FALL 2 0 20 RadiationsThe official publication of Sigma Pi Sigma

Improving Inclusivity in the Physics Community

Results of the TEAM-UP Study Physicists as Activists

Fall 2020 Radiations 1 Member Notes

Alumni Letter to the Editor

Engagement May 2020 Dear Editor,

Program I found the article by Dwight E. Neuenschwander entitled “Discoveries, Unintended Consequences, and the Values of Science” (published in the Spring 2020 issue of Radiations) both informative and insightful, and if I were not long retired, I would have my students read it, particularly the students I had in my course Introduction ARRANGE to the History and Philosophy of Science. On the other hand, I believe that in his speaking engagements at list of unintended consequences, in which he says, “In December 1938 when Otto your next chapter or Hahn and Fritz Strassmann stumbled across nuclear fission and their data was zone meeting correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner,” there is a serious historical omission that fails to do justice to the work of Ida Noddack that was published in 1934. I am attaching SHADOW a copy of a letter I wrote about her contributions that appeared in the June 2012 someone in a field of interest issue of APS News which, in view of the current interest in the accomplishments of women in science that are frequently overlooked, I am sure both you and Prof. LEARN Neuenschwander will be interested in reading. With best regards. more about a career path, Sincerely, and so much more! Frank R. Tangherlini Associate Professor of Physics, Emeritus ΣΠΣ, College of the Holy Cross Chapter

Editor’s Note: Frank Tangherlini’s 2012 letter is available through the APS News archives at www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201206/letters.cfm.

Congratulations Andrea Ghez, ΣΠΣ, MIT Chapter!

Ghez was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics “for the discovery of a Browse through the available supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy.” She is the Lauren B. Leichtman and Arthur E. Levine Professor of Astrophysics at UCLA and director of the alumni profiles searchable by UCLA Galactic Center Group. Ghez is the fourth woman to receive the Nobel Prize geographic location, discipline, in Physics, following Marie Curie (1903), Maria Goeppert Mayer (1963), and Donna level of engagement, and Strickland (2018). Ghez shared one half of the 2020 prize with Reinhard Genzel. The other half was awarded to Roger Penrose. job sector. Editor’s Notes: SPS alumni and Sigma Pi Sigma members: Thank you to William Dorrity (ΣΠΣ, University Join now and submit your of Maine chapter) for sharing that he took the picture of Dr. Worth Seagondollar at the Trinity profile at spsnational.org/ site that appeared in the Fall 2013 issue of programs/alumni-engagement Radiations! Dorrity is 95 years young and was a friend of Worth’s.

We appreciate all corrections, feedback, and notes from Radiations readers! You can share your thoughts with us at [email protected].

2 Radiations Fall 2020 Contents

5 Your Dollars At Work 5 Sigma Pi Sigma and the American Institute of Physics Step Up: AIP-SPS Emergency Scholarships 8 2020 Individual Award and Scholarship Recipients 9 2020 SPS Summer Interns page 7 10 Features 10 Diversity Isn’t Going to Cut It 11 A Problem with Physics 14 Solving for Inclusivity in Physics 15 We’re Past Due for a SEA Change 17 The Ten Most Popular Physics Today Articles of the Spring and Summer Quarantine

page 10 19 Elegant Connections in Physics 19 The Prophet, the Physicist, and Activism

22 Unifying Fields 22 Sigma Pi Sigma — A Departmental Legacy of Fellowship Part 3: Developing Community (1930s & ‘40s)

page 21 24 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists 24 Jackie Veatch, The Oceanographer 25 Sam Montgomery, The Baker

page 25 Departments ON THE COVER 2 Member Notes Rhodes College SPS shares dry ice filled “Boo 4 Letter From the Historian Bubbles” with event attendees at their annual Pumpkin Drop outreach event. Photo courtesy 7 Chapter Profiles of Rhodes College SPS. 26 2019–20­ Sigma Pi Sigma Initiates

Fall 2020 Radiations 3 Radiations letter from the historian

Fall 2020 Equity and Inclusion Matters Volume 26, Issue 2 by Earl Blodgett, SPS & ΣΠΣ Historian, Worth Seagondollar Service Awardee (’19), ΣΠΣ Honorary Member (’16), Professor of Physics, Director of STEMteach, EDITOR Director of Undergraduate Research, Scholarly & Creative Activity at University Kendra Redmond of Wisconsin – River Falls

MANAGING EDITOR Althea Gaffney hen I was first approached about writing this opening letter, I experienced a touch of panic as CONTRIBUTING EDITORS I am no expert on equity and inclusion. I try to Brad R. Conrad W avoid the stereotypical hubris of physicists who seem to Kayla Stephens believe that being an expert in physics entitles them to be Korena Di Roma Howley an expert on anything. I am a physicist, not a sociologist! Perhaps you feel the same way? Discussing issues like COPY EDITOR equity or racism may make you uncomfortable, and you Cynthia Freeman might feel out of your depth. Interpersonal topics in general may be something you try to avoid (“Please don’t make us ART DIRECTOR Photo courtesy of put our chairs in a circle!”). Aaron Hansen UW-River Falls. But digging into a challenge is something that we are good at—after all, we Layout Designer are physicists! The key is that we enjoy the challenge of physics. It is in our personal Hyun-Joo Kim comfort zone. I would submit for consideration the idea that we can make equity and inclusion something that can be enjoyable and mutually beneficial. SIGMA PI SIGMA PRESIDENT When you look around your own physics department, realize that everyone there brings Jim Borgardt, a different background, experiences, and perspectives, some that are advantageous and Juniata College some that are not. Inclusion means that we acknowledge and welcome those differences, SPS PRESIDENT not that we ignore them. Equity is the process of mutually providing each other with the Alina Gearba-Sell, support to remedy disadvantages by sharing from our advantages. I firmly believe that US Air Force Academy everyone has something of value to share in this process, because we all have gaps in

our background and experiences. It is about being adaptable, respectful, and mutually SIGMA PI SIGMA/SPS DIRECTOR supportive. Brad R. Conrad When I teach first-semester calculus-based physics, my students work in groups of three. I tell them that they are not competing for grades, that instead they are working together to improve everyone’s understanding. I remind them over and over that I don’t care what level of knowledge of physics they came into the class with. I care that they leave the class with a better understanding. This requires that students feel comfortable exposing

their weaknesses and strengths so that everyone in the group leaves with a higher level of understanding. I think that this is an example of equity in action—providing a path to Radiations (ISSN 2160-1119) is the official success for everyone by acknowledging and addressing the differing backgrounds and publication of Sigma Pi Sigma, the physics skills each student has coming into the class. honor society, published twice per year by the American Institute of Physics, One When schools focus on providing resources to fit individual needs, the entire Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. classroom environment improves.1 I observe this in my classroom, my SPS chapter, and Printed in the USA. Standard postage paid at my community. We all benefit from recognizing our uniqueness and working together from Columbus, OH. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Radiations Magazine, that uniqueness. We can enjoy the process of learning from each other and supporting Sigma Pi Sigma, each other! Yes, equity and inclusion may be topics that you are not comfortable 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. discussing, but continuing consideration of these issues is necessary to uphold the values

Sigma Pi Sigma is an organization of the we committed to as ΣΠΣ members. This is not something we, as a community, have done American Institute of Physics. It was founded at well in the past. Davidson College, Davidson, NC, December 11, In March 2019, the National Council added to the existing SPS Statement on Diversity, 1921. Member, Association of College Honor Societies. Contact us at [email protected]; Inclusion, Ethics, and Responsibility, emphasizing that we must actively correct for past telephone: (301) 209-3007; exclusion in our community. Actually working together toward equity and inclusion can fax: (301) 209-3082. help address these historical injustices, can help us better understand one another, can

Copyright © 2020, American Institute of be enlightening, and can be mutually beneficial! n Physics. Title registered in the US Patent Office. All rights reserved. 1. OECD Observer Staff. Ten Steps to Equity in Education. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, January 2008, pp. 1–8. 4 Radiations Fall 2020 Your Dollars At Work

