Initial Environmental Examination
October 2011
NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Sandhikharka Town Project
Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011)
Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.1200 $1.00 = NPR83.312
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Singhdurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Final Report on Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project Arghakhachi district Batch I (Package II) (ADB Grant-0157 (NEP)
October 2011
Submitted by: Proponent: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu
SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
;f/f+z !!! Gf]kfn ;/sf/n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf cfjfz tyf ef}lts of]hgf dGqfno=vfg]kfgL tyf 9nlgsf; ljefu cGtu{t bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg sfof{no dfkm{t klxnf] r/0fdf !@ j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] l8hfO{g sfo{x? eO{/x]sf]] 5 . bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
• Yfk cyjf gofF d'xfg klxrfg u/L vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg] . • kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]/L Vffg]kfgL k|zf]wg k|0ffnL / kfgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . • Vffg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] 6ífG;ld;g -d"n_ kfOk nfO{g / ljt/0f kfO{k nfO{gx?sf] lj:tf/ tyf cfjZos ;+/rgfxó lgdf0f ug]{ . • ;/;kmfO{sf sfo{s|dx? h:t} ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, ;txL 9n, kmf]xf]/ d}nf Aoa:yfkg cflbsfo{xósf] lgdf{0f Plss[t ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ .
k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/l0fo kl/If0f (IEE) bf]>f] ;fgfzx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf cGt/ut ;+rfngx'g] ;lGwvs{ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k/fdz{bftf sf]O{d]Gsf] g]kfn k|f=ln=n] ;lGwvs{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ zx/L cfof]hgfsf]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|lta]bg tof/ ug]{ lhDdf ;lxt OlGhlgol/ö l8hfO{g sfo{ug{ nufO{Psf] xf] . k|:t't k|lta]bgdf k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/l0fo ?kdf >f]t If]q / ;]jf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fF:s[tLdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/]df d'Nofúg u/L k|lta]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
K|f:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/l0fo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog / cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] r/0fdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg] ljlaw jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / c;/xóaf6 cfof]hgfnfO{ d'St kf/L cfof]hgfsf] ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] kfg'{ xf] .
k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|lta]bgsf] cGo pw]Zoxó lgDgfg';f/ 5g\5gMM\\Má\Mááá
• cfof]hgfIf]qleq /x]sf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdfhLs, cfly{s / ;+f:s[tLs kl/l:ytL sf] klxrfg u/L ;+u|xL ug]{ . • cfof]hgfsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gs/fTds ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdfhLs, cfly{s / ;+f:s[lts c;/nfO{ klxrfg ug]{,eljZojf0fL / d'Nof¶ësg ug]{¶¶ . • pknAw ljleGg a}slNks pkfoxósf] klxrfg / cWoog ug]{ . • ;d'bfosf] cfof]hgf;DaGwL d'Vo ;/f]sf/nfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg ug]{ . • Gfs/fTds c;/x?sf] k|efjsf/L d'Nofësg u/L ltgLxósf] ;D+k"0f{ ;dfwfg lbg] . • Jfftfj/l0fo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . • Jfftfj/l0fo cg'udg / k/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . • lg0f{o ug]{ tx ;Dd cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ kg{;Sg] jftfj/0Lfo k|efj af/] hfgfsf/L u/fpg] .
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. i SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
k|:tfljt ;lGwvs{ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgf klZrdfGrn lasfz If]q, n'lDagL c~rn, c3f{vfÖrL lhNnf, ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= cGt/ut kb{5 . o; ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= sf] pQ/df c3f{ / l8j0ff{ uf= la= ;=, blIf0fdf vfFrLsf]6 / g/kfgL uf= la= ;=, k"j{df an+f uf= la= ;= tyf klZrddf g'jfsf]6 / lsd8fF8f uf= la= ;= kb{5 .
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] xfnsf] l:ytL
xfn ;lGwvs{df df6] r/fö d'n / vfrLsf]6 d'xfgsf] kfgL k|of]u u/L @ j6f vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;rf+ngdf /x]sf] 5 . lo vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx? vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no ;lGwvs{ sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ !(*!-!**# / ;g\ !((*-@))) df ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . klxnf] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfn] ;lGwvs{ uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= ^ / ( sf] ahf/ If]q, ;/sf/L sfof{no If]q tyf bf]>f] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfn] ;lGwvs{ uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= ^ / & sf] ahf/ If]q nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . xfn lo b'a} vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf, vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf ;ldlt dfkm{t ;rf+ngdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn pknSw kfgLsf] >f]tdf kfgL sd x'g' / vfrLsf]6 d'xfgsf] 6\fG;ld;g d]g nfO{g af6 @% j6f hlt wf/f pkof]u eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;lGwvs{ ahf/ If]qdf x'g uPsf] kfgLsf] cefjnfO{ dWogh/ u/L vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf ;ldltn] xfn} afuL vf]nfsf]] jfof lsgf/df ! j6f ;Dkj]n lgdf{0f u/L & ln=k|=;] kfgL kDksf] ;xfotfn] kfgLkf]v/Ldf ;s+ng u/L lat/0f u/L/x]sf] 5 . xfn ;rf+ngdf /x]sf] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf cGtut{ @)) 3= dL=, &) 3= dL= / @) 3= dL= u/L # j6f kfgLkf]v/L /x]sf] 5, h; dWo] &) 3= dL= sf] kfgLkf]v/L lh0f{ cj:yf /x]sf] / r'xfj6 w]/} /x]sf] 5 . xfn ;rf+ngdf /x]sf cfof]hgf If]qsf] xfnsf] nfefGjLt hg;+Vof !),%^( -&,$** :yfoL j;f]jf; ug]{ / #,)*! c:yfO{ a;f]jf; ug]{_ / hDdf 3/w'/L !,$)* /x]sf] 5 eg] o; cfof]hgf cGtut{ xfn (!( j6f AolQut wf/f, @% j6f wf/f ;/sf/L sfof{nodf / ( j6f wf/f lawfnodf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;/kmfOsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] ^%% 3/x?df zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 eg] cfof]hgf If]qsf 3/x? Jff6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nfsf] Aoj:yfkg cNnf] vf]nfdf /x]sf] 8lDkö ;fO{6df ul/G5 .
cfof]hgf If]qsf ahf/ If]qdf ;txL 9nsf] (Surface Drain) Aoj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgf kxf8L If]qdf cjl:yt /x]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ aiff{tsf] ;dodf klg kfgL hDg] ;d:of /xb}g .
k|:tfljt cfof]hgf df ;dfj]z /x]sf] If]qx? / ;+/rgfx?
k|:tfljt ;lGwvs{ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgf ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;=cGt/ut kb{5 . o; cfof]hgf ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= j8f g+= %M /txn], a;kfs{ If]q, j8f g+= ^M Ozf/f6f]n, xn nfOg, d'Vo ahf/, sfof{no If]q, zfGtL au}rf, 8f+8f ufpF 6f]n, x6f/L, lemNs] 8f+8f, xl:k6n nfOg, :ofn] ahf/, cf6Lsk6f, j8f g+= &M sfkmn6f/L, 3ê]6f/L, uR5] vf]nf, e';fn sf]n]gL, enf 8f+8f, r'qfa]+l;, j8f g+=(M r'qfa]+l;, dlg/fdsf] 3/ ;Dd ;lGwvs{ vf=kf= cfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5
k|:tfljt cfof]hgf If]qsf] xfnsf] nfefGjLt hg;+Vof !),%^( -&,$** :yfoL j;f]jf; ug]{ / #,)*! c:yfO{ a;f]jf; ug]{_ / hDdf 3/w'/L !,$)* /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] l8hfO{g jif{ -;g\ @)@&_ nfeflGjt hg;+Vof !*,#^) -!%,@&( :yfoL j;f]jf; ug]{ / #,)*! c:yfO{ a;f]jf; ug]{_ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] aflif{s hg;+Vof a[l4b/ #=%)§ /x]sf] 5 . xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfnfO{ cfjZos dd{t ;Def/ u/L k|of]udf NofO{ gk'u kfgL ;d'bfon] /f]h]sf] afuL vf]nfsf]] lsgf/df ! j6f ;Dkj]n lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/ / xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf] ! j6f ;Dkj]nnfO{ cfjZos dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ u/L lj:t[t l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 . xfn k|of]u
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ii SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
eO/x]sf] df6] r/fö d'n / vfrLsf]6 d'xfgnfO{ cfjZos dd{t ;Def/ u/Lg] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn] e'ldut kfgLsf] >f]t / ;txL kfgLsf] >f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf l8hfO{g u/LPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] b}lgs ?kdf b'O{ j6f e'ldut kfgLsf] / b'O{ j6f ;txL kfgLsf] >f]t af6 @)=)) ln=k|=;] -xfn ;rf+ngdf /x]sf] df6] r/fö >f]taf6 # ln=k|=;], vfÖrLsf]6 >f]taf6 @ ln=k|=;], ! j6f ;Dkj]njf6 ^ ln=k|=;] / gofÖ lgdf{0f x'g] ! j6f ;Dkj]njf6 ( ln=k|=;] _ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / !*,#^) hg;+Vof -hg;+Vof %),))) eGbfsd_ nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ ePsf] x'gfn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf jftfj/0fLo ;+/rgf lgPdfjnL @)$% n] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfo{fGjog / To;sf] kl/dflh{t ;g\ @))& nfO{ ;d]t lnO{ k"j{ k|f/lDes jftfj/l0fo kl/If0f ug]{ k|fjwfg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:tfljt cfof]hgf ;dfj]; /x]sf] ;+/rgfx?M ;+/rgfx? sfd laj/0f :yfg
;Dkj]n e'ldut kfgLsf] k|of]u ug{ afuL vf]nfsf] bfof lsgf/fsf] r'qf a]lzsf] nfuL / Affof lsgf/fsf] ;lGwvs{ ahf/sf] nfuL h]g]/]6//uf8{ 3/ h]g]/]6/ /fVg / uf8{ - afuL vf]nfsf] lsgf/, rf}lsbf/_ sf] nfuL ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= j8f g+= ^ / & 6\fG;ld;g d]g ;Dkj]n/d'xfgsf] kfgL l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%) dL ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= nfO{g -^(%% dL=_ kfgLkf]v/Ldf k9fO{ dL Aof;sf]M !%@) dL=, j8f g+= ^ / & ;s+ng ug{ lh= cfO{= kfO{k %)-^% dL dL Aof;sf]M @&^%dL= / Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k &%dL dL Aof;sf]M @^&) dL= ljt/0f nfO{g kfgLkf]v/Ljf6 3/ 3/df l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%) dL ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= -#)@&% dL=_ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ dL Aof;sf]M ^&% dL=, j8f g+= %, ^, & / ( lh= cfO{= kfO{k $)- !)) dL dL Aof;sf]M !%%dL= / Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k %)- !^)dL dL Aof;sf]M @($$% dL= ;]l8d]G6];g 6}s+ kfgLdf ldl;P/ /x]sf] ;'kfFb]p/nL 8fF8f / -lyu|fpg] 6}s+L_ kbf{ynfO{ lyu|fpg 8fF8f ufpF, ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= j8f g+= ^ / & :nf] :of08 lkmN6/ lyu|fpg] 6}s+L af6 cfPsf] ;'kfFb]p/nL 8fF8f / kfgLnfO{ 5fGg 8fF8f ufpF, ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= j8f g+= ^ / &
cf/=l;=l;= kfgL ;s+ng u/L ljt/0f IfdtfM @)) 3=dL= sf] ;'kfFb]p/nL 8fF8f / kfgLkf]v/L ug{ ! j6f / !)) 3=dL= sf] 8fF8f ufpF, ;lGwvs{
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iii SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
! j6f uf= la= ;= j8f g+= ^ / & eNe r}Da//kfO{k ljt/0f nfO{gdf kfgLsf] ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= eNe aS; dfqf ldnfpg j8f g+= %, ^, & / ( ;txL 9n -@&@) aif{ftsf] kfgL / 3/x? ;txL 9nsf] ;fO{hM ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= dL=_ jf6 lg:sg] kfgL nfO{ )=$% dL x )=#) dL / j8f g+= %, ^ / ( Aojl:yt tl/sfn] )=^) dL x )=#) dL lg:sf;g / la;h{g ug{ ;fj{hlgs zflGt au}rf / a; zf}rfnoM @ j6f kfs{ sDkfp08 kvf{n 8lDkö ;fO{6nfO{ ;'/lIft cNnf] vf]nf /fVg 6]S6/ vl/b 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf ;s+ng / ;lGwvs{ uf= la= ;= 9'jfgL ug{
k|ff/lDes jftfj/l0fo kl/If0fsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ lznlznfdf jftfj/l0fo k|efj ;+DaGwLhfgsf/L k|bfgubf{ ;dfrf/ kq /fli6ío b}lgsaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfl;t u/LPsf], :yflgo lgsfo uf=lj=;=, :s"nx?df ;"rgf 6f; ug]{ sfo{ u/L ;DaGwL 7fpFsf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ul/of] . o; clt/LQm k|ZgfjnL eg]{, cfof]hgf If]qsf] cWoog e|d0f, :yfgLo ;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn, k"j{ k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;+Eefljt jftfj/l0fo k|efj tyf ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf ppkfokfo / cg'udg
Kf|:tfljt k|f/lDes jftfj/l0fo k|ltj]bgdf >f]tIf]q / ;]jf If]qdf lgDgfg';f/ kg]{ k|efjnfO{ d'Nofësg ul/Psf]5 . != k"j{ lgdf{0fsf] r/0f @= lgdf{0fsf] r/0f #= ;+rfngsf] r/0f
Dffly pNn]vLt r/0fx?df kg]{ ;Sg] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo c;/x?nfO{ lgDg If]qut ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5.
!= ef}tLs jftfj/0f @= h}ljs jftfj/0f #= ;fdflhs jftfj/0f $= ;fF:s[[lts jftfj/0f
k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfn] jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj / ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? lgDg cg';f/ x'g] 5gM
• vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df kfgLsf] >f]t tyf vf]nfx? b'lift x'g] ;Sg] ;+Eefjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs/0fsf pkfoM O{G6]s/d'xfg lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ k|ofKt dfqfdf ;fjwfgL ckgfO{g] 5 . aiff{tsf] kfgL d'xfgdf ldl;g glbg sDkfp08 kvf{n tyf gfnf (Drain) agfO{g] 5 .
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iv SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
• vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df hldgsf] :j?kdf s]xL kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]vLG5.
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0fnL sf] ;+/rgfx? ;fj{hlgs hldgdf / vfg]kfgLsf] pkef]tmf ;ldltsf] hldgdf lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o:tf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0fdf gs/fTds c;/ gkg]{ x'G5.
• lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] tyf kfO{k lj5fpg] sfo{sf] nfuL df6f] vGg] tyf k"g]{ sfo{ ubf{ e'Ifosf] ;+Eefjgf jfo" b'lift x'g] ;+Eefjgf, vf]nf gfnf b'lift x'g ;Sg] ;+Eefjgf, WjgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;+Eefjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug{sf] nfuL df6f] vGg] tyf k'g]{ sfo{ ubf{ k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5 . df6f] vGbf lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ k"g k|of]u ul/g] 5 eg] afsL /x]sf] df6f]nfO{ plrt ?kdf Aoj:yfkg ul/g] 5 . jfo" k|b'ifgsf] dfqf gfkg ul/g'sf ;fy} ;8sdf kfgL 5s{g] sfo{ ul/g] 5 . cfof]hgfdf k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwgsf ;fy} cGo d]l;g/L pks/0fx?sf] plrt / lgoldt dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf :yndf /x]sf] Iff/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ jg höudf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s'g} klg ?vx?sf] s6fg x'g] 5}g . ;fdfGo dfqfdf Iff/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] jftfj/0fdf vf;} gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvb}g . lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x? nfO{ jg höu k|j]zdf /f]s nufOg] 5 / ltgLx?sf] vfgf ksfpg OG3gsf] nfuL bfp/fsf] ;êf dlêt]nsf] k|of]u u/fOg] 5 . lgdf{0f :ynsf] vfnL :yfgdf a[Iff/f]kg ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf If]qdf /x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?df Iflt kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{x? ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5, tfkgL s]xL u/L Iflt k'Ug uPdf To:tf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t sfo{ ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/jf6 sfdbf/x? cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] o; jf6 To; If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/jf6 cfPsf sfdbf/x? nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbOg] 5 ;fy} h'jf tyf dlb/f ;]jgdf k|ltaGw nufOg] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;n+Ug sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] tyf b'3{6gfsf ;Defjgf /xG5 .
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. v SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;n+Ug sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf ;d'lrt Wofg lbOg] 5 . sfdbf/x? nfO{ :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff ;DalGw cfjZos tflnd lbOg] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DdGg kZrft kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df kfgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;Defjgf / Snf]l/gsf] cJojl:yt k|of]un] pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg :yfgdf lgoldt ?kdf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] kl/If0f ul/g] 5 . vfg]kfgL pkef]Qf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? nfO{ Snf]l/gsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ tyf e08f/0f ug]{ ;DalGw tflnd lbOg] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf cGtu{t lgdf{0f x'g] ;txL 9nsf] laleGg :yfgdf kmf]x/ d}nf hfd eP/ jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM ;txL 9nsf] lgoldt ?kfdf ;kmfO{ ug]{ sfo{ ;r+fng ul/g] 5 .
jftfj/l0fo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP) nfutM
jftfj/l0fo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP) nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . k|:tfljt of]hgf lgdf{0f r/0fdf lgdf{0f Aoj;foL jf6 ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cg'udg ul/g] 5 . o;jf6 jftfj/l0fo Go"lgs/0fsf tyf lg/fs0fsf pkfox? nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu' ul/g'sf ;fy} of]hgf ;rf+ng cjwLdf ePsf] jf:tljs jftfj/0fnfO{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] jftfj/l0fo k|efj ;u+ cg'udg tyf t'ngf ul/g] 5 .
jftfj/l0fo k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf tyf lg/fs0f tyf cg'udg cfbL sfo{sf] nfuL cg'dflgt /sd ?M !,$$),)))=)) nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf 5 .
lgisz{ tyf ;'emfjx?
Kf|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] dfly pNn]lvt If]qdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj gkg]{ u/L olb k|efj kl/xfn]df tt\ kZrft k|efj sdkg]{ u/L / k/]sf k|efjnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg u/Lg] u/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog u/Lg] x'bFf o; vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf cfP kZrft :yflgo afl;Gbfx?n] ;'/lIft / k|;:t dfqfdf vfg]kfgL kfpg,] ;d'bfosf] :jfYodf ;sf/fTds c;/ kg]{, :yflgo afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] / cfof]hgf If]qsf] jftfj/0fdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0fn] g} k'Ug] b]lvG5 / kl/of]hgf sfo{Gjogsf nflu plrt b]lvG5 .
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Executive Summary
Background
Government of Nepal (GoN) has implemented the Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) with financial assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a grant made available to the project as per the agreement between GoN and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The main aim of SSTWSSSP is to provide water supply services including augmentation of additional water sources, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, rehabilitation or expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. Sanitation services include construction of public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal in the agreed town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service receivers are also included in the town project. The project is based on demand driven and interactive procedure that ensures full participation of the local users’ community in the project formulation, implementation and operation and maintenance. This project will provide water supply and sanitation facilities to about 0.6 million people.
Based upon the framework of the National Urban Policy (2007), the 15-year Development Plan has been updated and small towns have been redefined. About 265 town (153 in Terai and 112 in hill) with a total population of 3.6 million satisfy this criteria. These towns are developed haphazardly but play vital role in economic linkage between rural area and countries' urban economy and urgently need the improved facilities for better life. This led in conceptualization and formulation of Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Projects (STWSSSP). The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency and the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency for the project.
DWSS through the involvement of various consultants and NGOs has successfully completed first and second phase of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal P. Ltd. Kathmandu was awarded a contract for conducting review of detailed engineering design and construction supervision including Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) studies of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Projects. This document covers IEE report of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
SSTWSSSP consists of many individual water supply town project covering small towns in different areas of Nepal. Sandhikharka Town Water Supply Project is one of such under DSTWSSSP. The major structures of the proposed project consist of construction of deep tube well, transmission line, washout, air valve, overhead and ground storage reservoir, distribution system, control valve, house hold connection and community/private taps connection.
Objective of the IEE Study
The objective of carrying out of IEE study is to conduct an environment examination of the proposed project area and its surroundings to identify potential environmental impacts so that with suitable mitigation measures, the project can be implemented in an environmentally sound and socio-economically sustainable manner.
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The basic objective of IEE is as per the following: • to identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Sandhikharka) • to investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio- economic condition of project areas. • to identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economic and environmental acceptability to the community • to identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available. • to address the major concern of the local community of the project area • to propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project. • to prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans • to inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.
In brief, the main purpose of IEE is to help decision makers and implement the project to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with the long term sustainable utilization of resources and the protection of human wellbeing and the environment.
Nature of the Proposal
The proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as Environment Category B based on ADB’s Environmental Categorization thereby requiring only an IEE. The initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been done as per the checklist suggested by ADB and based on the provisions stated in GoN’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulations, 1997(and amendments).
The service area of the proposed project covers ward no 5 (Ratahale, Buspark area); ward no. 6 (Isaratole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, Danda Gaontole, Hatari, Panini Campus, Jhilke Danda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata); ward no. 7 (Kafal Tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi); Ward no. 9 (Chutra Besi, Up to near Maniram house)
Baseline Information
The sub-project area is an emerging small town, and is growing very rapidly as a residential centre. The project area consists of core and densely populated bazaar area and the rural and scattered settlement area. The project core area is the main trade and economic centre and the land is mostly used for residential purposes. The bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements pre-dominant with agricultural fields scattered settlement.
The present permanent population in the service area is 7,488 and rental is 3,081. According to the social survey, there are 1,408 households (HHs) in the proposed service area. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2027 from this survey year 2010 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 15279 and rental is 3,081 with average annual growth rate of 3.50%.
There are two existing gravity water supply systems in operation within the service area. Both systems were constructed with the technical and financial assistance of DWSS through its district
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office in 1981 - 1983 and in 1998 – 2000 respectively. Two surface water sources have been tapped for these systems, the Dihi Danda Khola (i.e. Khanchikot khola) that has a yield 4.0 lps and Mate Charange Spring with a yield of 3.80 lps. The first system covers the bazaar area especially ward No. 6 & 9 including government office where as second system also covers bazaar area especially parts of ward nos. 6 & 7 in Sandhikharka VDC
The existing distribution system has leakage at several places and lower pipe size. Some pipes are deeply located causing maintenance to be very difficult. The distribution system needs to be redesigned and existing pipe has been discarded in the new system. The existing system has 919 household connections; 25 connections are in governmental offices, 9 connections are in schools. The population of the area is increasing; therefore it is necessary to augment the source and upgrade the existing supply of water.
Components of the Subproject
The Sandhikharka Town Water Supply Project has been designed mainly as a pumping system from sump well to treatment plant and gravity flow to distribution system from service reservoir. Two sub systems are designed to cover the whole service area. The first sub system serves water for Sandhikharka side and second sub – system serves water for Chutrabesi side. The water shall be allowed to pass through the treatment plant consisting of sedimentation, slow sand filter and disinfecting units and will be stored in the ground storage/ service reservoir.
The location of the project structures have been decided and acquired by the Water User and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) and most of them are situated in public land. Transmission main and Distribution main passes through earthen road and pitch road crossing in some places. The major structures of the projects are given in the following Table 1.
Table 1: Main Components of Sub-projects Infrastructure Function Description Location Sump Well To extract seepage Right Bank for Chutra water of Bagi Khola Besi and left bank for through Infiltration Sandhikharka Bazaar Galleries of Bagi River Sandhikharka VDC W.No: 7 & 6 Generator/Guard For generator and guard Bank of Bagi River House Sandhikharka VDC W.No: 6 & 7 Transmission Pipe Delivery of water from DI Pipe 150mm dia- 1520m, GI Sandhikharka VDC Line (6955 m) Sump well & Intake to Pipe 50mmdia to 65mm dia- W.No: 6 & 7 storage tank 2765m&HDPE Pipe 75mm dia- 2670m Distribution Pipe Line Delivery of water from HDPE Pipe 50mm dia to Sandhikharka VDC, (30275 m) Reservoir to HH 160mm dia – 29445m, GI Pipe W.No. 5, 6, 7& 9 connection at distribution 40mm dia to 100mm dia – main point 155m and DI Pipe 150mm dia – 675m
Sedimentation Tank To sediment dissolved Supadeurali danda & particles Dandagaon tole upstream, Sandhikharka VDC, W.No. 6 & 7 Slow Sand Filter To filter raw water Supadeurali danda & Dandagaon Sandhikharka VDC, W.No 6 & 7
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Infrastructure Function Description Location Circular RCC Ground Storage of water Capacity 200cum – 1 nos, & Supadeurali danda & water storage tank Capacity 100cum3 – 1 nos, Dandagaon Sandhikharka VDC, W.No 6 & 7 Control valve chamber Control the flow in the Sandhikharka VDC, distribution pipe line W.No. 5, 6, 7 & 9 Pipe Valve Box Control the flow in the Sandhikharka VDC, distribution pipe line W.No. 5, 6, 7 & 9 Construction Surface To drained surface Size of drain: 0.45m x 0.35m Sandhikharka VDC, Drain (2720 m and runoff and 0.60m x 0.30 W.No. 5, 6 & 9 outfall at 6 places of Bagi Khola) Public Latrine 2 nos Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark Compound wall for To protect dumping site Allo Khola dumping site Purchasing of tractor To transportation of solid waste to the dumping site
Another part of the project is Sanitation component. The sanitation component of the project consists of site development of dumping site (stone masonry wall); tractor procurement for solid waste collection and disposal and construction of two public toilets near Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark area and construction of 2720 m storm water drain.
Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The proposed water supply and sanitation project will have minimal negative impacts on environment which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. Some of the environmental issues of concern and their mitigation measures are:
• Erosion especially during project construction period due to digging and excavation during laying of pipes. Unorganized disposal of excavated earth can disturb the area and could pollute the adjoining Bagi River. In order to mitigate such impacts the excavated soil should be placed safely against erosion and should be reused during backfilling of the pipe trenches. • Impact on forest and vegetation. Proposed site for treatment plant and storage reservoir are located at community forest. The land has been acquired by WUSC, but for the construction of treatment plant and storage reservoir approx. 5 number of trees need to be cut down. Similarly during laying of distribution pipes, existing ground vegetation might be cleared to some extent and species habitat might be destroyed in project area. In order to reduce such impacts, vegetation clearance should be avoided as much as possible and whenever possible re-plantation should be carried out. The community forests affected has to be compensated by panting and rearing saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree • Risk of pollution of ground and surface water from the sludge and effluents from treatment plants. To mitigate such impacts, the water qualities should be monitored periodically and proper sludge disposal site should be maintained. • Health and safety of construction workers: Workers should be trained on health and safety measures including proper storage and handling of chlorine used for water quality treatment. Safety gears are to be provided and first aid to be located at easily accessible areas.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Cost
The EMP should be executed in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction period so that the mitigation measures specified in the report are implemented during project construction. Provisions should be made so that monitoring activities are conducted regularly and as prescribed. EMP should also ensure that the actual environmental impacts during the period of project operation over the years after the completion of the project are monitored and compared with the predicted impact. The total cost for EMP, including the cost of monitoring, mitigation and environmental audit that will be carried after two years of project completion is estimated to be NRs. 1,440, 000.00.
Conclusion
It is expected that the proposed Sandhikarka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have minimal environment impacts which can be easily mitigated with careful planning and monitoring measures. The implementation of the project will bring significant improvement in water supply situation and sanitation facilities of the community thereby improving the overall quality of life. Since, no significant adverse environmental impacts are expected, a full scale EIA is not required and the present IEE study is sufficient.
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Table of Contents Page Executive Summary ...... i Table of Contents ...... vii Abbreviations & Acronyms ...... xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY ...... 2 1.2.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 2 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 4 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project ...... 4 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 6 CHAPTER II: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 9
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 9 2.1.1 Type of the Proposal ...... 9 2.1.2 Nature and Types of Goods Delivered ...... 9 2.1.3 Proposed Project ...... 9 2.1.4 Materials to be Used and Year of Accomplishment...... 10 2.1.5 Emission Resulting from the Implementation of the Project ...... 10 2.1.6 Energy to be Used ...... 10 2.1.7 Manpower Requirement/ Employment Generation ...... 11 2.1.8 Resources Required ...... 11 2.2 DETAILED PARTICULAR OF THE AREA ...... 12 2.2.1 Location and Accessibility ...... 12 2.2.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology ...... 12 2.2.3 Climate and Air Quality ...... 12 2.2.4 Population and Communities ...... 12 2.2.5 Health Facilities...... 14 2.2.6 Educational Facilities ...... 14 2.2.7 Socio-economic Conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being) ...... 15 2.2.8 Resettlement Issues ...... 16 2.3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 17 2.3.1 Water Supply ...... 17 2.3.2 Sanitation ...... 18 2.1.3 Drainage ...... 18 2.4 SERVICE AREA ...... 18 2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 19 2.6 SOURCE OF WATER ...... 20 2.7 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ...... 22 2.8 SERVICE RESERVOIRS ...... 23 2.9 PIPE LINES ...... 24 2.10 OTHERS APPURTENANCE ...... 24 2.11 TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 26 2.12 SALIENT FEATURES THE PROJECT ...... 27 2.13 PROPOSED SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION ...... 29 2.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 29 2.15 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED ...... 30 2.16.1 Land Acquisition ...... 30 2.16.2 Construction of Sump-well ...... 30 CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 37
3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 37 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 37 3.2.2 Forests (including rare or endangered species) ...... 37
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3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 38 3.3.1 Physical or Cultural Heritage ...... 38 3.3.2 Slums and Squatter Settlements ...... 38 3.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH ...... 38 3.4.1 Land Use ...... 38 3.4.2 Infrastructure ...... 39 3.4.3 Economic Characteristics ...... 40 CHAPTER IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 42
4.1 WATER SUPPLY ...... 42 4.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 42 4.1.2 Construction Phase ...... 43 4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts ...... 50 4.2 ...... 51 DRAINAGE WORKS ...... 51 4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 51 4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 52 4.4 MITIGATION COST ...... 58 CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS ...... 59
5.1 ALTERNATE PROJECT DESIGN ...... 59 5.2 ALTERNATIVE PROJECT LOCATION...... 59 5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE ...... 59 5.4 NO ACTION OPTION ...... 60 CHAPTER VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 61
6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION ...... 61 6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ...... 61 6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIOS/ISSUES RAISED ...... 62 CHAPTER VII: GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 63 CHAPTER VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 64
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 64 8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP ...... 64 8.2 MOTIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 64 8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators ...... 64 8.2.2 Types of Monitoring ...... 65 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 65 8.3.1 Environmental Management during different phases of Project Implementation ...... 65 8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring ...... 72 8.3.3 Monitoring Cost ...... 72 8.3.4 Modality of Operation ...... 72 8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 73 8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 74 8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting Procedures ...... 75 8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 76 CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION ...... 80 REFERENCES ...... 81
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List of Tables: Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project ...... 5 Table 2.1: Capacities of Pump Used ...... 10 Table 2.2: Annual personnel expenditure for operation ...... 10 Table 2.3: Annual cost for operation and maintenance ...... 10 Table 2.4: Total population of delineated project area ...... 12 Table 2.5 Age Group of the Population ...... 12 Table 2.6: Distribution of population by sex and family size ...... 12 Table 2.7: Distribution of households by migration ...... 13 Table 2.8 Distribution population by educational status by wards (6 years and above) ...... 13 Table 2.9: Distribution of population by employment ...... 14 Table 2.10: Distribution of household income ...... 14 Table 2.11: Monthly expenditure of households ...... 15 Table 2.12: Resettlement plan ...... 15 Table 2.13: Population coverage ...... 18 Table 2.14: Project components details ...... 19 Table 3.1: Types of forests in Arghakhachi district ...... 36 Table 3.2: List of industries within project area ...... 39 Table 4.1: Physical environmental issues and impacts ...... 42 Table 4.2: Biological environmental issues and impacts ...... 45 Table 4.3: Socio-economic and cultural environmental issues and impacts ...... 47 Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost ...... 51 Table 4.5: Mitigation cost ...... 56 Table 6.1: List of key stakeholders contacted ...... 59 Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost ...... 64 Table 8.2: Environmental monitoring cost ...... 70 Table 8.3: Environmental management roles and responsibilities of different parties ...... 71 Table 8.4: Cost for EMP ...... 74 Table 8.5: Cost of water supply component - Component: Summary of Structure wise cost ...... 74 Table 8.6: Cost of sanitation component ...... 76
List of Figures:
Fig. 2.1: Work Schedule ...... 28 Fig. 7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 61
ANNEXES:
Annex I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of water supply Annex II: General Layout of Reservoir Bore hole, Pump House/Generator House Annex III: Longitudinal Section of Sump Well, Sedimentation Tank, Slow Sand Filter and Reservoir Annex IV: Project Location Map Annex V: Public Notice, Muchulka (Deed) Letter, Recommendation Letter and Focus Group Discussion Annex VI: Terms of Reference as approved by MoPPW Annex VII: Water Quality Report Annex VIII: Air Quality Standards, Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056, National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (As per Urban Environment Guidelines, 2068
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Abbreviation and Acronyms
ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Seal Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Litre per capita per day lps : Litre per second MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Organization Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
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Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT
1. The project proponent, Project Management Office (PMO) of Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) Under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) of Government of Nepal (GoN) is responsible for conducting present IEE study of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. has been contracted to work on the behalf of PMO to conduct IEE studies and prepare IEE report by using all prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules.
