Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library Edited by Henk Blezer Alex McKay Charles Ramble VOLUME 24 Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua With Additional Materials By Rolf A. Stein Translated and edited by Arthur P. McKeown LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stein, R. A. (Rolf Alfred), 1911–1999. Rolf Stein’s Tibetica antiqua : with additional materials / by Rolf Stein ; translated [and updated] by Arthur P. McKeown. p. cm. — (Brill’s Tibetan studies library ; v. 24) Translation of articles which originally appeared in French in the journal Bulletin de l’Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient from 1983 to 1992, together with Stein’s contributions to the Annuaire de college de France from 1967 to 1970. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18338-4 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Tibet (China)—Civilization. 2. Tibet (China)—Civilization—Sources. 3. Indigenous peoples—China—Tibet— Religion. 4. Buddhism—China—Tibet—History. 5. Buddhism—China—Tibet— History—Sources. 6. Taoism—China—Tibet—History. 7. Tibet (China)—Religion. 8. Buddhist literature—China—Tibet—History and criticism. 9. Tibetan language— Texts. 10. Dunhuang Caves (China)—Antiquities. I. McKeown, Arthur P. II. Title. III. Title: Tibetica antiqua. IV. Series. DS786.S765 2010 294.30951’3—dc22 2009053997 ISSN 1568-6183 ISBN 978 90 04 18338 4 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Dedicated as a gurudakṣiṇā to Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp, in lieu of a cow CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ............................................................................ xix List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xxi Introduction by Cristina Scherrer-Schaub .................................... xxiii Tibetica Antiqua I The Two Vocabularies of Indo-Tibetan and Sino-Tibetan Translations in the Dunhuang Manuscripts .................................................................................... 1 Vocabulary ................................................................................. 19 Analysis of vocabulary ............................................................. 22 Recapitulation ............................................................................ 83 Notes on the sources ................................................................ 85 Tibetica Antiqua II The Use of Metaphors for Honorific Distinctions in the Epoch of the Tibetan Kings ...................... 97 Additional note to Tibetica Antiqua I ....................................... 111 Tibetica Antiqua III Apropos of the Word Gtsug lag and the Indigenous Religion ...................................................................... 117 The dating ....................................................................................... 118 Characteristics of the Ancient Religion ..................................... 121 The sense of Gtsug and Gtsug lag ............................................... 126 Review of the Sources ................................................................... 170 Appendix: The etymology of gtsug lag ....................................... 182 Recapitulation ................................................................................ 187 Tibetica Antiqua IV The Tradition Relative to the Debut of Buddhism in Tibet ........................................................................ 191 The religious kings and the royal laws ...................................... 215 The sūtra fallen from the sky ...................................................... 220 Recapitulation ................................................................................ 229 Tibetica Antiqua V The Indigenous Religion and the Bon po in Dunhuang Manuscripts ........................................................... 231 viii contents Theories ........................................................................................... 231 The ancient religion .................................................................. 231 Bon pos and Bon ....................................................................... 237 Theories on the antecedents of late Bon .......................... 237 The Dunhuang manuscripts and the later tradition ........... 243 Dunhuang Documents ................................................................. 246 Bon po in the texts translated from Chinese and bon po communities. ......................................................................... 246 Translations from Chinese .................................................. 246 Bon po communities ............................................................ 250 Bon po and gshen, their differences and their functions .... 251 Gshen rab mi bo ........................................................................ 255 Other people .............................................................................. 258 Names and their epithets ......................................................... 261 Themes ........................................................................................ 264 Funerary ritual ........................................................................... 265 Divinities .................................................................................... 267 The word Bon alone ................................................................. 268 Linguistic and stylistic traits ................................................... 269 Tibetica Antiqua VI Confucian Maxims in Two Dunhuang Manuscripts .................................................................................... 273 Annuaire 1967 .................................................................................... 285 Aspects of the Sworn Faith in China .......................................... 285 The Bonpo Cosmogonies in Tibet and among the Mosso ........ 290 Annuaire 1968 .................................................................................... 299 Daoist texts relative to the transmission of revealed books ..... 299 The bonpo accounts on the beginnings of culture ..................... 304 Annuaire 1969 .................................................................................... 307 Bonpo accounts on the first men ................................................. 307 Some aspects of the Daoist parishes ............................................ 313 Annuaire 1970 .................................................................................... 321 Popular cults in organized Daoism ............................................. 321 Elements constitutive of the bonpo literature ............................ 328 contents ix Bibliography of Rolf A. Stein ........................................................... 337 Select Bibliography ............................................................................ 343 Indices General Index ................................................................................. 355 Index of Dunhuang Documents ................................................. 371 Index of Tibetan Terms ............................................................... 375 Index of Sanskrit Terms ............................................................... 380 Index of Chinese Terms ............................................................... 382 PREFACE Many of Stein’s categories are as persistent a problem now as they were for him, though perhaps more widely discussed. This is par- ticularly true for his concern with what he variously terms “popular religion” and “nameless religion.” This encompasses what many now name “domestic religion,” or what J.Z. Smith called the religion of “here.”1 Smith could rightly state that “popular religion” represents a “dubious place-holding category” (325), and Stein recognized it as such. Smith defines domestic religion as “focused on an extended fam- ily, [it] is supremely local. It is concerned with the endurance of the family as a social and biological entity, as a community, as well as with the relations of that community to its wider social and natural environs” (326). In Stein’s writing on the bon po religion, funerary rituals made up the greater part of their significance. When he writes about the criticisms of “excessive worship” charged against Daoists, he notes that the polemics are not so much between Confucians and Daoists as between individual adherents within Confucian and Dao- ist schools to “official and semi-official behavior, codified institutions and ‘popular’ customs (which are not limited to the people, but are partaken by all the layers of society)” (p. 322). In this, Stein recognizes the defects of “popular” in the sense of “folk” religion. However, any