Sigma Pi Sigma and the American Institute of Physics Step Up: The American Institute of Physics is a AIP-SPS Emergency Scholarships federation of scientific societies in the by Brad R. Conrad PhD, Director of the Society of Physics Students and Sigma Pi Sigma physical sciences, representing scientists, engineers, educators, and students. AIP offers authoritative information, t’s hard for me to imagine what it would be resources, advice, and a community on which services, and expertise in physics they can rely. like to be removed from the department and education and student programs, science These educational stresses became quite Iuniversity environments I grew into and loved communication, government relations, apparent at the beginning of the pandemic. as a junior or senior. Moving into the COVID career services, statistical research in reality, what many students are facing today Each spring the Society of Physics Students, physics employment and education, is, frankly, daunting. These challenges must be which shares governance with Sigma Pi Sigma, industrial outreach, and history of the even harder for those just starting their college offers merit- and need-based scholarships physical sciences. AIP publishes Physics education. The courses, extracurriculars, and to its members to support their educational Today, the most closely followed magazine living experiences for tens of thousands of progress. In 2020, the number of student of the physical sciences community, and physics majors have been affected in a myriad applications almost doubled compared to is also home to the Society of Physics of ways, often putting students in situations the same time last year. In fact, the number Students and the Niels Bohr Library & where their safety nets are impaired or removed.1 of applications we have received has far Archives. AIP owns AIP Publishing LLC, Experimental physics looks a lot different when outpaced our ability to fund every student in a scholarly publisher in the physical and laboratory access is limited and lab partners are need. related sciences. www.aip.org not allowed. I’ve asked myself, How would I have Responding to this urgent need, the even finished my homework if I couldn’t spend American Institute of Physics (AIP) partnered Member Societies late nights in the SPS lounge or the library, face with the Society of Physics Students and Acoustical Society of America to face with my classmates? Quantum was hard Sigma Pi Sigma to establish a fund to support students in need of assistance to stay on track American Association of Physicists enough with only a handful of classmates (two, in Medicine to be exact). In fact, very few aspects of what in completing their education. This temporary American Association of Physics Teachers we often consider the college experience have fund was named the AIP-SPS Emergency American Astronomical Society not been impacted by this virus: on-campus Scholarship Fund and was formed to extend American Crystallographic Association housing, dining options, intramural sports, in- emergency lifeline grants to students whose American Meteorological Society person lectures, summer research experiences, lives have been upended by the pandemic. American Physical Society and even course availability have been altered Through the generous support of Sigma AVS Science and Technology of Materials, or indefinitely postponed. These changes can Pi Sigma donors, friends of SPS, and the Interfaces, and Processing place students, especially those who lack a American Institute of Physics, we have been The Optical Society strong external support network, in danger of able to award a total of $100,000 in the The Society of Rheology not finishing their degree. form of emergency scholarships to current Other Member Organizations Even more poignant is the realization that undergraduate students in need of assistance. Sigma Pi Sigma the social and professional networks that help Whereas traditional scholarships are Society of Physics Students students establish their sense of what it means limited to use for tuition, the Emergency Corporate Associates to be a physicist are vastly different from even Scholarship Fund was specifically designed just one year ago. Most national physics and in response to the pandemic. SPS was able to astronomy conferences were virtual this year offer support in other ways, whether through and likely will be for at least part of 2021. Physics underwriting unanticipated travel expenses, Connect with Sigma Pi Sigma club meetings for many SPS chapters across food and housing costs, or materials needed LinkedIn for distance learning. The versatility of our the country are set to be virtual-only events for www.linkedin.com/groups/Sigma-Pi- many months to come. Even office hours, which support allowed us to respond to the specific Sigma-physics-honor-142619 for some of us were a lifeline in the sea of new challenges of each student. For some this Facebook terms, symbols, and math we had to navigate, meant support for course materials and tuition www.facebook.com/groups/ are video-only for many. For most students, the because of lost on-campus employment. sigmapisigma sudden rise in campus food pantry use is well Other students whose classes migrated online Donate understood: times are tough and employment needed help securing a new place to live and donate.aip.org is hard to come by.2 Collectively, these changes internet access as campus housing became can work to impede students from accessing unavailable. Many students reported needing Fall 2020 Radiations 5 Your Dollars At Work help with essentials, including books, food, and course fees, because Pi Sigma and sponsored by the American Institute of Physics. Over the they lost summer jobs and the income that would ordinarily support next two years, we will be inviting you to consider a gift toward travel to them throughout the year. this event, which will be used to underwrite student and chapter travel, as In total, SPS provided support to 73 students who otherwise might well as lodging expenses related to attending. While the meeting will not not have been able to complete their degrees. Applications came from occur until October 6–8, 2022, most students have to conduct fundraising students at colleges and universities across North America, about a for years to make this once-in-a-lifetime trip. Fundraisers and departments third of which were minority-serving institutions or historically Black can help, but many students are not able to come to this event without institutions. The average funding amount per award was $1,370, and donor support. As COVID-19 will only further stress the means of students each student who received funding shared with us what the support who hope to attend the meeting, our goal is to help every student who meant to them. Here is a sample of what recipients said. wants to attend be a part of our 100-year anniversary celebration. “I am driven to combine medical and research training to provide Without support from our community, countless students simply will health care and conduct clinical research as a physician-scientist. I not have the resources needed to attend gatherings like the Physics hope to forge a connection between nanoengineering and medicine, so Congress. These events are important not only for networking but also for I am pursuing an MD-PhD…I find research empowering…I would like developing support structures that help them throughout their professional to sincerely thank you for supporting my academics. I know that many careers. In 2019, Sigma Pi Sigma provided over 300 students with awards of the SPS programs, such as the scholarship program, would not be in support of their travel to the Physics Congress, and we anticipate even possible without the generosity and dedication of donors like you.” more will require assistance in 2022. Thank you for everything you have done and continue to do to bolster the next generation. “Once again, your support in my academic endeavors means On behalf of the students who have benefited from the AIP-SPS the world to me, and I can’t thank you enough for allowing me this Emergency Scholarship Fund, I thank the hundreds of Sigma Pi Sigma opportunity.” donors and friends of SPS who helped us meet our goal of raising “I can sleep better knowing I can complete my degree.” emergency support for students in need. The pandemic brought with it “I have been a part of the Society of Physics Students and the... displacement, upheaval, and loss, but the commitment of AIP and donors Quidditch team since my first semester at school. (I got a concussion like you has allowed SPS to award $100,000 to students in need. I leave from one of those groups in my first semester, I’ll leave it up to you to you with the words of one of our students: guess which.) I was inducted into ΣΠΣ this past spring before we left “It is through SPS that I have found companionship and guidance school for remote learning. I hope to pursue a PhD in particle physics, in school...[This] would not be possible without the generosity and quantum field theory, general relativity, or most of all a topic that is in dedication of donors like you.” n the intersection of those such as quantum gravity or neutrino related cosmology. I’d like to reiterate my gratitude for your support. The www.aip.org/helpstudents programs that have been so beneficial to me in many ways would not be possible without the support of you and many others like you. I am particularly thankful for the help in finishing my undergraduate degree References that your donation will provide this coming year.” 1. 9,193 undergraduates earned a bachelor’s degree in physics in the 2018–19 academic “Thanks to the generosity of your donations I will be able to submit a year, Starr Nicholson and Patrick J. Mulvey, “Roster of Physics Departments with first author publication as an undergrad this year.” Enrollment and Degree Data” (2019), https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/ “I always dreamed of being a scientist...Now, thanks to you, I can statistics/rosters/PhysRost19.2.pdf. continue with this dream.” 2. Eric Hoover, “Enrolling the Class of COVID-19,” https://www.chronicle.com/ These quotes illustrate the impact of what we must do as a society— article/enrolling-the-class-of-covid-19, Accessed Oct. 10, 2020. help students realize their dreams through supporting their education. 3. Seagondollar, Shugart, Strassenburg, and White, “The New Organization of Physics As advocates for the most vulnerable within our community and as Students,” Physics Today 21, 9, 59 (1968); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3035154. stewards of SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma, it is up to us to do what we can to assist students at risk. Supporting the next generation speaks to the four pillars of Sigma Pi Sigma, which we agreed to uphold upon entering the society: honor excellence and scholarship in physics, encourage Student recipients interest in physics, promote service to the community, and provide of the Emergency fellowship to our colleagues. Scholarship Fund. Images courtesy of The pressures students face will likely remain for years to come, but SPS National. Sigma Pi Sigma will continue to aid undergraduates in realizing their full potential. For example, we have begun planning for our centennial celebration, the 2022 Physics Congress, which will be hosted by Sigma

6 Radiations Fall 2020 Chapter Profiles

Virtual Sigma Pi Sigma Inductions: Where Tradition Meets Opportunity Attendees pose for a group “photo” during the University of by Kendra Redmond, Editor Washington Bothell’s 2020 Sigma Pi Sigma induction. hen I signed my name in the red book, becoming an inaugural Image courtesy of Joey Shapiro Key. member of the Carthage College Sigma Pi Sigma chapter in W2007, the feeling of comradery was visceral. I thought of all those who had signed their names in red books before me and all of those who would sign after me. So many physicists that I would never meet—could never meet—but that I was now connected to through this fellowship. Ritual and tradition are woven into the fabric of Sigma Pi Sigma. In its first decade of existence, Sigma Pi Sigma was a fraternity. Symbolism and secrets were important parts of its identity. In 1931 the society dropped the secret elements and transitioned to an honor society, but traditions like the red books live on. Many chapters have cultivated and passed down their own traditions. This year, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ΣΠΣ National Office is Chapter president Kavitha Arur opens Texas Tech University’s 2020 Sigma Pi Sigma induction. Image courtesy of Andrew Whitbeck. encouraging chapters to honor student achievement safely by moving induction ceremonies online. The move has inherent losses: inductees can’t physically sign their chapter’s red book during the ceremony, feel the weight of honor cords as they are bestowed, shake hands with school administrators, or participate in their local traditions. But Sigma Pi Sigma is not a collection of red books—it’s a fellowship of people. Inductions aren’t a collection of traditions—they’re an opportunity to embrace new members who love physics and share the same commitment to academic achievement, service, and outreach. Physicists excel at identifying the essence of a situation and applying the same principles to a new environment. Virtual inductions are an opportunity to do just that—examine the essence of ΣΠΣ traditions and apply them in a virtual setting. By doing so we have the opportunity to strengthen and engage our long-standing community in new ways, Attendees show off the right-hand rule during the 2020 Sigma Pi even as we celebrate the hope and promise of our newest members. n Sigma induction at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. Image courtesy of Roberto Ramos. Seize the Opportunity Get resources for planning a virtual induction, request a personalized message from Sigma Pi Sigma leadership for your ceremony, and invite chapter alumni at www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/virtual_inductions. Join the Alumni Engagement Program at www.sigmapisigma.org/programs/alumni-engagement. Share your ideas for virtual community building by emailing us at [email protected]. Physics Nobel laureate William Phillips gives a talk during the University of the Sciences virtual induction last spring. Image courtesy of Roberto Ramos. Fall 2020 Radiations 7 Your Dollars At Work 2020 Individual Award and Scholarship Recipients The Society of Physics Students congratulates this year’s recipients and thanks the generous Sigma Pi Sigma and SPS donors whose support makes these awards possible.

SCHOLARSHIPS Multiple awards, ranging in value from $2,000 to $5,000, are made each year to individuals showing excellence in academics, SPS participation, and additional criteria. Learn more and see photos and bios of the recipients at www.spsnational.org/awards/scholarships.

SPS OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP University of Utah PEGGY DIXON TWO-YEAR SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP: Matthew Macasadia Joseph Watson Anshu Sharma Texas Lutheran University McMurry University Randolph-Macon College Ryan Pindale 2020 SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND Tristen White University of Maryland – College Park APPLICATIONS INC., ACADEMIC Juniata College Tyler Price SCHOLARSHIP SPS LEADERSHIP SCHOLARSHIP: University of Tulsa Sophie Roberts University of Northern Iowa Abdullah Al Maruf HERBERT LEVY MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP South Dakota State University Kirk Kleinsasser 2020 SCIENCE SYSTEMS Carol Stover Lycoming College AND APPLICATIONS INC., University of Central Arkansas UNDERREPRESENTED STUDENT SPS FUTURE TEACHER SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP Chris Matsumura Carissa Giuliano University of Southern California Anna Murphree Adelphi University Rhodes College David Nguyen University of Southern California AWIS KIRSTEN R. LORENTZEN AWARD 2020 AYSEN TUNCA MEMORIAL Georgia Votta SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP Augustana College Sophie Weiss Amy Zingsheim Kameron Goold Coe College University of Wisconsin-River Falls

SPS AWARD FOR OUTSTANDING UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Awards are made to individuals for outstanding research conducted as an undergraduate. Winners are awarded $1,800 to present their research at an AIP Member Society meeting and receive $500 for themselves and $500 for their SPS chapter. Learn more at www.spsnational.org/awards/outstanding-undergraduate-research.

WINNERS Kevin Fernando University of Central Florida Parsa Zareiesfandabadi North Carolina State University

8 Radiations Fall 2020 Your Dollars At Work

2020 SPS SUMMER INTERNS The SPS summer internship program offers 10-week positions for undergraduate physics students in science research, education, and policy with organizations in the greater Washington, DC, area. Students are placed in organizations that use the interns’ energy and viewpoints to engage with the community and promote the advancement of physics and astronomy. This year all internships took place virtually.