2. The name and address of the institutions responsible for conducting and preparing IEE report are-
• Name of the proposal: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project
• Name and address of the proponent
Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Government of Nepal
• Address of the Proponent
Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
• Consultant preparing the report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. Ksitiz Marga, Shankhamul Post Box No. 19961, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel/Fax: 977-1-4784558 E-mail: [email protected]
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1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY
1.2.1 ADB Policy
3. As per ADB guidelines on Environment Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment Category B and an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB. Similarly based on rules pertaining to GoN’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997, an IEE is necessary for the proposed project.
1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines
4. Following Acts, Policies, Laws, Rules, Directives and Guidelines have been reviewed and evaluated during the preparation of IEE report of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
Law
i) The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)
The Constitution requires the state to give priority to the protection of environment and prevention of further damage to the environment due to development activities and to take special measures for protection of wildlife, vegetation and forests. In response to the emerging situation of environmental problems and realization of benefits, adoption of IEE/ EIA as a planning and management tool to be applied in development planning and administration was made mandatory to prevent further damage.
Policies
ii) National Conservation Strategy (NCS) for Nepal, 2044 B.S. (1988 A.D.)
The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was endorsed by GoN in 1988. It emphasizes the need for sustainable development and stressed on interdependence of conservation and development.
iii) National Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2052 B.S. (1996 A.D.)
The National Environmental Policy and Action Plan were endorsed by the Government in August. 1993. It is a plan of the government's endeavour to incorporate environmental concerns into the country's development process. This identifies alteration of ecology from riverine to take destruction of forests and wildlife, threats to migratory aquatic species and climatic change.
Acts and Regulation
iv) Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.)
This act has been enacted to make arrangements for the national utilization, conservation, management and development of water resources in Nepal. As per the section 8. sub-section 1 of the Act, "a person of corporate body desiring to conduct survey or utilizing water resources will
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be required to submit an application to the prescribed officer or authority along with the economic, technical and environmental study report and with other prescribed particulars."
Section 18, 19 and 20 at the Act deal with water quality standards, water pollution and adverse effect on the environment. Section 20 of the Act states that "while utilizing water resources, it will be done so in such a manner that no substantial adverse effects be made on the environment by way of soil erosion, flood, landslides or similar other cause".
v) Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.)
The Land Acquisition Act authorizes the government to acquire land for public purposes. While requiring compensation for the private landowner, the Act, however, does not specify that the compensation must be at market value. The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1993 was prepared under the Act and has categorized the affected people as Project Affected Families (PAF). The compensation should be based on market value for building materials, labour cost and plinth area of the house.
vi) Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.) and Forest Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1995 A.D.)
Forest clearance should follow the regular provision as contained in the Forest Act, 1993 and Forest Regulation, 1995. Article 20 of the Forest Act, 1993 empowers GoN to prepare and implement a work plan for the management of national forest while its article 21 prohibits operating any functions in the government managed forest other than prescribed in the work plan.
Article 68 states that the Act empowers GoN in case of no alternatives, to provide parts of any forest- government, community or private for the implementation of national priority actions with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. In accordance with the provision contained in Rules 12 and 13 of the Forest Rules, 1995, GoN has banned the transportation, export and felling of Chanp, Khayarand Sal.
vii) Industrial Enterprise Act, 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.)
Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992 under its schedule 4 has defined water supply project as national priority project.
viii) Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 2053 B.S. (1996 A.D.) and Environmental Protection Regulation (EPR), 2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.) and amendments, 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.)
The Ministry of Population and Environment enacted Environmental Protection Act. This legislation enforced since January 1997 contains provision for carrying out IEE and EIA for development projects in different sector. Consequently, for the elaboration of the articles in the Act, Environmental Protection Regulation 1997 was also enforced. The EPR, 1997 along with its First Amendment in 1999 obliged the proponent to make public on the contents of the proposal in order to ensure the participation of different stakeholders. The proponent should issue a public notice providing a time of 15 days to seek comments and suggestions on the proposals. The EPR, 1999 also obliged the proponent to include all relevant environmental issues in the scoping report for EIA and in the Terms of Reference (ToR) of IEE before submission for approval.
Ministry of Environment is responsible for EIA reports whereas in the case of IEE, concerned ministry is responsible.
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Standards and Guidelines
ix) National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)
The National EIA Guidelines were endorsed by GoN in September 1992 and gazetted in June 1993. As per this guideline, only IEE is sufficient for water supply and sanitation projects like Sandhikharka
x) Water Resources Sector EIA Guidelines, 2054 B.S. (1996 A.D.)
Based on the National EIA guidelines, EIA guidelines for the water resources sector has been developed by the Ministry of Water Resources.
1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study
5. The main objective of carrying out IEE study is to investigate the environmental implication of the proposed project so that the project can be implemented in an environment friendly and socio- economically sustainable manner.
6. Some of the specific objectives of the IEE are as the following:
• to identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Sandhikharka); • to investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio-economic condition of project areas; • to identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economical and environmental acceptability to the community; • to identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available; • to address the major concern of the local community of the project area; • to propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project; • to prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans; • to inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.
7. In brief, the objective of carrying out of IEE study is to investigate the environmental implication of the proposed project so that the project can be implemented in an environmentally and socio- economically sustainable manner.
1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project
8. The proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project is classified as environment Category B project as per Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Project Impacts of Asian Development Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB's Environmental Assessment
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Requirements and Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS 2009) for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.
9. According to the provisions stated in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (including amendments 1999 and 2007) for the water supply schemes, the proposed project needs to undertake an IEE study based on Rule 3, Annex 1and 2 of the EPA and EPR. The revised environmental rule published on 20 September, 2007 is also used to determine the criteria for the IEE of the project. The screening criteria (Table 1.1) for the application of IEE or EIA are clearly mentioned in the schedule 1 and schedule 2 of EPR. The points of the schedule determined whether the project should undergo IEE or EIA
10. One the basis of the desk study of the various related literature and field study data, the structure components of the project including deep well lie in the semi urban area and most of the pipe line of the proposed system passes along the existing road tracks. Since the proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to more than 5000 but less than 50,000 populations through augmentation of water sources through Dodiya Khola and Bhundi khola and treats less than 25lps flow(the treatment plant is already built in the existing Resha water supply system, existing flow is not in consideration for environmental issues). Hence, the project falls within the IEE threshold limit. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households is not involved and construction of river training works is not required.
11. In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirement and Environment Guidelines for selected infrastructure development project and GoN’s EPR 2054, only Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is sufficient for proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project.
12. As per EPR, in order to conduct the IEE, the proponent has to prepare the Terms of Reference (TOR) and submit to Ministry of Physical Planning and Works for approval through Department of Water Supply and Sewerage. The purpose of preparation of TOR is to define the studies that will be conducted to prepare IEE report and identify the environmental issues to be looked in the IEE report. The TOR for this IEE work was approved by MPPW on Magh 27, 2067
13. The following Table 1.1 compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.
Threshold limit for conducting IEE Report
14. According to Environmental protection Guidelines, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule-3, Work–Schedule of Initial Environmental Examination of Drinking water are:
Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project For Proposed water Description supply project 1) Collection of rain- water not more than 200 hectares, and use of Not applicable water sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area. 2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. Safe yield and Not applicable supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season The scheme is augmentation of flow 3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters per second. including rehabilitation one. An IEE is required.
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For Proposed water Description supply project 4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer for the Not applicable development of underground water source. 5) Construction of not more than one kilometer long tunnels for Not applicable carrying water 6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for operating a water Not applicable supply scheme. 7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the upper reaches of Not applicable water sources Within the limits 8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging between 5000 and (Design Population is 50000 28451) 9) Supply of drinking water to a population ranging between 10000 Not applicable and 100000 and connection of new sources 10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption Not applicable of more than one mw of electricity. 11) River training and diversion activities over an area of more than Not applicable one kilometer. (Source: ’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’)
Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.
15. The proposed Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project is classified as environment “Category B” project as per Environment Policy of Asian Development Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination Study has to be carried out.
1.2.5 Approach and Methodology
16. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the approved Terms of Reference (TOR) by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, of the Government of Nepal. The procedures followed for current IEE study are in accordance with the provisions stated in ADB’s Environmental Guidelines and the GON’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997
17. ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist was complete for the proposed project and Environmental Categorization of the project was decided. Based on the checklist and environmental categorization, the proposed project has been classified under category B of ADB’s environmental classification, which depicts that the project has insignificant environmental impacts and requires only an IEE.
18. The study team visited the site to identify the potential impacts, both positive and negative, of the project. During the visit, the team met local people of different sectors and conducted meetings, brainstorming sessions, field examinations, and data gathering and processing for the purpose. The team also made walk through and meandering survey of project area to identify the environment structure and potential areas which needs to be taken in to account.
19. The specific methods used for collecting the required information and conducting the IEE study are as follows. • Literature Review: The published and unpublished relevant information and literatures were extensively reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited
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to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. The reports related to the water supply and sanitation scheme (e.g. Feasibility, detailed design Study Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) were thoroughly reviewed in preparing IEE report. • Delineation of geographical boundary of the influence area on the topo-map It is necessary to specify area that shall be covered for assessment of environmental impacts so as to avoid future confusion. Depending upon nature and extent of expected impact area the geographical area is categories into Direct Impact Area (DIA) and Indirect Impact Area (IIA).
Direct Impact Area (DIA) The service area of the proposed project covers ward no 5 (Ratahale, Buspark area); ward no. 6 (Isaratole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, Danda Gaontole, Hatari, Panini Campus, Jhilke Danda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata); ward no. 7 (Kafal Tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi); Ward no. 9 (Chutra Besi, Up to near Maniram house) of Sandhikharka VDC. This area is delineation as Direct Impact Area (DIA)
Indirect Impact Area (IIA) The area around the DIA which may be indirectly affected due to the Project implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, vibrations, dust etc. is categorized as the indirect impact area. Ward no. – 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 of Sandhikharka VDC are the delineation as Indirect Impact Area (IIA).
• Walk-through Survey: A walk-through survey of the service area was done to inspect and understand the project components and the environmental features of the surrounding areas. Necessary measurements were noted and discussed with the local stakeholders. • Questionnaire & Checklist: As a part of desk study. A check list was used to gather the information on physical and biological parameters. (Annex-I) • Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The discussions have been held during field visit regarding environmental aspects. The relevant stakeholders and the members of the local communities were consulted and a FGD was organized in order to understand their views and opinions. The discussion made during FGD is given in Annex-IV.
1.2.5.1 Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Prioritization
20. The information collected from different sources was processed and analyzed according to the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment within the zone of influence. The collected secondary data were the major sources for verification and cross checking of primary data during the field survey. The generated information from primary source was analyzed, tabulated and prioritized.
21. Based on the identification of the impacts, their prediction was done to forecast the changes in local environment. The methods adopted in impact predictions were done by using various
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methods, such as matrix, trend analysis, cause and effect relationship, expert judgment etc. The assessment of environmental impact was derived exclusively in terms of magnitude, duration and extent. The significance of positive and negative impacts associated with construction and subsequent operation of the proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project were identified, predicted and prioritizations of the seriousness of environmental impacts were evaluated.
22. The consultant has addressed environmental aspects by furnishing information on Physical, Biological, Socio-economic and Cultural Environments. The methods followed for each are given under the respective headings below.
Physical Environmental Assessment 23. Existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the project area were studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with some of government officials, schools and representatives of the local bodies.
Biological Environmental Assessment 24. The information on biological environment was gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surrounding area. Due attention were paid on vegetation, wild life, and aquatic life of the project area and surroundings. The methods used for the collection of biological information are as follows. • Collection of ethno-botanical information on socio-economically important plant species through consultation with local informants. • Ethno zoological data have been obtained by conducting interviews and discussion with local informants. • Information on local uses of aquatic biota, fish spawning site, migration pattern, and weedy aquatic plants were obtained holding interview with local informants.
Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment 25. Social assessment has been attempted to determine the social implication in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts. The primary data for the initial social assessment, which is an integral part of the initial environmental examination (IEE), were obtained through focus group discussion with communities. Additional data were collected from general documents on the districts and households survey questionnaires.
Evaluation of the Impacts of the Project on the Environment 26. The impacts of the project on environment were conducted by grading in the checklists. The checklist used is given in the Annex I of this report.
1.2.5.2 Overview of IEE Study 27. Following steps were taken by the consultants before preparation of this IEE report • Preparation of ToR and its approval. • Public notification. • Field survey and analysis. • Meetings and gatherings with locals of the project area. • Report Preparation
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Chapter II: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS
2.1.1 Type of the Proposal
28. The Project has been classified as service delivery typed project. The aim of the project is to improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project towns by facilitating drinking water supply facility.
29. The service area of the proposed project covers ward no 5 (Ratahale, Buspark area); ward no. 6 (Isaratole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, DandaGaontole, Hatari, Panini Campus, JhilkeDanda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata); ward no. 7 (Kafal Tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi); wardno. 9 (Chutra Besi, Up to near Maniram house)
30. The present permanent population in the service area is 7,488 and rental is 3,081. According to the social survey, there are 1,408 households (HHs) in the proposed service area. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2027 from this survey year 2010 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 15279 and rental is 3,081 with average annual growth rate of 3.50%.
2.1.2 Nature and Types of Goods Delivered
31. The project has been conceptualized as a community based approach. Almost half of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community who will also be responsible for operation and management of the system after its completion. The active involvement of the community in the decision making as well as in project implementation and operation has been ensured. After the completion of the project, the local people of the service area will benefit from regular supply clean drinking water and proper sanitation services.
32. Safe drinking water is distributed the local people of the service area in the proposed service area by distribution system. The project will provide 24-hours supply of water of potable water of NDWQS standard within the project area.
2.1.3 Proposed Project
Installed Capacity
33. The proposed project will meet the water supply requirement demand of the year 2027. The total design water demand for the system at the end of design year (2027) is calculated as 1,680,678 lpd. The adopted per capita water demand is 100 LPCD.
Operation time
34. The proposed water supply & sanitation project has been designed to provide 24-hours of reliable and continuous safe drinking water in adequate quantity to the people of service areas.
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2.1.4 Materials to be Used and Year of Accomplishment
35. The proposed system has been designed using Ductile Iron (DI), High Density Polythene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes. The details of project components are given in table 2.1
36. The project is designed for design period of 15 years and 3 year have been set for preparation and construction period (1 year for preparation and 2 year for construction), thereby setting the accomplishment year as 2027.
37. Brick, Sand, gravel and river pebbles shall be used as raw materials. This required sand and gravel will used from the Bagi River. Other materials include cement, reinforcement bars, pipe and fitting will be purchased from the Butwal and Bhairahawa Market
2.1.5 Emission Resulting from the Implementation of the Project
Solid Waste
38. Excavation in earth in the pipe line trenches, foundation trenches of major structure are the major sources of solid waste. The most of excavated soil will be used in backfilling work of pipe line trenches. Remaining quantity of soil after backfilling will be managed safely around the proposed treatment plant site with better landscape.
Air Quality
39. The project area is connected by the access road and the construction materials and equipments need to be transported to the construction site. The vehicle emission will cause air pollution. The excavation and other construction activity will release dust and particulate matters and the vehicle emission will increase in dust constructions that cause air pollution. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only, which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on gravel road.
Noise and Vibration
40. Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not significant effect to the local community. Therefore, the noise and vibration levels generated during the construction period are negligible.
2.1.6 Energy to be Used
41. Distribution system of the proposed system is operated on gravity; whereas electric power will be used pumping of ground water from proposed two sump well to treatment plant site.
42. The water supply system at Sandhikharka shall have one existing and two proposed sump well. Existing and first sump well (namely pump #1) lift water at Danda Gaon Tole Treatment plant for Sandhikharka and second sump well (namely pump #2) lift water at Supa Deurali Treatment Plant for Chutrabesi. Two pumps of each 20HP and 25HP capacities are designed and installed accordingly. But only one pump of 20HP and 25HP capacity will be operated at a time.
43. Each sump well site shall have pump house cum stand by diesel generator for power back up is provided assuming the pumps will be operated during the failure of NEA supply. Individual transformer is proposed at each sump well/ pumping site, whose capacity is designed to provide
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adequate power for pump operation, chlorination plant, external electrification of the site and other loads at DG room. About 200m of overhead 11kV line has to be extended up to the first transformer site (i.e. pump 1). Similarly, 350m of overhead 11kV line has to be extended up to the second transformer site (i.e. pump 2).
Table 2.1: Capacities of Pump Used Project Generator Pumps Electrical 11 KV line and Remarks Panels Transformer Sandhikharka 50 kVA, 400V 20 HP and Pump Control 11 KV line – – 2 nos 25 HP – 1 Panel (MCP) 550m, each – 2 set Transformer 50 kVA – 2nos
2.1.7 Manpower Requirement/ Employment Generation
44. Numerous skilled, semi skilled and unskilled manpower are required for the construction work which is expected to last for 2 years. These are the figures which area counted as directly employed and indirect employment opportunities for the collection and delivery of local materials are also be generated in significant numbers.
45. Human Resources and annual expenditure required for smooth operation and maintenance for water supply and sanitation system is shown in Table 2.2 and Table 2.3.
Table 2.2: Annual personnel expenditure for operation SN Description of Items Nos Rate/Month (Nrs.) Months Total (NRs) 1 Manager/Administrative Officer 1 15,200.00 13 197,600.00 2 Civil Overseer 1 11,300.00 13 146,900.00 3 Accountant 1 10,000.00 13 130,000.00 4 Pump Operator/ system operator 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 5 Meter Reader 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 6 Maintenance Worker/ Plumber 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 7 Watchman 4 8,200.00 13 426,400.00 8 Peon 1 8,200.00 13 106,600.00 Total (Nrs.) 1,670,500.00
Table 2.3: Annual cost for operation and maintenance SN Unit Amount (NRs) 1 Chemical, Fuel and Electricity 977,431.30 2 System maintenance 431,557.82 Total (Nrs.) 1,408,989.12
46. The total annual (Base Year 2013) cost for operation and maintenance for the water supply system is Rs. 3,079,489.12. It is assumed that the cost will be increased @ 3% per year.
2.1.8 Resources Required
Total capital of the project (Water Supply Components) 136,286,954.47
Cost Breakdown GoN (50%) 68,143,477.24 TDF loan (45%) 61,329,129.51 Community contribution cash (5%): 6,814,347.72
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Land area Treatment Plant: 8 Ropanies
Building and there types: Office/Lab building, Guard house Machinery and tools: - RCC components will be constructed by using concrete mixture machine, concrete vibrator, - Other hand tools like hammers, saw, speed cutter will be used
2.2 DETAILED PARTICULAR OF THE AREA
2.2.1 Location and Accessibility
47. Sandikharka Town is the district head quarter of the Arghakhanchi district in Lumbini Zone which lies in the Western Development Region of Nepal. Topographically, the project area lies between27° 57 ′ 21″ to 27° 59 ′ 56″ N latitude and 83° 06 ′ 30″ to 83° 08 ′ 48″ E longitude with altitude ranging from 940m to 1280m above mean sea level (amsl). It is surrounded by Argha VDC and Dibarna VDC to the North, Khanchikot and Narpani VDCs to the South, Bangla VDC to the East and Nuwakot and Keemdanda VDCs to the West. The location of the project area is given in Annex IV.
2.2.2 Geology and Soils, Seismology
48. The geology of the low-lying area of the Sandhikharka is influenced by the activity of the Bagi Khola flowing across the service area. The rivers have been changing their streambeds, either depositing or eroding sediments and leaving behind either coarse sediments or impermeable fine deposits. The eastern part contains coarse-grained permeable materials, but the central and western parts have rather mixed type gravel with sand. In addition to this, the ground surface is permeable in the central and western parts. The changes occur not only in the east-west direction but also in the north-south direction.
2.2.3 Climate and Air Quality
49. The general climate of the project area is tropical. The average minimum and maximum temperatures during summer fluctuates between 16° C & 29° C and in winter season it is in the range of 5.4° C to 19.2° C. The relative humidity is in the range of 92-99 %. The average annual rainfall estimated is 1956 mm, which is significantly higher than 1,400mm, the average precipitation of Nepal. The maximum rain fall within 24 hours is 257 mm recorded in the nearest rain gauge station at Khanchikot.
50. The ambient air quality in the rest of the locality is generally good. Indoor air pollution occurs due to use of firewood, traditional stove, and absence of proper ventilation in the houses.
2.2.4 Population and Communities
51. The beneficiary households and population of the delineated service area (Sandhikharka VDC ward no. 5, 6, 7, and 9) is estimated to be 1408 and 7,488 respectively. The service area covers four wards of Sandhikharka VDC. Among them, ward number 6 holds the highest number of population (about 53%). The size of rental population residing in the project area is estimated to be 3,081 which accounts 29.15 % of the total population. The average population growth rate of
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the project area is estimated to be 3.5% annually which is higher than the national average population growth rate (2.24%). The male female ratio of the beneficiary population is 1.004. (49.9 %population are female) and the average family size in the project area is 5.32 which is less than district average. The Table 2.4 shows the population in the proposed service area.
Table 2.4: Total population of delineated project area Projected Total Total Total Total Surveyed Rental Average Empty population VDC Ward Female Male permanent permanent population HH HH population HH Size HH for population population inc. rental empty HH Sandikharka 5 64 49 118 132 250 124 5.1 15 80 330 454 Sandikharka 6 748 523 1296 1444 2740 2093 5.24 225 1197 3937 6030 Sandikharka 7 238 213 583 547 1130 70 5.31 25 133 1263 1333 Sandikharka 9 358 329 869 936 1805 794 5.49 29 154 1959 2753 Grand Total 1408 1114 2866 3059 5925 3081 5.32 294 1563 7488 10569 Source: Households survey 2010.
52. Total population of the service area has been categorised into four major groups. Population of age below 5 years is found 6.1% which are the population of infants or children. Population belongs to age group between 6- 15 years is to be about 21% which is also considered as a population of school children. It means more than a quarter population of the service area is dependent and they are not contributing household income. Nearly two-third (65.4%) population belongs to age group 16-60 years, which is economically active population. Population of age 60 years and above is reported only about 8%. The sampled survey found that more than one-third (e.g. 34.58%) population is dependent and they are economically inactive (Table 2.5).
Table 2.5 Age Group of the Population Wards/ Less than 5 60 Years and 5 - 15 Years 15 - 60 Years Total Categories Years Above By Wards No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 5 6 2.4 67 26.8 160 64 17 6.8 250 100 6 167 6.09 576 21.02 1769 64.56 228 8.32 2740 100 7 44 3.89 268 23.72 738 65.31 80 7.08 1130 100 9 145 8.03 319 17.67 1209 66.98 132 7.31 1805 100 Total/ Overall 362 6.11 1230 20.76 3876 65.42 457 7.71 5925 100 Source: Households survey 2010
53. The Table 2.6 shows the community structure of the project area in terms of size of individual household and its members.
Table 2.6: Distribution of population by sex and family size Total Ward Total Surveyed Average VDC Female Male Permanent No. HH HH HH Size Population Sandikharka 5 64 49 118 132 250 5.1 Sandikharka 6 748 523 1296 1444 2740 5.24 Sandikharka 7 238 213 583 547 1130 5.31 Sandikharka 9 358 329 869 936 1805 5.49 Grand Total 1408 1114 2866 3059 5925 5.32 Source: Households survey 2010.
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Settlement Pattern and Migration Trend
54. Study shows that 65.08 Percent households were living in the service area since by birth. Remaining 34.92 percent household has been migrated from vicinity districts and VDCs of Arghakhanchi in the period of 1 to 20 years span of time.
Table 2.7: Distribution of households by migration Wards/ Categories Local Resident Migrated Total
5 21 42.86 28 57.14 49 100 6 348 66.54 175 33.46 523 100 7 128 60.09 85 39.91 213 100 9 228 69.3 101 30.7 329 100 Total/ Overall 725 65.08 389 34.92 1114 100 Source: Households survey 2010
2.2.5 Health Facilities
55. There is one District Hospital, one District Aayurbed Hospital and one Eye Hospital within project area. Visiting hospital for treatment is the first priority of the people living in the service area as about 42 percent people prefer to go to hospital. Nearly 66 percent household reported that they take home treatment measures and few people (4.7 %) also go to priest/dhami/jhankri for treatment.
2.2.6 Educational Facilities
56. According to the household survey, 88.7% of the population is literate and 11.3 % is illiterate. Among the literate population engaged in primary education is reported the highest (e.g. 28.6%) as compared with the population having secondary level of education (10.6%) and SLC passed (e.g. 22.9%). Just literate population is reported to be only 15.2%. Survey found that 12.2% population have achieved Intermediate and2, 6.67% population have Bachelors and additional 2.47% have master degree education. The Table 2.8 shows the distribution of population by educational status
Table 2.8 Distribution population by educational status by wards (6 years and above) Just Primary Secondary SLC Total By IA/ + 2 Bachelors Masters Other literate level level passed literate Wards No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 5 25 11.2 82 36.8 21 9.42 62 27.8 14 6.28 11 4.93 8 3.59 223 100 6 267 11.8 699 30.9 200 8.83 538 23.8 326 14.4 168 7.42 52 2.3 14 0.62 2264 100 7 252 26.4 223 23.4 36 3.77 266 27.9 82 8.59 53 5.55 10 1.05 33 3.46 955 100 9 206 13.8 407 27.3 264 17.7 263 17.6 181 12.1 97 6.5 52 3.48 23 1.54 1493 100 Total/ Overall 750 15.2 1411 28.6 521 10.6 1129 22.9 603 12.2 329 6.67 122 2.47 70 1.42 4935 100 Source: Households survey 2010
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2.2.7 Socio-economic Conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being)
Employment Status
57. The sampled survey shows that out of the total population 80.6 percent have employed and remaining 19.4 percent do not have income generation activities or they are largely un-employed. The occupation of the beneficiaries were analysed on the basis of a single main activity of the household, accordingly 45.9 percent of the households have agriculture as a main occupation followed by business (18.5 percent), service (12 percent), remittance (5.5%), wage earning or daily wage labour( 2.8%) and producing industries ( 0.2 percent). In addition, 14.2 percent households reported that they have multiple source of income and have more than one occupation (Table 2.9).
Table 2.9: Distribution of population by employment Wards/ Un-employed Employed Total Categories Nos. % Nos. % 5 50 23.47 163 76.53 213 6 552 23.54 1793 76.46 2345 7 165 17.17 796 82.83 961 9 519 34.12 1002 65.88 1521 Total/ Overall 1286 25.52 3754 74.48 5040 Source: Households survey 2010
Income
58. Agriculture is the main source of income in the service area. Service, remittance, business, pension and wage labour are also additional sources of income. Out of total sampled household, 38.42 percent have monthly income of above Rs. 10,000. Household having monthly income less than Rs. 3000 is reported only 2.7%. Similarly 7 percent between Rs. 3001- 4500, 4.55 percent between Rs. 4501- 7500, 13.49 percent between Rs. 7501- 10000 and 33.88 percent households did not response their income level.
Table 2.10: Distribution of household income Wa In come not 3001- 4501- 10,000 rd responded 1-3,000 4500 7500 7501-10,000 Above Total HH VDC No. Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Sandhikharka 5 16 25 0 6 9.38 5 7.81 7 10.94 30 46.88 64 100 Sandhikharka 6 262 35.03 23 3.075 65 8.69 19 2.54 95 12.7 284 37.97 748 100 Sandhikharka 7 71 29.83 9 3.782 14 5.88 21 8.82 39 16.39 84 35.29 238 100 Sandhikharka 9 128 35.75 6 1.676 13 3.63 19 5.31 49 13.69 143 39.94 358 100 Grand total 477 33.88 38 2.699 98 6.96 64 4.55 190 13.49 541 38.42 1408 100 • Source: Households survey 2010
Expenditure
59. Table 2.11 shows that the monthly expenditure of household of the service area, about 3.69 percent of households have monthly expenditure is less than Rs. 3,000; 21.09 percent HHs between Rs. 7,501- 10,000; 17.05 percent between Rs. 3,001- 7,500 and 24.79 percent households spend more than Rs. 10,000. Remaining 33.38 percent did not report their expenditure. More than 45 percent of households have surplus.
