since 2012. 191 were natural catastrophes and 136 were man-made. Globally, approximately 11 000 people lost their lives or went missing in disasters. At USD 175 billion, total economic losses1 from disasters in 2016 were the highest since 2012, and a significant increase from USD 94 billion in 2015. As in the previous four years, Asia was hardest hit. The earthquake that hit Japan’s Kyushu Island inflicted the heaviest economic losses, estimated to be between USD 25 billion and USD 30 billion. -
Member Report (2016)
MEMBER REPORT (2016) ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 11th Integrated Workshop China MERANTI (1614) October 24-28, 2016 Cebu, Philippines Contents I. Review of Tropical Cyclones Which Have Affected/Impacted Members since the Previous Session 1.1 Meteorological and hydrological assessment ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Socio-economic assessment ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Regional cooperation assessment ....................................................................................................... 15 II. SUMMARY OF KEY RESULT AREAS Typhoon forecast, prediction and research 2.1 Typhoon forecasting technique .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Typhoon numerical modeling and data assimilation .......................................................................... 21 2.3 Typhoon research ................................................................................................................................ 23 2.4 Journal of tropical cyclone research and review ................................................................................. 25 Typhoon observation, satellite application and data broadcasting 2.5 Ocean observing system and observation experiments ..................................................................... 26 2.6 GF-4 satellite applied in typhoon monitoring .................................................................................... -
Program of ICMCS-VIII
Day 1 (March 7, Monday) 9:30 Opening Remarks 10:00 Group Photo and Break Invited Talk Chair: David P. Jorgensen and Masaki Katsumata Synoptic and Mesoscale Processes Associated with Extreme 1 10:15 Convective Rainfall Richard H. Johnson* (Colorado State University, Fort Collins) 10:40 Poster Introduction Chair: David P. Jorgensen and Masaki Katsumata Session 1 Mesoscale Convective Systems (I) Chair: David P. Jorgensen and Masaki Katsumata Role of mesoscale convections on the moistening process in the tropical 2 11:40 intraseasonal variations observed in recent field campaigns Masaki Katsumata*, Kunio Yoneyama, Hiroyuki Yamada, Hisayuki Kubota, Ryuichi Shirooka (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka), Paul E. Ciesielski and Richard H. Johnson (Colorado State University, Fort Collins) The Kinematic and Dynamic Structures of a Quasi-linear Convective 3 11:55 System in Southern China Kun Zhao* and Chaoshi Wei (Nanjing University, Nanjing) Development environment of Mesoscale Convective Systems associated 4 12:10 with the Changma front during 9-10 July 2007 Jong-Hoon Jeong, Dong-In Lee*, Sang-Min Jang (Pukyong National University, Busan), and Chung-Chieh Wang (National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei) A Subtropical Oceanic Mesoscale Convective Vortex Observed During 5 12:25 SoWMEX/TiMREX Pt. II: Cyclogensis and Evolution Hsiao-Wei Lai (National Taiwan University, Taipei), Christopher A. Davis (National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder), and Ben Jong-Dao Jou* (National Taiwan University, Taipei) 12:40 Lunch -
Sigma 2/2017
No 2 /2017 Natural catastrophes and 01 Executive summary 02 Catastrophes in 2016: man-made disasters in 2016: global overview a year of widespread damages 06 Regional overview 13 Floods in the US – an underinsured risk 18 Tables for reporting year 2016 40 Terms and selection criteria Executive summary There were a number of expansive In terms of devastation wreaked, there were a number of large-scale disasters across disaster events in 2016 … the world in 2016, including earthquakes in Japan, Ecuador, Tanzania, Italy and New Zealand. There were also a number of severe floods in the US and across Europe and Asia, and a record high number of weather events in the US. The strongest was Hurricane Matthew, which became the first Category 5 storm to form over the North Atlantic since 2007, and which caused the largest loss of life – more than 700 victims, mostly in Haiti – of a single event in the year. Another expansive, and expensive, disaster was the wildfire that spread through Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada from May to July. … leading to the highest level of overall In total, in sigma criteria terms, there were 327 disaster events in 2016, of which losses since 2012. 191 were natural catastrophes and 136 were man-made. Globally, approximately 11 000 people lost their lives or went missing in disasters. At USD 175 billion, total economic losses1 from disasters in 2016 were the highest since 2012, and a significant increase from USD 94 billion in 2015. As in the previous four years, Asia was hardest hit. The earthquake that hit Japan’s Kyushu Island inflicted the heaviest economic losses, estimated to be between USD 25 billion and USD 30 billion. -
A Storm Surge Analysis in the Ariake Sea for the Coastal Hazard Management in Saga Lowland
A STORM SURGE ANALYSIS IN THE ARIAKE SEA FOR THE COASTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN SAGA LOWLAND September 2012 Department of Engineering Systems and Technology Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saga University JAPAN Ariestides Kadinge Torry Dundu A STORM SURGE ANALYSIS IN THE ARIAKE SEA FOR THE COASTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN SAGA LOWLAND by Ariestides Kadinge Torry Dundu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Department of Engineering Systems and Technology Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saga University JAPAN September 2012 Examination Committee Professor Koichiro Ohgushi (Chairman) Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Saga University, JAPAN Professor Kenichi Koga Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Saga University, JAPAN Professor Hiroyuki Araki Institute of Lowland and Marine Research Saga University, JAPAN Professor Hiroyuki Yamanishi Institute of Lowland and Marine Research Saga University, JAPAN What we will get from the memories is the story, but what will we get from the struggle is the value of a life for my beloved wife Sisin and my children Bunbun, Binbin and Teta ABSTRACT Every year Japan territory has been crossed by typhoon. In the past, there were 3 typhoons that gave big damages to Japan. First is Typhoon Muroto (1934). Second is Typhoon Makurazaki (1945), lastly, Typhoon Ise-wan (1959). The typhoon Ise-wan inundated about 310 km2 area and gave 5,098 people dead. There is Ariake Sea in Kyushu Island. The Ariake Sea has the largest tidal range in Japan, i.e., 6 m at bay head. This sea area is about 1,700 km2 with about 96 km of the bay axis, 18 km of the average width, 20 m of the average depth.