Abigail Ambrose Holly Fortener Benjamin Petkie The College of Wooster Marquette University Worcester Polytechnic Institute AIP/SOR History Intern SOCK (Science Outreach Catalyst Kit) Intern AAPT Teacher Professional Development Intern

Kyle Blasinsky Paul McKinley Abdul Qadeer Rehan John Carroll University Pomona College University of Richmond AIP Mather Policy Intern AIP Mather Policy Intern: NIST Research Intern – Representative Bill US House Committee Foster’s Office (D-IL 11) on Science, Space, and Technology Billy “Trey” Cole Alex Mikulich Maria Stokes West Virginia University Colorado School of University of Utah Mines NIST Research Intern AIP Center for History of NASA Goddard Space Physics Intern Center Intern

Samantha Creech Jack Moody Hale Stolberg University of North University of American University Carolina – Asheville Massachusetts – Amherst AIP FYI Science Policy Physics Today Science APS Career Programs Communications Intern Writing Intern Intern

Joseph Dees Anna Murphree Madison Swirtz Henderson State Rhodes College Colorado School of Mines University NASA Goddard Space APS Education & Diversity APS Bridge Program Center Intern Intern Intern

Max Dornfest University of California 2021 SPS Internship applications open November 1. – Berkeley For more information, visit AIP Mather Policy Intern spsnational.org/programs/internships. – NIST

This program is supported by Sigma Pi Sigma members. Donations can be made at foundation.aip.org/student-programs.html.

Fall 2020 Radiations 9 FEATURE

Diversity Isn’t Going to Cut It by K. Renee Horton, PhD, Founder of Unapologetically Being, Inc.

iversity is easy to achieve. Inclusion is the hard part. Diversity within an organization refers to intentionally employing Dand/or engaging individuals of varying genders, religions, races, ages, ethnicities, political ideologies, sexual orientations, education levels, and physical abilities. Some organizations go further and include life experiences and cognitive approaches toward problem solving as well. All of these variables characterize us as individuals. When you think about your team at work, at school, or even in your network, you likely see some diversity, maybe in race and gender. But this categorical approach doesn’t really hit the essence of what it means to be a richly diverse organization. Such an organization looks beyond race and gender data to inclusion. Embracing and valuing diversity is key to the success of the organization and, by extension, the success of its individuals. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed an executive order (EO) known as Affirmative Action that stated that US government employers could not discriminate against employees or job applicants on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin. This was an attempt to eliminate the unfair, unequal treatment of minority ethnic groups who Photo by Pep Holman. had historically faced discrimination. If this EO had not been signed into law, Katherine Johnson and the other “human computers” of color engineering group to which I was assigned, the tech group in charge that played a key role in getting us to the moon may not have even of training me, and even a group of minority employees. The latter been hired. Thankfully, they were hired, and, well, the rest is history. worked to influence the ability of minority employees to excel at their Affirmative Action and subsequent laws to prohibit discrimination positions, but only if they considered you part of their group. on the basis of sex, ability, and veteran status force us to confront a I knew I had a lot to offer the company, but the stress of trying to be painful reality at the core of our history. The country in which we live included, to fit in, was draining. My colleagues constantly told me, “It’s was not built on the principle that all races or genders are equal, nor not rocket science,” implying that I was just too smart for this position were many of our personal worldviews. Affirmative Action is a measure and they didn’t need me. My guard was up, and I was in defense against organizational practices based on a fundamental belief system mode. that one race or gender is superior to another. I didn’t understand it then, but my brain was having a physiological Even if you support the law and bring in people who are different, response to the exclusion. When you experience pain from exclusion, it can be hard to include them simply because they are different from a part of your brain called the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) you and you don’t know how to process those differences. lights up. The dACC is also known to activate when we experience In my first research position as a new PhD, I was not readily aversive feelings of physical pain. This suggests that social and accepted. I tried hard to gain acceptance from several places—the 10 Radiations Fall 2020 physical injuries are similarly processed by the brain, which leads us to the understanding that pain from exclusion and physical pain can have an identical effect.1 Now I know why I was exhausted back then. Within 90 days of starting, I was let go because the company deemed I wasn’t a good fit. I was relieved – I never saw myself being included or valued. Inclusion is the hard part. It’s a state of being valued, respected, and supported. It is about focusing on the needs of every individual and ensuring the right conditions are in place for each person to achieve their potential. Inclusion is about making sure the climate and the culture of the organization are willing to accept diversity and value the differences presented by each individual. Inclusion pushes each of us to examine our values and our biases. It challenges us to consider that there are some things we may need to change or be intentional about when it comes to our colleagues. Our brains have a tendency to categorize things—a useful function in a world of infinite stimuli—but this can lead to discrimination, baseless assumptions, and worse, particularly in times of hurry or stress. Psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt states that same-race recognition isn’t inborn, “It’s a matter of experience, A Problem acting on biology: If you grew up among white people, you learned to make fine distinctions among whites. Those are the faces our brain is getting trained on.”2 I think this holds true for gender and with Physics other aspects of diversity as well. by Kendra Redmond, Editor To make inclusion work, we have to be willing to accept differences, value what each person brings to the table, and n the past 20 years, the number of physics and astronomy bachelor’s believe that they belong at the table. We have to be intentional degrees awarded in the United States has more than doubled. about changing and correcting our unconscious biases with IOver the same time period, the number of African American students factual data about individuals, let our guard down, and be open earning bachelor’s degrees in all fields has grown much faster than can to the perspectives and opinions of others. Just think: the answer be accounted for by population growth. This holds true for the subset of to your problem, the key to your team’s success, could be locked those earning degrees in all physical science fields.1 away in the brain of the person you exclude, whether it’s done Interest in physics is rising. The percentage of African American consciously or unconsciously. students earning bachelor’s degrees in the US is rising. Yet the Being truly inclusive may put you in situations that are percentage of physics and astronomy bachelor’s degrees earned by uncomfortable. Including someone who is different may go African American students has been persistently and inexcusably low— against the culture of your company, your team’s ideology, or your in the 2%–5% range. own belief system. It’s easy to seek out comfortable situations, but Decades of efforts to increase diversity in physics have met with to be an agent of change and ensure that diversity and inclusion varying levels of success, but none have visibly shifted the national coexist, you have to prepare yourself to be comfortable in the picture for African American students2 in physics and astronomy. uncomfortable. n

References: 1. Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., and Williams, K. D. 2003. Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302:290–2. The Time is Now: Systemic doi:10.1126/science.1089134 Changes to Increase 2. Starr, Douglas 2020. Meet the psychologist exploring unconscious bias— African Americans with and its tragic consequences for society. Brain & Behavior Social Sciences. Bachelor’s Degrees in doi:10.1126/science.abb9022 Physics and Astronomy

www.aip.org/teamup Disclaimer: This article is written in my personal capacity as the founder of Unapologetically Being, Inc., a nonprofit that advocates for changing the face of STEM. The opinions expressed in this article are mine and do not reflect the view of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, referred to as NASA, or the United States Government. Fall 2020 Radiations 11 FEATURE

The Time is Now Physics Identity In 2017 the American Institute of Physics3 convened TEAM-UP4, a Perceiving oneself and being perceived by others as a future physicist task force of physicists, astronomers, and education researchers. The or astronomer. group was charged with studying the experience of African American Key finding:The connection of physics to activities that improve society undergraduates and identifying how the physics and astronomy culture or benefit one’s community is especially important to African American impacts their persistence in the field. students. Through student focus group sessions, site visits, student surveys, Recommendation: Departments should communicate the ways in and departmental surveys, TEAM-UP identified a number of systemic which a physics degree empowers graduates to improve society and changes urgently needed in physics and astronomy departments benefit their communities, for example, by inviting alumni to speak to and institutions at large. Some of these are highlighted here, and the students about these issues. complete findings and corresponding recommendations are detailed in the TEAM-UP report, “The Time is Now: Systemic Changes to Increase Academic Support African Americans with Bachelor’s Degrees in Physics and Astronomy.” Effective teaching that builds on strengths rather than focuses on presumed deficits. TEAM-UP Findings and Recommendations Key finding: Faculty who teach well and demonstrate commitment Key factors that affect the success or failure of African American to students by affirming their academic abilities, encouraging their students in physics and astronomy include belonging, physics identity, success, and helping them find additional resources are critically academic support, personal support, and leadership and structures. important in fostering student success. Most of the TEAM-UP findings and recommendations are categorized Recommendation: Departments should adopt policies and practices according to these five factors. Below are selected examples; to read that encourage multiple faculty, including those who are not members the full report, which includes 20 key findings and 30 recommendations, of marginalized groups, to engage in formal and informal mentoring of visit the AIP website at www.aip.org/teamup. students, and they should recognize and reward these efforts. Belonging Personal Support A sense of being a welcomed and contributing part of the physics and Easy and destigmatized access to support for nonacademic needs. astronomy community. Key finding:Financial stress is particularly high for many African Key finding:Faculty interactions have a powerful effect on student American students given the documented enormous racial wealth retention in, or departure from, the major. Students’ sense of belonging disparities in the US. Colleges and universities improve student retention increases with the number of faculty who get to know them as individuals and graduation by providing emergency support. and demonstrate support for their success. Recommendation: Departments should identify campus resources for Recommendation: Faculty who teach or advise undergraduates emergency financial aid, conference travel, and other unmet needs and should become aware that counterspaces (e.g., family, churches, Black help students take advantage of them. student organizations) are important for African American students and should assist students in finding the support they need inside and outside the department.

Typically between 5% and 8% of physics bachelors are awarded to non-US citizens. The percent of degrees awarded to African-Americans is based on US citizens only.

Number of bachelor’s degrees earned in physics in the Percent of physics bachelor’s degrees earned by African US, 1955–2019. Credit: AIP Statistical Research Center. American students in the US. Credit: AIP Statistical Research Center.

12 Radiations Fall 2020 Leadership and Structures • Consider the climates you help foster, on campus and otherwise, and Department leaders designing environments, policies, and structures how you can implement any relevant recommendations. that maximize success. • If you’re a faculty member, administrator, or member of a Key finding:Lone champions [within the department] can make a big professional society, consider participating in an upcoming difference for students, but their effort is unsustainable, making this TEAM-UP implementation workshop. For details see www.aip.org/ an ineffective long-term strategy. In the most successful departments, teamupworkshops. a significant fraction of the faculty consistently values and supports • If you’re an alumnus, reach out to your home or local SPS chapter underrepresented students. (https://www.spsnational.org/about/governance/zones) to offer Recommendation: Departmental administrators should become familiar support in line with these recommendations. with and encourage students to utilize campus resources, including • Connect with SPS chapters and members by joining the SPS Alumni student affairs offices, dual-degree programs, research funding Engagement Program, www.spsnational.org/programs/alumni- programs, multicultural centers, tutoring centers, etc. engagement. • Financially support physics undergraduates in need of emergency What will it take? funding due to negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through To catalyze real change and at least double the number of bachelor’s the SPS Emergency Scholarship Fund, https://foundation.aip.org/ degrees in physics and astronomy awarded to African American student-programs.html. n students by 2030, TEAM-UP is calling on the physics and astronomy community to provide • Supportive departments in which the faculty is deeply engaged in References: improving outcomes for African American students, and 1. The percentage of African American students earning physical science degrees has • Significant financial support for African American students and increased by 36%, compared with a 23% population growth rate. historically Black colleges and universities that relieves some of the 2. For consistency with previous data collection efforts and the wording of its charge, unjust burden of racial wealth disparities, ideally in the form of a $50 TEAM-UP used “African American” to refer to Black students earning physics million endowment. bachelor’s degrees in the United States. 3. AIP is the parent organization of Sigma Pi Sigma. Help solve the problem 4. The Task Force to Elevate African American Representation in Undergraduate • Read the TEAM-UP report, “The Time is Now,” available at www.aip. Physics and Astronomy. org/teamup.