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Table 2.11: Monthly expenditure of households W In come not 7501- 10,000 ar responded 1-3,000 3001-7500 10,000 Above Total HH d Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos Nos No % % % % % ...... VDC . % Sandhikharka 5 16 25.00 15 23.44 19 29.69 14 21.88 64 Sandhikharka 6 262 35.03 34 4.55 140 18.72 147 19.65 165 22.06 748 Sandhikharka 7 64 26.89 9 3.78 44 18.49 66 27.73 55 23.11 238 Sandhikharka 9 128 35.75 9 2.51 41 11.45 65 18.16 115 32.12 358 140 Grand total 470 33.38 52 3.69 240 17.05 297 21.09 349 24.79 8 • Source: Households survey 2010
2.2.8 Resettlement Issues
60. The team has critically studied the possibilities of resettlement issues if some people are affected due to the project implementation. Most of the pipeline route passes through the road and public land. The major and minor structures such as washout, collection chamber, etc. are located in public land. The proposed sites for reservoir, treatment plants, lab-building etc. are located in public land. Hence, the private land needs not to be acquired for the major structures like treatment plant and lab building. There are no houses to be displaced. The resettlement problem does not come up in the project. Hence, resettlement plan and compensation will not be the issues for Sandhikharka town project.
61. The following Table 2.12 shows the details of properties, public or private, which are likely to be intercepted during the construction of pipe lines and other components of the project.
Table 2.12: Resettlement plan
Property Likely nature SN VDC Ward Stretch/ Location Length (m) Compensation intercept of damage 1 Sandhikharka 6 Existing Dihi Transmission The barren temporary Not required. The Danda main land, road, existing pipe line Khanchikot 5,435.00m forest public to be replaced khola intake – land and a by new one in 1no; Collection few stretch same pipe line chamber -1no; in cultivated route and at Transmission land. same trench. main -5,435.00m 2 Sandhikharka 5, 6 Existing Mate Transmission The barren none Not required. The Charang spring main land, road, existing pipe line intake - 1no; 5,770.00m forest public is kept same. Collection land and chamber -1no cultivated Transmission land. main -5,770.00m 3 Sandhikharka 6 Existing sump Sump well at The barren Permanent Not required. well and Bagi khola land, road for sump Public land is proposed sump Bank and and public well and used. well 1-1 no Transmission land. Temporary Transmission Main for pipe line main -995.00m 995.00m 4 Sandhikharka 7 Proposed sump Sump well at The barren Permanent Not required. well 1(Rugdi) -1 Bagi khola land, road for sump Public land is no Transmission Right Bank and public well and used. main – 525.00m and land. Temporary Transmission for pipe line
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Property Likely nature SN VDC Ward Stretch/ Location Length (m) Compensation intercept of damage Main 525.00m 5 Sandhikharka 6 Treatment plant About 4 Public land Permanent Not required. and reservoir at ropanies Danda Gaon tole for 11lps and new reservoir 100cum 6 Sandhikharka 7 Treatment plant About 4 Public land Permanent Not required. and reservoir at ropanies upstream of Chutrabesi (Supa Deurali) for 9lps and new reservoir 200cum 7 Sandhikharka 6.7,8,9 Distribution System: 30,275m Public land Temporary Not required From various and road service reservoir to all distribution system
2.3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
2.3.1 Water Supply
62. There are two existing gravity water supply systems in operation within the proposed service area. Both systems were constructed with the technical and financial assistance of DWSS through its district office in 1981 - 1983 and in 1998 – 2000 respectively. Two surface water sources have been tapped for these systems, the Dihi Danda Khola (i.e. Khanchikot Khola) that has a yield 4.0 lps and Mate Charange Spring with a yield of 3.80 lps. The first system covers the bazaar area especially ward No. 6 & 9 including government office where as second system also covers bazaar area especially parts of ward nos. 6 & 7in Sandhikharka VDC.
63. About 25 taps have been kept along the transmission main and, only about 1.5 lps water is supplied from Khanchikot source to reservoir no. 1. The transmission pipe has leakage and need to be replaced. Source protection works and fencing works are required in Kanchikot Khola source. As the source has limited yield, WUSC have recently constructed one typical sump well (not designed properly) in the left bank of Bagikhola to meet the daily water demand of project area. About 7 lps water from the sump well has been pumped by 40HP pump, and 500m HDPE pipe transmits water to the service reservoir situated at 90m height at Danda Gaon. There are three reservoirs of each 200cum, 70cum and 20cum capacity respectively at Danda Gaun Second reservoir is very old and has leakage problem. Water from Khanchikot Khola is collected at 20cum reservoir and supplied into the distribution system.
64. Water from Mate Charang Spring is collected in first reservoir and then supplied in the distribution system. There are two ferro-cement reservoir of each 20cum capacity in Chutrabesi to utilise the other local water sources which are contaminated. Water from Mate Charang Spring is also collected into these two reservoirs and supplied into Chutrabesi distribution system.
65. The second reservoir of 70cum needs to be discarded in the new system due to its condition. Other reservoirs can be utilized with minor rehabilitation works. The existing distribution system has leakage at several places and lower pipe size. Some pipes are deeply located causing maintenance to be very difficult. The distribution system needs to be redesigned and existing pipe has been discarded in the new system. The existing system has 919 household connections; 25 connections are in governmental offices, 9 connections are in schools. The population of the area
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is increasing; therefore it is necessary to augment the source in the existing system with necessary upgrading work.
2.3.2 Sanitation
The sanitary situation of service area is found to be satisfactory. Of the total population, more than 65% of households have private latrine for defection. The existing toilets in the houses as well as in the schools are maintained moderately. Pit and ventilated pit latrines are constructed in rural households. Solid waste from the individual household is collected by the VDC and disposed in land fill site located at Olla Khola Khet, Ward No. 6 of Sandhikharka VDC.
66. The health and hygiene of the community people is satisfactory. Water borne diseases like typhoid, diarrhoea, jaundice, and dysentery are commonly noticed diseases in the community.
67. For the sanitation component, WUSC has decided to construct two public toilets, procurement of tractor for the disposal of solid wastes and development of solid waste disposal site.
2.1.3 Drainage
68. There exists storm water drainage system mainly in main market area along the roadside. Since the project is located in hilly area with steep to moderate slope, the runoff water flows over the road itself during rainy season and there are sufficient outlets points to drain off the storm water naturally in the adjoining Bagi Khola and its tributaries. There is no water logging due to enough space and out lets. However, during heavy rain the drainage system cannot function properly for a short period.
69. Since the drainage system exist only in the core bazaar area, it is necessary to stretch the system throughout the service area. The stone masonry drain about 2720 m length has been designed in the area selected by the WUSC.
2.4 SERVICE AREA
70. The proposed service area of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been delineated in closed consultation with Sandhikharka WUSC. The WUSC has identified and specified the service area together with DSC. The service area has been revised and decreased than it was delineated during former detailed engineering design carried out on 2008. The ward no, tole / villages of Sandhikharka VDC included in the service area are as follows.
• Ward No. 5: Ratahale, Buspark area • Ward No. 6: Isaratole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, DandaGaontole, Hatari, Panini Campus, JhilkeDanda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata • Ward No. 7: Kafal tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi • Ward No. 9: Chutra Besi, Up to Near Maniram house
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Table 2.13: Population coverage SN Population Survey Year 2010 Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027
1 Total 7,488 8,579 15,279
2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT
71. The Sandhikharka Town Water Supply Project has been designed mainly as a pumping system from sump well to treatment plant and gravity flow to distribution system from service reservoir. Two sub systems are designed to cover the whole service area. The first sub system serves water for Sandhikharka side and second subsystem serves water for Chutrabesi side. The water shall be allowed to pass through the treatment plant consisting of sedimentation, slow sand filter and disinfecting units and will be stored in the ground storage/ service reservoir before supplying into distribution system.
72. The major components of the town projects are • Sump wells • Transmission main • Wash out • Air valve • Plain sedimentation tank • Slow sand filter • Service reservoir existing 200 cum • New proposed reservoir 100 and 200 cum • Distribution main • Control valve chamber • Generator House/ Guard House • Laboratory Building cum WUSC Building • Boundary wall • Pipe Valve Box • HH connections
73. The sanitation component of the project consists of site development of dumping site (stone masonry wall); tractor procurement for solid waste collection and disposal and construction of two public toilets near Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark area and construction of 2720 m storm water drain. The following table gives the details of the project components
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Table 2.14: Project components details Infrastructure Function Description Location Sump Well To extract seepage water of Left and right bank of Bagi Khola Bagi River Sandhikharka VDC W.No: 6 & 7 Generator/Guard House For generator and guard Bank of Bagi River Sandhikharka VDC W.No: 6 & 7 Transmission Pipe Line Delivery of water from Sump DI Pipe 150mm dia- 1520m, GI Sandhikharka VDC (6955 m) well & Intake to storage tank Pipe 50mmdia to 65mm dia- W.No: 6 & 7 2765m &HDPE Pipe 75mm dia- 2670m Distribution Pipe Line Delivery of water from HDPE Pipe 50mm dia to 160mm Sandhikharka VDC, (30275 m) Reservoir to HH connection dia – 29445m, GI Pipe 40mm dia W.No. 5, 6, 7 & 9 point at distribution main to 100mm dia – 155m and DI Pipe 150mm dia – 675m Sedimentation Tank To sediment dissolve particles Supadeurali danda & Dandagaon Sandhikharka VDC, W.No 6 & 7 Slow Sand Filter To filter raw water Supadeurali danda & Dandagaon Sandhikharka VDC, W.No 6 & 7 Circular RCC Ground Storage of water Capacity 200m3 – 1 nos, & Supadeurali danda & water storage tank Capacity 100m3 – 1 nos, Dandagaon Sandhikharka VDC, W.No 6 & 7
Control valve chamber Control the flow in the Sandhikharka VDC, distribution pipe line W.No. 5, 6, 7 & 9 Pipe valve box Control the flow in the Sandhikharka VDC, distribution pipe line W.No. 5, 6, 7 & 9 Construction Surface Drain To drained surface runoff Size of drain: 0.45m x 0.35m and Sandhikharka VDC, (2720m and outfall at 6 0.60m x 0.30 W.No. 5, 6 & 9 places of Bagi Khola) Public Latrine 2 nos Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark Compound wall for To protect dumping site Allo Khola dumping site Purchasing of tractor To transportation of solid waste to the dumping site
2.6 SOURCE OF WATER
74. Field investigation has been carried out for the selection of the source, the transmission and distribution pipeline and the locations of site for different structures required for the scheme. The investigation shows that the proposed intake sites are stable. There is no dispute in the intake sites, pipeline alignment and structure locations. More information on them is as below in sequential manner.
75. The Garlam khola gravity source has acute water than required. Hence, the ground water through sump well to be constructed beside Bagi bank is proposed for the new system.
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Existing Sources
76. There are altogether three water sources out of which two gravity water supply systems are in operation within the project area, both are constructed with the technical and financial assistance of DWSS through its district office in 1981-1983AD and in 1998-2000AD respectively. The Mate Charang (Karki Gaoun) spring is used to provide some extent of present water demand. The source supplies 3lps water and is reliable for the new system. The intake and transmission main is good.
77. Khanchikot Khola source draws 1.5 lps out of 4 lps water is coming from Kanchikot source to the reservoir. About 25 taps has been kept along the transmission main by local people. The source (Kanchikot Khola source) is required to be protected by fencing. Besides that, the transmission pipe has leakage and need to be replaced by new one. The yield is decreasing day by day due to the global warming. Only 2 lps flow is considered and will be available after proper rehabilitation. This has been used in the present design.
New Sources
78. The stream source Garlam khola was proposed in previous study has inadequate flow during dry season. Also, there are two irrigation canals situated on either side just upstream of the proposed intake site. Hence, DSC has suggested to WUSC not to rely in it and recommended them to find another water source in the vicinity.
79. WUSC has recently constructed a typical sump well, not designed properly, in the left bank of Bagi Khola at about 100m downstream of the motorable bridge. About 7 lps water is being pumped from the sump well to the service reservoir situated at Danda Gaun, which is about 90m up by using 40HP submersible pump, HDPE pipe of 110/10 size. The pumped water is used for supplementing to the existing water supply system. The lateral pipes are kept below gravel layer and connected into sump well. The RCC ring 1m dia is used in sump well, which is not so durable. Hence, another sump well is proposed beside the existing one with necessary improvements.
80. With this in site experience, the DSC has proposed another sump well at right bank of Bagi khola to supply the water for Chutra Besi area. This has been discussed with WUSC and agreed during discussion.
Potential Source
81. The consultant had investigated the potential sources along with the existing ones. The selected and recommended source are ground water i.e. seepage or filter water from Bagi river. Two sump well are proposed to pump the water from sump well to the treatment plant for the proposed service area, which supplements the existing sources and fulfils the design water demand. There is no reliable gravity source near by the service area. The people of the service area have already experienced about pumping water from sump well.
82. The existing and proposed sources are most potential and appropriate for the service area on the basis of source reliability, stability and easy for maintenance. The treatment plant is necessary for both existing and new stream sources.
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Sources Yield
83. Bagi khola is perennial type river and has enough surface water runoff. The seepage/ filtered water from the khola is abstracted into the sump well/ intake. Based upon the water available and pumping from existing sump well, it is expected that more than 10lps discharge will be available from each sump well. The lateral pipes connected at sump well surrounding are arranged accordingly to trap the required flow.
Technical Viability of the Source
84. The existing sources are technically viable regarding discharge, stability, stable pipe line route. The Mate Charang spring source did not required treatment plant, where as Khanchikot khola stream source require treatment plant. The proposed ground water (water will be obtained from the sump well through river water infiltration from gravel layer) source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the stability, the source discharge and the financial aspects. Pumping is necessary to extract the water from sump well. Each sump well will have two pumps. The system 1 and system 2 (i.e. for Sandhikharka bazaar area) will have each 20HP and for system 3 (i.e. for Chutra besi area) will have two 25HP capacities pumps are proposed to deliver the water from sump well to treatment plant. Only one pump of system 1 and 2 and one pump of system 3 will be operated at a time from sump well. There is no other reliable gravity water source near the project area to augment the required flow for the proposed service area.
2.7 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
85. There is no water treatment facility in the Sandhikharka water supply system. People are fetching water directly supplied from the sources. Though, the existing systems are of spring and stream sources having no human intrusion and safe from environmental sanitation, some sort of treatment plant is required. Similarly, the water from the sump well (seepage water from the Bagi khola) is being used in the system needs treatment facilities. The treatment plant for the stream source is proposed and designed for the treatment facilities. The water quality test shows that the sources have faecal contamination, others parameters are in the limit prescribed by NDWQS.
86. However, the water quality of the streams varies from time to time at every rain and carries suspended solid, other organic and inorganic impurities. The commonly used treatment plant for the stream sources has been adopted. Sedimentation followed by slow sand filtration and disinfecting unit process has been proposed for water treatment. There will be two set of treatment plants for the proposed water supply systems. The water quality tests of the existing and proposed source are carried out at various dates. The results are presented in Annex VII.
87. Though, the water quality of proposed Bagi Khola source has faecal contamination, during flood the turbidity will be very high. The boulder and river gravel surrounding the sump well will decrease turbidity significantly. The remaining turbidity and sediment load can bear by the sedimentation tank. Sedimentation tanks have been provided as first unit of pre-treatment. As, sludge removal from plain sedimentation tanks is less troublesome than other filters used in pre- treatment, plain sediment tanks have been adopted. Sedimentation process separates all finer solids, part of the suspended solids and turbidity obtained from the source water.
88. Sedimentation tank has been designed by two methods. The first method is assuming detention time and checking it with permissible velocity and the second method is assuming surface
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loading and checking it with permissible velocity. Among two methods, the size of sedimentation tank having lesser velocity has been adopted.
89. Two units of sedimentation tanks, two units of slow sand filters are proposed at Danda Gaon tole for the new sources. The same is designed for upstream of Chutrabesi at Supa Deurali. Sedimentation tank is designed in two ways by adopting detention period 3.5 hrs and surface loading 600ltr/hr/m2. Based upon it two sizes are obtained. The size has been checked with velocity. Lower the velocity in the sedimentation tank, performance will be better. Hence, the size of sedimentation tank has been adopted which has lesser velocity among two methods. The size of sedimentation tank of each unit is 8.50m x 2.85m x 3.00m at Danda Gaon tole and 9.0m x 3.0m x 3.00m at Supa Deurali for Chutra besi. The bed of the tank is sloping towards inlet at the rate of 1%. Hence, the height of tank at inlet is 3.00m and that of outlet is less than that. The sludge depth 0.70m and free board 0.20m has been included in the design.
90. As the water should be free from bacteria, cysts and viruses, slow sand filter has been proposed. Slow sand filters also remove the finest impurities found in the water therefore the filter has placed at the end before disinfection. The filters act as strainers, since the small suspended solids are retained at the top of the filter. For operational reasons, slow sand filter has been proposed. Since manual cleaning and maintenance may take some time. The filter is vertical type RCC structure. Slow sand filter has been designed in between sedimentation tank and chlorinating unit. Two units of slow sand filters have been designed in each system. During maintenance period, maintenance will be carried out only in one unit at a time and remaining unit will work in maximum filtration rate. Slow sand filter is designed with surface loading/ filtration rate 100ltr/hr/ m2. The depth of sand filter 0.70m, gravel filter 0.50m, water depth 1.20m and free board 0.20m is taken. The depth of longitudinal drainage is 0.30m kept in the middle. Perforated HDPE pipes are provided in lateral drains. The size of slow sand filter of each unit is 19.00m x 7.60m x 2.90m at Danda Gaon Tole for Sandhikharka and 20.15m x 8.05m x 2.90m at Supa Deurali for Chutra besi. It is anticipated that the proposed treatment plant will provide the water quality in NDWQS. No stand-by filters are designed. Cleaning of filter will be carried out during winter season, during that period water will be less polluted and less turbidity. One unit will be cleaned at a time and another unit will work at maximum filter rate. The bypass arrangement of pipes is arranged from filter inlet to service reservoir.
91. The depth includes drainage also. The sources of filter media are Bagi khola, Garlam khola and Tinau River. The filter media of required size and quantity should be collected and sieve them in required size and gradation. The crushed gravelled are not allowed for the filter media.
92. The disinfection unit is provided before the clear water storage tank/ service reservoir. An adequate detention time is given for disinfection. A solution tank has been designed beside the outlet chamber of slow sand filter. This has been connected to a constant level-feeding pipe with dosing pump and then connected to the outlet pipe for the chlorination. The outlet pipe carries filtered water from the outlet of slow sand filter to the service reservoir. Bleaching powder 1.57kg and 2.80kg is required for the disinfecting water in base year and design year respectively. After disinfecting, some part of the bacteria is supposed to settle at the bottom of the reservoir as residue which is removed through washout. The washout pipe is connected with the drain.
2.8 SERVICE RESERVOIRS
93. There are three reservoirs of each 200cum, 70cum and 20cum at Danda Gaun Tole. The second reservoir has a leakage problem with CGI sheet roof and very old aged structure. The water from
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Mate Charang spring is collected in first reservoir and then supplied in the distribution system. Similarly, water from Khanchikot Khola source is collected at 20cum reservoir and supplied into the distribution system. There are two ferro-cement reservoir of each 20cum capacity in Chutrabesi to utilise the local sources. But these sources are much more contaminated. The water from Mate Charang is also collected into these two reservoirs and supplied into Chutrabesi distribution system. These are located at low level and closed to the settlement. The second reservoir of 70cum shall be discarded in the new system due to its condition. Due to the small sizes and require more fittings, require more manpower and difficult for regular operation, the small size reservoirs are also discarded in the new system.
94. Only the first 200 cum reservoir will be utilised in the new system. Besides that, another one reservoir of 100cum of 6.95m dia and 3.0m deep is designed for of ward no. 5, 6, and 7. This reservoir will be constructed adjoining with Danda Gaon Tole treatment plant site. Similarly, another new reservoir of 200 cum of 9.65m dia 3.10m deep will be constructed adjoining the Supa Deurali treatment plant site. The depth includes sludge depth 0.10m and freeboard 0.25m.
2.9 PIPE LINES
95. The existing distribution pipe network has leakage at several places. In some places pipe are below the houses, pipe are being at very deep and very difficult to identify the leakage and their maintenance. The pipes are laid in the private land also. The exact size and classes of pipes used are not available. In some stretches the pipes are of various and irregular sizes. The public tap and private taps have been directly connected from distribution main. Hence, the pipe has hole at each connecting point. The distribution line is not functioning properly. The downstream residents are fetching water more while the upstream residents do not. The control valves in the junction are not sufficient for proper operation and maintenance of the system. Hence, the existing distribution pipes have been discarded from the new system. Before design, this has been discussed with WUSC.
96. High pressure is developed in the pipe due to site topography. The distribution system is properly designed providing required flow in all pipes with necessary control valve chamber/ pipe valve box at various junctions. The HDPE pipe is used in most of the places, GI and DI pipe is used in difficult places and reservoir outlet only.
97. The distribution line is proposed along the both sides of the blacktopped and gravelled road to avoid frequent road cutting. The remaining road and foot trail have single pipe. This proposal has been discussed and finalised with WUSC.
98. The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. However, the estimated distribution pipeline length is 30,275m including 7% extra length in actual one.
2.10 OTHERS APPURTENANCE
Intakes
99. Recently, WUSC has constructed sump well at left bank of Bagi khola and augment the water in existing reservoir by pumping. The sump well is located at about 100 m downstream from Chutrabesi motorable bridge constructed over Bagi khola. Based upon the successful performance of existing sump well, DSC has suggested a new sump well to be constructed beside the existing sump well for Sandhikharka area and another new sump well to be
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constructed at right bank of Bagi khola about 1300m upstream from existing sump well. Necessary rehabilitation works at existing sump well will be carried out. This has been agreed by WUSC and recorded in a minute.
100. The existing and proposed first sump well will supplies water to Danda Gaon treatment plant site and proposed second sump well supplies water to the treatment plant located at upstream of Chutrabesi (i.e. Supa Deurali). The water of existing Khanchikot khola stream source will be treated at Danda Gaon Treatment plant. Similarly, the water from Mate Charang will be collected at existing RVT 2 after disinfection. Cost for the construction of drainage and fencing around the intake has been proposed to divert surface runoff and to protect intake.
Transmission Main
101. Transmission line is the pipe line from sump well/ intake to treatment plant and various service reservoirs. In general, the existing pipe network of Mate Charang is good and the same can be used for the new system. The existing transmission main of Khanchikot khola system has leakages at several places and the pipes are very old. This has to be replaced by new one. 75mm dia HDPE pipe and 50-65mm dia GI pipes are designed and proposed for this transmission main. Similarly, 150mm dia DI pipe is used for new transmission main from sump well to treatment plants.
102. The existing transmission pipe design length from Khanchikot khola intake to Danda Gaon treatment plant is about 5,435.00m. The pipe length from sump well 1 to Danda Gaon treatment is 995.00m and sump well 2 (at Rugdi) to Chutra besi treatment plant site is 525.00m. From bottom of the sump well to top of sump well, two parallel pipes are kept and joined each other by Y bend. After Y bend single pipe goes to the treatment plant. Hence, the total length of transmission main of Khanchikot system and new system becomes 6,955m. The existing pipe of Mate Charang has been kept same.
House Connections
103. The household shall connect the tap to their household by making a Tee in distribution main to avoid frequent hole in distribution main.
104. The average 18m length of 15mm dia. Medium class GI pipe has been estimated up to meter for each HH connection. The meter shall be kept near and adjoining the compound of the houses. After meter, each HH should extend the pipe themselves as they desire. The necessary fittings have been designed.
Types of Connections
105. Consumers have been classified in three categories depending on their choices. The consumers having high level of income requiring more consumption of water are placed in fully plumbed category, consumers having medium income and medium consumption level are categorized in yard connection and consumers of low income group and who can’t afford the tariff of private connections are delivered service through community connections. At the end of the design period, it is anticipated that about 72.90% of the total household shall be fully plumbed, 25.85% of the total household shall be served through yard connection and remaining 1.25% of the total household shall use water from community connections. The cost estimate of the community connections has been included in project cost estimate. Each community connection serves water for six households. Community/ Public tap stand posts are not proposed. There will be
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total 1,367 private connections, 41 community connections and 53 institutional taps during base year.
106. Some other components have been proposed for the project in addition to components explained above. Appurtenances such as wash out, air valve, control valve etc. are provided as needed. Control valves/ pipe valve box have been designed in suitable distribution junction having more than two mains or in required place to regulate the design flow in the main. The design flow is based on design population, non domestic demand. The future demand in the main may vary from the demand envisaged during design phase. The control valve is necessary to regulate the flow in the distribution system and is useful to deliver the required flow in pipeline.
107. The generator house cum guard house, a laboratory cum WUSC office building and boundary wall for major structures of existing and new systems etc. are also included in the design and project cost estimate.
2.11 TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECTS
108. The proposed project comprises of two major components. The first component is water supply services which include development of new or upgrading existing water supply project, construction of storage tanks/ service reservoir, construction of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. The Feasibility Study looked upon two possible options of design for the project which involve making a choice between pumping and gravity systems of flow. Since the gravity system could not be considered feasible, the project adopted pumping system.
109. The second component is sanitation services, which include construction of public latrine, solid waste disposal site and collection of solid waste to be provided in the town through an integrated approach. Similarly, waste water management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The construction of surface drain, public latrine, dumping site development and procurement of tractor for collection of HHs waste are proposed in the town. There is also provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service providers.
110. The project falls under category B of ADB’s Environmental Categorization as it has less significant environmental impacts and therefore only an Initial Environmental Examination is required.
111. The existing water supply system in the town of Sandhikharka is not capable to fulfil the water demand of existing and proposed service area. Also the water quality of the existing supply is not good. It is muddy during rainy season and found to have faecal contamination. Therefore it is necessary to design a new system that augments and rehabilitates the existing water supply system.
112. The project has been conceptualized on community based approach. Almost half of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community who will be responsible for operation and management of the system after its completion. The active involvement of the community in decision making as well as in project implementation and operation has been ensured. WUSC will be responsible for regular operation and maintenance of the project including collection of tariff from the users.
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2.12 SALIENT FEATURES THE PROJECT
The project details have been presented in Salient Features as below.
1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
2. Scheme Name: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Arghakhanchi
3.Service Area: All service area lies in Sandhikharka VDC. The settlements in service area are:
• Ward No. 5: Ratahale, Buspark area • Ward No. 6: Isaratole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, DandaGaontole, Hatari, Panini Campus, JhilkeDanda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata • Ward No. 7: Kafal tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi • Ward No. 9: Chutra Besi, Up to Near Maniram house
4. Scheme Type: Pumping system (Augmentation of water from sump well to existing system).
5. Designed Flow (lps): 20.00 lps
Supplied from existing system (lps): Mate spring 3 lps, Khanchi Khola 2lps, Bagi sump well (recently constructed by WUSC and to be added new sump well) 6.00 lps
Required from new sump well At Rugdi, Bagi Khola for Chutra Besi (lps): 9.00 lps
6. Source Discharge Measurement
Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps. Existing source Mate Spring - - 3.00 Existing Khanchi Khola 2.00 Bagi sump well for Bazaar system (RVT 1 and RVT 2) (already developed by the WUSC & to be added new sump well) 6.0 Bagi sump well for Chutrabesi system (RVT 3) (newly proposed) 9.0
7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).
8. Household No. - Survey Year: 1408 and planning area 260 plots at different location
9. Growth Rate: 3.5% per annum.
10. Population: Survey Year 2010 Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027 7,488 8,302 13,439 Projected population at Planning Plots 277 1,840 Total 7,488 8,579 15,279
11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 1,375,101
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Non-domestic demand (adopt 10 % of domestic demand, which includes rental population demand, Institutional demand, Industrial/ Commercial demand, filter backwash demand, fire demand etc.) 137,510 Leakage and wastage of total demand (10%): 168,068 Total: 1,680,678
12. Structures required Intake Type Sump well (1 existing to be upgraded and 1 new) 2 Generator house cum guard house 2 Pipe length (m) Transmission main (from sump well to RVT 1 and 3) 1520m Transmission main from Khanchi to RVT 1 (existing rehab) 5,435m Distribution main 30,275 m Pipe Size Transmission Main DI (mm) 150 GI (M) 50 -65 GI (H) 65 HDPE (mm) 75 mm Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50 – 160 GI (M) (mm) 40 -100 DI (M) (mm) 150 Sedimentation tank (1 Dandagaon, 1 Supadeurali) 2 nos. Slow sand filter (1 Dandagaon, 1 Supadeurali) 2 nos. Reservoir (No/ cum cap.) New 1no of 100 cum for RVT 1(Danda Tole) and New 1 no of 200cum for RVT 3 (Chutrabesi), existing 1 no 200cum for RVT 2 (Danda gaon Tole) Control Valve Chamber (No.) 12 Pipe Valve Box (No.) 107 Washout 1 GI Pipe Crossing (No.) 12 HH Fully Plumb and Yard connection 1367 Institutional connection 53 Community connection 41 (1 community connection for each 6 HH)
13. Sanitation Component Site development of dumping site (stone masonry wall) Tractor procurement for solid waste collection and disposal Public toilet 2nos beside Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark area
14. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068BS: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 136,286,954.47 GoN (50%) 68,143,477.24
TDF loan (45%) 61,329,129.51
Community contribution cash (5%): 6,814,347.72
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15. Estimated project cost for Sanitation component (Agreed by WUSC) (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067- 2068BS: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 8,921,042.56 GoN (85%) 24,582,886.18 WUSC/ local bodies (15%) 4,338,156.38
2.13 PROPOSED SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
113. The exact schedule for implementation of the project will be known after the work has been assigned to the contractor. For the feasibility study, detailed engineering design study and construction, supervision three years period has been assigned. Therefore the base year for the project has been as the year 2013 and the design year has been taken as end of year 2027.
114. The scheduled of the project is shown in the following Fig. 2.1. Fig. 2.1: Work Schedule Work Schedule for Detailed Engineering Design Review/ Update, Construction Supervision and Operation and Maintenance Phase Detailed Engg. Design Review/ Update Contra Construction Supervision and ct S.N. Descriptio n proces Operation and M aintenance M ay-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 M ar-11 Apr-11 Aug-11 Rem I Detailed Engineering Design Review and Update Phase 5/11 1 Mobilisation 2 Collection and review of reports, documents etc. 3 Site visit, meeting with WUSC and community,
service area confirmation, source hs confirmation etc. 6/10 4 Prepare and submit field study inception report ing Construction Construction ing Provide input to PM C to prepare various 5 Months twelve hase documents 6 Water quality test, field verification/ carryout engineering survey and investigation, resettlement plan preparation 7 Review and update design works including population forecast, water demand determination, reservoir sizing, peak factor determination, intake design, pipeline design, treatment plant design, HH connection and auxillary works. 8 Cost estimate, economical and financial analysis, carryout Initial Environmental Examination and review and update social profile. 9/30 9 Prepare and submit updated detailed design draft report 10 Conduct wo rkshop on draft report findings at Months Four Twenty Phase Supervision PM O and community level 11 Receive comments from clients/ community in updated draft design report 4/15 Contractural Procedure and Contract Award Four Mont Four Award Contract and Procedure Contractural 12 Prepare and submit updated detailed design final report by inco rporating all comments
II Construction Supervision Phase dur Administration Contract and Management Contract Operation and Maintenance during Defect Liability P Liability Defect during Maintenance and Operation
III Operation and M aintenance Phase
2.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES
115. The major project activities are as below:
• Land acquisition • Construction of Intake • Construction of Treatment Plant • Construction of service reservoir • Laying and jointing of pipes • Excavation along the road, along foot paths etc for laying of pipe. • Construction of WUSC office/Lab building, • Construction of Valve chambers, Pipe valve box and house connection
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2.15 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED
116. The project area is connected by a feeder road from Gorushinghe on the East West Highway which is about 65 Km away from the project area. There are other gravel roads and earthen tracks linking various settlements in the service area. Most part of the service area is easily accessible by motor vehicle during the dry season but the accessibility to few settlements could be difficult during rainy periods
2.16 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
117. The project will be constructed using cement, brick, sand, reinforcement steels, DI Pipe, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes etc.
2.16.1 Land Acquisition
118. Acquisition of land for the construction treatment plant, ancillary building has been completed.
2.16.2 Construction of Sump-well
119. Recently, WUSC has constructed sump well at left bank of Bagi khola and augment the water in existing reservoir by pumping. The sump well is located at about 100 m downstream from Chutrabesi motorable bridge constructed over Bagi khola. Based upon the successful performance of existing sump well, DSC has suggested a new sump well to be constructed beside the existing sump well for Sandhikharka area and another new sump well to be constructed at right bank of Bagi khola about 1300m upstream from existing sump well. Necessary rehabilitation works at existing sump well will be carried out. This has been agreed by WUSC and recorded in a minute.
120. The existing and proposed first sump well will supplies water to Danda Gaon treatment plant site and proposed second sump well supplies water to the treatment plant located at upstream of Chutrabesi (i.e. Supa Deurali). The water of existing Khanchikot khola stream source will be treated at Danda Gaon Treatment plant. Similarly, the water from Mate Charang will be collected at existing RVT 2 after disinfection.
121. The proposed water source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the stability, source discharge, less transmission main etc. Single stage pumping is enough for both sump well. The geology of the low-lying area of the Sandhikharka is influenced by the activity of the Bagi Khola flowing across the service area. Since, the early times rivers have been changing their streambeds, they have been either depositing or eroding sediments, leaving behind either coarse sediments or impermeable fine deposits. The eastern part contains coarse-grained permeable materials, but the central and western parts rather mixed type gravel with sand. In addition to this, the ground surface is permeable in the central and western parts. The changes occur not only in the east-west direction but also in the north-south direction.
122. About 7 lps water is pumped from existing sump well recently constructed by WUSC. Four perforated pipes of each 6m long of HDPE110/10 are kept in lateral direction extended towards khola from sump well wall. Gravel layer is kept surrounding and above the pipes. The seepage water of the river passes through the perforated pipes (called typical infiltration galleries) to the
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circular sump well. The sump well is about 1m dia and 6m deep. Submersible pump of 40 HP is kept to pump the water.
123. The existing sump well has proven that the improved perforated pipes (infiltration gallery made by pipe conduit) covered by gravel layer will provide required quantity of water in the sump well to pump the water from sump well to treatment plant. Based upon the successful of existing sump well, two numbers of each 7 m deep and 1.5m dia sump well is designed for the proposed service area as intake on either bank of Bagi khola. The lateral pipes are connected in sump well and extended towards the khola. The HDPE 160/10 each 3m long 4nos and 5m long 6 nos are kept in lateral direction. The pipes are perforated 8-10mm dia at 50mm c/c at half dia of pipe at upper portion and 1% sloping towards sump well. Two layer perforated pipes are kept at vertical distance 500mm in staggered position. The pipes covered with river single/ uncrushed gravel layer 40-50 mm size. Above gravel layer, boulder layer of 100 -150mm size is provided to prevent the frequent chock in gravel layer. Total 15 rows each having 5 holes will be provided in 5 m long pipes and total 9 rows each having 5 holes will be provided in 3m long pipes. Similarly, perforation will be provided in sump well wall surrounding at 250 mm distance in 1m height above from bottom lateral pipe. The perforated wall will be covered by stainless steel mosquito net.
Number of perforation in 5 m long pipes = 6 x (12 x 5+11 x 4+6)= 660
Number of perforation in 3m long pipes = 4 x (7 x 5+ 6 x 4 +6) = 260
Number of perforation in well wall = 24 x 5 = 120
Total number of perforation = 1040
Average dia of perforation 9mm.
Area of each perforation = 63.59mm2
Total opening area i.e. perforated hole = 1040 x 63.59=66133.60mm2
Transmission pipe used from well DI 150mm dia, area = 17662.50 mm2
Hence, area of opening of perforation is 3.75 times more than the dia of pipe used for pumping.
Coefficient of permeability for clean gravel layer (K) = 1.0 cm/sec=0.001m/sec Height of bottom pipe from bottom of sump well (h) = 1m Height of gravel and boulder from bottom of sump well (H) = 4m Distance through which seepage takes place (L) =7m The yield of infiltration gallery/ pipe = K (H2 –h2)/ (2 x L) = 0.001 (16-1)/ 14 = 0.00107 cum/sec/rm length of gallery Discharge available in the sump well from gallery (Provided perforation at only half area of gallery have) = 1/2(0.00107 x 4.6x 6 +0.0015 x 2.6 x 4) = 0.020 cum/sec = 20 lps
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124. Water pumping required from first sump well 6 lps and second sump well 9 lps. Hence, size, number perforation and thickness of gravel layer are enough.
125. River seepage water infiltrate from gravel media is collected in sump well. The water may bring small silt particle. This partly deposits in bed and partly goes to the treatment plant. A washout pipe is arranged at the bottom of the sump well to the top. The slush water will be pumped when significant silt deposition occurs in the bed.
126. The first sump well (existing and new Bagi downstream) will have two 20HP (110m pumping head and 6lps discharge) and second sump well (Bagi downstream at Rugdi) will have two 25HP (120m pumping head and 9lps discharge) submersible pumps to pump the water from sump well to the treatment plant. The first sump well together with existing sump well will augment water for ward no 5, 6, 7 and second sump well provide water for ward no 9.
Transmission Pipeline
127. Transmission pipe line has been designed using the Hazen-Williams formula for calculating the head losses in pipeline. The minimum and the maximum residual heads criteria as recommended in the SSTWSSSP design norms have been followed as far as possible. Other technically suitable criteria for smooth and economical design of pipelines have been taken into consideration.
128. The existing transmission pipe from Khanchikot intake to Danda Gaon treatment plant site has leakages at several places and need to be replaced by new. The total length of transmission main of Khanchikot system and new system (i.e. from sump well to treatment plant) becomes 6,955m. The pipes of HDPE 75mm dia, GI 50-65mm dia and DI 150mm dia are used in design.
Washout Valve
129. Washout valves have been provided at depression points (lowest point) in the pipeline where necessary. The purpose of the valve is to clean the debris collected in the pipeline. Sometimes the valve can also be used for the maintenance of the pipe line without closing the whole distribution system. One washout valve is kept in existing transmission main.
Air Valve
130. Air valves have been designed to release the air accumulated in the hump of pipes lines. The water flowing through pipes always contain some air. This air tries to accumulate at the highest points and may interfere the flow. Air relief valve is provided in the hump of the transmission and distribution pipe line and near the reservoir to provide the exit for such accumulated air.
Plain Sedimentation Tank
131. Sedimentation is a process of removal of the suspended particles by gravitational settling. Sedimentation tank has been designed to reduce the velocity of water so as to permit suspended solids to settle out of the water by gravity. Horizontal plain sedimentation tank has been designed by taking the length at three times width and maximum permissible velocity 0.005m/sec. Two methods detention time and surface loading are used to determine the size of sedimentation tank. The Mate Charang spring source does not require any filter, disinfection is enough.
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132. The size of sedimentation tank for existing Khanchikot khola system, existing sump well and first new sump well will have two unit of each size is 8.50m x 2.85m x 3.00m. Similarly, the size of sedimentation tank for second sump well will have two unit of each size is 9.0m x 3.0m x 3.00m. The bed of the tank is sloping towards inlet at the rate of 1%. Hence, the height of tank at inlet is 3.00m and that of outlet is less than that. The sludge depth 0.70m and free board 0.20m has been included in the design.
Slow Sand Filter
133. Sedimentation process removes a large proportion of suspended impurities, but does not effectively remove very fine colloidal particles, colour, dissolved minerals and micro-organisms. In order to remove very fine particles, colour and turbidity and even bacteria from water, a slow sand filter has been proposed and designed for stream source. As the name suggests, the rate of filtration of this filter is slow. Slow sand filter has been designed in between sedimentation tank and chlorinating unit. Two units of slow sand filters have been designed for each sump well in the new system. During maintenance period, maintenance will be carried out only in one unit at a time and remaining unit will work in maximum filtration rate. Slow sand filter is designed with loading/ filtration rate 100ltr/hr/ m2. The depth of sand filter 0.70m, gravel filter 0.50m, water depth 1.20m and free board 0.20m is taken. The depth of longitudinal drainage is 0.30m kept. Perforated slabs are kept above longitudinal drain and HDPE pipes are provided in lateral drains.
134. The size of slow sand filter tank for existing Khanchikot khola system, existing sump well and first new sump well (i.e. treatment plant at Danda gaon Tole) will have two unit of each size is 19.00m x 7.60m x 2.90m. Similarly, the size of slow sand filter for second sump well (i.e. treatment plant at Supa Deurali Danda) will have two unit of each size is 20.15m X 8.05m X 2.90m.
Chlorination
135. When water comes out from the slow sand filter plants, it may contain some bacteria and other micro-organisms, some of which might be pathogenic. Hence, it is necessary to disinfect water to kill bacteria and other micro-organisms and to prevent water from water borne diseases. Hence, water disinfecting unit is provided after filtration before water enters into service reservoir. The chlorination is the most commonly used method for water disinfection. The chlorine demand is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to water and the quantity of free available chlorine remaining at the end of a specified contact period.
136. Generally, chlorine is applied in the water in the forms chlorine gas. But in remote areas, it is applied as bleaching powder, which contains 30% chlorine and 70% lime. The dose of the chlorine should be adjusted such that the residual chlorine is about 0.1 to 0.2ppm before water enters in the distribution system.
137. A solution tank has been designed beside the outlet chamber of slow sand filter. This has been connected to a constant level-feeding pipe and then connected to the outlet pipe for the chlorination. The outlet pipe carries filtered water from the outlet of slow sand filter. The dose of the solution is to be adjusted by means of an adjustable pinch/ dosing pump. For the disinfection of water, about 1.57 kg bleaching powder will be required per day in the base year and 2.8kg in the design year. It increases as the water demand increases.
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Service Reservoir
138. Reservoir with adequate capacity has been designed to balance the supply and demand. The reservoir capacity is based on the water demand. The maximum water withdrawal occurs at 5:00 – 7:00 and the minimum withdrawal occurs at 19:00- 5:00. The size, condition, location of existing reservoirs has been examined. Based upon this, the existing reservoir of 200 cum has been utilized and another two reservoirs of 100 cum at Danda Gaon tole and 200 cum at Supa Deurali for Chutrabesi are designed. The reservoir size has been optimized.
Distribution Main
139. The distribution system consists of pipe network designed by preparing the loop network system. The hydraulic design has been carried out by using SW-WSP software. Mostly HDPE pipes of outer dia. 50mm to 160mm, GI 40mm to 100mm of inner dia. and DI 150mm have been used in the design of distribution system as per technical requirement and suggestion of the community.
140. The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. However, the estimated distribution pipeline length is 30,275m including 7% extra length in actual one. The detail design of distribution line network and water demand at each node for the proposed service area is calculated.
Control Valve
141. The purpose of the control valve is to regulate the required flow in each distribution main from the junction. Sometimes it can be used for the maintenance of distribution system in particular area without closing whole distribution system. A control valve is provided in the system where there are more than two branches from one junction or where it is necessary. There are 12nos. of control valves proposed in the distribution system. This shall be utilised for washout also.
Generator/ Guard House
142. Generator/ Guard house is designed for sump well (pump 1) and another for sump well (pump 2). Generator house cum store is designed to construct in public land. Individual generator is provided for each sum well. Each generator supplies power during NEA power failure. The house will be constructed beside sump well.
Electrical Facilities
143. The 11 kV transmission line through an 11/0.4 kV – 50 and 50 KVA step down transformer to supply electrical power has been proposed. A three-phase power line will be connected to the control panel for the pump. A 50 KVA generator house has been proposed for the emergency when there is no electricity. The control panel for generator and pumps will be installed in generator house.
Tap Connection
144. In core area and rural settlement 2m long 50mm dia HDPE pipe has been connected with distribution main with the help of Tee. This Tee has been arranged at each 30 - 50m distance. All tap connections shall be made only from this pipe connected with Tee and then connected with distribution main. Each Tee will have 6-8 connections. If houses developed in empty area in the future, the pipe and Tee need to be connected in distribution main for the household connection in that particular area.
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145. The system has been designed mainly for private house connections. An average 18 m pipe of 15mm dia. medium class GI pipe and fittings, water meter and meter box have been included in each HH connection. The number of connection has been estimated as per socio economic survey. The tap connections include fully plumb, yard type. Similarly, 41 community connections shall be connected during construction phase. Each community connection will supply water for average 6 households. All community connections will be metered. Further, 53 institutions will also connect the tap. The system is so designed that the total 2,896 connections can be made available from the system during design year 2027.
Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building
146. A three room laboratory building cum WUSC office building has been designed and included in the system. This has been proposed at Danda Gaon Tole treatment plant site.
Boundary Wall
147. MS angle post with GI barbed wire fencing above the brick masonry wall has been proposed to protect the structures such as pump house, reservoirs and treatment plants
Raw Materials to be Used
148. Sand, Gravel, river pebbles and bricks will be used as raw materials. The required sand, gravel and river pebbles will be used from the local quarry located at Bagi River. Other materials include cement, reinforcement steel, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes will be procured from the Butwal and Bhairahawa market. DI Pipes will be procured in Kathmandu. All the raw materials and other materials require for constructions are available in require quantity in above mentioned market. All the construction materials will be stored in the proposed site for treatment plant.
2.17 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY
149. The following design parameters have been considered for the design of the water supply system.
System: • 24 hours operational • Gravity System
Consumption Pattern:
Hours Percentage of daily demand 05:00 – 07:00 25 07:00 – 12:00 30 12:00 – 17:00 15 17:00 – 19:00 15 19:00 – 05:00 15
Peak factor: 3.00
Design Period: 15 years
Population Growth rate: 3.5% per annum
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Water Demand:
SN Type of Demand Recommended Demand 1. Fully plumbed connections 90lpcd 2. Yard connections 65 lpcd 3. Community taps 45 lpcd 4. Non domestic demand consists of rental/ floating 10 % of domestic population, institutional demand, commercial demand, demand fire fighting
150. For the design purpose, 10% of total water demand has been considered for wastage, leakage or uncounted water use as specified in SSTWSSSP guidelines
Pressure and Velocity
Minimum residual head of 8-10: at all service nodes Velocity: least 0.2 m/sec
Pipe materials: DI, GI & HDPE
(Source: Detailed Project Report of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2011)
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Chapter III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 WATER RESOURCES
3.1.1 Surface Water and Quality
151. The Bagi Khola located at the middle of project area is perennial river and other river flowing from the project site and Ghoche River in the north west is seasonal river that later joins Bagi Khola . These seasonal streams remain dry except during rainy period when flash floods of short duration are common. The flash floods bring debris, sand, and gravels. During the flash floods, it is difficult for human and livestock to cross the streams. Quality of the direct surface water is not suitable for the drinking purpose.
3.1.2 Groundwater and Quality
152. The selected and recommended new source of water in the project area is the seepage or filter water from Bagi Khola and spring water. Exploration of ground water in other place except bank of Bagi Khola is not possible in the project area. The existing and proposed sources are most potential and appropriate for the service area on the basis of source reliability, stability and ease of maintenance. The treatment plant is necessary for both existing and new stream sources except the existing Mate Charang Spring.
3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas
153. There are no national parks or protected area for forest/ wildlife nearby the project area.
3.2.2 Forests (including rare or endangered species)
154. In Arghakhachi District, forests have been categorized into community, leasehold and private forest. There are 267 Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) who own 11,120 Ha of community forest benefiting 25,949 households. The Table 3.1 below shows the area occupied by these forest and number of households benefited by these forests.
Table 3.1: Types of forests in Arghakhachi district SN Forest Type Area (Ha) Number of benefited HHs 1 Community Forest 11,120 25,949 2 Private Forest 4.45 - Source: District Profile of Arghakhachi district, 2008
3.2.2.1 Flora
155. The project area is surrounded by community forest (Supadeurali and Danda Gaon) at the hill. The treatment plant and reservoir site at Supadeurali and Dandagaon Tole are also situated at community forest. A sub tropical-tropical forest dominates in the area. The common floral species in the area are Chilaune (Schima wallichi), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Utis (Alnus nepalensis) and Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii)
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3.2.2.2 Fauna
• Mammals
Sandhikharka VDC supports a huge number of large as well as small mammals. These include Jackal (Canislepus), Indian Fox (Vulpesbengalensis), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Hanuman langur (Presbites entellus), Jungle cat (Felischaus), Dhole (Cuonlurtra), Squirrel (Fanambulussps), Jungle rat (Bandicotaindica), Swamp deer (Cervusduvauceli), Chittal (Axis axis).
• Birds
Black shouldered Kite (Enaluscaereleus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Great barbet (Meghalaimavirens) and Jungle Myna are some species of birds common in project area.
• Reptiles
The common species of reptiles found in the area are green lizard (Calotesversicolor), common monitor lizard (Vranus bengalensis), green pit viper (Trimeresrusalbolabris) and water snake (Ntrixstolata)
3.3 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
3.3.1 Physical or Cultural Heritage
156. The present project area has no physical or cultural heritage and archaeologically important monuments and object of art. However, some temples are situated in the project area and during important religious occasions, people visit these temples. The popular festivals of the service area are Teej, Dashain, and Tihar
3.3.2 Slums and Squatter Settlements
157. There are no any slumps and squatter settlements within the project area
3.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH
3.4.1 Land Use
158. The project core area is a market area which is developed along both sides of the rural feeder road of the town and is densely populated. The districts' main economic activities are carried out in the market area. There are many rural settlements adjoining the market which is growing very rapidly. This rural area is mainly residential area and with scattered settlement. The in-migration rate is high in the project area due to availability of better social and economical facilities.
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3.4.2 Infrastructure
3.4.2.1 Transportation
159. The project area is connected by a feeder road from Gorushinghe on the East West Highway which is about 65 Km away from the project area. There are other gravel roads and earthen tracks linking various settlements in the service area. Most part of the service area is easily accessible by motor vehicle during the dry season but the accessibility to few settlements could be difficult during rainy periods
3.4.2.2 Drinking Water Supply
160. There are two existing gravity water supply systems in operation within the service area. Both systems were constructed with the technical and financial assistance of DWSS through its district office in 1981 - 1983 and in 1998 – 2000 respectively. Two surface water sources have been tapped for these systems, the Dihi Danda Khola (i.e. Khanchikot Khola) that has a yield 4.0 lps and Mate Charange Spring with a yield of 3.80 lps. The first system covers the bazaar area especially ward No. 6 & 9 including government office where as second system also covers bazaar area especially parts of ward nos. 6 & 7 in Sandhikharka VDC.
161. Water from Khanchikot Khola is collected at 20cum reservoir and supplied into the distribution system. Water from Mate Charang spring is collected in first reservoir and then supplied in the distribution system. There are two ferro-cement reservoir of each 20cum capacity in Chutrabesi to utilise the other local water sources which are contaminated. Water from Mate Charang spring is also collected into these two reservoirs and supplied into Chutrabesi distribution system
162. The second reservoir of 70cum needs to be discarded in the new system due to its condition and very old. Other reservoirs can be utilized with minor rehabilitation works. The existing distribution system has leakage at several places and lower pipe size. Some pipes are deeply located causing maintenance to be very difficult. The distribution system needs to be redesigned and existing pipe has been discarded in the new system. The existing system has 919 household connections; 25 connections are in governmental offices, 9 connections are in schools. The population of the area is increasing; therefore it is necessary to augment the existing supply of water.
3.4.2.3 Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage
163. The sanitary situation of service area is found to be satisfactory. Of the total population, more than 65% of households have private latrine for defection. The existing toilets in the houses as well as in the schools are maintained moderately. Pit and ventilated pit latrines are constructed in rural households. Solid waste from the individual household is collected by the VDC and disposed in land fill site located at Olla Khola Khet, Ward No. 6 of Sandhikharka VDC. The health and hygiene of the community people is satisfactory. Water borne diseases like typhoid, diarrhoea, jaundice, and dysentery are commonly noticed diseases in the community.
164. There exists storm water drainage system mainly in main market area along the roadside. Since the project is located in hilly area with steep to moderate slope, the runoff water flows over the road itself during rainy season. There are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally in the adjoining Bagi Khola and its tributaries. There is no water logging due to enough
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space and out lets. However, during heavy rain the drainage system cannot function properly for short duration.
3.4.2.4 Electricity
165. The locality is connected to the national grid of power supply and thus has access to electricity.
3.4.2.5 Communications
166. All kind of communication facilities are available in the project area. Sandhikharka has been facilitated by telephone and mobile phone services which include GSM, CDMA and sky mobile. Majority of people living in and around project area have television in their home. Project area has different national daily news papers like Kantipur, Rising Nepal, Gorakhapatra, Rajdhani. There is good facility of postal service in the district.
3.4.3 Economic Characteristics
3.4.3.1 Industries
167. There are no major types of industries in and around the project area but there are 8 small scale cottage industries operating within the Sandhikharka. The Table 3.2 below shows different type of industries present in the district.
Table 3.2: List of industries within project area SN Industries Type Number Total employed population 1 Furniture Industry 3 19 2 Oil Centre 1 2 3 Bakery Industry 2 12 4 Chowmin Industry 1 5 5 Dalmod Industry 1 2 Source: Households survey 2010
3.4.3.2 Agricultural development
168. Since agriculture is the main source of income, many of the rural households in the Sandhikharka district are depend upon agricultural products. The major crops produced are wheat, maize, paddy, and seasonal vegetables
3.4.3.3 Mineral development
169. Mineral exploitation activities are nonexistent in the project area
3.4.3.4 Tourism development
170. There is no possibility of tourism development in the area
3.4.3.5 Development organisations
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171. There are numerous that are working in the development sector. Some of them are
• District Water Supply & Sanitation Division Office • Nepal Telecommunication Office • Nepal Electricity Authority Office • District Administration Office • District Agriculture Office • Women Development Office • District Forest Office • FM Radio Station – 1 no. • VDC office • Nepal Red Cross Society
3.4.3.6 Major Environmental Problems
172. Some of the environmental problems, apart from those related to drinking water supply and sanitation, prevalent in the project area are:
• Lack of proper management of medical wastes from district Hospital. • River bank erosion along the alignment of Bagi Khola during the rainy seasons
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Chapter IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
173. Environmental impacts on physical, biological and socio–economic and cultural aspect are identified and predicted based on the existing environment condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude, duration and their extent during pre- construction, construction and operation & maintenance phase.
174. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts could be positive and beneficial as well. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Sandhikharka VDC in Arghakhachi district. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures.
175. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of drinking water and have improved sanitary situation. All this will significantly raise the living standard of the people in the Sandhikharka VDC
176. The proposed Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. Some of these impacts are described below:
4.1 WATER SUPPLY
4.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase
4.1.1.1 Environmental impacts due to project design and location
177. There could be some issues related to project location and design such as encroachment of forest area and effect on cultivated land. The site for locating treatment plant and storage reservoir is located in community forest. Some trees need to be cut down for that purpose and to mitigate the effect, compensatory re-plantation of trees is necessary. Since the location areas of the major structures have been decided in consultation with the WUSC and the required areas have already been managed by WUSC, the chances of conflict due to location of the project components are minimal.
178. To avoid the risk of pollution of raw water supply and water distributed to the users; the system has to be designed in such a way that there is adequate protection of the intake/sump well, storage tanks and the distribution pipe has to be located away from the drains to avoid the contamination of water being supplied. The following table shows the details of project location and the nature of damage
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4.1.2 Construction Phase
4.1.2.1 Environmental impacts due to project construction
Physical Environment
179. The project may have impacts on physical environment of the project site at all three stages. As the size of structures proposed for water supply system the impacts do not seem to be significant.
180. The major physical environmental issues identified are briefly presented below in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Physical environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Land use • Change in land use D Site Long L C & O (water supply structures) D Site Short L C • Change in land use (pipelines) Erosion, land • Treatment Unit & D Site Short L C stability & Guard House Geology • Transmission line D Site Short L C • Distribution lines D Site Short L C
Water, soil • Water and soil D Regio Long L C & O quality and pollution due to nal Hydrology improper disposal of toxic and non-toxic wastes • Leakage and D Regio Long L C & O disposal of oil and nal grease Water Quality • Water pollution due I Local Long L & M C to earthwork activities • Littering of solid waste D Local Medium M & H O
Air Quality • Air pollution due to D Local Short L C & O movement of project vehicles • Air pollution due to D Site Short L C & O dust particles
Noise and • Noise & vibration due D Local Short L C Vibration to project vehicular movement • Noise pollution due to D Site Medium L C & O operation of Pumps &
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Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Diesel Generator Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
i) Change in Land use pattern
181. Land proposed for the construction of intake, reservoir and treatment plant are in public land, Similarly, pipe line are aligned along the public property like roads, footpath and will be installed after the laying of transmission and distribution pipelines which will be temporary and insignificant. Thus during the construction and operation phase no remarkable impact on land is expected. Care will be taken during the construction period so that there is minimal disturbance on the existing land use pattern. . ii) Erosion, Soil Stability and Geology
182. The proposed system includes construction of one new sump well, surface drainage work, upgrading of existing sump well and intake of existing surface water sources. Excavation for pipe laying work is to be carried out in small stretch (max 500m at a time), excavated soil will be used for backfilling of trenches. Therefore, erosion, soil instability are not expected to occurs, and inverse impact on geology is not expected during the construction activities of the proposed project. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trench during has to be expected and has to
183. Mitigation measures: To avoid this, care should be taken while excavation so that there is minimal disturbance and the excavated soil needs to be properly backfilled and disposed against erosion
iii) Water, Soil Quality and Hydrology
184. The excavation and construction spoils are the major products of the construction activity. In addition to construction wastes, the labour camps and their sanitary activity will also generate unwanted wastes. The construction wastes and spoils may have adverse implications on adjoining water sources. Possible activities, which may influence the surface water and soil quality include • Improper disposal of solid waste disposal both from construction work force camp and construction yard. • Leakage and disposal of oil and grease from the construction equipment. • Increase in sediment due to triggering of erosion by the earthwork excavations.
185. These could eventually affect the water and soil quality, even though the changes are temporary and last during the construction period only. Thus there will be no inverse impact on hydrology is expected.
186. Mitigation measures: Safe disposal of excavated soil, prohibition on littering and discharge of toxic and non–toxic waste, prohibition on leakage of oil and grease, provision of sealed container for collection toxic waste, ground water monitoring.
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iv) Air Quality
187. The vehicular movement for construction purposes, excavation and other construction activity may release dust and particulate matters. Crushers and other mechanical equipment may emit some quantity of dust and smoke. Increase in suspended particulate matters, increase in fugitive dust particles during construction and increase in vehicular movement for construction purposes may have negative impacts on air quality in the project area. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only. To minimize such impact water should be sprinkled at regular intervals so that the dusts settle down and regular maintenance of the equipment and vehicles should be carried out.
188. Mitigation measures: Provisions of emission testing equipment, restriction on waste littering, use of masks, spraying of water to control dust, air quality monitoring etc.
v) Noise and Vibration
189. Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. The proposed project does not consider blasting, 24-hours of works on shift and use of excessive heavy machineries and equipments. It means that the noise and vibration levels over the existing ones do not seem to be significant and all these effects will be temporary and will last for the construction period only.
190. Mitigation measures: Provisions of restriction on horns, maintenance of equipment, fitting of mufflers to noisy equipment, speed restriction and regular maintenance of the equipment and vehicles will be carried out.
v) Waste Water Disposal and Management
191. There is surface drainage facility in core bazaar area to drain storm water. The roadside drains are situated on both side of the road in the core area. Besides this 2200m long storm water drainage has been included in different parts of project area. There are sufficient outlet points for the drainage system. Since there is not any sewerage system, most of the households of the project area have their own toilet associated with septic tank for the management of human excreta. The outlets of these toilets are not connected to the existing drain. Therefore generation of waste water from the household will be insignificant and can be managed with using existing drain.
vii) Spoil Disposal and Quarry Site
192. No major excavation work will be required in Sandhikharka Water Supply Project. The major excavation is required only during the construction of foundation for treatment, which is of low magnitude thus avoiding the problem of disposal. The excavation and transportation of soil has both physical and economical consequences.
193. Mitigation measures: Excavated soil will be reused properly during backfilling with well compacted and surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place.
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Biological Environment
194. Water supply schemes during construction and operation can affect the existing biological species and ecological systems. The potential environmental impact of the project on local flora and fauna during construction and post construction phases will be low as the activities do not involve clearing of grazing land and fertile agricultural lands. Site clearance is required during laying of pipeline and construction of service reservoir & treatment plant. However, those impacts are for short periods only during the construction period.
195. There are some potential impacts, which illustrated in Table 4.2
Table 4.2: Biological environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Forest • Loss of 5 number of D Site Medium L C & 0 trees, Khote Salla (Pinusrox burghii Vegetation • Loss of vegetation for D Site Short M C clearance of sites for structures • Loss of vegetation due D Site Short L C & O to laying of pipelines Flora & fauna • Loss of flora & fauna D Site Short L C due to project sitting & related activities Habitat • Loss of habitat due to D Site Short L C project sitting & related activities Aquatic life and • Effects to aquatic life D & I Site Short L C & O ecosystem due to wastewater discharge & project activities Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
i) Forest
196. Proposed site for treatment plant and storage reservoir are located at community forest. The land has been managed by WUSC from concerned community forest, but for the construction of treatment plant and storage reservoir approx. 5 number of trees need to be cut down. Letters of approval from the District Forest Office (DFO) for cutting the trees need to be obtained. Only the trees that are marked and have been approved by the DFO needs to be cut.
197. There is possibility of some disturbance due access of labour force to nearby forest but the chances of cutting trees by the labourers are limited as the forest is managed by the community. And since the community itself owns and manages the forests, the risk of damage to the forest will be low
198. Mitigation Measures: The community forests affected has to be compensated by planting and rearing saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree. Therefore compensatory plantation of 125 number plants and its maintenance it for 5 years has been proposed and necessary budget is included in the cost estimate. Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp, provision of minimization of vegetation clearance
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ii) Vegetation
199. The natural vegetation and ecology of project area will be disturbed due to construction activities of different project components. The vegetation/ bushes clearance will permanent in the sites of sump well, treatment plant and ground storage reservoir, whereas the damaged vegetation will be recovered in pipe laying works after a short period. As far as possible, plantation of ground vegetation should be done where ever possible.