TEAM-UP Voices “For so long, efforts to increase the numbers of African American students in physics have focused on ‘fixing’ these students. An important message from the TEAM-UP study is that they don’t need fixing . . . Departments have to do the work to break down harmful structures and rebuild those that will truly support African American students and ultimately all.” - Arlene Modeste Knowles, AIP Diversity Task Force Project Manager, TEAM-UP

“The biggest barrier for me was finance. It was really hard to succeed and make the most of my undergraduate experience when I was constantly worrying about feeding myself and paying for rent.” - Student comment during a TEAM-UP focus group session

“We physicists are so steeped in the community, and also in looking at specific science problems, that [when we tackle issues like diversity and inclusion] we’re not looking at the whole community, we’re not taking a holistic view. Because of [the sociologists on the team] we had a robust survey and we were able to hear student voices directly.” - Tabbetha Dobbins, Interim VP for Research and Dean of the Graduate School, Division of University Research and Associate Professor, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University; TEAM-UP task force member

“Sometimes you feel like you can do it, and then it’s like, what if you can’t? . . . You go into a class and you’re the only [Black] person there. There’s already the pressure of ‘I have to be top notch. I have to do what I got to do.’ I feel like sometimes that can get in the way of personal success.” -Student comment during a TEAM-UP focus group session

“At this point there is really no excuse. We have all seen the data over and over, heard the stories, and have clear recommendations to address each finding. The only thing left to do is to act upon them.” - Brian Beckford, Physicist and Program Manager, Office of High Energy Physics, Office of Science, Department of Energy, TEAM-UP Task Force member

The views and opinions expressed here are personal and not intended to reflect the views of any organization or employer. Fall 2020 Radiations 13 FEATURE

Solving for Inclusivity in Physics

by Molly McDonough, 2019–20 Associate Zone Councilor Representative, SPS National Council Executive Committee

he AIP National Task Force to Elevate doubled in the last two decades1. While the number of African American African American Representation in students earning an undergraduate physics degree has increased over TUndergraduate Physics & Astronomy this period, the percentage of African American physics grads has (TEAM-UP) recently published its study of remained well below the 13% of the US population composed of African the reasons behind and recommendations to American people.1,2 address the persistent underrepresentation Physics and astronomy (and science as a whole) is a team sport. of African American students in our field. Science works best and leads to more innovation when groups of As the honor society of the physics field, people with differing perspectives come together and work towards a Photo courtesy Sigma Pi Sigma has a unique obligation to common goal. A study of over 2.5 million scientific papers conducted of SPS National. not only support the efforts of the TEAM-UP by Freeman and Huang at Harvard University found that while authors report but also to work within our community to implement its of similar ethnicities (as suggested by their last names) published recommendations to combat the related issues that have plagued together more frequently, publications written by authors with diverse our community. While some conclusions in the TEAM-UP report ethnic backgrounds were more likely to be published in higher- are not new, the collection as a whole serves as a beacon to guide impact journals and receive more citations.3 This serves as empirical us to a better place. The student voices from the report serve as evidence that diversity and inclusion in physics and astronomy is not an honest reflection of many of the issues that stop students from just important as a social cause but also as a scientific one. Including moving forward with their education, whether for advanced or broader perspectives and people from diverse backgrounds is critical undergraduate study. to innovation in science and speaks directly to the mission of Sigma Pi As Sigma Pi Sigma members, we all promised to not just Sigma. encourage others to study physics but to strive to help them In 21st-century physics and astronomy, there is no place for succeed. Fellowship takes many forms, and part of our promise institutionalized racism. As the primary student organization for students includes making the recommendations of the TEAM-UP report work of physics and astronomy and an honor society that strives to support for students, faculty, and undergraduate departments. We are 76,000 and encourage interest in physics at all levels, we must take it upon physicists strong, and collectively we can serve future generations ourselves to support and educate our chapters, students, faculty, and by ending the persistent underrepresentation of African American departments on the value of inclusivity and diversity in physics and people in physics and astronomy. astronomy. Sigma Pi Sigma, and in turn each of us, would do well to use “There was one teacher that really, honestly, I was going to give up the TEAM-UP report as a tool to help us step up and solve for inclusion on physics and she changed everything… She just kept checking in physics. n in on me.” - Student comment during a TEAM-UP focus group session References: 1. AIP TEAM-UP report: https://www.aip.org/diversity-initiatives/team-up- While the physics and astronomy community acknowledges task-force. there is a need for a significant increase in diversity and inclusion of people of all gender identities, races, ethnicities, sexual identities, 2. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. socioeconomic statuses, and ability statuses, the number of 3. Richard B. Freeman and Wei Huang, “Collaborating with People Like bachelor’s degrees awarded to African American students in Me: Ethnic Coauthorship within the United States,” J. Labor Econ. 33, physics and astronomy remains appallingly low. The total number no. S1 (2014); “US High-Skilled Immigration in the Global Economy,” of physics undergraduate degrees earned in the US has more than J. Labor Econ. 33, no. S1, Part 2 (July 2015): pp. S289–S318, DOI: 10.1086/678973, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/678973. 14 Radiations Fall 2020 FEATURE

We’re Past Due for a SEA Change by Alexis Knaub, Project Manager for Physics and Astronomy - SEA Change, American Association of Physics Teachers

bias—assuming an astronomer is a middle-aged white man—can have other impacts, such as whom he selects for different jobs. Because they are not deliberate, unconscious biases are hard to unseat. Becoming aware of them and actively working on them are important first steps. To provide the best possible environment for everyone in our departments, those who witness or learn of problematic situations have a responsibility to ensure harm doesn’t continue. We must dismantle barriers rooted in racism, sexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, ableism, and more. These barriers have nothing to do with learning or working in physics and are detrimental to the progress of the field. To do so, departments must work together internally and with support from the broader Photo courtesy of Alexis Knaub. community. Encouragingly, the scientific community has been making efforts to understand hile it’s no secret that we in physics and and improve the experience of marginalized students, faculty, and staff. The AIP astronomy still have much progress to TEAM-UP project is a prominent example of such an effort, focusing specifically on make, our field has begun the journey of African American students in physics, and is described in greater detail elsewhere in W 1 addressing the disproportionate challenges faced this issue. Additionally, site visits from professional society committees can provide by our colleagues from groups underrepresented information on how a department is faring, where they can find additional resources, in physics, including those who are Black,1 Latin and what they can do to improve. Most recently, members of the physics and American,2 Indigenous,3 Asian,4 female,5 LGBT+,6 astronomy community have begun a pilot project that involves a self-assessment and/or are disabled.7 and action plan process to help spur change at the department level. A major issue we must confront is that many of SEA Change our learning and work environments aren’t set up The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), inspired for all of us to thrive as our whole, authentic selves. by the United Kingdom Athena SWAN project, aimed at improving gender equity, There are many reasons for this, ranging from launched an initiative to address bias, marginalization, and exclusion on the basis systemic barriers to individual actions. There are of gender, race, ethnicity, ability, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, age, people in physics who blatantly promote harmful and the intersections between these identities in science, technology, engineering, beliefs or actions. There are also many people who mathematics, and medicine (STEMM).10,11 This initiative is the STEMM Equity mean well but subconsciously cause harm. Achievement (SEA) Change project. All of us have unconscious biases, beliefs, or The Physics and Astronomy SEA Change project is a pilot project to support preferences of which we are unaware and for which physics and astronomy departments in changing their cultures to support those who we lack supporting evidence.8 For example, the are marginalized and cultivate an equitable and inclusive community for everyone. editor-in-chief of Physics World noted a time he The AAAS SEA Change initiative began at the institutional level. Universities and assumed two astronomers in a story were middle- colleges embarking on the SEA Change process first undergo a self-assessment aged white men when, in fact, they were young to better understand how effectively their institution is serving underrepresented women.9 As the author points out, his unconscious students, faculty, and staff. The self-assessment, which entails data gathering and

Fall 2020 Radiations 15 FEATURE

reflection, can reveal what might not be apparent to university and Let’s get to work college leaders. This process aims to establish a baseline set of facts The act of creating a truly equitable environment for all students for comparison. This looks different for each institution. From there, and faculty can feel overwhelming. There is a vast gray area between institutional leaders develop a five-year plan to address aspects of active discrimination and inclusivity. Where a department lies on their institution that aren’t equitable. Their plans must be rooted in the this spectrum can profoundly impact people, especially those from data from the self-assessment and provide ways to track how their historically underrepresented groups. The SEA Change approach plans are addressing the issue(s) identified. focuses on self-assessment and data, but the goal isn’t just having These plans and the rationale behind them are reviewed by a a representative number of individuals with various identities in a committee which awards distinction to institutions with solid plans program. People spend considerable time working, learning, and for progress. After five years, institutions are encouraged to revisit socializing in their departments. Creating environments where all their self-assessment and reapply to renew their award. So far, three individuals can thrive is the goal. Reaching that goal entails confronting institutions have received awards. Their plans include steps such as harsh realities and making meaningful efforts to change the culture. implementing bystander intervention trainings and creating policies This is not a trivial undertaking, and we must rise to the occasion. that ensure members of underrepresented groups are not asked to Through actions we take as individuals and collectively in serve on too many committees, which is a common issue.12 departments, we can implement the changes necessary to establish The Physics and Astronomy SEA Change pilot project is analogous a diverse, inclusive, and equitable field. Together, we can make sure to the AAAS SEA Change institutional-level project in that it includes a everyone is welcome in the physics and astronomy community. n self-assessment and award structure but functions at the departmental level. Participating departments will build a baseline for their processes References: and evaluate historical trends and statistics. Through this process they 1. “The Time is Now: Systemic Changes to Increase African Americans with can evaluate their standing on a wide variety of issues that impact Bachelor’s Degrees in Physics and Astronomy,” American Institute of Physics, College those that they wish to educate and serve. This pilot project is guided Park, MD, https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/aipcorp/files/teamup-full-report. by representatives from physics and astronomy professional societies, pdf. including the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), American Astronomical Society (AAS), American Institute of Physics 2. “Physics Programs at HSIs,” http://www.hispanicphysicists.org/eupphsi/talks/ (AIP), American Physical Society (APS), the National Society of Black Burciaga2.pdf. Physicists (NSBP), the National Society of Hispanic Physicists (NSHP), 3. “Perspectives on the Indigenous Worldviews in Informal. . . .” Oct. 16, 2017, the Optical Society of America (OSA), and SPS and ΣΠΣ. https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1119/1.5008336. Why create a departmental self-assessment and award system if 4. “Dressing up racism as a compliment just doesn’t . . . - Phys.org.” Jan. 6, 2020, an institutional program already exists? Departments in postsecondary https://phys.org/news/2020-01-racism-compliment-doesnt.html. educational institutions have considerable autonomy, ranging from what is taught (and how) to graduate admissions to faculty hires. 5. “Common Challenges Faced by Women of Color in Physics. . . .” Aug. 23, 2017, Thus, although not completely removed from institutional constraints, https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.4999731. departments have a lot of agency over day-to-day realities and, 6. “APS LGBT Climate in Physics Report - American Physical. . . .” Oct. 13, 2015, ultimately, the culture and climate of the department. https://www.aps.org/programs/lgbt/upload/LGBTClimateinPhysicsReport.pdf. This academic year, the Physics and Astronomy pilot program 7. “Perspectives from students with disabilities - ComPADRE.org.” https://www. hopes to support a few departments as they work through the self- compadre.org/per/items/4948.pdf. assessment. In this way, we can test drive the program and determine 8. Psychology Today. 2020. Bias. [online] Available at we plan to scale up and support more departments in their work to remove barriers and create conditions for everyone to thrive. 9. “Surely you’re not biased – Physics World.” Mar. 10, 2016, https://physicsworld. com/a/surely-youre-not-biased/.