200. Mitigation Measures: Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp, provision of minimization of vegetation clearance and forestation where ever needed
ii) Flora, Fauna and Wildlife
201. The project area being located in sparse vegetated area features low level of bio-diversity. The destruction of trees and ground vegetation can have adverse impact on the species diversity of local wildlife population and care should be taken so that there is as little disturbance as possible. There are no wildlife species registered as rare/endangered/protected status under IUCN/GoN, therefore the risk of loss of endangered species is none. Night time operations of machinery and possible hunting/poaching activities of the project labourers may cause some disturbance to the local wildlife and that can be controlled by precautionary measures and issue of strict rules to the labourers regarding impact to the flora, fauna and wildlife. The impact on wildlife due to construction of the project is non-significant.
202. Mitigation Measures: Provisions of minimization of vegetation clearance by pegging, afforstation, restriction of fuel woods at the camps, etc. and provision of restriction on fishing activities.
iii) Habitat
203. Clearing of trees and vegetation will result in loss of habitat of some wildlife species. The population dynamics of resident and migratory birds and reptiles at the project sites may be affected temporarily during construction phase. Precautionary measure should be taken to avoid the destruction of habitat.
204. Mitigation Measures: Provision of minimization of vegetation clearance, Environmental awareness program
iv) Aquatic Life and Eco-System
205. The proposed system is based on the augmentation of water quantity by exploring two new ground water sources and use of existing surface. Sufficient quantity of water will be released to the downstream of the river; therefore, the aquatic life will be hardly disturbed..
206. Mitigation Measures: construction work should not be conducted during rainy season and the excavated soils should be disposed safely against erosion. The quality of river waters should be regularly monitored and the workers should be prohibited from fishing activities.
v) Obstruction of fish migration and fish entrainment due to the construction work:
207. Proposed water source (new) of the project is seepage/ filtered water from the Bagi khola into the sump well/ intake; hence such problems will not exist.
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Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
Table 4.3: Socio-economic and cultural environmental issues and impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Acquisition of land • Acquisition of agricultural land D Site Long H C & O
Impairment to • Damage of community services an D Site Short L C infrastructure infrastructure such as irrigation canals, road, foot trails, water supply line etc.
Socio-economic & • Impact on social structure & D & I Local Long H C & O cultural practices cultural aspects • Impact on employment D & I Local Short M C & O • Migration D & I Local Long H C &O • Local economy D & I Local Long M C & O Quality of life values • Occupational Health and Safety D Local Short L C (OHS) I Local Long M C & O • Socio-economic values I Local Long H O • Public health I Local Short L C & O • Aesthetic values I Local Long L O • Cultural values Traffic Management • Difficulties in traffic and pedestrian D Local Short M C movement • Visual & aesthetic impacts I Local Short L C
Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
i) Land Acquisition
208. The construction of permanent structures such as sump well, treatment plant and reservoir does not require land acquisition and will be constructed in existing public land, community forests or areas already managed by WUSC from the community forest. The WUSC will ensure that such lands will be appropriately arranged for the project. The most of the pipeline route passes through the road and public land. Hence land acquisition; resettlement plan and compensation will not be issues during the project implementation.
209. As compared to the size and nature of the project land acquisition will not require for the execution of the project. The contractor will rent temporary land for his camp/ office through the negotiation with the owner in the approval of DSC. Sanitation facilities (toilet) for the camp will be installed by contractor with the consultation of DSC. Therefore land acquisition, compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation will not be the issue in the proposed project.
ii) Impairment to infrastructure
210. All the major structures of the proposed project like treatment plant, office building etc will be constructed on public land. Similarly most of the pipe line routes are aligned along the public property. But some of the pipe line impairs the footpath and drain in bazaar area. There will be no need of relocation of existing public and private facilities.
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211. Mitigation Measures: All the damaged infrastructure will be repaired and cost is included in Bill of Quantity.
iii) Historical and archaeological treasures
212. The service area of the project is not a site of archaeological and historical values. Hence, there are no any impacts on archaeological and historical artefacts.
iv) Law and order issues due to the influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities
213. During the project construction, the influx of seasonal workers may create some law and order issue in the local area. The cultural differences between the outside workforce and local people may initiate conflict including the possibility of disease transmission, pollution and competition for available resources. The irresponsible behaviour of the construction workers such as gambling and drinking may create social and gender related problems. Therefore, the workers will be strictly supervised and instructed to respect the local culture and lifestyle and work in a responsible manner.
214. Mitigation Measures: The project will take protective measures to minimise impact, cultural awareness program will be conducted. Priority will be given to local people while employing labourers for the project work. Child labour will be prohibited at any case. . v) Gender Issue
215. The project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on the socio-economic environment of community and play a vital role towards gender empowerment.
vi) Occupational and Safety Hazards
216. Life, health and safety of workers particularly of those involved in concreting, trench cutting, formwork and rebar fixing in overhead tank and heavy duty construction work is of prime concern.
217. Mitigation Measures: To mitigate or minimize the hazards adequate safety instructions will be provided to the contactor and monitor from the project side.
vii) Health and safety
• Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
218. Problems related to workers health and safety can arise during construction work. The emission of dust particles and noise vibration during construction can affect the health of workers. Similarly, there could be incidence of accidents, spillage, fire that can have negative impact on the health of the workers.
• Community Health and Safety
219. Spread of the water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary conditions can affect the health and safety of the entire population.
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220. Mitigation Measures: Sanitation awareness program will be conducted, provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc). Health and accident insurance will be provided by the contractor to all workers.
viii). Traffic Management
221. The project area does experience heavy traffic movement except in the adjoining east west highway. Traffic plans should be prepared to mitigate traffic congestions and disturbances to pedestrians. Temporary disruption of the local access due to construction and excavation could affect pedestrians and other vehicles.
222. Mitigation Measures: Traffic management plan will be prepared and implement accordingly without interrupting the work and movement of traffic at working place. Proper diversion signboards and prior notifications of the construction activities will be provided during the construction period.
ix) Livelihood and impact on local economy
223. Since the project will create job opportunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involved in the job. This will create a positive impact on livelihood and economy of the community.
x) Migration Problem:
224. After completion of the project, there will be increase in the population of the project area. The project is designed for 15 year with considering population growth rate. Hence problem of migration will be insignificant.
xi) Impact on Education:
225. Increase in the population of the project area will create pressure on education, but impact on education will be insignificant
4.1.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Impacts
226. Inadequate Operation and Maintenance of the project will create hazard in terms of safety of the personnel involved as well as in the overall output of the project. Timely monitoring and routine maintenance of the subsystem will ensure smooth running of the project and avoid unnecessary obstruction and delays. • Under sub-optimal operational condition, there will be risk of contamination of water in the distributed system which could lead to disease epidemics throughout the community. Such risk should be minimized by regular monitoring of water in the distribution to ensure that it meets the minimum National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Training should be provided to the staff on water quality assessment and operational supervision should be ensured. • There is risk of health hazard, especially to the operating staff, due to unmanaged and improper use of chlorine. Guidelines for using chlorine should be developed and proper handling and storage of chlorine to be set up. • There is a risk of pollution of raw water supply (sump well and surface source) from the seepage of solid waste disposal site and surface runoff, which could affect the water.
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Proper care should be taken on the operation of the dumping site and clay liner or geo- membrane liner is to be placed at the bottom of the bed of dumping site.
4.2 DRAINAGE WORKS
227. There is no drainage system to drain out the rain water (runoff water) in service area along side except few stretches in Sandhikharka bazaar area. Since, the area is situated at the lower foothill; there is no well drainage system in Sandhikharka. Therefore, various drainage options were discussed with Water User and Sanitation Committee (WUSC) in the meeting and the area for construction of surface drainage was decided in the meeting. A rectangular stone masonry drain with a total length of 2720 m has been designed in the area selected by WUSC.
4.2.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
228. The construction of drain will involve along the road side relatively short length of road. There will no significant environment impact, if proper precautions are taken, however some of the anticipated environmental impacts are as follows:
• The construction activities of drain will be carried out along the road side, chances of erosion and landslides are not expected. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trenches of drain has to be avoided, • Due to the construction activities along the road side disturbance to local residents, pedestrian and local amenities are anticipated. • There is chance of air pollution around the area due to the construction of drainage. Besides these, the trucks and tractors that will be used for the transportation of construction materials. The vehicular movement for construction purposes, excavation and other construction activity may release dust and particulate matters • Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. • There is a risk of blocking of drainage especially in dry season by solid waste disposal and accumulation of silt. It may also contain heavy metals and pathogens which may also cause of health and environmental problems.
229. The following mitigation measures are to be included and implemented during the construction of drainage works.
• Reuse of excavated soil properly during the backfilling with well compacted, • Surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place. • Provide prior information about the construction work and schedule to the public and strictly follow the safety rules of constriction activities. • Exclude the public from the construction site and proper use of sign board, diversion signs etc. • Provide onsite training to workers on safety measures and use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, mask etc. • Public awareness program • Use of tarpaulin to cover loose construction materials (sand and Aggregate) at the time of transportation. • Transportation of construction materials as and when required. • Provision of frequent sprinkling of water on the road
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• Provision of periodic flushing and cleaning of the drain.
4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES
230. The following Table 4.4 provide the summary of project activities, potential environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measure.
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Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost
Project Potential Environmental Project Activity Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Impacts Location of project 1. Encroachment of forest • Legal permits and authorization DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/DSC Included in the components areas from concerned agency to be project cost obtained 2. Conflict due to project • Consultation and involvement of location local communities and Design) Design) (Project community forest Pre- Activity Pre- Physical Environmental Construction of Intake 3.Risk of pollution of river water • Regular water quality Contractor/DSC NA due to the construction of monitoring of water in the Intake (Earthwork and other distribution system masonry work) • Reuse of excavated soil properly
Earthwork in excavation for 4. Soil erosion , soil stability • Excavated soil placed safely Contractor/DSC Included in the pipe laying and and Geology against erosion project cost construction works • Reuse of excavated soil properly during backfilling the pipe line trench with well compacted Earthwork in excavation for 5. Influence the Surface Water, • Safe disposal of excavated Contractor/DSC NA pipe laying and Soil Quality and Hydrology soil, prohibition on littering and ConstructionPhase construction works discharge of toxic and non– toxic waste, prohibition on leakage of oil and grease. • provision of sealed container for collection toxic waste, ground water monitoring.
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Project Potential Environmental Project Activity Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Impacts Earthwork in excavation for 6. Air quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in pipe laying and Environment) • Monitoring of air quality contractors construction works • Air pollution due to • Use of tarpaulin to cover loose bidding movement of project vehicle construction materials (sand documents • Air pollution due to dust and Aggregate) at the time of particle transportation. • Air pollution due to • Transportation of construction operation of pumps and materials as and when diesel generator required. Earthwork in excavation for 7.Noise and vibration • Provision of restriction on Contractor / DSC Included in pipe laying and • Noise and vibration due to blowing of pressure horn contractors construction works project vehicular movement haphazardly for the vehicle bidding • Noise and vibration due to involved in construction works documents ConstructionPhase operation of pumps and • Regular maintenance of diesel generator equipment • Mufflers to be fitted in noisy equipments • Speed Restriction Biological Environmental
Earthwork in excavation for 8. Disturbance and loss of • Compensatory plantation at the Contractor/PMO/WUSC Included in pipe laying and forest (approximately 5 trees to rate of 25 saplings for each Mitigation Cost construction works be cut) and vegetation felled tree (125 plants to be (Table 4.5) panted and reared ) • Only marked trees to be cleared • Vegetation clearance to be minimized as far as possible • Restricting use of fuel wood in
the labour camp 9. Impact on natural vegetation • Restricting use of fuel wood in Contractor / DSC NA and ecology due to: labour camp, • Construction of different • provision of minimization of ConstructionPhase components of system like vegetation clearance and pipe laying, water tank, forestation where ever needed treatment plant, building. etc
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Project Potential Environmental Project Activity Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Impacts 10. Impact on flora, fauna and • Environmental awareness Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC NA habitat due to project sitting program and related activities • Night time operation of machinery to be avoided • Hunting/poaching activities of labourers to be prohibited 11. Impact to aquatic life and • Construction work to be avoided Contractor/ WUSC NA ecosystem in rainy season • Quality of river water to be regularly monitored • Ban on fishing activities
Socio-Economic Environment
Earthwork in excavation for 12. Impairment to infrastructure • Proper precaution to be taken at Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC Included in pipe laying and (Construction activities may the time of construction contractors construction works impair some of the existing • Any damaged to the existing bidding community infrastructure such infrastructure has to be repaired documents as road, foot trail etc.) Earthwork in excavation for 13. Law and order issues due ( • Instruction to all workers to act Contractor NA pipe laying and Impact on social structure and in a responsible manner construction works cultural aspect) • Prohibition of use of alcohol and • influx of outside workforce, gambling money and unwanted • Priority to be given for activities • employment of local labourers Cultural difference • Workers to be strictly
supervised
• Orientation to the outside fork
force
• cultural awareness program will
ConstructionPhase be conducted to the outside workforce Earthwork in excavation for 14.Occupational Health and Contractor Included in • Instruction to adopt safety pipe laying and Safety (Impact on health measures cost estimate construction works depending upon working • First aid at hand in the working condition) area • Occupational health and
safety (OHS)
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Project Potential Environmental Project Activity Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Impacts • Public health
Earthwork in excavation for 15. Community Health and • Proper sanitation and hygiene Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC NA pipe laying and Safety to be maintained construction works • Quality of drinking water to be monitored • Treatment of communicable diseases and regular health checkups to be done • Periodic cleaning Earthwork in excavation for 16. Traffic management • Prior notification of construction Contractor/WUSC NA pipe laying and • Traffic congestions and activities construction works disturbance to pedestrians • Diversion sign boards to be • Disruption of the local provided access
Construction of Drainage Work Construction of drain 17. Soil erosion, silt runoff and • Excavated soil placed safely Contractor/ DSC Included in unsettled street surfaces against erosion cost estimate • Reuse of excavated soil properly during backfilling with well compacted • Surplus soil to be disposed in proper places. 18. Air, dust and noise pollution • Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in • Air pollution due to • Monitoring of air quantity contractors movement of project vehicle • Use of tarpaulin to cover loose bidding • Air pollution due to dust construction materials (sand documents particle and Aggregate) at the time of transportation. • Transportation of construction
ConstructionPhase materials as and when required. 19. Disturbance and risk of • Inform the public in advance Contractor/ DSC Included in accidents on site to workers • Follow the safety rules for all cost estimate and public construction activities • Exclude the public from the construction site and use of
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Project Potential Environmental Project Activity Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Impacts notice board & diversion signs • Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc.
Operation of water supply 20. Risk of pollution of surface • Plantation in the Intake area Contractor/ DSC Included in and sanitation systems water source due to the surface • Construction of drainage around cost estimate runoff the surface water source to divert surface runoff • Construction of fencing work around the Surface water source
21. Risk of contaminated water • Regular water quality WUSC/DWSSO Included in in the distribution system monitoring of water in the cost estimate
distribution system • Training to the staff on water quality assessment • Adequate protection measures of the Intake/sump well, storage tank
22. Health hazard due to • Proper handling and storage of WUSC Included in the perationalPhase
O unmanaged use of chlorine chlorine to be set up cost estimate • Guidelines for using chlorine to be provided 23. Risk of pollution of river • Quality of effluent and river WUSC Included in the water (Bagi Khola) by effluents quality to be regularly monitored cost estimate from water treatment plant Operation of drain 24. Blockage of drain • Periodic flushing and cleaning Contractor/ DSC Included in especially during dry season of the drain lines cost estimate by solid waste disposal and • Public awareness accumulation of silt
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4.4 MITIGATION COST
231. Most of the mitigation costs are already included in the project cost and the operational and maintenance cost. The cost estimation for some uncovered issues especially for operation and maintenance are as follows.
Table 4.5: Mitigation cost SN Activities Estimated Cost (NRs)
Spoil management along and across the road for 1 75,000.00 frequent traffic and pedestrian movement Provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments 2 (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc) to 100,000.00 workers and trench protection as per requirement Compensatory plantation of 125 plants and 3 200,000.00 maintenance it for 5 years.
Provision of cost for reconstruction of community 4 125,000.00 infrastructure
Total: (NRs) 500,000.00
Contingencies @ 20% of sub-total (NRs) 100,000.00
Net Total Cost (NRs) 600,000.00
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Chapter V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS
232. The alternative analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedure and raw materials used have been studied and analysed. The alternatives in environmental studies can also be analyzed and compared in term of "No Action" option with the proposed "Action Option". No action option defines the scenario of present situation, which means that one has to note of what is happening without any interventions.
5.1 ALTERNATE PROJECT DESIGN
233. The proposed project has been designed to provide reliable and adequate supply of water and sanitation services to the town of Sandhikharka. The system has been designed to use the ground water i.e. seepage or filter water from Bagi Khola by constructing sump well. Two sump well are proposed to pump the water from sump well to the treatment plant for the proposed service area, which supplements the existing sources and fulfils the water demand. WUSC had previously constructed a typical sump well (not designed properly) in the left bank of Bagi Khola. The existing sump well is not so durable, so a new sump well has been designed for the current project at the left and right bank of Bagi Khola. Since the people in the area already have experience of pumping water from a sump well, the proposed design is most suitable one.
5.2 ALTERNATIVE PROJECT LOCATION
234. There exists another potential source for Sandhikarka Town Water Supply and Sanitation System, as shown by a feasibility study undertaken on 2008. Two alternate source options were studied during feasibility study. The augmentation of water sources either from Garlam Khola by gravity system or water tapping from Bagi Khola by pumping though a sump well. Since the Garlam Khola does not have reliable yield especially during dry season, and there are two irrigation canals situated on either side just upstream of the proposed intake site, it was opted out. Hence the second location i.e. sump well was chosen, together with the decision from WUSC.
235. No significant environmental impact has been found with the present location of the project. The location of project components such Intake/Sump well, treatment plant and reservoir has been decided in consultation with local people and WUSC and the area is mostly public land. There is no dispute in the intake sites, pipeline alignment and structure locations. The sanitation condition surrounding the existing sources is satisfactory. The source is situated near from the settlement and has chances of contamination due to human and animal intrusion. Hence, awareness project needs to be launched in the service area people regularly.
5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE
236. The technologies proposed in the project are reliable. The source of water, Bagi Khola is a perennial stream that has enough surface water runoff. The proposed ground water (water obtained from the sump well through river water infiltration from gravel layer and collected at sump well through infiltration galleries) source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the
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stability, the source discharge and the financial aspects. Pumping is necessary to extract the water from sump well to treatment plant. Therefore the proposed technology is viable.
237. Most of the technology proposed for the project are simple and labour intensive with minimal use of heavy machinery. The construction materials to be used are local as far as possible, so that there is minimal impact associated with transport and storage of the raw materials. Local man power will be used as far as possible so that the local knowledge of the area is utilized and chances of conflicts are minimized. Hence, the proposed project has minimal impact against alternative technology and construction choice.
5.4 NO ACTION OPTION
238. Although there exists water supply system currently covering some parts of the project area, the quality of the water supplied is not adequate and the supply is erratic. The demand is growing and the local people are suffering from severe shortage of water supply. The local people in the project area are quite receptive of the project and will involve in the every phases of project.
239. If the project is not implemented; the people of the project area will still have to suffer the existing water supply and sanitation problems.
240. The only advantage of "No Action" alternative is that the few adverse impacts as outlined be avoided and the entire project cost will be saved. However, because most of those impacts are not significantly harmful and are site specific or local, the advantage far outweighs the disadvantages.
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Chapter VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
241. The proposed project has been designed in a participatory approach. The local people and concerned stakeholders have been and will be involved in every phases of the project including project design, construction and operation and maintenance. During the detailed engineering design study, total household survey was conducted in the service area. Various queries including household income, expenditure and saving pattern, affordability and willingness of the household to pay for improved water supply and sanitation services, knowledge on health and hygiene, attitude and practice of sanitation as well as health status were made. This information also provides an opportunity to Understand their opinion regarding the project. Public participation has also been an integral part of the present IEE study as all the concerned institution and stakeholders have been consulted in various phases of the study.
6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
242. A public notice was published in the Samachar Patra, a National Daily newspaper on 2067-11-19 BS (3rd March 2011) requesting comments and suggestions from all the interested parties. A copy of this public notice is included in Annex-V. The notice was also posted in the school, health post, V.D.C. office and other local areas in the project area and the deed of public inquiry (Muchulka) was collected.
6.2 INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED
243. All the concerned authorities such as VDC and was contacted and their consensus regarding project implementation was obtained. Apart from the concerned authorities, other institutions such as community organizations and other local bodies were approached to and their suggestions and opinions were collected. A focus group discussion (FGD) was held at project area (Annex-V) with key stakeholders and their concern regarding the project construction and implementation were listened and clarified.
244. The list of key people stakeholders contacted during public consultation are presented in the following table:
Table 6.1: List of key stakeholders contacted
SN Name Designation 1 Mr.Dharma Raj Adhikari Chairman, WUSC 2 Mr. Ram Bahadur Rayamajhi Vice chairman, WUSC 3 Mr. Kabiram Khanal Secretary, WUSC 4 Mr. Chet Narayan Bhandari Treasurer, WUSC 5 Ms. Rupa Kumari Panthi (Bhusal) Vice Secretary, WUSC 6 Mr Krishna Prasad Shrestha Member, WUSC 7 Ms Hari Devi Ghimire Member, WUSC 8 Mr Krishna Prasad Aryal Member, WUSC 9 Mr. Rishi Khanal Office Manager, WUSC
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10 Mr JibnarayanAacharya VDC Chairman 11 Mr. Srawan Ghimire DE, WSSDO 12. Mr Kul Dip Bhusal Users 13 Mr Narayan Prasad Banjade Users 14 Mr Netra Prasad Bhusak Users 15 Mr Pashupati Dhakal Users 16 Mr Yubraj Bhusal Users 17 Mr Baburam Sunar Users 18 Mr Prem Narayan Karki Users 19 Mr Padam Chhetri Users. 20 Mr Shalik Ram Banjade Users 21 Mr Dila Ram Pande Users 22 Mr Devi Bahadur Khadka Users 23 Mr Anil Shrestha Engineer, COEMANCO-Nepal P Ltd 24 Ms Sita Parajuli Users 25 Mr Hari K.C. Users 26 Mr Ram Prasad Bhusal Users 27 Mr Lal Bahadur Kumal Users 28 Ms Sita Thapa Users
245. During FGD, the people said that there will be positive impact on environment and vegetation growth due to extraction of water from deep boring. The local worker need to be involved during construction as far possible to preserve social cultural environmental. During excavation of pipe line trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment for a short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts. The details of FGD are given in Annex-V.
6.3 COMMENTS/SUGGESTIOS/ISSUES RAISED
246. No comments and suggestion were received from the institutional, organisation within the given time frame, where the notice was posted. Also, no written comments and suggestion were received from public within the given time frame notified through National Daily Newspaper.
247. The summary of the focus group discussion (FGD) were as follows:
• During the construction of water supply work and excavation of pipe line trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment for a short period, precaution need to be taken to
reduce such impacts by sprinkling water. • Proposed site for water sources are needed to be protected by constructing compound
wall and awareness program need to be conducted for the improvement of environment. • Approximately 4- 5 trees need to be cut down for the construction treatment plant at Supadeurali and Dandagaon Tole. To compensate these tree plantations is to be done to
improve environment. • The waste water comes from the individual household should be managed by each
household by constructing soak pit to improved environment.
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Chapter VII: GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM
248. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concern of the community who are affected by the project activities. The Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO) will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation during the implementation of the project. WSSDO shall ask the Environment Specialist of the DSC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.
249. The affected person/ community will submit written grievances/ complaints to the WSSDO) located at Sandhikharka, Arghakhachi. The WSSDO with the help from Environmental Specialist of the DSC will try to solve the grievance at the project level. WSSDO should respond the affected person/ institution within a week and clarify their concern. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Project Director at SSTWSSSP, Kathmandu. The SSTWSSSP office at Kathmandu should clarify the grievance and inform WSSDO within 15 days. If the grievance cannot be resolved even by the SSTWSSSP, it should be finally forwarded to the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Kathmandu who should give the final verdict within 21 days.
Fig. 7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism
DWSS (within 21 days)
SSTWSSSP (within 15 days)
Redress WSSDO Environmental Specialist (within 7days)
Grievance
Affected Person
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Chapter VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
250. The SSTWSSSP will set out environmental management requirements to develop procedures that ensure all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The EMP will actually be carried out in subsequent stages of project development, operation and post operation phase of the proposed project.
8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP
251. The basic objectives of the EMP are to: • Formulate environmental management requirements to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in the approved IEE report will actually be carried out in different stages of project development and operation; • Define environmental management principles and guidelines for the pre-construction, construction, operation and post operation phases of project development; • Recommend a plan of action and a means of testing this plan to meet existing and projected environmental problems; • Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in project environmental management; • Describe mitigation measures that shall be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts by maximizing the positive ones; • Establish a supervision, monitoring, auditing and reporting framework; • Ensure implementation of recommended corrective actions aimed for environmental management and its enhancement; and • Ensure that the environment of the project area and its surrounding areas is protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, the stakeholders and safeguard the interest of common people.
8.2 MOTIGATION AND MONITORING
252. Environmental monitoring is required to identify the changes in the environmental quality over the time. It is also an integral part of the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring generates real data and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures.
8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators
253. The project also includes performance indicators for:
Water Quantity
• Availability of at least 65 LPCD of drinking water during the summer months;
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• Trend in falling ground water table arrested/reversed
Water quality
• Residual chlorine test at the service reservoir and public taps • Number of toilets using 'safe' sanitation technologies • Decline in the number of cases of parasites • Number of awareness programs organized, attendees and simple pre- and post evaluation to assess the efficiency of training
Lack of sanitation and environmental health
• Percentage/number of households with access to safe sanitation and environmental hygiene facilities • Cases of diarrhoea in children under five years of age
8.2.2 Types of Monitoring
254. Monitoring is continuous measurement of proposed actions to examine what changes have taken places, what has gone wrong and provide basis to improve them. The IEE/EIA guideline outlines three types of monitoring:
a) Baseline Monitoring: In this monitoring, pre-project information is compared with the information obtained during the project implementation. Any changes that have occurred during the period of time should be recorded. However, most of the major baseline information of this project has already been collected and there are very few chances will change till implementation phase. Therefore, baseline monitoring will not be conducted unless any striking new scenarios in terms of physical and socio-economic conditions emerge.
b) Impact Monitoring: It is carried out to examine the occurrence of impacts identified and predicted impacts. It is necessary to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment with some valid assumptions.
c) Compliance Monitoring: It is carried out to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulations have been followed in implementation of the project. It is essential to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval.
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
8.3.1 Environmental Management during different phases of Project Implementation
255. The environmental mitigation measures proposed shall be implemented in different phases of the project implementation (design, pre-construction, construction, operation; post-operation phases).
256. Mitigation measures and monitoring indicators during both construction and operation stage of water supply projects are listed below and shown in Table 8.1.
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Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Pre construction Phase • Legal permits and 1. Encroachment of • Letters of permits authorization from forest areas and authorization concerned agency and DFO
to be obtained Already • Meeting, workshop At respective DWSS/SSTWSS One time included in 2. Conflict due to project and discussions office SP/PMO • Consultation and cost location involvement of local
communities
Construction Phase Physical Environment 3.Risk of pollution of river • Regular water quality • Water quality At Bagi Khola Twice a Contractor/WSS Included in water due to the monitoring of water in the monitoring week DO/DSC contractors construction of Intake distribution system bidding (Earthwork and other documents masonry work) 4. Soil erosion , soil • Excavated soil placed • Disposal of soil Pipe line route Twice a Contractor/WSS Included in stability and Geology safely against erosion properly and treatment week DO/DSC contractors • Reuse of excavated soil • Condition of the plant site bidding properly during backfilling pipe lines documents the pipe line trench with well • Quantity of soil compacted remain • 5. Influence the Surface • Safe disposal of excavated • Water quality At Bagi Khola Twice a Contractor/WSS Included in Water, Soil Quality and soil, prohibition on littering monitoring week DO/DSC contractors Hydrology and discharge of toxic and bidding non–toxic waste, prohibition documents on leakage of oil and grease. • Provision of sealed container for collection toxic waste, ground water monitoring.