10. “AAAS SEA Change.” https://seachange.aaas.org/.

11. “SEA Change honors diversity efforts by universities | Science.” May 31, 2019, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6443/844.

12. “Stopping the leaks | The Lasker Foundation.” June 17, 2019, http://www. laskerfoundation.org/new-noteworthy/articles/changing-culture-support-women- science/.

16 Radiations Fall 2020 FEATURE

The Ten Most Popular Physics Today Articles of the 10 Spring and Summer Quarantine by Mikayla Cleaver, SPS Programs Coordinator

1. “Graduate Departments Move Away from GREs,” by the virus. At the UK’s Diamond Light Source, researchers are by Dalmeet Singh Chawla, July 9, 2020 working from home to analyze how potential drug components interact with the virus through a process called fragment screening. Some The general Graduate Record Examinations (GREs) and GRE subject groups, including a team at the University of Texas at Austin, are using tests in physics have slowly been disappearing from the requirements cryoelectron microscopy to examine the structure of proteins that resist of physics and astronomy graduate programs. With the COVID-19 crystallization. The path to a drug-based treatment or vaccine that pandemic, additional departments are joining this trend for the short can slow or even stop the current pandemic is long, but as Kramer term, and some are considering making the change permanent. demonstrates in this article, physics instruments are likely to play an Research has highlighted issues with using these standardized tests— important role in the process. notably, their inability to predict student success in graduate programs and their tendency to introduce inequities in the admissions process. 4. “Commentary: Disentangling Anti-Blackness from The cost of testing, access to testing locations, and other factors can Physics,” by Charles D. Brown II, July 20, 2020 serve as barriers for very capable students, making it hard for them Charles D. Brown II, postdoctoral researcher in the Ultracold Atomic to do well or even take the test. Students can take the test at home Physics Group at the University of California, Berkeley, shares a during the pandemic but may still struggle with the cost, finding a quiet frightening experience he had with police that occurred in Chicago place to take the test, and having reliable internet access, among other during one of his nightly runs as an undergraduate. He was aggressively concerns. Eliminating these tests may result in physics and astronomy approached and physically assaulted. He ties this experience into his departments seeing a more diverse and better-quality graduate student life in academia, stating, “Black scholars experience widespread bias class. and discrimination and are subjected to both interpersonal and systemic anti-Black racism.” In 2017, Black students were awarded only 3% of 2. “Helium Shortage has Ended, for Now,” by David Kramer, June 5, 2020 physics bachelor’s degrees. In this article, Brown shares numerous examples of how racism pushed him away from physics and academia, In addition to birthday parties, helium is a key element in medical research, and he notes that these experiences aren’t unique—Black students still scientific research, industrial processes, and medical treatments, face these challenges in academia. The article includes a call to action among other applications. Since June 2017, helium suppliers have had and concrete steps that faculty, students, and departments can take draw limits on the amount of helium one could purchase because of to help create a more successful and inclusive community, such as a supply shortage. Due to social distancing measures resulting from educating yourself and listening to Black students and scientists, and the COVID-19 pandemic, many birthday parties have been canceled acknowledging your biases and working to correct them. and the demand for party balloons has dropped immensely. Prior to the pandemic, balloons were responsible for at least 10% of the helium The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National usage. The decrease in demand seems to have ended the helium Laboratory (ANL). Photo courtesy of aps.anl.gov. shortage for now. However, some scientists have noticed price hikes when ordering helium for their experiments. So while there may not be need to worry about supply in the near future, prices may be a source of concern if the trend continues. 3. “World’s Physics Instruments Turn Their Focus to COVID-19,” by David Kramer, May 1, 2020 Science facilities around the world have reopened their doors post shutdown and focused their instruments on research into the COVID-19 virus. For example, the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory can use multiple beamlines to study the proteins encoded Fall 2020 Radiations 17 encouraged to use the day “to educate themselves and advocate for change in their communities.” The day also encouraged academics to rethink the way they perform their normal duties and challenged them to combat anti-Blackness in the world at large. 8. “Gravitational-Lensing Measurements Push Hubble-Constant Discrepancy Past 5σ,” by Johanna L. Miller, March 1, 2020

The Hubble constant (H0) tells us how fast the universe is expanding.

Two prominent methods of measuring H0 are the ΛCDM model and the distance–velocity method utilizing cosmic events such as supernovae.

The ΛCDM model measures H0 to be 67.4 ± 0.5 km/s/Mpc and the distance–velocity method measures it to be 74.0 ± 1.4 km/s/Mpc. The difference between these two magnitudes could be explained by systemic uncertainty in methodology. A new measurement by the Galaxy NGC 2442 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. Photo H0LiCOW collaboration using gravitationally lensed quasars, however, courtesy of ESA/Hubble & NASA, S. Smartt et al. measures H0 to be 73.3 + 1.7 − 1.8 km/s/Mpc. The article explains the discrepancy in these measurements and how it affects our view of the 5. “An Atomic Physics Perspective on the Kilogram’s universe. New Definition,” by Wolfgang Ketterle and Alan Jamison, May 1, 2020 9. “COVID-19 Pandemic Modeling Is Fraught with Uncertainties,” by David Kramer, June 1, 2020 The kilogram, previously defined by a physical weight in Paris, has recently been redefined in terms of Planck’s constant, or more plainly, Modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic spread over time in Georgia atomic frequency. Similarly, other standard units of measure have been showed that even if lockdowns had been extended through mid-May redefined in terms of constants of nature, such as the meter, which is instead of lifting May 1, infections would have climbed extremely quickly. now defined in terms of the speed of light. In this article, Ketterle and This article notes that different models from groups around the country Jamison explore the new definition and what it means physically to have predicted a peak in cases that has already been surpassed. Kramer the kilogram defined in terms of Planck’s constant. The main benefit of uses what happened in Georgia to demonstrate that the uncertainties this redefinition is that unlike physical artifacts, it is not subject to decay surrounding the virus lead to large error bars in predictions, and there over time. are many models to choose from that change and evolve every day. Alison Hill, a research fellow at Harvard University, says one factor to 6. “Hubble’s 30-Year Legacy,” by Nadieh Bremer and look for in a model is the education and skill level of the people involved. Andrew Grant, April 1, 2020 While these models can change and disagree with one another, as they In April 1990, Physics Today ran an article about the Hubble Space are continuously fine-tuned they can be used to interpret and benefit Telescope set to launch later that month. Thirty years later, Hubble decision-making for the future. has dramatically changed how we view the universe. By looking more 10. “Does New Physics Lurk inside Living Matter?,” by closely and deeply at the universe than humanity ever has before, the Paul Davies, August 1, 2020 telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos and our place within it. Included in the article is a four-page visual highlighting Without being able to explain life, it is very hard to look for it in other some of Hubble’s accomplishments over the past three decades, such places. Paul Davies writes, “Asked whether physics can explain life, as the Ultra Deep Field image and imaging of nebulas and galaxies. most physicists would answer yes. The more pertinent question, The Hubble Telescope is still making new discoveries and is predicted however, is whether known physics is up to the job or whether something to keep observing the universe until at least 2025. fundamentally new is required.” Davies dives deep into examining how different fields of physics may be able to explain life but argues that 7. “Academics to Stage Strike for Black Lives, there may be a new field of physics waiting to be discovered that’s ShutDownSTEM on 10 June,” by Andrew Grant, June 8, necessary to explain what life is. n 2020 On Wednesday, June 10, 2020, many physicists and other STEM To read the articles, visitphysicstoday.org . communities shut down all of their normal academic activities to instead 1. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.2.20200709a educate themselves and reflect on how they can take action to aid in the 2. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.2.20200605a fight for justice. The idea was conceived by Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, 3. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4470 a particle cosmology theorist and feminist theorist at the University of 4. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.3.20200720a New Hampshire, and Brian Nord, cosmologist and Fermilab physicist, 5. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4472 and coordinated in conjunction with #ShutDownSTEM and a diverse 6. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.4.20200401a group of physicists known as Particles for Justice. The idea for the 7. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.2.20200608a strike came about amidst the protests against systemic racism and 8. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4424 police violence during the spring of 2020. Non-Black academics were 9. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4493 10. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4546 18 Radiations Fall 2020 Elegant Connections in Physics The Prophet, the Physicist, and Activism by Dwight E. Neuenschwander, Southern Nazarene University

A young man asked Frederick Douglass, “What should I do with my life?” Douglass replied, “Agitate, agitate, agitate.”