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 6 Air quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of water • Dust in Air Wherever Every day Contractor/WSS No separate Environment) • Transportation of • TSP, SPM (air earthwork is in DO/DSC cost required. progress covered by • Air pollution due to construction materials as quality), PM10 the movement of project and where required (Annex-VIII) • specification vehicle Use of tarpaulin to cover provided to • Air pollution due to loose construction the contractor dust particle materials at the time of • Air pollution due to transportation. • operation of pumps Monitoring of air quality and diesel generator
7.Noise and Vibration • Provision of restriction on • Control use of All Every day Contractor/WSS No separate blowing of pressure horn blowing pressure construction DO/DSC cost required. haphazardly for the vehicle horn site The item is involve in construction • Periodic covered by works maintenance the • Regularly maintenance of record specification equipment • Controlling speed of the works • Mufflers fittings to noisy provided to equipment the contractor. • Speed Restriction • Biological Environment 8.Disturbance and loss of • Compensatory plantation at • Number of trees • Reservoir Four times a WSSDO/ WUSC Included in forest (approximately 5 the rate of 25 saplings for planted site year Mitigation trees to be cut) and each felled tree (125 plants Cost vegetation to be panted and reared ) • Afforested area • Treatment Weekly (Table 4.5) • Only marked trees to be site cleared • Cleared area • Vegetation clearance to be • Camp site minimized as far as • Smoke, coal possible • Restricting use of fuel wood in the labour camp 9. Impact on natural • Restricting use of fuel wood • Smoke, Coal • Reservoir Biannually Contractor/WSSD Included in vegetation and ecology in labour camp, • Clearance area site O/ DSC contractors due to: • provision of minimization of • Afforested Area • Treatment bidding Construction of different vegetation clearance and site documents components of system forestation where ever • Camp site like pipe laying, water needed
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored tank, treatment plant, building. etc
10. Impact on flora, fauna • Environmental awareness • Flora and fauna • Reservoir Bi-annually WSSDO/ WUSC Nil and habitat due to project program distribution site sitting and related activities • Night time operation of • Use of machineries • Treatment As needed machinery to be avoided • Activities of labour site • Hunting/poaching activities of labourers to be prohibited 11. Impact to aquatic life • Construction work to be • River water quality • At Bagi Monthly WUSC/ DWSS Included in avoided in rainy season tests Khola cost estimate • Quality of river water to be regularly monitored • Fishing activities • Ban on fishing activities • • Socio-economic Environment 12. Impairment to • Proper precaution to be • Condition of the • Along the Daily Contractor/ Included in infrastructure (Construction taken at the time of infrastructures pipe line WSSDO/DSC contractors activities may impair some construction route bidding of the existing community • Any damaged to the document infrastructure such as road, existing infrastructure has foot trail etc.) to be repaired
13. Law and order issues • Instruction to all workers to • Behaviour of the • Constructio Weekly Contractor/WSS Nil due ( Impact on social act in a responsible workers n site DO//WUSC structure and cultural manner aspect) • Prohibition of use of • Use of alcohol, • Workers • influx of outside alcohol and gambling gambling camp workforce, money and • Priority to be given for unwanted activities employment of local • Percentage of • Cultural difference labourers locals employed • Workers to be strictly supervised • Orientation to the outside fork force • cultural awareness program will be conducted to the outside workforce
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored
14.Occupational Health • Instruction to adopt safety • Use of safety gears • Constructio Weekly Contractor/WSS Included in and Safety (Impact on measures n site DO//WUSC the cost health depending upon estimate working condition) • First aid at hand in the • Occupational health working area and safety (OHS) • Public health
15. Community Health • Proper sanitation and • Sanitation • Constructio Weekly WSSDO,WUSC, Included in and Safety hygiene to be maintained n site, Contractor cost estimate • Quality of drinking water to • Area of garbage Camp sire, be monitored disposal Lab • Treatment of communicable diseases • Drinking water and regular health quality tests checkups to be done • Periodic cleaning • Treatments 16. Traffic management • Prior notification of • Notice boards • Constructio As needed Contractor/ Included in • Traffic congestions construction activities n site WUSC the project and disturbance to • Use of diversion cost pedestrians • Diversion signboards to be sign boards • Disruption of the local provided access
Construction of Drainage Work 17. Soil erosion, silt • Excavated soil placed • Stacking of soil • At Daily Contractor/DCS Included in runoff and unsettled safely against erosion • Monitoring of soil construction the cost street surfaces • Reuse of excavated soil disposal site. site estimate properly during backfilling the with well compacted • Surplus earth to be disposed in proper places. • Construction work from downstream end of the
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored drain • Construction work in small section at a time • 18. Air, dust and noise • Frequent sprinkling of water • Dust in Air • Wherever Every day Contractor/WSS No separate pollution • Monitoring of air quantity • TSP, SPM (air earthwork is DO/DSC cost required. • Air pollution due to • Use of tarpaulin to cover quality), PM10 in progress covered by movement of project loose construction materials (Annex-VIII) the vehicle (sand and Aggregate) at the specification • Air pollution due to time of transportation. provided to dust particle • Transportation of the contractor construction materials as and when required. • 19. Disturbance and risk • Inform the public in • Use of sign board, • Road side Daily Contractor/DCS Included in of accidents on site to advance diversion board the cost workers and public • Follow the safety rules for • estimate all construction activities • Exclude the public from the construction site and use of notice board & diversion signs • Use of protective equipment like gloves, boots, face mask etc. • OPERATIONAL PHASE
20. Risk of pollution of • Plantation in the Intake • water quality • At intake Monthly WUSC Included in surface water source due area monitoring site cost estimate to the surface runoff • Construction of drainage around the surface water source to divert surface runoff • Construction of fencing work around the Surface water source
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 21. Risk of contaminated • Regular water quality • Water quality • At Monthly WUSC/DWSS Included in water in the distribution monitoring of water in the parameter for community cost estimate system distribution system drinking water is to tap Daily be tested monthly • At users • Training to the staff on household water quality assessment • Regularly • Pipe line inspection will be route done to detect any leakage from pipe line
22. Health hazard due to • Proper handling and • Use of safety • Constructio Weekly WUSC Included in unmanaged use of storage of chlorine to be set measures n site cost estimate chlorine up • Health of workers • Guidelines for using chlorine to be provided 23. Risk of pollution of • Quality of effluent and river • Test of river quality • Households Monthly WUSC Included in river water (Bagi Khola) quality to be regularly • Community cost estimate by effluents from water monitored tap treatment plant • Discharge outlets Operation of Surface Drainage 24. Blockage of drain • Periodic flushing and • Stacking of water in • Drainage Two times in Contractor Included in especially during dry cleaning of the drain lines the drain and site a yearly the cost season by solid waste • Public awareness discharge at outfall estimate disposal and of the drain accumulation of silt
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8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring
257. The EIA/ IEE Report Review Committee under MPPW have the overall responsibility and will monitor all activities from planning to construction and operational phases of the project, mainly for impact and compliance monitoring. The environmental monitoring and management plan will be so designed that the contractor is monitored during the construction phase to see that the work is done according to the contract document in which mitigation measures are specified. The EMP will also require regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operation over the years following project completion.
258. The SSTWSSSP/PMC under DWSS has a Project Management Office in Kathmandu. For base line monitoring, a committee should be formed at local level consisting of representatives from DWSO, VDC, civil societies and local user community. District Engineer of DWSO should act as member secretary of the Monitoring Committee. This committee should be assigned following duties and responsibilities.
• The committee should meet at least twice a month; • The committee should collect all complaints from the local people concerning distribution, pipeline etc and should discuss in the meeting for the final decisions. • The monitoring committee should identify the mistakes and deficiency regarding the project and should discuss in the meeting for the purpose of correction; • Any negligence regarding the water quality should be considered and take necessary action. • The committee should also supervise and issue necessary instruction.
Examine monitoring reports periodically and take necessary actions if required etc.
8.3.3 Monitoring Cost
259. Most of the monitoring cost for the proposed project is related to the expenses for experts for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases of the project. The following monitoring costs are to be incurred by the project.
260. The cost required for the environmental monitoring has been provided in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2: Environmental monitoring cost SN Particulars Estimated Amount Remarks 1 Skill development training for periodic 100,000.00 maintenance and laboratory testing 2 Monitoring Cost (expenses for expert 400,000.00 For 2 years for observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases) 3 Public awareness program 100,000.00 4 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Sub-total 700,000.00 Contingency @ 20% 140,000.00 Total 840,000.00
8.3.4 Modality of Operation
• Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project. • Analysis of alternatives of proposed project sites.
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• Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate adverse impacts and enhancement of beneficial impacts. • Identification of institutional needs to implement IEE recommended mitigation/ enhancement measures. • Development of monitoring plan. • Auditing plan. • Inter-agency coordination and public /NGO participation
8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions
261. The main role and responsibilities of different parties are briefly presented in Table 8.3 below.
Table 8.3: Environmental management roles and responsibilities of different parties SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule I MOPPW Monitoring of the project design, construction, and At least once in a year during operation and post operation activities against construction and operation and approved IEE and EMAP measures and National once in two years in post Environmental Standards. operation phase.
Auditing of project general performance during Every two years in operation and operation and post operation phase. post operation phase 2 DWSS Monitoring of project design, construction and At least three times a year during operation activities against approved IEE and construction and operation and EMAP measures and National Environmental once in a year during post Standards. operation phase.
3 PMO, Ensure that the IEE and EMAP measures are Prior to contract award SSTWSSSP incorporated in the final project design.
Acquire necessary permits and approval for Before construction project construction and operation
Ensure that the project construction, operation and During construction, operation post operation activities are in accordance with and post operation phase EMAP and other GoN legislative requirements.
Monitoring and record keeping regarding During construction, operation environmental measures and impacts, and post operation phase.
Ensure public participation and involvement in all During construction, operation phases on project implementation and post and post operation phase. operation of the project.
Ensure implementation of environmental During construction and enhancement programs with involvement of local operation phase. bodies and communities
4 Relevant Follow and ensure day-to-day activities of the Daily during operation phase. VDC project operation that best fits to meet environmental standards. Once in from month during Ensure air quality, noise and vibration level within operation phase. acceptable standards.
5 Consultant Incorporate environmental mitigation measures as During final design per IEE in the final design.
6 Construction Supervision and compliance monitoring of Daily & Operation construction contractor’s activities and project Phase operation activities with regard to environmental
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SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule Supervisor mitigation measures as per IEE report and EMAP.
Environmental audits of construction contractors Once in a year and operator’s activities and audit reports. During construction and Ensure public participation and involvement in operation phase. project construction.
7 Construction Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during construction phase Contractor Monitoring and record keeping of environmental Regularly during construction mitigation measures implemented. phase.
8 Operator Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during operation phase
Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation measures adopted during project Daily during operation phase. operation.
9 Other Monitor that the environmental mitigation Project period. Stakeholders measures and enhancement measures are (VDC, DDC) implemented in all stages of the project.
Ensure that the public participation and Project period. involvement in the project implementation and operation phase is maximized by the project proponent
8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
262. It is expected that the proposed water supply & sanitation project will have very small impacts on environment for a short period which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. There shall be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and environmental condition and enhance the quality of life and community health
263. The proposed water and sanitation project aims to providing water supply and sanitation facilities to the community of Sandhikharka town. The degradation site will be restored by plantation and protection of sites. Hence, the project is expected to bring a significant improvement condition and enhance the quality of life
264. In parallel to the suggested mitigation measure, it is important to encourage opportunities to enhance the project and its elements so as to have minimal environmental disturbance. The proposed project has both positive and negative impacts and the present stage gives an opportunity to enhance these positive features through innovative measures. Some of such potential environmental measures include:
• Ensuring resource mobilization and participation of the local community • Promoting coordination of the related stakeholders and institutions • Providing training and awareness program in health and sanitation issues; water cost and usage; environmental pollution and waste management • The local youth clubs and NGO within the VDC should be mobilized to monitor the environment in areas affected by project activity and report back the problems to PMO.
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8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting Procedures
265. For an effective implementation of mitigation measures and Environmental Management Plan, it is necessary to have a mechanism in place to report the entire mitigation operation plus the reports on progress and status of each mitigation conducted.
266. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor should develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.
267. The DSC then has the responsibility of ensuring that all the procedures and final design that includes the mitigation measures are followed. DSC has the responsibility to check the weekly progress report of the contractor and field verify whether the implementation of mitigation measures have been conducted as decided in the EMEP or not.
268. Six copies draft IEE report will be prepared and sent to the proponent (SSTWSSSP) for review, and after receiving and incorporating its comments, the report will be sent again SSTWSSSP. SSTWSSSP shall send the report to ADB and MoPPW for their review. The six copies final report will be prepared and submitted to SSTWSSSP and also made available to any concerned individual or institution through website. The report also consists of summary in both English and Nepali language so that all kind of general people can understand the project. The summary and approved report will be available SSTWSSSP, WSSDO or in ADB’s website.
269. As a part of EMP, reports should be produced and submitted at regular time intervals depending upon type and size of project during construction and post construction period respectively. Since, the construction period is two years, four copies each monthly report and trimester reports will be prepared and submitted to the SSTWSSSP/PMC office, Kathmandu. After completion of the project, the Project Completion Report (PCR) four copies will be prepared and submitted. Each report will include physical progress of construction works, environmental monitoring activities etc.
270. The Contractor will be needed to get the implementing agency’s approval for the worker’s arrangements and agreement for environmental protection, health and safety, waste management and other environment related actions identified during the IEE Study and these must be written into the Contract Document.
271. WSSDO will inform the SSTWSSSP/PMC office in case of non-compliance and of any other environmental issues that require immediate attention. The contract will detail the remedies for non compliance by the Contractor.
272. The monthly reports will be based on recurrent site inspections and will report on the effectiveness of the mitigation measures; the Contractor's compliance with the environmental specifications; measures recommended in the events of non-compliance and recommendations for any other remedial actions, etc.
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273. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) makes also provision for a set of monitoring activities that are designed to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed management. The monitoring activities also will help to improve/maintain an environmentally and socially sound and acceptable level once the water supply project has been completed and becomes fully operational.
8.3.7.1 Implementation of EMP
274. The SSTWSSSP (Proponent) will be responsible for the implementation of mitigation measures as given under EMAP during design, construction and post construction stage proposed in Chapter VIII. Various agencies including concerned governmental line agencies will support implementing agency for the implementation of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment beneficial impacts and control/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of Proposal and responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in Chapter VIII (Table 8.1).
8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates
8.3.8.1 Cost for the recommended mitigation measures, monitoring activities and Environmental auditing
275. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described the Table 8.7. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.
276. The summary of cost for the environmental mitigation measures and cost for environmental monitoring of the proposed project are given in the Table 8.4
Table 8.4: Cost for EMP SN Item Cost 1. Cost for Environment Mitigation Measures (Table 4.6) 600,000.00 2 Cost for Enhancement Measures Nil 3. Cost for other Social Support Programs and Corporate Social Nil Responsibility (CRS) 4 Cost for Environmental Monitoring (Table 8.2) 840,000.00 Total Environmental Cost 1,440,000.00 Total Project Cost 166,421,197.03 Percentage of Total Environmental Cost to the Total Project Cost 0.86
8.3.8.2 Project Cost
277. The rate analysis of the Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been calculated using district rate of fiscal year 2067-2068 BS. Some items having no GoN norms, practical experience has been used. 15% contractors' overhead and profit has been included in rate analysis for all items of works used in the project design. The rates of materials not provided in the district rate are taken from the prevalent market price. The rates of pipes and fittings are taken from Arghakhachi District, as far as possible. The quantity estimate of the structures and pipes has been calculated. Based upon the calculated rate obtained from rate analysis and estimated quantities, the cost of each component has been calculated in detail. The cost of each component has been added to obtain total cost of water supply system. The project cost includes 5% contingencies for price adjustment, 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT. The detailed
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cost estimate of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is presented in Volume III of detailed engineering design report.
8.3.8.3 Capital Cost of Water Supply System
278. The total project cost for the development of new water supply system at Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation is Nrs. 136,286,954.47. The cost includes contractors' overhead and profit, two types of contingencies and VAT. The summary of cost of each component has been given in Table 8.5.
Table 8.5: Cost of water supply component - Component: Summary of Structure wise cost Unit Rate SN Description Qty Unit Total Cost (Nrs.) (Nrs.) 1 Water Supply Component A General Items 1 Job 6,584,949.30 6,584,949.30 B Water supply system(Civil Works) 1 Intake rehabilitation works 1 No. 207,117.04 207,117.04 2 Sump Well 2 No. 1,545,252.48 3,090,504.96 3 Wall across river(25m)- 2 Nos 2 No. 408,967.97 817,935.94 4 Sedimentation tank at Supadeurali Temple Danda:2 unit (9.0mx3.0mx3.0m) 1 Set 1,810,581.33 1,810,581.33 5 Sedimentation tank at Dandagaun Ward No. 6:2 unit (8.5mx2.85mx3.0m) 1 Set 1,658,627.61 1,658,627.61 6 Slow sand filter at Supadeurali Temple Danda:2 unit(20.15m x 8.05m x 2.90m) 1 Set 8,701,973.14 8,701,973.14 7 Slow sand filter at Dandagaun Ward No. 6:2 unit(19.00m x 7.60m x 2.90m) 1 Set 7,644,309.19 7,644,309.19 8 Reservoir: 200 cum at Supadeurali Temple 1 No. 2,110,765.06 2,110,765.06 Danda 9 Reservoir: 100 cum at Dandagaun Ward No. 6 1 No. 1,297,745.34 1,297,745.34 10 Laboratory cum WUSC building at treatment 1 No. 2,158,078.74 2,158,078.74 plant site 11 Generator/Guard house 2 No. 848,269.98 1,696,539.96 12 Boundary wall for RVT 3 and Treatment Plant area at Supadeurali Temple Danda 1 Job 821,077.25 821,077.25 (170.00m) 13 Boundary wall for RVT 1 and Treatment area 1 Job 763,335.54 763,335.54 at Dandagaun Ward No.6, (162.00m) 14 Toe Wall and Land Development at 2 No. 419,385.77 838,771.54 Supadeurali and danda gaun 15 Boundary wall for Generator House near 2 Nos. 256,766.19 513,532.38 Sump Well (52.00m) 16 Pipe Valve Box 1 Job 571,023.81 571,023.81 17 Control valve/Washout chamber type II (size: 0.90m x 0.90m x 1.00m) 12 No. 27,661.26 331,935.12 18 Pipe Crossing 6 No. 8,595.76 51,574.56 19 Pipe Anchorage Block 30 No. 2,390.36 71,710.80 20 Transmission pipe line excavation and 1 Job 1,239,915.00 1,239,915.00 backfilling 21 Distribution pipe line excavation and 1 Job 8,643,409.27 8,643,409.27 backfilling 22 Dismantling and reinstatement of road pitch and Dismantling of Masonry(B/W or Stone 1 Job 3,127,052.40 3,127,052.40 Work) and R.C.C works 23 Environmental monitoring and mitigation 1 Job 500,000.00 500,000.00
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Unit Rate SN Description Qty Unit Total Cost (Nrs.) (Nrs.) measures Sub Total B 48,667,515.98 C Pipes, Pipe Fittings , Electrical Works 1 Transmission pipe (6955m) 1 Job 9,209,954.75 9,209,954.75 2 Distribution pipe from various service reservoir (Rvt 3 - Rvt1 and 2)(30275m) 1 Job 14,706,841.75 14,706,841.75 3 Fittings Requirement for Transmission and Distribution 1 Job 5,240,255.27 5,240,255.27 4 Household Connections(1461 Nos) 1 Job 10,327,124.75 10,327,124.75 5 Electrical Works including 2 Nos. of Generators( 50 KVA) and 2 Nos. of 1 Job 6,550,602.00 6,550,602.00 Transformers( 50 kVA, 11kV/415V, 3-phase, 50 Hz) Sub Total C 45,902,537.60 D Tools & Equipments and Water Lab 1 Job 509,424.00 509,424.00 Instruments
E Operation and Maintenance Cost for base 1 Job 3,079,789.12 3,079,789.12 year
Sub total from A,B, C,D and E ---- ( i ) 104,876,455.92 Physical contingencies 10% of i ---( ii = i x 10,487,645.59 0.10) Price contingencies 5% of ii ---( iii = i x 0.05) 5,243,822.80 Sub total including contingencies ----(iv 120,607,924.31 =i+ii+iii) VAT 13% of iv ----- (v=iv*0.13) 15,679,030.16 Total W/S cost including contingencies and VAT ---( v = iii +iv) 136,286,954.47
279. The cost estimate of sanitation component has been determined. Physical price contingencies and VAT are included in the cost estimate. The Table 8.6 shows the detailed cost of sanitation components and total project cost of water supply and sanitation component.
Table 8.6: Cost of sanitation component SN Description of Works Qty. Unit Unit Rate Costs Sanitation Component 1 Rectangular Masonry Drain 1 Job 15,284,048.03 15,284,048.03 2 Public Latrine (4 Compartment.) 2 Job 887,794.31 1,775,588.62 3 Construction of compound wall for Dumping site 1 Job 3,695,878.98 3,695,878.98 4 Purchasing of Tractor 1 Job 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 Sub-total i 22,255,515.63 Physical contingencies 10% of i ---( ii = i x 0.10) 2,225,551.56 Price contingencies 5% of i ---( iii = i x 0.10) 1,112,775.78 Sub Total of Sanitation cost including 25,593,842.97 contingencies and VAT ---( iv =i+ii+iii) VAT 13% of iv ……… (v=iv x 0.13) 3,327,199.59 Total of Sanitation cost (Agreed by WUSC) including contingencies and VAT … (vi = iv 28,921,042.56 =v) 3 Other Sanitation Component (without 306 Job 1,0200.00 contingencies and VAT) 94 Job 9,000.00 367,200.00
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i Provision of ODF (150HHs) 846,000.00 ii Provision of OBA (217HHs) 30,134,242.56 Total Sanitation Cost including contingencies and VAT 4 Total Cost of the Project (WS + 166,421,197.03 Sanitation(Agreed by WUSC) + Other Sanitation Component)
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Chapter IX: CONCLUSION
280. On reviewing the existing environmental conditions and the characteristics of the proposed project, it can be concluded that the proposed Sandhikharka Water Supply and Sanitation Project has minimal impacts on the socio-economic, physical and biological aspects of the project area and the impacts can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims at providing adequate and safe drinking water to the community of Sandhikharka VDC. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people, household and community hygiene practice and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health
281. There are no major objections from the local community except that the manpower (labours) should be employed locally and local resources should be used as far as practicable. Proposed mitigation measures should be implemented wherever applicable in the course of construction and operation of the proposed project.
282. From the study, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected, so a full scale EIA is not required. The project falls under category B of ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS 2009) for which only IEE is required.
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REFERENCES
1. Detailed Project Report of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2011, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
2. ’District Profile of Nepal 2007/08’’, Incentive Study & Research Centre
3. ‘’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’ with amended, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu
4. ‘’Terms of References’’ of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2011, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Annex I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist of Water Supply and Social Survey Questionnaire
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Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer. (ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists. (iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Country/Project Title:
SSTWSSSP, DWSS Sector Division:
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project Siting
Is the project area… Densely populated? Densely populated only in core bazaar area and scattered households in other area. Heavy with development activities? No any heavy development activities within the project area. Only small scale development activities are exists. Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?
Cultural heritage site No any cultural heritage site within or adjacent and nearby the project area. Protected Area No any protected area within or adjacent and nearby the project area. Wetland No wetland area within or adjacent and nearby the project area. Mangrove No mangrove area within or adjacent and nearby the project area. Estuarine no Estuarine area within or adjacent and nearby the project area Buffer zone of protected area No buffer zone of protected area within or adjacent and nearby the project area. Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for protecting biodiversity within or adjacent and nearby from the project area. Bay No any bay within or adjacent and nearby the project area. B. Potential Environmental Impacts
Will the Project cause…
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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater Almost all the household in the project area have discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and their own latrine with septic tank and the outlets soil erosion runoff? from the septic tank are not connected to the drain. There are no big industries within the project area. So waste water from households will not pollute raw water supply. impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and No any historical/cultural monuments area within loss/damage to these sites? the project area. No any chances of loss/damage to those sites. hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground The proposed water source is stream. Seepage water pumping? water from the stream will be pumped in required quantity. social conflicts arising from displacement of No displacement of the communities, hence no communities ? social conflicts exists. conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply Existing water sources will be used after with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground rehabilitation works. Construction of sumpwell at waters? river bank will not cause any conflicts. unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive Water quality test shows that quality of water is pathogens or mineral constituents)? suitable for water supply after some treatment. delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? Water will be supplied after complete treatment only. inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading Enough protection works will be carried out in to pollution of water supply? intake and sumpwell. over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization The proposed water source is stream. Seepage and ground subsidence? water from the stream will be pumped in required quantity. excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? Water will be stored in reservoir after treatment process. There will be no excessive growth of algae. Also reservoir will be cleaned periodically. increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of Almost all the household in the project area have community facilities? their own latrine with septic tank and the outlets from the septic tank are not connected to the drain. Solid waste is disposed in landfill site. inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment Treatment plants will not produce big quantity of plants? sludge. However the sludge will be disposed at natural drain. inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment Pumping and treatment plant will not make noise plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and other possible nuisances. Their location is far and protect facilities? from residents. Impairments associated with transmission lines and Most of the pipe line route follows the foot track access roads? and road hence no any impairments associate with transmission lines and access roads. health hazards arising from inadequate design of No any hazardous chemicals will be used. Only facilities for receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine chlorine will be used for disinfection of water, will and other hazardous chemicals. not cause health hazards. health and safety hazards to workers from handling and Chlorine will be used for disinfection at the time of management of chlorine used for disinfection, other operation of the projects. Trained manpower will contaminants, and biological and physical hazards be deployed for this purposes, hence will not during project construction and operation? cause any health and safety hazard to the workers. dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? This type of problem will not rise. disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and Project will be benefited for all types of society. children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable Besides this poor, women and indigenous people groups? or other vulnerable groups will get opportunities to work in the project construction work and earn money.
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SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS noise and dust from construction activities? At the time of construction there will be noise and dust from construction activities in some extent but will not cause serious problems increased road traffic due to interference of construction At the time of construction there will be increased activities? road traffic from construction activities in some extent but will not interference for any traffic movement and also will not cause serious problems. continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction There is no big amount of earthwork in one place, operations? hence no cause of continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations. delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment Trained man power will be deployed from the processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and users committee for the operation and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate maintenance of the project. Beside this one well monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems? equipped water lab will be established at the treatment plant site. Hence this type of problem will not arise. delivery of water to distribution system, which is Trained man power will be deployed from the corrosive due to inadequate attention to feeding of users committee for the operation and corrective chemicals? maintenance of the project. Beside this one well equipped water lab will be established at the treatment plant site, hence this type of problem will not arise. accidental leakage of chlorine gas? No uses of chlorine gas, hence no possibilities of its leakage. excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream Only small quantity of water will be tapped from water users? the sources. competing uses of water? Existing sources will be used hence no competing uses of water. increased sewage flow due to increased water supply Sewage flow will be increased due to increase of water supply but not cause any problems. increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking Volume of sullage and sludge will be increased in and washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment small quantity but not cause any serious plant problems. large population influx during project construction and It is expected that the population will be increased operation that causes increased burden on social as per anticipated population growth rate, no large infrastructure and services (such as water supply and population influx will occur during project sanitation systems)? construction hence increased burden on social infrastructure and services will not occur. social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries Most of workers will be hired from local level, only are hired? skill manpower will be hired from outside, hence no social conflicts. risks to community health and safety due to the There will be no use of explosive and other transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials dangerous chemicals during operation and such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction, hence no any risk to community operation and construction? health and safety. community safety risks due to both accidental and Proper safety precaution will be adopted during natural hazards, especially where the structural the construction period to minimize safety risk due elements or components of the project are accessible to to the accidental and natural hazards. members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?
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Annex II: General Layout of Sedimentation Tank, Slow Sand Filter and Reservoir
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General Layout of Sedimentation Tank, Slow Sand Filter and Reservoir
PROPOSED PROPOSED SEDIMENTATION TANK WUSC BUILDING (8.50m X 2.85m)
PROPOSED SLOW SAND FILTER (19.00m X 7.60m)
PROPOSED RVT (100cum) GRAVEL GRAVEL ROAD
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Annex III: Longitudinal Section of Sump Well, Sedimentation Tank, Slow Sand Filter and Reservoir
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Longitudinal Section of Sump Well, Sedimentation Tank, Slow Sand Filter and Reservoir
KHACHIKOT SOURCE
T o S e d im e n ta t io n T a n k
50 mm Ø GI INLET PIPE 12.5mm TH. PLASTER (1:4) 5 NOS. IN 2 LAYERS WATER LEVEL 50 mm Ø GI R C C (M20) OVERFLOW PIPE 80mm Ø GI W.L. W.L. 73 50 INLET PIPE 80mm Ø G I 200
500 WATER LEVEL OUTLET PIPE 100mm Ø G I INLET PIPE
3000 3000
8500 2900 50 mm Ø GI WASHOUT
& OVERFLOW PIPE INLET PIPE G. L. To Slow Sand Filter G.L . G .L. 100mm TH.RCC MANHO LE COVER SLAB To Reservoir 150 To Distribution 150mm TH. R.C.C. WALL 50 m m Ø GI 125 mm Ø DI WASHOUT PIPE HDPE 50/10 OUTLET PIPE To Exising Reservoir PERFORATED PIPE 1 SEC TION 50 m m Ø GI S A-10b Scale 1: 50 WASHOUT PIPE 2 SECTION
25 0m m TH . R.C.C. SLAB 5 50 To Sedimentation Tan k 80mmØ GI PIPE SEDIMENTATION TANK 500 FOR WASHOUT G. LEV EL . G. L EVEL . SLOW SAND FILTER RESERVOIR
750 250mm TH. R.C.C. WALL RIVER BO ULDER 100~150mm 6000
200 0 2500
PERFORTED PIPE 1% SLOPE
RIVER BED GRAVEL (NON CRUSHED) 2 0~40m m
70 00 PUMP PUMP 300 75 150
SUMP WELL
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SUMP WELL, SEDIMENTATION TANK, SLOW SAND FILTER AND RESERVOIR
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Annex IV: Project Location Map
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Annex IV-a:Project Location Map
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Annex IV-b: Project Location Map
*** Site for Collection of Local Materials (Sand, Aggregate)
* HIghestS W 2 Alttitude (1048.19)
***** Site for Labor Camp
S W 1
INDIRECT IMPACT ZONE (Sandhikharka DVC ward no. - 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8) PROJECT BOUNDARY (DIRECT IMPACT AREA) - Sandhikharka VDC ward no. - 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 ** Lowest Alttitude (925.10) * HIGHEST ALTTITUDE (1048.19) ** LOWEST ALTTITUDE (925.10) *** QUARRY SITE SITE FOR SPOIL DISPOSAL **** Site for Spoil Disposal **** ***** SITE FOR LABOR CAMP
Dihidanda Source(existing)
SANDHIKHARKA WSS PROJECT
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Annex V: Public Notice, Muchulka, Recommendation Letter and Focus Group Discussion
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Public Notice
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Recommendation letter of VDC
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Deed (Muchulka) letter and Sample of Notice published in project area
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COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Sample of Notice published in project area
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COEMANCO-NepalÇofS;M )&&à$@)@@& (P) Ltd. M kmf]gM )! à $$@#@*^ kmf]g ÇofS; M )!à$&*$%%* ÇofS;M )!à$$!#@*) M SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
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Annex VI: TOR Approval Letter and IEE Terms of Reference
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Annex VII: Water Quality Report
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COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Annex VIII: Air Quality Standards, Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056, National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (As per Urban Environment Guidelines, 2068)
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Air Quality Standards
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal
Concentration Parameters Units Averaging Time in ambient Air, maximum Annual - TSP µg/m3 24 - hours* 230
3 Annual - PM10 µg/m 24 - hours* 120 Annual 50 Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 70 Annual 40 Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 80 8hours 10000 Carbon Monoxide µg/m3 15 minutes 100000 Annual 0.5 Lead µg/m3 24-hour - Annual 20 Benzene µg/m3 24-hours* -
Ref.: Environment Sector Program Support, Ministry of Population and Environment, Kathmandu: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Kathmandu Valley, Yearly Report for the year 2003, March 2004 Note: * : 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18days per calendar year the standard may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
**: 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done before 2005.
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Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056
Model HC, Fuel Vehicle Type CO% HSU, % Test Year ppm Up to 1980 4.5 Four wheeler 1000 - Idle After 1981 3.0 Petrol Three Up to 1991 4.5 7800 - Idle wheelers After 1992 3.0 Two wheelers All 4.5 7800 - Idle LPG/ All categories - 3.0 1000 - Idle CNG 75 Ka=3.22per Up to 1994 Free meter) Diesel Four wheelers - - 65 (K=2.44 per After 1995 Acceleration meter) K= Coefficient of light absorption, a measure of blackness of smoke. It is independent of the measurement length.
Ref.: Policies & Institutional Arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehicles (Ref.: Urban Transportation and the Environment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Shobhakar Dahal, 2006)
Legal Framework for AQMS in Nepal
Actions Undertaken by Government1:
• Vehicle exhaust emission control standards: Nepal introduced vehicle exhaust emission tests in 1994 following the tail-pipe standards of 65 hartridge smoke units (HSU) for diesel operated vehicles and 3% CO for petrol - operated ones. A vehicular color rating system with respect to the exhaust emission standards was introduced. This system provides green stickers to vehicles meeting the emission standard and red stickers to vehicles failing test.
• Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard 2056BS (2000AD): Nepal vehicle mass standard is the government’s major step towards reducing emissions per kilometer of travel. This standard is similar to the EURO - 1 standard.
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National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines Maximum Categories Parameters Concentration Remarks Limits, (MCLs) Turbidity, (NTU) 5(10) pH 6.5-8.5* Color, (TCU) 5(15) Physical Taste & Odor Total Dissolved Solid, (mg/l) 1000 Electrical Conductivity 1500 Iron, (mg/l) 0.3(3) Manganese, (mg/l) 0.2 Arsenic, (mg/l) 0.05 Cadmium, (mg/l) 0.003 Chromium, (mg/l) 0.05 Cyanide, (mg/l) 0.07 Fluoride, (mg/l) 0.5-1.5* Lead, (mg/l) 0.01 Ammonia, (mg/l) 1.5 Chloride, (mg/l) 250 Chemical Sulphate, (mg/l) 250 Nitrate, (mg/l) 50 Copper, (mg/l) 1 Total Hardness, (mg/l) 500 Calcium, (mg/l) 200 Zinc, (mg/l) 3 Mercury, (mg/l) 0.001 Aluminum, (mg/l) 0.2 Only for Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) 0.1-0.2* chlorinated systems E-Coli, (MPN Index / 100ml) 0 Micro-Biology Total Coliform, (MPN Index / 0(95)% ) 100ml)
Ref.: /fli6ío vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^@, g]kfn /fhkq, v08 %^ sf7df8f}+, efu #, ;+Vof (, g]kfn ;/sf/, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno, @)^#
Note: 1. *: Represents the range values. 2. ( ): The indicated values inside the brackets represent for those water if other alternative options are unavailable.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
Annex IX: Comments and Responses
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Project: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Comments Response Matrix (From MPPW) S. Comments Responses No. 1 Incorporate all the Issues in IEE report which are mentioned in approved Terms All issues mentioned in approved TOR of IEE is incorporated in of reference. paragraph 177 to 229 2 Clearly mention the zone of influence for direct impact zone and indirect impact Please refer to page 7 and Annex IV-b zone with logic of demarcation of the zone. 3 State why the proposal requires IEE study in sub chapter "Relevancy of the Please refer to Paragraph 8 to 15 Project" by indicating threshold value and clause number according to EPR 1997, Schedule 1 and 2 in relevant sector (such as Road sector, forest sector, Historical, cultural and Archaeological area, National Park etc). Remove the threshold regarding project cost from the same chapter. 4 Project layout map shall be presented with affected Municipality/VDC boundaries Please refer to Annex IV-b clearly demarcated. Give highest and lowest altitude of the proposal area along with camp site, quarry site waste/spoil disposal site etc. Also provide proper legend in the map. 5 Enlist the issues raised by the public in public consultation and incorporate them Please refer Paragraph 246 and 247 for issues raised by the properly in the Impact/Mitigation and monitoring chapter. public consultation which are is incorporated in paragraph 187- 188, 100, 196-197, 191 6 Include all the materials needed like - Cement, aggregate, steel, reinforcement Paragraph 148 bars, pipe, fittings and others. Sources of materials and their adequacy have to be identified and discussed. 7 Relocation of existing public and private facility has not been stated, for example: Paragraph 210 and 211 power lines for each voltage (no. of poles, total line length); for communication lines (no. of poles, total length, no. of telephone cabinet); water supply lines and sewerage pipeline (pipe size and length), canal, foot-trail etc. 8 Correct the scientific name of Plant/species and write in italic. Corrected, Please refer to Paragraph 155 9 The executive summary in Nepali is way different than the summary in English. Executive summary in Nepali is restructured included in the As this report will be used by the local Nepalese, there should not be difference report (Please refer to Page I to VI) between Nepali and English. Further the contents of the reports shall be grossly reflected in the executive summary.
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S. Comments Responses No. 10 Construction planning shall briefly discuss (detail can come in Management Construction process is given in 2.16. Please refer to Paragraph action plan): 117 to 148 a. Pre-construction activities like - land acquisition and compensation; Paragraph 60 and 61,Table 2.12 relocation of HH and families, business, shops etc.; relocation of power lines, communication lines, and water supply lines;. b. Quarry and storage facility management, construction material transport, Please refer to Paragraph 148 storage facilities of other materials c. Traffic management - Construction and provision of bypass to re-route Please refer to Paragraph 221 – 222 existing traffic during excavation of pipeline etc. d. Camp site management - for contractor, labour, engineers whichever is Please refer to Paragraph 209 required. 11 In case of ground water extraction, mention its impact, mitigation and monitoring The proposed sources for the project are surface water and mechanism infiltration galleries
12 Rewrite chapter IX with conclusion and remove recommendation part. Restructured, Please refer to Paragraph 280 to 282 13 Include deed of Enquiry as per Rule 7 and Recommendation letter of affected Included, Annex V Municipality and VDC as per Rule 10 of EPR-2054. 14 The structures like Intake, Pipeline, storage tank, Treatment Plant etc may Paragraph 60 and 61, Table 2.12 require land. It shall give the following as per the chainage: e. Existing land owned by the project f. Additional land requirements for the different structures encompassing – agricultural (khet, bari), forest land (government, community, private, etc...), private land, public land etc g. temporary and permanent land requirement 15 Language regarding mitigation measures shall reflect proponent's commitments. Corrected Mitigation measures shall be clear and specific. Please do not use the word like proper, safe, should be, may, may have, etc in mitigation measure 16 The cover page shall be corrected by writing the report is submitted by the Corrected proponent.
17 The Terms of Reference make a reference to a number of policies, legislations, Corrected standard and in the IEE. In addition there is no mention why the piece of policies,
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S. Comments Responses No. legal framework, and standards guidelines to be complied and reviewed during IEE, however, only a few have been discussed guideline attracts the project. 18 Review the Acts/Rules/Policies as mentioned in the ToR in chronological order Rearranged in chronological order, please refer to Paragraph 4 (Constitution, Policy/Plan, Acts, Rules, Manual/Guideline/Standard, International Convention). And correct the date of Interim constitution of Nepal. Better write date in Bikram Sambat too. 19 One of the objectives of IEE, besides alternative analysis is to recommend Please refer to Paragraph 282 whether the project requires EIA level study or not to the decision makers. 20 The baseline environmental discussions, particularly physical and biological Corrected environment are not adequate enough to evaluate the predicted impacts. The discussed environmental baseline is highly general and do not give site specific information to actually judge the impact even for the social and cultural environment. Include baseline information of respective identified impacts. 21 Name the community and other forest influenced by the project activity. Please refer to paragraph 154 22 The environmental impacts predicted should show site specific relationship Corrected, Chapter IV, Paragraph 173 to 229 between baseline and project activity logically. Such a site specific relationship is no where presented, rather a generalized approach has been taken as if the project implementation area is not known. 23 Table 4.1 in all of the IEE reports is confusing — Project activity column mention Corrected, Please refer to Table 4.4 construction works and operation works which are as good as construction phase and operation phase. 24 Impact prediction summary table as per EIA guideline is missing. Please refer to Paragraph 230, (Table 4.4) for Impact prediction summary 25 Table 8.1, • The types of impacts and mitigation measures in write up in Chapter IV Corrected, Please refer to table 8.1 and Table 4.1 do not tally with types of impacts and mitigation measures of Table 8.1. • Further monitoring indicators are very ill defined and the purpose of monitoring (baseline, impact and compliance) is not explicit. • Some of the sites for monitoring locations are illogical such as water quality monitoring of the reservoir, the specified location for monitoring is
at lab building. Further water quality monitoring at the reservoir only is
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
S. Comments Responses No. inadequate it should at least cove the terminal end water taps of the system to ensure the water quality safety. • Monitoring methods are lacking
• Some of the topics lack responsible authorities for monitoring • Costs — even operation phase costs are mentioned as kept in bidding Cost Included in contractor’s bidding document for the first year document? after project completion, then after responsibilities of WUSC 26 Summary of Cost Benefit assessment" shall be given which shall include the "Summary of Cost Benefit assessment" is given in paragraph followings: 276, Table 8.4 • cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures • cost for Enhancement Measures, • cost for Other Social Support Programs & Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), • cost for Environmental Monitoring, • Total Project Cost; and • Percentage of total Environmental Cost to the Total Project Cost; and . 27 For IEE level project an environmental audit is not required by the EPR-2054. Removed 28 Documentation and Reporting includes the IEE report documentation and Please refer to sub-section 8.3.7 (Paragraph 265 – 274) and for reporting. In fact this section should provide the record and reporting system for monitoring mechanism please refer to sub-section 8.3.2 how the environmental mitigation is implemented, how monitoring is conducted (Paragraph 257 – 258) and the findings of monitoring and how corrective actions are implemented etc. 29 Summary Mitigation and Enhancement-Matrix and associated cost for each Included, Please refer to Paragraph 231, Table 4.5 and environment shall be prepared at the end of respective sections. Paragraph 260, Table 8.2 30 Changes shall be made of the word "Resources" used in chapter headings of Corrected chapter 3 into "Environment" 31 Those mitigation measures that can be or are part of contractual obligation for Please refer to Table 8.1 project construction shall be clearly identified. Mechanism of ensuring implementation of those mitigation measures, from the proponent part as a compliance of contractors shall be categorically proposed. 32 Include the impact regarding Waste water management of operation phase Please refer to Paragraph 191 including mitigation measure and monitoring mechanism. Write the location of spoil disposal site.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka WSSP IEE Report
S. Comments Responses No. 33 Include Reference for cited documents. Page 81 (Page 6, 36, 37)
34 Afforestation, restriction of fishing activities, reinstatement of damaged Corrected, Please refer to Table 4.4 and Table 8.1 community structures etc is mentioned in the mitigation measures however corresponding impacts is not identified in report. The content of chapters - impact, Mitigation measure and Monitoring mechanism shall be compatible to each other
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ If]qut cfof]hgf 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f k|ZgfjnL lhNnf======gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;======j8f g+======gu/ cfof]hgfM ======3/ g+======cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] gfd M ======cGt/jftf{ ldlt M ======;'kl/j]Ifssf] gfd M ======!= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljj/0f -pko'Qm sf]7fdf -√_ of] lrGx nufpg' xf];\_
!=! cGt/jftf{ lbg]sf] gfd M !=@ 3/d'lnsf] gfd ======lnË M k'?if dlxnf !=# o; kl/jf/df ckfËtf ePsf] s'g} ;b:o x'g' x'G5< 5 5}g !=$ hfthfltdWo] s'g xf]< s_ cflbjf;L hghflt v_ blnt u_ cNk;+Vos 3_ cGo -cGtjf{tf lng]n] y/sf] cfwf/df pko'Qm ju{df lrGx nufpg] _ !=% cGt/jftf{ lbg] JolQmsf] gftfM ======!=^ o; kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f lbg';\ qm=;+= 3/d'lnl;tsf] gftf÷gfd pd]/ lnË lzIff :t/ k]zf ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) Gff]6M k]zf M != s[lif @= Jofkf/ #= gf]s/L $+= pBf]uwGbf %= /]ld6]G; -a}b]lzs /f]huf/_ ^= Hofnf &= cGo lzIff M != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= k|fylds;Dd $= dfWolds;Dd %= P;=Pn=;L= plt0f{ ^= cfO{=P= &= lj=P= *= Pd= P= (= cGo !=& o; kl/jf/df a;f]af; ug]{ cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]uL 8]/fjfn s'n ;+Vof
!=* o; gu/÷zx/df slxn] b]lv a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 < jif{
1 :jjf;L a;fO ;/]sf] a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf] eP s'g lhNnfaf6 ======< !=( a;fO{ ;g'{sf] sf/0fM k|fs[lts k|sf]k Jofkf/÷Joj;fo lzIff åGb lhljsf]kfh{g ;fdflhs ljnog !=!) slxn] b]lv o; 3/df a:b} cfpg' ePsf] xf] < ;fn÷aif{ !=!! of] 3/ cfk\mg} xf] < xf] xf]Og olb xf] eg] xfnsf] d'No slt xf]nf cg'dflgt ?= v_ ef8fdf a;]sf] xf] xf]Og xf] eg] dfl;s 3/ efF8f slt ltg'{x'G5 < ?= u_ ;'s'Daf;L xf] xf]Og !=!@ o; 3/df efG5f sf]7f afx]s cGo slt j6f sf]7fx? 5g\ < ! sf]7f @ sf]7f # sf]7f $ sf]7f jf ;f] eGbf jl9 !=!# 3/sf] cjnf]sg u/L 3/sf] lsl;d n]Vg] . kSsL cw{ kSsL sRrL -kSsL M 5t 9nfg, cw{ kSsL M 9'Ëf÷O§fsf] ufx|f], 6Lgsf] 5fgf÷9'Ëf÷:n]6,lemu6L÷6fon cflb, sRrL M df6f] ufx|f] / v/÷6fonn] 5fPsf]_ !=!$ o; kl/jf/;+u hUuf hdLg 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] % /f]kgL -)=@% x]S6/_ eGbf jl9 jf % /f]kgL eGbf sd !=!% oxfFsf] hUufsf] lsl;dM s_ v]t jf af/L ÷cl;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ v_ v]t jf af/L ÷l;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ !=!^ oxfFn] ufO{÷e};L kfNg' ePsf]5 < 5 5}g , 5 eg] sltj6f < Pp6f b'O{j6f jf jl9 !=!& tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df tn pNn]lvt s'g s'g ;fdfg 5g\ < -ePsf] ;fdfgsf] ;+Vof n]Vg]_ qm=;+= ;DkQL ;+Vof s}lkmot ! ;fOsn÷l/S;f @ Dff]6/;fO{sn # a}nuf8f $ sf/÷lhk % ldgLa;÷a; ^ 6«ofS6/÷6«s & /]l8of]÷Sof;]6 * 6]lnlehg÷lel8of];]6 ( :6f]e÷Uof; r'nf] !) /]lk|mh]6/ !! jfl;Ë d]lzg !@ jf6/ lkmN6/ !# sDKo'6/ !$ Od]n÷OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr !% cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ . !=!* olb d'n k]zf s[lif eP slt dlxgf vfg k'U5< # dlxgf ^ dlxgf !@ dlxgf olb gk'u ePdf s;/L wfGg' x'G5 < k;n÷3/ef8f tnj k]G;g cGo 2 !=!( tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t jflif{s vr{ slt 5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; . qm=;+= vr{sf] lzif{s / lsl;d dfl;s vr{ ?= s}lkmot ! -s_ s[lif tkm{ !=! /;folgs dn, ljp, ls6gfzs cfbL vl/b ug{ !=@ Dff6f]sf] t}of/L, /f]Kg], uf]8\g], afnL sf6\g], leqfpg], 9'jfgL / laqmL ubf{ x'g] vr{ !=# cGo eP -pNn]v ug'{;\_ -s_ sf] hDdf @ -v_ u}x| s[lif tkm{ @=! vfBfGg -cGg / b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'_ @=@ sk8f @=# lzIff @=$ 3/ ef8f÷3/ dd{t @=% oftfoft÷;+rf/ @=^ ljB't @=& kfgL kf]t ÷dd{t ;Def/ @=* Cf}{iflw÷pkrf/ -kfgLaf6 x'g] /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ @=( Cf}iflw÷pkrf/ -cGo /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ @=!) cGoM rf8ka{ sd{sf08 ;+:sf/ cflb pNn]v ug]{ ======jflif{s vr{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v sf] s'n hDdf
!=@) tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t dfl;s cfo slt 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf]; . ;+nUg kl/jf/ k|fKt x'g] cfo qm=;+= cfo;|f]t s}lkmot k'?if dlxnf -?= dfl;s_ ! -s_ s[lif tkm{ !=! s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljqmLaf6 cfo -ds}, ux'F, wfg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn_ !=@ kz'hGo pTkfbg -b'w, bxL, £o", afv|f, s'v'/f cflb_ -s_ sf] hDdf @ -v_ u}x| s[lif tkm{ @=! gf]s/L ÷ hflu/ @=@ Hofnf dhb'/L @=# k]G;g÷pkbfg cfbL @=$ j}b]zLs /f]huf/ -/]ld6]G;_ @=% k;n÷Jofkf/ @=^ pBf]u @=& k;n÷3/ ef8f @=* uf8L÷9'jfgL Joj;fo @=( cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v s'n hDdf !=@! oxfFsf] kl/jf/n] s'g} 7'nf] C0f af]Sg' k/]sf] 5 < 5 5}g
3 @= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ Joj:yfkg @=! tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] nfuL vfg, vfgf ksfpg, g'xfpg, efF8fjt{g tyf n'uf w'gsf nfuL k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] >f]t Pp6} xf] < xf] xf]Og @=@ tkfO{sf] vfgkfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t sxFf 5 < 3/ sDkfp08 leq} ;fj{hlgs :yndf @=# tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n] lkpg, vfgf ksfpgsf] nfuL k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] >f]t s'g xf] < b}lgs slt ln6/ kfgL vr{g' x'G5 < s[kof tnsf] sf]7fdf-9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . ln6/÷ ln6/÷ qm=;+= jiff{ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf 9 b}lgs 9 b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ @= O{gf/÷s'jf -9Ssg ePsf]_ Ogf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ePsf]_ #= 6\o"a]n÷x\of08kDk 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk $= l8k 6\o"a]n l8k 6\o"a]n %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f ;fj{hlgs wf/f &= lghL wf/f lghL wf/f ] *= d"n, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L (= laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ !)= jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ aiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ !!= cGo cGo !@= yfxf 5}g yfxf 5}g
@=$ b}lgs vfg]kfgL cfjZos k"lt{ kfgL ;+sngaf/] lgDg lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ . jiff{ ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf qm=;+= ljj/0f k'?if dlxnf aflnsf Affns k'?if dlxnf aflnsf afns != slt v]k÷k6s @= ln6/÷v]k #= s'n kl/df0f $= kfgL Nofpg nfUg] ;do - ldg]6_÷v]k • kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Ug • d'xfgdf kv{g' kg]{ ;do • kms{bf nfUg] ;do %= k|lt v]k nfUg] ;do gf]6 M cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] kfgLsf] efF8f] x]/L ;f]sf] Ifdtf olsg ul/ pNn]v ug]{ .
4 @=% efF8f dfem\g, g'xfpg / n'uf w'g tyf cGo sfdsf] nfuL s'g >f]ts]f kfgL k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < slt kfgL vkt ug'{x'G5< s[kof ; lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . qm= ln6/÷ ln6/÷ jiff{ofdddf ;'Vvf ofddf ;+= 9 b}lgs 9 b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ @= O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt #= 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt $= l8k 6\o"a]n l8k 6\o"a]n %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f ;fj{hlgs wf/f &= 3/s} lghL wf/f 3/s} lghL wf/f *= D"fn, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L (= kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ !)= cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ !!= cGo cGo !@= Yfxf 5}g Yfxf 5}g
@=^ n'uf w'g / g'xfpg 3/af6 kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd hfg slt ;do nfUb5 . -olb >f]t÷d'xfg 5'§f5'§} ePdf ;do -ldg]6df_ pNn]v ug]{_
s_ n'uf w'g hfg] g'xfpg efF8f dfem\g v_ jiff{ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6 ;'Vvf ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6
@=& olb wf/fsf] kfgL oxfFsf] cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ug{ kof{Kt 5}g eg] s;/L cfk'lt{ ug'{ x'G5<
kfgLsf] >f]t kl/df0f vr{g' kg]{ ;do -306f_ b}lgs Yfk vr{ dfl;s ln6/ s'jf Ogf/ cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng lghL 6}+s/af6 kfgL lsGg] Xf08\ kDk,6\o'jj]n ldgn/ jf6/ hf/ cGo
@=* ufO{a:t'sf] nflu rflxg] kfgL s'g >f]taf6 slt dfqfdf pkef]u ug'{x'G5 . s_ k|of]u ePsf] ;|f]t======v_ kl/df0f -ln6/÷b}lgs_ ======u_ >f]t;Dd hfg cfpg nfUg] ;do -ldg]6_======
5 #= lghL wf/f h8fg
#=! s] tkfO{n] 3/df kfOk wf/f h8fg ug'{ ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] slt vr{ nfUof]< ?= #=@ s] tkfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f hf]8\g rfxg' x'G5 < rfxG5 ' rfxGg rfxg' x'G5 eg] s:tf] k|sf/sf] wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5f /fVg' x'G5 < s_ 3/leq lghL wf/f v_ sDkfp08leq lghL wf/f u_ ;fd'bflos wf/f #=# olb tkfOsf] 3/df lghL wf/f h8fg ePsf] 5}g eg], lsg h8fg gu/]sf] < s_ vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] v_ h8fg z'Ns w]/} kg]{ ePsf]n] u_ dfl;s kfgL lan w]/} cfpg] ePsf]n] 3_ kfgLsf] dfqf kof{Kt gePsf]n] ª_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt gePsf]n] r_ o; If]qdf kfOknfOg h8fg ug{] Joj:yf pknAw gePsf]n] 5_ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePsf]n] h_ cGo sf/0f pNn]v ug]{ em_ yfxf 5}g #=$ xfn tkfO{n] kfghL wf/f afkt uPsf] dlxgfdf kfgLsf] dxz'n slt ltg'{ eof] < ? #=% uPsf] dlxgfdf lt/]sf] lan b]vfpg ;Sg' x'G5 < -lan pknJw eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg]{_ s_ lt/]sf] /sd ? v_ vkt ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf ln6/ #=^ kfgLsf] lan s'g cfwf/df ltg'{x'G5 < ; lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . s_ dfl;s lglZrt tf]lsPsf] /sd v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë adf]lhd u_ vfg]kfgL sfof{non] eg] hlt 3_ ltg'{ kb]{g ª_ cGo r_ yfxf 5}g #=& tkfO{nfO{ kfgLsf] lan ltg{ s'g tl/sf dg k5{ < s_ lglZrt tf]lsPsf] dfl;s z'Ns v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë lan cg';f/ #=* 3/sf] wf/fdf kfgL gcfpFbf klg kfgL dxz'n ltg'{ k5{ < k5{ kb}{g
6 #=( lghL wf/fsf] kfgL afx]s tkfO{n] slxn] yk kfgL lsGg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 < jiff{ofddf ln6/ ;'Vvfofddf ln6/ kb}{g #=!) lghL:t/sf kfgL laqm]tfaf6 lsGbf slt kl/df0f s'g b/df kfgL lsGg' ePsf] 5< ln6/ ?= ÷k|lt ln6/sf] b/ ?= #=!! tkfOsf] 3/sf] wf/f slt e/kbf]{ 5 < s_ kfgL lg/Gt/ cfp5 v_ kfgL slxn] cfpF5 / slxn] cfpFb}g u_ kfgL Ps lbg la/fP/ cfpF5 3_ kfgL k|To]s lbg s]xL 306f cfpF5 #=!@ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL cj?4 x'bf dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ nfUg] vr{ Joxf]g]{ lhDdf s;sf] xf] < s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ v_ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;/;kmfO ;ldlt u_ ;d'bfo ÷ 5/ l5d]sL 3_ cGo pNn]v ug]{ ======#=!# vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk÷wf/f dd{t ;'wf/sf] nflu jflif{s slt /sd vr{ ug'{x'G5 < u5'{ ulb{g #=!$ ;fj{hlgs wf/f k|of]u u/] jfkt kfgL kf]t ltg'{ k5{< kb}{g k5{ , k5{ eg] slt < /sd dfl;s÷jflif{s #=!% kfgLsf ] u'0f:t/M tkfO{n] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb 5}g eg], kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;d:of s:tf 5g < c_ kfgL uGxfpF5 cf_ :jfb g/fd|f] 5 O_ kfgL k|b"lift÷wldnf] 5 O{_ cGo s]lx ;d:of eP pNn]v ug]{ ======
#=!^ o;/L k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ s] ug'{ x'G5 kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf 3/]n' ljlw Yfk vr{ dfl;s pdfNg] lkmN6/ ug]{ 5fGg] Snf]l/g -lko';_, cfnd, kf]6f; o'/f] uf8{ ;f]l8; cGo
7 ;x–nufgL cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL k|fyldstf
$=! olb tkfO{sf] gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;= df ljleGg of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /sd pknAw 5 eg] lgDglnlvt dWo] s'g s'g @ of]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'x'G5 < s_ ;8s aQL 5_ ljB't v_ sfnf]kq] ;8s h_ ;+rf/ u_ ljBfno em_ ;/;kmfO{÷;'ljwf 3_ c:ktfn `_ l;rfO{ ª_ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL 6_ kf6Lkf}jf wd{zfnf 7_ cGo ======r_ k}bnofqL ;8s $=@ olb tkfO{ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg' x'G5 eg], s:tf] lsl;dsf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] rfxgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 < s_ 3/÷ sDkfp08leq} JolQmut÷lghL wf/f h8fg u_ z'Ns ;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f h8fg 3_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, x\of08kDk hl8t ª_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, ljB'tLo oGq hl8t r_ xfn pknJw ;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5}g 5_ cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];\_======$=# olb tkfO{sf] 3/df wf/f 5}g / lghL wf/f /fVg OR5's x'g'x'G5 eg], slt /sd ;x–nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s[kof tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf lglh wf/f /fVg slt /sd ;Dd nufgL ug'{x'G5 nufgLsf] /sdsf] ;Ldfdf ; lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= nufgLsf] ljj/0f ; lrGx nufpg] != !%))) eGbf dfyL @= ())! b]lv !%))) ;Dd #= ^))! b]lv ())) ;Dd $= #))! b]lv ^))) ;Dd %= !%)! b]lv #))) ;Dd ^= !%)) eGbf sd $=$ lghL wf/f h8fg afkt nfUg] z'Ns Joxf]g'{ kg]{5< dGh'/ 5 dGh'/ 5}g $=% gofF vfg]kfgL of]hgf z'? ePdf / ;f] of]hgfaf6 rf}lj;} 306f kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgL pknJw ePsf] v08df s] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5's x'g' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's eP gofF lgodfg';f/ dfl;s kfgL dxz'n lgoldt a'´fpg' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's x'g' x'G5 eg] tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf kfgL dxz'nsf] ;Ldfdf ; lrGx nufP/ cfkm\gf] O{R5f JoQm ug'{xf]; .
8 qm=;+= Dffl;s kfgL dxz'n ; lrGx nufpg] != ? %)) eGbf dfyL @= ? $%! b]lv %)) #= ? $)! b]lv $%) $= ? #%! b]lv $)) %= ? #)! b]lv #%) ^= ? @%! b]lv #)) ^= ? @)! b]lv @%) &= ? !%! b]lv @)) $=^ gofF vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g tkfO{sf] kl/jf/af6 klg k|ltj4tf :j?k clu|d /sd of]ubfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, oxfFsf] ljrf/df slt k|ltzt of]ubfg x'g ;S5< nfutsf] %Ü !)Ü !%Ü $=& gofF ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf -;fd'bflos zf}rfno tyf ;txL 9n_ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;x nufgL :j?k !%Ü :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]Qmfn] ;xnufgL ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb rfxg'x'G5 eg], slt ;Dd < $=* oxfFnfO{ geO gx'g] tyf eP /fd|f] x'g] k|fylds cfjZostf s'g xf]< lghL wf/f h8fg lghL rkL{ lgdf{0f b'j}
%=n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu dfq ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?_ s_ dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ylt / ;xefuLtf %=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ s'g} a}7s af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg %=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] < lyof] lyPg olb lyof] eg] dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] lyof] < ;'Gg] dfq cGtlqm{ofTds lg0ff{os %=# cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ s] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldlt÷;+:yf u7g ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g %=$ vf=kf=p=;=;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slt dlxnf ;b:ox? 5g\< -cGtjf{tf lng] JolQmn] vf=kf=p=;=;=l;t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tyf tnlj sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f dfu u/L pknJw u/fpg] _
9 v_ n}lËstfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg %=% tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sfdx? cS;/ s:n] ug]{ ub{5< (√)lrGx nufpg';\ b}lgs 306fdf qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do ! Vffg]kfgL eg]{, af]Sg], e08f/0f / k|of]u ug]{ @ efG5f tof/ ug]{, ef8fF dfem\g # Affnaflnsf / j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/ $ n'uf w'g] 3/ ;kmf ug]{ % vfBfGg e08f/0f tyf tof/L ^ cGo u_ kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg, cfo >f]t / cGo ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0f / kx'Fr %=^ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kfl/jf/Ls ljifo jf If]qx?df lg0f{o ubf{ oxfFsf] 3/ kl/jf/df dlxnf÷k'?ifsf] egfO{sf] ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 < pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\ qm=;+ ljifo jf sfo{If]qx? x'G5 (√) x'b}g (√) ! cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx? @ s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff lbIff # s]6fs]6L / j[4j[4fsf] :jf:Yo / :ofxf/ $ crn ;Dklt lsgj]r -3/ hUuf_ % b}lgs lqmofsnfkx? ^ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/, ljjfx, at{jGw, rf8kj{ tyf ;fdflhs÷kfl/jf/Ls ;';DjGwg cflb & cGo
%=& oxfFsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jf/Ls ;Dkltsf lgDg ljifodf dlxnfsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 5}g tnsf] tflnsfdf pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\
qm ;+ ljj/0f kx'Fr :jfldTj ! hUuf hldg @ 3/ tyf cGo ;+/rgfx? # rn ;Dklt÷;l+rt k};f $ B}lgs lqmofsnfkx? % cGo 3_ vf=kf=p=;=;= tyf ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :t/ -x}l;ot_ -lgDg a'Fbfx? cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/ x'g]5 _ qm;+ ljifo pRr dWod lgDg ! cfTd;Ddfgaf]w @ cfTdljZjf; g]t[Tj zLk # bfloTjaf]w / Ifdtf $ Nofst, ts{ ;+ut, w}o{ / d]xgt % cGo
10 ^= ;d ljsf;df kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{sf,] cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;f]Wg] k|Zgx?_ s_ cfof]hgf lqmofsnfkdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{x?, hfthflt, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt ^=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{] s'g} e]nf÷a}7sdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg ^=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof]< lyof] lyPg ^=# s] vf=kf=p=;=;=sf] u7gdf ;dfj]zLtf c+uLsf/ ePsf] lyof]< lyof] lyPg
v_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zL k|s[of ckgfPsf] lyof] <
^=$ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug{ hfthfltx?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] < pRr dWod lgDg ^=% ;fgf ;x/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cfwf/df pkef]Qmfx?sf] kl/rfng ug{ ePsf] k|of; s:tf] lyof]< /fd|f] dWod lgDg
&= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO s= vfg]kfgL ! tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|f] -v/fa_ ePdf s] ;d:ofx? b]lvg ;S5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b'u{Gw cfpg] ÷ gld7f] :jfb !=@ bfFt ljlu|g]÷/+uLg] !=# la/fdL agfpg] !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ kfgL eg]{ / /fVg] efF8f] kfgL eg'{ / e08f/ ug'{ k"j{ ;kmf ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg], kfgL /fVg] efF8f] s;/L ;kmf ug'{ x'G5 < vfnL kfgL dfqn] v/fgL kfgLn] e';÷lk7f] / kfgLn] ;fa'g kfgLn] cGo -pNn]v ug'{;\_ ======#= tkfO{ 3/df kfgL s;/L /fVg' x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ 11 #=! kfgL eg'{ klxn] efF8f ;kmf ug]{ #=@ af;L kfgL km\ofFSg] #=# kfgL /fVg] efF8f] /fd|f];Fu 9fs]/÷5f]k]/ /fVg] #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= tkfO{ ufu|f] jf 3}+6f]af6 kfgL s;/L lgsfNg'x'G5 < $=! kfgL ;fg'{ cl3 cDvf]/f, nf}6f, s?jf, du wf]P/ $=@ lunf;, du, sk ufu|Ldf 8'afP/ $=# ufu|f]af6 nf]6f, c+Dvf]/f, s?jf, lunf;df kfgL ;f/]/ $=$= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======v= rkL{ != rkL{ k|of]usf kmfO{bfx? s] s] 5g\ < -PseGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! a'9f, afns tyf la/fdLnfO{ ;'ljwf !=@ 3/ tyf jftfj/0f ;kmf x'g] !=# uf]Kotf x'g] !=$ /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'g] !=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ lb;faf6 /f]u ;5{ eGg] nfU5 < nfU5 nfUb}g olb nfU5 eg], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?sf] gfd eGg'xf];\ < ======#= s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df rkL{ 5 < 5 5}g #=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] rkL{ 5 < ! vfN8] rkL{ $ l;:6g{ km\n; @ e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{ % cGo ======# jf6/ l;n÷kf]/ km\n; #=@ olb 5 eg], tkfOF{sf] 3/df rkL{ s;s;n] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < -!= ;a}n], @= aRrf afx]s ;a}n] #= jo:s / k|f}9n] dfq} $= lj/fdL dfqn]} _ #=# olb 5}g eg], lsg rkL{ gagfpg' ePsf] xf] < -s= agfpg] tl/sf yfxf geP/, v= nufgL ug{ g;s]/, u= v'Nnf d}bfgdf lb;f ug]{ afgL eP/, 3= hUufsf] cefjn] ª cGo -pNn]v ug]{+_======_ #=$ olb 5}g eg,] lb;f ug{ sxfF hfg'x'G5 < -s= Vff]nf÷hËn÷lsgf/ v= v'Nnf d}bfg÷7fpF u= 3/÷;8s 5]p 3= hxfF ;lhnf] x'G5_ #=% olb 5}g eg], rkL{ agfpg slt nufgL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < ?= u= vfg]s'/fsf] ;/;kmfO != vfBkbfy{ b"lift x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg'x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg;Sg]_ !=! ksfPsf] vfgf 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg] !=@ af;L aRg] u/L w]/} gksfP/ !=# sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ wf]P/ dfq vfg]
12 !=$ xft uf]8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq efG;fdf k;]/ !=% ;kmf xftn] vfgf k:sg] !=^ 8f8' kGo', yfn÷efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq vfgf k:sg]÷vfg] !=& r'nf] rf}sL ksfpg] ef8f, 9sgx? ;kmf /fVg] !=* w]/} af;L jf ;8] un]sf kmnkm'n t/sf/L gvfg] @= s] tkfO{ vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg'x'G5 < /fV5' /flVbg olb /fVg'x'G5 eg], To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx? 5g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! w'nf] d}nf], lem+uf, ;fËnf, ls/f, tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5Laf6 arfj6 @=@ d";f÷5'r'Gb|f]÷dfp;'ln÷la/fnf]af6 aRg @=# vfB k|b'if0faf6 x'g] /f]uaf6 aRg @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======hLjghn agfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 5}g ;f]Wg], olb yfxf ePdf ;lx tl/sfn] hLjghn agfpg] . hLjghn agfpg] ;lx tl/sf lgDgcg';f/sf] 5 . != klxnf ;fa'g kflgn] xft ;kmf ug]{, @= lrof lunf;sf] ^ lunf; -Ps ln6/_ kfgL Pp6f ;kmf efF8f]df xfNg] -olb kfgL pdfn]sf] ePdf ;]nfpg lbg]_, #=hLjghnsf] Ps Kofs]6leq ePsf] w'nf] k"/} kfgLdf xfnL kfgLnfO{ /fd|/L rnfP/ w'nf]nfO{ 3'Ng lbg] .