hen Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated, I was of mankind. I only knew that I had heard one of the greatest.1 attending high school in Wichita, Kansas. Back then, Wichita The 1963 march was followed by the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Wwas sharply segregated. My school sat on the boundary Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Fair Housing Act. But these promises between the White and Black neighborhoods. The morning after Dr. on paper remain unfulfilled in practice. Fifty-seven years later, drawing King’s murder, the halls of the high school were filled with simmering strength from more tragedy2, the Black Lives Matter movement has frustration. My typing teacher closed the door to block the noise. gained long-overdue traction. But voting rights for people of color Going to lunch, I suddenly found myself surrounded by an angry are still suppressed. They still endure unequal access to education, mob. Someone had me around the neck, but he suddenly dropped health care, jobs, and secure housing. The arc of history bends toward his grip as 7-ft.-tall Coach Wessel approached us, the mob parting justice with excruciating slowness. In his letter to fellow clergy from the before him like the Red Sea before Moses. Shortly thereafter the Birmingham jail, Dr. King wrote, “We know through painful experience hallways were lined with helmeted police. I had had enough school that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be for that day and went home. That evening I talked by telephone with demanded by the oppressed” 3. a Black classmate named Marvin. He helped me, a White student, In his final Sunday morning sermon, delivered at Washington understand the enormous despair that had just crashed down onto National Cathedral on March 31, 1968, Dr. King proclaimed, the Black community. I am grateful to Marvin for his friendship and our Through our scientific and technological genius, we have made conversation at that moment. On a day when his family needed solace, of this world a neighborhood and yet... we have not had the ethical Brother Marvin was there for me, replacing potential resentment with commitment to make of it a brotherhood... We must all learn to live the desire to understand. That day Marvin practiced a calming and together as brothers. Or we will all perish together as fools...Whatever effective form of personal activism. affects one directly affects all indirectly. 4 Forty years later I visited the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, the site of the assassination. The Lorraine is now part of the National Civil From quantum electrodynamics to adaptive optics, Freeman Dyson Rights Museum. I was moved and mourned the sins of my country, greatly advanced mankind’s scientific and technological genius. He the sufferings of the oppressed, and the foolish arrogance that keeps spoke out for making our world a brotherhood. Thirty-two years after us from seeing everyone as brothers and sisters in the human family. Dr. King’s final Sunday sermon, Professor Dyson stood in the same What can one person do? cathedral to deliver another powerful sermon, his acceptance speech The 2020 March on Washington commemorated the 57th anniversary for the 2000 Templeton Award: of the August 28, 1963, civil rights March on Washington. On that day The great question of our time is, how to make sure that the in 1963, Freeman Dyson took a half-day off from his work at the Arms continuing scientific revolution brings benefits to everybody, rather Control and Disarmament Agency to join the marchers: than widening the gap between rich and poor... Black people from all over the United States were marching. A Technology must be guided and driven by ethics if it is to do more quarter of a million people were marching. It was quiet... I walked to the than provide new toys for the rich...Science and religion should work end of the avenue where the marchers were assembling and marched together to abolish the gross inequalities that prevail in the modern with them to the Lincoln Memorial... They sang their freedom songs... world. 5 and they looked like the hope of the future as they danced and sang The prophet and the physicist preached similar messages. They with their bright faces and sparkling eyes. understood that the end never justifies the means. In a 1967 Christmas From two til four, the leaders of the black people spoke at the sermon, Dr. King emphasized, “We will never have peace in the world memorial, with the huge figure of Lincoln towering over their heads... until men everywhere recognize that ends are not cut off from means Martin Luther King spoke like an Old Testament prophet. I was quite …destructive means cannot bring about constructive ends”6. As an close to him, and I was not the only one listening who was in tears. “I operations analyst studying the Allied bombing of German cities have a dream,” he said, over and over again, as he described to us during World War II, Professor Dyson grimly concluded, “A good cause his visions of peace and justice. In my letter to my family that night I can become bad if we fight for it with means that are indiscriminately wrote, “I would be ready to go to jail for him any time.” I did not know murderous… In the end it is how you fight, as much as why you fight, then that I had heard one of the most famous speeches in the history that makes your cause good or bad”7.

Fall 2020 Radiations 19 The prophet and the physicist desired similar ends: justice for the included lingering conversations on family porches, a quiet defiance oppressed and redemption of the entire society, because oppression of the town’s segregation. also dehumanizes the oppressors. Dr. King sought the moral high While living in America, Einstein accepted only one honorary ground, as he explained in a 1956 speech at the end of the year-long doctorate, from Lincoln University, America’s oldest Black university 20. Montgomery bus boycott: “We must remember . . . that a boycott is not There, on May 3, 1946, Einstein declared, “Segregation is a disease an end within itself . . . The end is reconciliation; the end is redemption; not of colored people but of White people, and I do not intend to the end is the creation of the beloved community”8. Dr. King’s principle remain quiet about it.” He had published four months earlier an article of nonviolent resistance was effective. John Griffin, a White man who condemning racism in America21. Recalling the mythology that “In the in 1959 medically darkened his skin to experience life as a Black man United States everyone feels assured of his worth as an individual,” in the Jim Crow South, recorded, Einstein pointed out an inconsistency: In Montgomery . . . I encountered a new atmosphere. The Negro’s There is, however, a somber point in the social outlook of Americans. feeling of utter hopelessness is here replaced by a determined spirit of Their sense of equality and human dignity is mainly limited to men of passive resistance. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.’s influence, white skins. . . . The more I feel an American, the more this situation like an echo of Gandhi’s, prevails . . . Here the Negro has committed pains me. I can escape the feeling of complicity only by speaking out. himself to a definite stand. He will go to jail, suffer any humiliation, but In the Birmingham jail letter, Dr. King wrote, “We will have to he will not back down. . . . The white race is bewildered and angered repent in this generation not merely for the vitriolic words and actions by such an attitude, because the dignity of the Negro’s course of of the bad people, but for the appalling silence of the good people. 9 action emphasizes the indignity of his own. We must come to see that human progress never rolls in on wheels Professor Dyson shared with my students his personal experience of inevitability”22. Professor Dyson affirmed, “We are scientists of this principle. Our class quoted in a letter to him his statement second, human beings first. We become politically involved because about how you fight makes your cause good or bad, and we asked his knowledge implies responsibility”23. In the presence of injustice, thoughts on the 9/11 terrorists who hijacked passenger-laden airliners. silence is complicity. I am proud to be a member of the community of His answer recalled his teenage emotions during the Blitz—hearing in physicist agitators who respect reality and speak truth to power. The the crash of buildings the collapse of the British Empire, which had arc of history urgently needs further bending toward justice for all. Let ransacked other cultures. Many young people abroad might have us not be quiet about it. been thinking similar thoughts about the United States during 9/11: The only wisdom that I can extract from this memory is that the problem of terrorism is not a military problem. It is a problem of people’s hearts and minds. Attempts to solve it by military means will only make it worse. . . . We must treat our enemies with respect so that we do not appear to be trampling on their cultures and traditions. The ultimate goal must always be not to destroy our enemies but to convert them into friends.10 In his 1991 Oersted Medal speech, Professor Dyson described “subversion of authority” as one of the “beautiful faces of science”11. Professor Dyson at the Martin Luther King Jr. at the 1963 12,13 Physicists have an obligation to activism , which we have expressed 2012 Sigma Pi Sigma Civil Rights March on Washington, collectively through professional societies by showing whom we honor, Congress, conversing D.C. Photo courtesy of Central causes we support, and stands we articulate. Whom we honor finds with a student. Photo Press/Getty Images. illustration in the Andrei Sakharov Prize, which recognizes “outstanding courtesy of Dwight leadership and/or achievements of scientists in upholding human Neuenschwander. 14 rights” . Causes we support are expressed in organizations like POSTSCRIPT 15 the Union of Concerned Scientists and APS Forums on Physics & Professor Dyson passed away on February 28, 2020. Everyone 16 17 Society and Diversity & Inclusion . Our public stands are articulated knows of his accomplishments in physics, mathematics, engineering, through official statements such as the APS Statements on Nuclear and writing. My students and I also came to know him as a wise 18 Testing . grandfather figure. He put other people first24. But ultimately, activism must be personal. Recall the exemplary * When a theologian said Professor Dyson was “trying to impose 19–21 activism of Albert Einstein , from his first political manifesto in 1915 his set of rules on God,” Professor Dyson responded, “Maybe I impose urging intellectuals to transcend nationalism, to the 1955 Einstein– my rules on God, but that is not as bad as imposing them on my Russell Manifesto urging nations to eschew hydrogen bombs; from neighbors”25. renouncing ties with Hitler’s Germany in 1933, to cochairing with * In a hand-written letter Professor Dyson wrote, “Now I am a busy Paul Robeson the American Crusade to End Lynching; from publicly grandfather with our three little grandsons living here in Princeton. . . . defending in 1931 Heidelberg professor E.J. Gumbel, who had I spend more time babysitting and less time writing books. You never exposed political assassinations by Nazis, to offering himself, during know which job will turn out to be more important!” 26. the McCarthyism hysteria, as a character witness for NAACP founder * When asking about energy sustainability, we quoted his comment, 20 W.E.B. du Bois ; from helping Jewish refugees find wartime sanctuary “Sanity is, in its essence, nothing more than the ability to live within in America, to taking walks in Princeton’s Black neighborhoods that nature’s laws”27. We suggested that by plundering our planet, society is insane. Professor Dyson’s response surprised us: “I disagree 20 Radiations Fall 2020 particularly with your last sentence, where you say our society is 8. Ref. 3, p. 140. insane. On the contrary, I think we are handling the energy problem 9. John H. Griffin, Black Like Me (Signet, 1961), p. 116. much better than we are handling other problems such as poverty 10. Ref. 5, pp. 130–131. and inequality and gun violence and education and public health. The 11. Freeman J. Dyson, “To Teach or Not to Teach,” Am. J. Phys., 59(6), June 1991, obsession with energy is distracting attention from these more serious pp. 490–495. problems”28. Here was food for thought. In a peaceful, healthy, just 12. Melba Phillips, “Dangers Confronting American Science,” Science, 116 (Oct. 24, society, energy problems would be easy to solve. 1952), pp. 439–443. * At the 2012 Sigma Pi Sigma Congress in Orlando, attended mostly 13. D.E. Neuenschwander, “Physicists and Dissent: The Obligation of Scientific by students, Professor Dyson was scheduled to speak on Saturday Citizenship,” Radiations (Fall 2008), pp. 19–21. morning, but he arrived Thursday evening as the conference began. 14. Sakharov Prize: https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/sakharov.cfm. He was immediately surrounded by a crowd, students and Nobel 15. Union of Concerned Scientists: https://www.ucsusa.org/. Laureates together. He participated in every activity of the Congress. 16. APS FPS: https://www.aps.org/units/fps/index.cfm. During every break, long lines formed about Professor Dyson. He 17. APS FDI: https://www.aps.org/units/fdi/index.cfm. turned no one away. The meeting ended on Saturday evening. Near 18. Statement on Nuclear Testing: https://www.aps.org/policy/statements/03_2.cfm. midnight, as the staff disassembled the registration booth in the 19. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, Citadel Press undated);( Out of My Later deserted convention center, Professor Dyson still patiently conversed Years, Citadel Press (1974); Ideas and Opinions, Crown Publishers (1982); with lingering students who had waited for a word with him. He was a Abraham Pais, Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein wise, beloved grandfather to us all. We are blessed to call him mentor (Oxford Univ. Press, 1982); Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe n and friend. (Simon & Schuster, 2007); D.E. Neuenschwander, “Taking Einstein’s Ethics Into the Twenty-First Century,” SPS Observer, (http://www.spsobserver.org), (Summer Acknowledgment 2006). Thanks to Doug Forsberg, colleague and activist, for reviewing a draft of this article. 20. Fred Jerome and Rodger Taylor, Einstein on Race and Racism (Rutgers University 1. Freeman J. Dyson, Disturbing the Universe (Basic Books, 1979), pp. 140–141. Press, 2006); “Einstein as Citizen: Addressing Race and Racism,” Radiations 2. The Black Lives Matter movement gained global momentum in 2020 after the (Spring 2010), pp. 8–11 and SPS Observer (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 2–4; brutal police murder of George Floyd. Recent events echo an essay by Dr. King: D.E. Neuenschwander, “Some Glimpses of Albert Einstein’s Anti-Racism,” SPS “Virtually every riot has begun from some police action. . . . Police must cease Observer (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 4–5. being occupation troops in the ghetto and start protecting its residents.” Ref. 3, 21. A. Einstein, “The Negro Question,” Out of My Later Years, Citadel Press (1974), p. 325. pp. 132–134; originally published in Pageant, January 1946. 3. Martin Luther King Jr., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of 22. Ref. 3, p. 296. Martin Luther King Jr., James Washington, Ed. (Harper One, 1986), p. 292. 23. Ref. 1, p. 6. 4. Ibid., p. 269. 24. “Freeman Dyson Remembered by People Who Knew Him: ‘An Unusual 5. D.E. Neuenschwander, Ed., Dear Professor Dyson: Twenty Years of Correspondence Visionary,’” MIT Technology Review (3/2/2020). Between Freeman Dyson and Undergraduate Students on Science, Technology, Society, 25. Ref. 5, pp. 361–362. and Life (World Scientific, 2016), p. 347. 26. Ibid., p. 374. 6. Ref. 3, p. 255. 27. Ref. 1, p. 237. 7. Ref. 1, pp. 40–41. 28. Ref. 5, p. 242.