3= JolQmut ;/;kmfO
!= tkfO{F / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] / s] u/]kl5 xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g] eP o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ ! vfgf vfg' cl3 @ vfgf vfPkl5 # lb;f uPkl5 $ kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 % sfdaf6 kms]{kl5 ^ s]6fs]6LnfO{ lb;f lk;fj u/fO ;s]kl5 & cGo -pNn]v ug]{_
@= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] s] n] xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]df o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g]df o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ != kfgL dfq} @= v/fgL kfgL #= e';÷lk7f] kfgL $= ;fa'g kfgL %= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ hDdf
13 #= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] slxn] g'xfpg'x'G5 < g'xfpg] eP o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gg'xfpg] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= k|lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if -9_ -×_ -9_ -×_ -9_ -×_ != k|To]s lbg @= Ps lbg la/fP/ #= xKtfdf @ k6s $= xKtfdf ! k6s %= @ xKtfdf ! k6s ^= dlxgfdf Ps k6s hDdf ª= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg != tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < !=! 3/ glhs vfN8f]df !=@ lghL kmf]x/ ;+sngstf{nfO{ lbg] !=# uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfN8f] jf Sofgdf !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======@= 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ j:t'nfO{ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{g ugf{n] x'g] g/fd|f c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0fdf j[l4 @=@ nfdv'§], lem+uf, ls/fx?sf] j[l4 @=# /f]u ;g]{df j[l4 @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgL sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 <
#=! vfN8f]df (Soak pit) #=@ t/sf/L af/Ldf÷s/];f af/Ldf #=# ;fj{hlgs 9ndf #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======r= j:t'efpsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg != s] tkfO{n] a:t'efp kfNg' ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g -olb 5}g eg] kfgL hGo ;?jf /f]udf hfg]_ olb 5 eg] s'g s'g k|sf/sf 5g\ / ltgLx?nfO{ sxfF /fVg' x'G5 < qm= a:t'efpsf] k|sf/ 3/leq} /fVg] aflx/ 5'§} uf]7df /fVg] ;+= ! ufO{÷e}+;L @ a+u'/÷;+u'/ # afv|f $ s'v'/f÷xfF; % cGo
14 @= a:t'efpaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ sxfF / s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < @=! dnvfbdf @=@ cfuf] afNg]÷u'OF{7f agfpg] @=# uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6df k|of]u ug]{ @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= j:t'efpsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] hyfeflj cJojl:yt tj/n] lj;h{g ubf{ x'g] v/fj c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ #=! jftfj/0fL kmf]xf]/df j[l4 x'g] #=@ nfdv'§,] lem+uf, ls/fx?s]f j[l4 x'g] #=# /f]uAoflw j9\g] tyf ;g]{ #=$ ufFp, 5/l5d]s tyf gu/ czf]elgo b]lvg] #=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======5= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]ux? != kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]usf] sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b"lift kfgL k|of]u ubf{ !=@ b"lift vfgf vfFbf !=# 3/ tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]x/ a9\gfn] !=$ dflg;sf] dnd"q hyfefjL km\ofSg] ubf{ !=% kmf]xf]/ d}nf hyfefjL km\ofFSg] ubf{ !=^ :jf:Yo lzIff tyf :j:y afgLsf] cefj !=& ;/;kmfO{ / :jf:Yo ;DjGwL 1fg / r]tgfsf] cefjn] !=* cGo ======
@= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/]df s] ug'{x'G5 <-k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ @=! 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ @=@ wfdL, emfFqmL, k'hf/L sxfF nfg] @=# cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] @=$ :Jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg] @=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ #= olb kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]df s] ug'{x'G5 < -k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ #=! hLjghn v'jfpg] #=@ 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ #=# wfdL, emf+qmL jf k'hf/L sxfF hfg] #=$ cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] #=% :jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg]
15 #=^ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= ut Ps jif{leq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? tnsf /f]ux? dWo] s'g s'g /f]uaf6 lj/fdL eP< -df]la{l8l6 sf] l:ylt_ %= tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df kfgLhGo lgDglnlvt ;?jf /f]uaf6 sf]lx lj/fdL k/]sf] lyof]< tnsf] tflnsfdf ;+Vof pNn]v ug'{;\ .
% jif{ d'lgsf jflif{s qm= ;+= /f]u dlxnf k'?if afnaflnsf vr{ ?= ! emf8fkvfnf @ cfpF # h'sf $ 6fO{kmfO{8 % x}hf ^ 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u & cf}nf]/f]u -dn]l/of_ * sdnlkQ -h08L;_ ( cGo hDdf ^= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{sf kl/jf/df sf]xL emf8f kvfnf tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?af6 d[To' ePsf] 5 < -d[To' cj:yf_ /f]u % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if emf8f kvfnf cfpF kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf
&= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ emf8fkvfnf / kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?sf] pkrf/df slt /sd vr{ ug'{ eof] < Vfr{ /sd -?=df_ /f]u @))) ;Dd @))!—#))) #))!—%))) %))) eGbf dfly emf8fkvfnf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf ;xof]usf nfuL wGojfb!
16 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Seal Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EDC : Engineering Design Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Liter per capita per day lps : Litre per second MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Office Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
1 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
CHAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT ...... 3 CHAPTER II BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT ...... 4 2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT ...... 4 2.2 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 5 2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT ...... 9 2.3.1 Water Supply System ...... 9 2.3.2 Sanitation System...... 9 2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System ...... 10 CHAPTER III PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 12 3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 12 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 13 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT ...... 13 CHAPTER IV POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES ...... 14 CHAPTER V TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 15 5.1 TIME ...... 15 5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET ...... 15 5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 15 CHAPTER VI ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT ...... 16 6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS ...... 16 6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS ...... 16 6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS ...... 17 CHAPTER VII ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 18 CHAPTER VIII MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 19 CHAPTER IX MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 20 9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 20 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 20 9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 21 9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 22 CHAPTER X REPORT ...... 23 CHAPTER XI RELEVANT INFORMATION ...... 24
2 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
CHAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT
The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required.
This ToR is prepared to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Arghakhanchi District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry Of Physical Panning and Works. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.
Name of Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Panning and Works Government of Nepal
Address of the Proponent: Panipokari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
3 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
CHAPTER II BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT
2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT
It is required to carry out environmental analysis of the project considering provisions mentioned in the Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Environmental protection Regulations 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The EPA (1997) and The EPR (1997 as amended, 1998), recommend/ mandate EIA, IEE studies depending upon the nature of the water supply schemes (EPR, 1997, Rule 3 and Annex 1 and 2). The revised environmental rules published on 20 sept, 2007 are also used to determine the criteria for the IEE or EIA of the project.
The proposed Sandhikharka Water Supply Town Project supplies water to more than 5000 but less than 50,000 populations by adding of two new water sources from two sumps well and treat less than 25 lps flow. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works is not required. The following table compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.
a. The Supply drinking water from new source for design An IEE is required. population 15,279 (i.e. between 5,000 to 50,000), criteria satisfy but the system is augmentation of flow and rehabilitation one. b. Augmentation of new water source in existing system The scheme is new one. population 15,279 (i.e. between 10,000 to 100,000), the system is augmentation of flow. c. Treatment/ processing system and its capacity is 15 lps An IEE is required. augmentation discharge, its capacity is less than 25 litres per second. The existing system supplies 5lps flow which has no treatment plant and kept in present scope. d. Project Cost. The scheme cost is estimated Nrs. An IEE is required. 139,388,896.48 (including three types of contingencies and VAT) (IEE required when the project cost is in between 50 million to 250 million rupees). The scheme is rehabilitation one with source augmentation. e. The project location in relation to environmental sensitive area. No environmental assessment (IEE The scheme will not be located in any defined protected area or or EIA) is required environmental sensitive area. f. Displacement of people. The scheme is unlikely to displace the No environmental assessment (IEE people. or EIA) is required g. Construction of water conveyance tunnel Not applicable- no environmental assessment (IEE or EIA) is required h. Recharging groundwater aquifer for the purpose of developing Not applicable- no environmental groundwater resources assessment (IEE or EIA) is required
Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.
4 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
2.2 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
Sandikharka Town is the headquarter of the Arghakhanchi district of Lumbini Zone which lies in the Western Development Region. The project area is connected at Gorishinghe on the East West Highway which is about 65 Km from the project area. Butwal, the nearest market is about 110 km from the project area and is connected by daily bus services from the major towns of the country. The nearest airport is Bhairahawa. Geographically the project area lies in latitude 27° 57 ′ 21″ to 27° 59′ 56″ N and longitude 83° 06 ′ 30″ to 83° 08 ′ 48″ E and altitude 1280m to 940m from mean sea level (MSL). It is surrounded by Argha VDC and Dibarna VDC to the North, Khanchikot and Narpani VDCs to the South, Bangla VDC to the East and Nuwakot and Keemdanda VDCs to the West.
The general climate of the project area is tropical. The average minimum and maximum temperatures during summer fluctuates between 16° C & 29° C and in winter season it is in the range of 5.4° C to 19.2° C. The relative humidity is in the range of 92-99 %. The average annual rainfall estimated is 1956 mm and the maximum rain fall within 24 hours is 257 mm as recorded in the nearest rain gauge station at Khanchikot-Index No. 0715.
The project area of Sandhikharka town water supply project covers the Ratahale, Buspark area (Ward No. 5); Isara tole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, Danda Gaon tole, Hatari, Panini Campus, Jhilke Danda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata (Ward No. 6); Kafal tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi (Ward No. 7) and Chutra Besi, Upto Near Maniram house (Ward No. 9).
The population in the year 2010 in the proposed service area is 7,792 in 1286 HHs including rental. The permanent population at the end of design period of 18 years (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated and found as 11,843 with average annual growth rate 3.5%.
The project comprises of two major components. The first and the most important component is water supply services which include development of new water supply project, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, new construction and expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. The second component is sanitation services, which include public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal is to be provided in the town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service providers are also included in the town project.
The project details have been presented in Salient Features:
5 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
SALIENT FEATURES
1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
2. Scheme Name: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Arghakhanchi
3. Service Area: All service area lies in Sandhikharka VDC. The settlements in service area are:
• Ward No. 5: Ratahale, Buspark area • Ward No. 6: Isara tole, Hall line, Sandhikharka main bazaar, Office line, WUSC office, Shanti Bagaincha, Danda Gaon tole, Hatari, Panini Campus, Jhilke Danda, Hospital line, Syale bazaar, Aatikapata • Ward No. 7: Kafal tari, Ghatte Tari, Ghachhe Khola, Bhusal Coloni, Bhala Danda, Chutra Besi • Ward No. 9: Chutra Besi, Upto Near Maniram house
4. Scheme Type: Pumping system (Augmentation of water from sump well to existing system).
5. Designed Flow (lps): 20.00 Supplied from existing system (lps): Mate spring 3 lps, Khanchi Khola 2lps, Bagi sumpwell (recently constructed by WUSC) 6.00lps Required from new sump well at Bagi Khola for Chutra Besi (lps): 9lps
6. Source Discharge Measurement
Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps. Existing source Mate Spring - - 3.00 Existing Khanchi khola 2.00 Bagi sumpwell for Bazaar system (RVT 1 and RVT 2) (already developed by the WUSC) 6.0 Bagi sumpwell for Chutra besi system (RVT 3) (newly proposed) 9.0
7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).
8. Household No. - Survey Year: 1408 and planning area 260 plots
9. Growth Rate: 3.5% per annum.
10. Population: Survey Year 2010 Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027 7,488 8,302 13,439 Projected population at
6 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
Planning Plots 277 1,840 Total 7,488 8,579 15,279
11. Water Demand at design year (lpd)
Domestic: 1,375,089 Non-domestic demand (adopt 10 % of domestic demand, which includes rental population demand, Institutional demand, Industrial/ Commercial demand, filter backwash demand, fire demand etc.) 137,509 Leakage and wastage (10%): 151,260 Total: 1,663,858
12. Structures required Intake Type Sumpwell (1 existing to be upgraded and 1 new) 2 Pump house 2 Generator house cum guard house 2 Pipe length (m) Transmission main (from sump well to RVT 1 and 3) 3,019.60m (Two pipes kept at parallel from sump well to treatment plant inlet) Transmission main from Khanchi to RVT 1 (existing rehab) 5,437.30m Distribution main 30,225. 64 m
Pipe Size Transmission Main DI (mm) 125 GI (M) 80 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50 – 160 GI (M) (mm) 40 -100 DI (M) (mm) 125 - 150 Sedimentation tank 2 nos. Slow sand filter 2 nos. Reservoir (No/ cum cap. cum)New 1no of 100 cum for RVT 1(Danda tole) and New 1 no of 200cum for RVT 3 (Chutrabesi), existing 1 no 200cum for RVT 2 Control Valve Chamber (No.) 43 Washout 1 GI Pipe Crossing (No.) 4 HH connection including institutional taps 1447 Community tap stand post in 1% of total HH (No) 3 (1 community tap for each 6HH) 13. Sanitation Component Site development of land fill site (stone masonry wall) Tractor procurement for solid waste collection and disposal Public toilet 2nos beside Shanti Bagaicha and Buspark area
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14. Type of tap connection (% of the total house hold during design year): Fully plumbed: 74.40% Yard connection: 25.05% Community tap: 0.55% 15. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068: Total (including 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT): 139,388,869.48
16. Estimated project cost for sanitation component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068: Total (including 5 % contingencies, 10% price adjustment and 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT): 10,561,701.79
GoN (85%) 8,977,446.52
WUSC/ local bodies (15%) 1,584,255.27
17. Overall Sanitation Component Cost (Nrs.) after Conceptual Design as per district rate 2067-2068
Sewer system with treatment plant: 182,713,019.00
Surface drainage: 160,979,261.26
8 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT
2.3.1 Water Supply System
There are two gravity water supply systems in operation within the project area. Both are constructed with the technical and financial assistance of DWSS through its district office in 1981 - 1983 and in 1998 - 2000. They cover the bazaar area of the project especially ward no 6, 7 and 9. Two water sources have been tapped for these systems. The Dihi Danda Khola ( Khanchikot khola water is tapped from three points/ locations) is a stream having yield 4.0 lps. and Mate Charange is spring source having yields 3.80 lps respectively.
Since some 25 taps are already connected along the transmission main and kept using by local people, only 1.5lps water out of 3.80lps use to come from Khanchikot source to reservoir. The source protection and fencing works required in Kanchi Khola source. The transmission pipeline has leakage and need to be replaced. Because of global warming the yields of the sources are decreasing day by day. WUSC has recently constructed one typical sump well (not designed properly) in the bank of Bagi.khola to meet the daily water demand of project area.
There are three reservoirs of different sizes having 200cum, 70cum and 20cum capacities at Danda Gaun Tole. The second reservoir has leakage, CGI sheet roof and very old age. The water from Mate Marainche is collected in first reservoir and then supplied in the distribution system. Similarly, water from Khanchikot Khola source is collected at 20cum reservoir and supplied into the distribution system. There are two ferro-cement reservoir of each 20cum capacity in Chutrabesi to utilize the local sources. But these sources are much more contaminated. The water from Mate Marainche is also collected into these two reservoirs and supplied into distribution system. The second reservoir of 70cm shall be discarded in the new system due to its condition. Other two reservoirs can be utilized with minor rehabilitation works. The existing distribution system has leakage and smaller pipe size.
The existing systems have 728 private taps and 22 Institutional taps. Both systems are running but supply only four hours per day (2 hrs in morning and 2 hrs in evening). The total water demand in the base and the design years are 558,379 m3/d and 1,285,175 m3/d respectively. The Users Committee has been operating both systems.
2.3.2 Sanitation System
The sanitary situation of service area is found reasonably satisfactory. Of the total population, more than 65% of households have their private latrine for defection. The existing latrines in the houses as well as in the schools are maintained moderately. Pit and ventilated pipe latrines are constructed in rural households. There is surface drainage facility provided so far in the service area of Sandhikharka. The project area is situated at steep to moderate slope, no water logging in rainy season is apparent as there is ample space and has sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally in the adjoining Bagi Khola and its tributary khola.
9 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
The health and hygiene status of the community people is satisfactory. The major healths problems seem in the community are asthma, pneumonia, diarrhoea, worm infection, typhoid, chest infection, prolapse (women), arthritis etc. The 45.5% of the total population are found using ash or clay for cleaning the water vessels. The 43.57 % of household are reported to use soap for this purpose.
2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System
There is some kind of garbage disposal system in the service area. Quantity of solid wastage from the individual household is collected by the VDC and disposed in land fill site located at Olla Khola Khet, Ward No. 6 of Sandhikharka VDC.
The households' questionnaire showed that 35.7% households have practice of throwing waste in pit near the house whereas remaining reported in public places.
The location of the project area and service area of Sandhikharka Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is provided in Dwg: SA - 01
10 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
Location Map
11 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
CHAPTER III
PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT
3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
The IEE approach, methodology and procedure should generally follow the provisions of the EPA & EPR and related national and sectoral guidelines. The approach /methodology to be used for conducting the IEE include review of literature, simple survey/ inspections/ observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment.
a. Literature review: published and unpublished readily available relevant information should be reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. Moreover, the reports related to scheme (e.g. Feasibility Study Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) should be considered in preparing IEE report.
b. Walk-through survey: The IEE team will walk-through the service area, scheme component sites and visit the significant environmental features in the probable influence area, and make necessary measurements, inspect/ observe and discuss it with the local stakeholders.
c. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The team conduct shall consult with the local communities and other stakeholders, and organize FGD with them.
The project proponent shall adopt the methodology in following sequence of activities to accomplish the assignment.
• Complete the Rapid Assessment Checklist for each subproject. It should cover water supply, sewerage, solid waste and urban development sub-projects. • Prepare a comprehensive database on the corridor of influence on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. • Secondary data will have to be collected from published and unpublished reports, maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Governmental and non-governmental organisations. • Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data will be prepared for both the physical, biological and socio-economic assessments. • The Consultant will provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photos where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment and alternatives, design standards, pre-construction activities, construction activities, post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services. • Information on mitigation costs associated with construction activities (during design, construction and operation and maintenance activities) should also be included.
12 SSTWSSSP: Sandhikharka Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
The IEE should consider the likely environmental consequences that may arise as a result of the proposed upgrading/ improvement during the construction as well as operation periods. The existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area have to be studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGOs and International Organisations’ (IOs) supported projects and researches.
The Consultant will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information:
(a) Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality
(b) Biological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks or reserves)
The Consultant will develop all necessary documents for field visit and collect data with the help of the survey team. It is suggested that the IEE team go to the field and work as a team and not dispersed at different times.
3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT
Socio-economic and cultural assessment of the projects shall be carried out to determine the implications (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction and operation. Since preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area, these impacts have to be duly considered.
Primary data should be obtained through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with communities along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data should be collected from the various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, community groups etc.) through whose territory the respective pipe alignments pass.
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CHAPTER IV
POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES
Since the proposed project has to comply with the national legislation besides other relevant legislations, the Consultant shall describe the pertinent regulations and standards that govern environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species etc. at international, regional, district, VDC and Ward levels.
Nepal is a signatory to many international conventions, including those concerning habitat, bio- diversity and cultural heritage protection. These issues should be considered during the IEE and their avoidance/ mitigation measures should be identified.
The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following GoN Acts, Regulations and Guidelines:
• First Amendment to the Environment Protection Regulations, 2066 (1999) • Policy Guidelines of Ninth Five Year Plan, HMG/N, Planning Commission, 2055 (1998) • 2055/56 Fiscal Policy Guidelines, Ministry of Finance, HMG/N, 2055 (1998) • Environment Protection Regulations, 2054 (1997) • Draft EIA Guidelines for the Road Sector, 2054 (1997) • Environment Protection Act, 2053 (1997) • EIA Guidelines for the Forestry Sector, 2052 (1995) • National EIA Guidelines, 2050 (1993) • Forest Act, 2049 and Forest Regulations, 2050 • Land Acquisition Act, 2034
The IEE will also take into consideration ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement” (SPS 2009).
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CHAPTER V TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED
5.1 TIME
After the approval of the ToR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks as follows:
ACTIVITY DURATION
1. Desk-top study 1 week
2. Field study 2 weeks
3. Data compilation 1 week
4. Draft IEE Report 1 week
5. Final IEE Report 1 week
5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET
A budget of approximately Rs. 300,000.00 will be required to complete the IEE for the Project.
5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED
The IEE study requires a multidisciplinary team of specialists/experts for the bio-physical and socio- economic and cultural assessments. The following team is proposed:
• Environmental Specialist • Geologist • Botanist/Forester • Sociologist • Water Supply and Sanitary Engineer
Three to four enumerators will also be required to help the team. The IEE team will also benefit from the inputs provided by the design team.
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CHAPTER VI ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT
The impacts shall be identified mainly for the two activities i.e. project construction and post construction (O&M) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic resources. A distinction will have to be made between potentially significant positive & adverse impacts, direct & indirect impacts. The impacts shall be characterized as i) low, high & medium in terms of magnitude, ii) long term, short term & medium term in terms of duration and iii) site specific, local & regional/national in terms of extent. As a part of the study, enhancement of the positive impacts shall also be carried out. The potential physical, biological and socio-economic impacts should be considered as follows:
6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS
a. Land: The study shall consider the possible changes in the land use pattern of the area in relation to landslide, erosion, and environmental aesthetics degradation. Moreover, the study shall also consider compensation for the acquired land if any.
b. Water: The study shall consider the possibility of negative impacts on surface water, ground water, wastewater problems and obstruction to natural drainage. Apart from this, the study shall also focus on the source dispute and water use conflicts if any.
c. Air & Noise: The potential deterioration in ambient air quality and noise & vibration disturbance during the construction and operation phases shall be considered to recommend the mitigation measures.
d. Soil & Geology: The IEE study should consider the degradation in the soils and geological status of the project area due to the project and its associated activities. The consequences of the erosion and landslides due to the project shall also be studied.
e. Hydrology: The IEE study shall cover changes in river hydrology as a result of project implementation along with the consequences (adverse or positive) resulted from the project. In addition, the effects on ground water table will be studied in accordance with the requirements.
f. Others: The study also consider other applicable parameters, such as: quarry site impact, spoil disposal impact, waste materials disposal impact etc., identified during the study. In addition to this, cumulative impacts shall also be considered during the identification of the impacts of the project on the natural settings of the environment.
6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
a. Flora (Forest & Terrestrial Vegetation): The study shall consider the possible changes in forest cover/forest clearance, extinction of rare and endangered species of floral species, timber exploitation, firewood extraction etc. due to the project activities in order to assess the losses to the vegetation and to suggest suitable mitigation measures.
b. Wildlife and Terrestrial Fauna: The study also consider the change in the terrestrial wildlife, avi-fauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by workforce, destruction of spawning and rearing of ground of fish, impact on fishermen etc. due to the project.
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c. Others: Other applicable parameters, if any, such as permanent disturbances to the vegetation coverage, local wildlife, fish migration, fish entrainment, and riparian release etc. identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report along with their cumulative effects on the environment.
6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
The socio-economic and cultural impacts can be wide ranging in their nature. So the study shall incorporate the factors like; livelihood, infrastructure & access, cultural sites, sanitation & wastes, occupational health and safety impact, land acquisition and compensation impact, Impact on women and vulnerable, impact on local economy, migration problem, resettlement & rehabilitation problems, slum creation hazard, impact on education, law and order problem, generation of employment, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.
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CHAPTER VII ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The alternative analysis of the project shall be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives will have to be described in following aspects:
• Project Location (setting) • Design • Technology choice • Construction techniques • Operation and Maintenance.
Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be quantified (wherever possible); incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures. The no project option is always open.
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CHAPTER VIII MITIGATION MEASURES
The mitigation measures for adverse potential impacts due to location, design, construction and post-construction will have to be proposed during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation after the prediction of extent, magnitude and duration of the impacts. Mitigation measures will have to be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. In general the following area shall be covered while preparing mitigation measures:
a. Project Design phase
b. Project construction phase
c. Project operation and maintenance phase
Concerned agencies like STWSSSP, DWSS, WUSC and local agencies, Local administration, police office shall be consulted during the implementation of mitigation measures. The proponent is required to prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and these measures should be outlined in the EMP in order to implement the proposed measures during the project implementation.
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CHAPTER IX MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The project proponent has to develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to systematically manage all the perceived environmental impacts of the project. It shall be therefore based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor’s work during project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following completion of the works, and compares these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects.
The EMP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMP to the various parties involved. Feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts should be recommended in an Environmental Management Plan. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures will have to be detailed. The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating measures.
9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
The project will develop Environmental Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, construction and post construction activities of the project. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and the (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.
The environmental monitoring of the project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP. A monitoring system will be developed involving i) front line monitoring ii) monitoring by the government line agencies or independent monitors and iii) auditing through the involvement of government agencies, donor agencies and independent auditors.
The EDC will prepare progress reports on EMP implementation and submits to relevant agencies on regular basis. The Division Office will oversee the environmental monitoring activities undertaken by EDC.
The construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigating measures will mainly consider the following impacts due to:
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1. Construction Phase: Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.
2. Operation Phase: Discharge of industrial wastes to wastewater treatment systems; wastewater treatment operations; sludge disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing and wastewater release to receiving waters.
9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organisations with a legitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two-way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves stakeholders in monitoring the development and implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.
The consultation and disclosure involves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of project preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders will be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the project and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.
Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely.
Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.
Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.
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9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
The Grievance Redress Mechanism as proposed in the Resettlement Plan is also relevant here. The Division Office will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The Division Office shall ask the Environment Specialist of the EDC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.
The affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO). The WSSDO will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Director General (DG)’s Office at Kathmandu.
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CHAPTER X REPORT
The IEE report shall be prepared as per this ToR. The IEE report, whenever applicable, shall contain maps, graphs, photographs, tables and matrix. The format of report will be in accordance with be in accordance with Schedule 5 of EPR. However, the IEE report should include the following:
1. Executive summary (in English and Nepali) 2. Table of contents 3. List of tables 4. List of figures/photographs 5. Appendices 6. List of Abbreviations 7. Acknowledgement 8. Introduction 9. Name and address of the institution preparing the report o Summary of the proposed and objective and relevancy 10. Description of project 11. Description of the environment 12. Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures (construction and operation stage) 13. Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations 14. Matters to be monitored while implementing the project: o Information disclosure, consultation, and participation o Grievance and redress mechanism o Environmental management and monitoring plan 15. Other necessary matters: Review of policies, laws, rules, directives and guidelines 16. Findings and recommendations 17. References 18. Annexes
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CHAPTER XI RELEVANT INFORMATION
The project will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the proposed alignment and its corridor of influence, including the following information: • General socio-economic conditions, • Population and demography, • Land use pattern of the project area, • Planned development activities, • Community structure, • Government services, • Employment, • Distribution of income and source of livelihood, • Goods and services produced, • Water supply, • Public health, • Education, • Extension services, • Religious, cultural sites and heritage, • Tribal people, • Customs, • Aspirations and attitudes, • Expected water users and those benefiting from it, • Different needs and demands of VDCs, • Social infrastructures including industries and commercial establishments, • Occupational health and safety (OHS), • Resettlement and rehabilitation and • The present Quality of Life (QoL) etc.
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