Remembering Freeman Dyson Creative and passionate theorist, brilliant mathematician, prolific author. Physicist and polymath Freeman J. Dyson, who passed away in February at age 96, was as outspoken as he was gifted. Dyson made important scientific achievements, including in quantum electrodynamics, while being vocal about such issues as nuclear war and the environment. During his long career, he challenged conventional thinking with bold—and often controversial—ideas about the climate, humanity’s future in space, the role of science and technology in economic development, and other complex topics. After teaching briefly at Cornell, he became a scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and remained a fixture there for more than 60 years, despite never earning a PhD. Dyson was inducted as an honorary member of Sigma Pi Sigma in 2012 and spoke at that year’s Physics Congress about the four knowledge revolutions that changed SPS Zone 9 associate zone councilor history. Attendees especially appreciated his brutally honest take on the Brandon Clary (left) inducts Freeman Dyson graduate school system. He will be greatly missed. (right) as an honorary member of Sigma “When [Dyson] signed a PhysCon T-shirt for us, I felt like I was in the Pi Sigma in 2012. Photo courtesy of SPS presence of a rock star.” National. ~ 2012 PhysCon student attendee Fall 2020 Radiations 21 Unifying Fields Sigma Pi Sigma — A Departmental Legacy of Fellowship Part 3: Developing Community (1930s & ‘40s) by Brad R. Conrad, Director of SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma, and Earl Blodgett, Historian of SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma

“The objectives of the fraternity shall be to serve as a means of awarding distinction to those of high scholarship and service in physics, to promote interest in the advanced study of the subject, to stimulate and encourage a spirit of cooperation and friendship among those who have displayed marked ability in this study.” – Original mission of Sigma Pi Sigma,1 as recorded in the Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma.

s the fields of physics and astronomy expanded in the first half College kept a “a unique type of bulletin board situated in the hall of the of the 20th century, so too did the set of activities necessary for physics building... [which] kept a number of clippings and other scientific ASigma Pi Sigma to achieve its mission. We still honor that same reports...[that] have attracted much interest.”1 It’s noteworthy that hallway mission today as a linked set of distinct societies, namely, Sigma Pi Sigma boards with jobs and news articles were new developments within the and the Society of Physics Students. The original mission statement of community at that time. As early as 1933, Sigma Pi Sigma encouraged the organization, as printed in the 1932 issue of Radiations, is a modified chapters to do many of the things that SPS promotes today: hold regular phrasing of the same mission we adhere to today. meetings, keep in touch with alumni, donate to scholastic awards, While it began as a fraternity, it is well established from histories of schedule unique department events, and capture an annual chapter the founders of the organization that the intent extended beyond that of picture. Sigma Pi Sigma was a leader in developing best practices for a traditional fraternity and, instead, focused on community building within undergraduate physics departments as we know them today. physics and service to the broader public.2–4 During a major expansion During this period before WWII, it became commonplace for Sigma Pi before World War II, when the society increased from 20 chapters to 43 Sigma chapters to serve not just their members but also to work toward the chapters, Sigma Pi Sigma leaders specifically self-identified as a society. improvement of the entire department. Efforts tended to focus specifically They found that the newly formed Association of College Honor Societies on undergraduates and the general public, as there were organizations for (ACHS) most closely represented who they wished to become—part of a professionals and graduate students but no national student organization collection of societies that recognized skill and leadership that promoted specifically for undergraduates. The chapters acted as instruments to “desirable standards and useful functions in higher education.”4 improve department health and as a network for alumni. Sigma Pi Sigma Joining would require removing all elements of secrecy, including a spread internationally quite early, as the first group chartered outside the secret handshake, and strategically developing strong connections continental United States occurred at The University of the Philippines on between physics and astronomy departments and their alumni. These July 6, 1932, because of a “yearning for a broader field of physics” and core concepts, which we perpetuate by welcoming everyone and that connection to a national body.6 These developments were recognized physicists need to support one another, drove the evolution of the early on by the Sigma Pi Sigma Council, and delegates agreed in 1933 to organization over the following decades. begin discussions of affiliation with the newly formed “Institute of Physics,” As membership in Sigma Pi Sigma expanded to span generations which references the American Institute of Physics (AIP), which published and spread to an ever-growing fraction of departments, the activities and The American Physics Teacher (American Journal of Physics) and interests of the society expanded as well. Events were regularly scheduled The Review of Scientific Instruments with Physics News and Views.6 to bring members from different chapters together. For example, yearly Meeting notes touch on the desire of the Council to connect students luncheons were held at the annual meetings of the American Physical to additional resources and develop professional connections among Society as far back as 1932 to encourage members to network (the all students of physics. This began a relationship between the executive entrance fee was $1.00).1 On the local level, chapters worked to improve secretary of Sigma Pi Sigma, Marsh White, and AIP that ultimately lead to the environment for current and potential undergraduate students by the formation of AIP’s student chapters after World War II and the creation promoting student lounges, which supported retention and recruitment of the Society of Physics Students in 1968.6,7 efforts (we can all thank the University of Kentucky’s chapter for the idea).1,5 One of the first collaborations between Sigma Pi Sigma, AIP, and the At the Eta chapter of Chattanooga, students pioneered undergraduate American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), dating science communication by writing about recent scientific developments back to 1936, offered recent graduates discounted membership in AIP’s for the local school paper.1 Wheaton College offered awards for the best member societies or AAAS.8 It was described as “having as its aim the student papers (Ms. Ella Horness was the first reported winner), and Park installation of a more professional spirit among our members” by Marsh

22 Radiations Fall 2020 White, editor of Radiations at the time.6 This desire to collaborate with the professional physics and astronomy member societies was key to the development of the organization as we know it today. Early on, Sigma Pi Sigma established a custom of working with physics and astronomy Member Society leaders to invite distinguished researchers to give plenary “open meeting” talks at the Physics Congresses. These notable physicists and astronomers, identified by the community, received honorary membership, and many would become active within the society. The history of Sigma Pi Sigma includes many such distinguished researchers, including Arthur H. Compton (cosmic rays), Arthur Haas (Bohr radius), and Edward Teller (fusion), who went on a 3500 mile tour to visit eight chapters and several potential chapters on behalf of Sigma Pi Sigma in 1937.9,10 These types of interactions brought departments and Sigma Pi Sigma closer to the professional societies of the time. Most professional activities slowed or stopped in the period around World War II, but as soldiers and service people returned from the war, Photograph of the Charter Sigma Pi Sigma group of the they brought with them a desire to study the technologies which had University of the Philippines, July 6, 1932. Image courtesy of such an impact on the war’s outcome. Paired with their interest was a Radiations, Volume III. large influx of students to universities, fueled, in part, by recent legislation commonly known as the G.I. Bill. This resulted in a huge change for American universities in terms of size, student population, and scope. The new students needed new resources, and the leadership of both Sigma Pi Sigma and many physics departments realized this, which led to a doubling of the organization in four years.7 Around this same time, the formation of the National Science Foundation in 1950, with its mission to promote the progress of science, led to a focus beyond physics research to physics education. The late 1940s and early 1950s became a time of experimentation with student support services, and discussions about how Sigma Pi Sigma and AIP could more effectively work together began in earnest.2,7 n

References: 1. Marsh W. White, The Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma 3, no. 1 (1932). 2. Marsh W. White autobiographical account, circa 1955, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. Colorful cover art of The Honorary Sigma Pi Sigma 3. P. Dixon, The History of Sigma Pi Sigma (Oct 1996), accessed October 12, 2020, Radiations of Sigma Pi member and Nobel Laureate https://www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/about/history. Sigma, Volume V, 1934. Arthur H. Compton. Image 4. “Homer L. Dodge papers, 1852–1994, Niels Bohr Library and Archives. Image courtesy of SPS reproduction from Radiations, 5. H. M. Sullivan, “Sigma Pi Sigma Club Chapter Room at Lambda Chapter,” The National. Volume I, 1931 courtesy of Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma 1, no. 2 (Dec 1930). SPS National. 6. Marsh W. White, The Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma IV, no. 1 (1933). 7. D. Cunningham, L. W. Seagondollar, C. G. Shugart, A. A. Strassenburg, and Marsh White, “The New Organization of Physics Students,” Physics Today 21, Illustration of the no. 9 (1968): 59, DOI: 10.1063/1.3035154. Sigma Pi Sigma Key. 8. Marsh W. White, The Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma 7, no. 1 (1936). Image reproduction 9. Sanford C. Gladden, “New Honorary Members: Biographical Sketches of our New from Radiations, Honorary Members,” The Radiations of Sigma Pi Sigma 2, no. 1 (1932): 31. Volume III, 1933 10. Sigma Pi Sigma Information Booklet (1939). courtesy of SPS National.

Read More Sigma Pi Sigma – A Departmental Legacy of Fellowship Part I: Formation and the Early Years www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/radiations/issues/fall-2019 Part 2: A Phase Change in the Late 1920s www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/radiations/spring/2020/References

Fall 2020 Radiations 23 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

The Oceanographer Jackie Veatch PhD Student in Physical Oceanography, Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University

Photo courtesy of Jackie Veatch.

crolling through a seemingly endless dropdown menu of potential undergraduate professors studied weren’t for me. I began researching majors on a college application, I came across “biophysics.” schools that took interdisciplinary approaches to making sense of Earth SHaving never seen this word before, I thought to myself, “That systems. It turns out that a lot of scientists use physics to tackle complex sounds awesome,” and just rolled with it. Flash forward a year and I’m environmental problems. And there is a lot of physics in the ocean! I in my first semester of college at The George Washington University, accepted a position at Rutgers University, where I’m currently pursuing a exploring properties of light, the mechanics of a frog leg, and everything PhD in oceanography. in between. Simply put: I was hooked. My research examines the physical mechanisms of the marine food I had always enjoyed math and science and, in high school, found web, focusing on Palmer Deep, Antarctica. In my current position I’m that I might even be good at it. As I began college, I was enthralled by able to use physics to study the biological world, with applications to a the idea of using physics to study complex biological systems. I tried cause that I’m very passionate about—the environment. my hand at immunology research, exploring the microscopic biophysics I really enjoy the distribution of my work. Between observed data behind infectious disease. After a few years, I knew that it was time for and simulated experiments, field work and office time, I get a good mix something new. I was determined to combine my love for the outdoors of experiences. The biggest highlight of my graduate studies thus far with my interest in physics and, more urgently, to get out of the mouse has definitely been my field research trip to Palmer Deep. Researching room. I began working in Dr. Keryn Gedan’s coastal ecology lab and in Antarctica felt like being deployed to the front line of climate change. quickly discovered that my interests coupled the physical and biological Seeing firsthand the effects of a warming climate, such as a retreating mechanisms of Earth systems. At the time, I had never heard of someone glacier or shifting plankton ecology, makes global warming feel a lot using a background in physics to study the environment. And Dr. closer than it ever has and gives my research a sense of urgency. Gedan’s lab had never had a physics student before. Nevertheless, I was I’m thankful for my strong background in physics, which has given convinced that physics was everywhere, even in the marshy coastline of me a sense of academic fearlessness and, in my opinion, an advantage the Chesapeake Bay. when tackling intricate oceanic problems. As my graduation approached, I was a little overwhelmed by all of the I encourage the next generation of physics students to look for different ways I could use my physics degree. I was inspired by scientific physics in unconventional places. Your scientific breadth need not be discovery but knew that the more traditional applications of biophysics that bound by traditional definitions of what a physicist looks like!n 24 Radiations Fall 2020 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

The Baker Sam Montgomery Sigma Pi Sigma, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Chapter, 2016

didn’t gravitate toward physics until slightly later in my academic Now on any given day if you were to life. In fact, the first physics class I ever took was in college! My come to my home you would likely find me Iinitial scholarly hopes and dreams lay in the Earth sciences, baking some baguettes or maybe one of my which tempted me with their flashy rocks and field-trip-heavy signature dessert tarts! As I move forward curricula. However, what physics presented was an opportunity with my career as a professional baker, I’m to participate in cutting-edge research in fields like astronomy, excited to start the next chapter of my story. atmospheric science, materials engineering, and Earth science. Although I’ve exchanged my lab coat for an Physics opened up a Safari Zone of exciting possibilities, and I apron, I will always continue to draw upon just had to get in on the action. my background as a physicist. Being active in research during my time as an undergraduate My advice to aspiring physicists: Strive at New Mexico Tech kept me enthusiastic about completing for multidimensionality in your research and the grueling coursework. Over the years I was involved in in your life. The universe is unapologetically research projects ranging from imaging ionized hydrogen near interdisciplinary, so make sure you have Sam Montgomery. Photo by Elliot Esquivel. supermassive black holes to modeling brain rhythms present more than just physics in your intellectual tool in Alzheimer’s disease. One summer I interned with the American Physical Society’s education and belt. n diversity department. The colorful plumage of possibilities I had hoped to achieve in physics seemed to be doable. After graduating with my bachelor’s degree, I got a job as a technician at a smell-recognition lab in Duke University’s Department of Neurobiology. The scholastic adaptability I had inherited as a physicist equipped me with the confidence and skill set to integrate into my new laboratory setting. Coming to work every day where I was part of a productive scientific community was fantastic, and it really filled me with a sense of accomplishment. However, over time I realized that even with this achievement I was missing that feeling of fulfillment. I was very satisfied with what I had accomplished as a scientist, and it was time to start exploring the other dimensions of myself. My passion for baking developed at home. From an early age, I remember helping my mom bake scones for breakfast on the weekends. Today I’m in charge of baking Duffeyrolls at Duffeyroll Cafe and Bakery in Denver. Duffeyrolls are flakey and extravagant cinnamon rolls that are renowned across Duffeyrolls on display at the Duffeyroll Cafe and Bakery in Denver. Photo by Colorado. Each morning I bake hundreds of Duffeyrolls. I’ve been an at-home baker for so long that I’m Sam Montgomery. excited to be working in a real bakery! It’s very fulfilling to spend a morning preparing delicious treats that you know will make other people happy. Similarities between physicists and bakers may seem scarce at first glance, but I’ve found that the professions use some similar skills. As a physicist, I honed my eye for detail and developed an aptitude for quantitative reasoning, both of which are needed to be a strong baker. Bakers make precise measurements, exercise problem solving, and are awake at all hours of the night, so having a physics degree in my repertoire prepared me beautifully. Rolling pins, dough pullers, and buckets of flour now fill a workspace that had previously been cluttered with circuit boards, voltmeters, and mice brains. The biggest challenge of becoming a baker has been completely revamping my sleep schedule. Most shifts start at 2 a.m., and the next several hours are spent doing very physically demanding work. It’s a small space, so when the store is busy and all of my coworkers are running around tending to Montgomery’s orange tart. Photo by orders, things can get a little hectic. While this can cause a bit of stress, it also gives me the opportunity Sam Montgomery. to adapt to the fast-paced habitat of the culinary world. Of course, COVID-19 arrived with its own entourage of challenges this year. At work its imprint is undeniable, with everyone wearing masks, social distancing, and dealing with the current unpredictable business climate. Fall 2020 Radiations 25 Congratulationsto the newest members of Sigma Pi Sigma 2019-2020 Inductees

Abilene Christian Augsburg College Benedictine College Bradley University CSU, Fresno University Benjamin Stark Abigail Hickin Matthew Barber Gobind S. Puniani Alyssa L. Borquez Brent William La Muro Daniel A. Pankratz Owen C. Johnson Jennifer Brianne Tyler Benjamin W. Edwards Javier Francisco Perez Kristy Nixon Tresario Del Fiacco Kaelyn Dauer Marshall Beard Lukes Benedictine University Bridgewater College Katherine Elder Michael Arrasmith Lidiya Ahmed Alaina T. Thompson Aidan Fennelly Summer Al-Hamdani Olive Tuyishimire Micah David Vandersteen Darya Aleinikava Austin Michael Back CSU, Northridge Roy Salinas Noah E. Aleshire Elijah Medlock Joshua Davis Gibson Christopher Sean DeMellier Zachary Moses Peace Neza Sinyigaya Giselle Campos Kristina Fountain Justin Bracks Adelphi University Samuel Bennyhoff Grace Audrey Wangler Rachel Zarin Nicholas A. Carrillo Brendan McDougal Augustana College Jessica Marie Horton Bucknell University Tanya Klowden Carissa Giuliano Ivan Starenko Nicole A. Jeffrey Christopher Barber CSU, Sacramento Charanpreet Singh Jacob Connors Sam Nave Devon George Pizzurro Andrew Pace Christian Chong John P. McDonaugh Bethel University Gavin Scott Lindsay Brandon Thomas Elias M. Goldman Mark Sharp Evan Scharnick Jae Young Lee Christina Pino Gabriela Vidad Augustana University Jacob Stein Jeanine Shea Christopher Carnahan Hamid Jalili Anca Rusu Jonathan Anderson John Henry Buggeln Cody Fischer James Haddad Caitlyn Larson Kyle Steven Wahlberg Kathryn Childers Jack Paulson Katherine M. Gifford Charles John Schwartz Tyler A. Johnson Michael A. Gerber Jeffery Philip Sequoia Ken Kidangalil Eleanor Ronning Binghamton University Rafe Batchelor Cavanaugh III Nicola Brancato Emily Millie Wanous Serena Michelle Tramm Jeremy Adam Rowe Ryan Kennedy Brandon Gallipoli Joshua Morin-Baxter Chad Nelson Weiru Chen Jeremy Tollefson Thomas Gerard Grlic MaKenna Koble Joseph N. Moore Thomas V. Danza Charlsey Tomassetti Butler University Marie Anderson Christopher Owen Alyssa Paul Kai Siang Hu Andrews University Ruoxi Li Corbin Henry Austin Jacks Kelia Carbin Jonathan Homan Shannon Dancler Denis Ryan O’Byrne Benjamin Joseph Rempfer Makar Loktyukhin Angelo State University Shuhang Li Douglas K. Chadwick Elise Merchak Mason Bender Andrew Joseph Russell Trey J. Waldrop Eric W. Aspling Ivan R. Fuller II Rafael Umeda Chelsea Lenae Green Austin College Galo J. Paez Fajardo Jonathan Lee Myers Ryann Hee Chevy Robertson Gary Casey Jake Michael Kaufman Wyatt C. Spies CSU, San Marcos Christian James Dempsey Austin Peay State John Frances Carnevali III Cal Poly - San Luis Obispo Andrew Benjamin Gonzales Eduardo Aguirre Serrata University John J. Kern Savannah Ashley Silva Brandon Courtney Kara Mckenzie Naegeli Andrew S. Tadsen Kevin Patrick Batzinger Andrew Theodore Daniel Toole Michaela Beth Allen Ivy MacDaniel Mary Teresa Mahoney Jarymowycz Francisco Coronado Parker J. Adamson Philip Long Matthew Krebs Grant Gideon Gilbert Garrett Wendell Rebeca Eliana Soto Trystan Rogers Nancy Huang Jahangir Rassouli Gary Gregory Scott Jr. Armendariz Orrin Matthew Noble Jesus Alberto Perez Ball State University James Von Raj Troy Allen Long Randy Owen Jordan Gillmore Joel Friedman Wyatt Campbell Alaa Alsaid Robert Beblavy Kodie Makenna Gerritsen Alexander M. Thomas Joseph Robert Crowley Appalachian State Saba Kharabadze Keilan Finn Ramirez Lauren Rose Tafla Aswad Alhassan Steven Blum Margarita Sanz University Benjamin M. Toner Mara L. Niesyt Kaleb Brookshire Vincent Cuda III Mathias Alexander Mary Flor Jacobo Bradley K. Shrader Payton Swearingen Lucian Philip Murray Brielle Tilson Bloomsburg University Maxwell Stapel-Kalat Robert Evan Martin Barnes of PA Peter Thomas Lenz Raelene D. Pellos Daniel J. Brossard Scott David Reed Ryan James Chicosky Ibtisam Abu Alkhayr Aaron T. Zechman Pranav Jayaram Stewart C. Fasolak Alec James Dragos Seetharaman Sebastian Miranda Jr. Korah Elaine Gillard Silvia Maria Sherman Auburn University Kyle J. Koeller Dario D’Amato Ryan Tetsuo Mizukami Kyle G. Mausteller Thomas P. Toole Alex K. Edwards N. Casey Gilliam California Lutheran Trang Bao Minh Tran Brady Unzicker Richard D. Gorby Taylor R. Runkle University Davis Arthur Riley George Boston College Christopher Jelloian Cameron University Grant R. Wilkinson Spencer Deats Eva Pontrelli Collin Michael Faber Dr. Susmita Hazra Logan Ridings Tyler Crumrin Fengdan Shi Javier Berjon de la Parra Jonathan Risner Mason S. Sake Tyler Mix Joseph Bruno Schulz Richard Eric Rasmussen Joseph Flood Pearson Hall Baylor University Maxwell James Lavey CSU, Chico Carnegie Mellon Pierce Masters Jackson Andrew Zazueta Nicole Menkart Andy Beronilla University Samantha Rizzuto Dustin Sanford Roy Thomas Forestano April Nuestro Zhiyao Li William Leonardo Alexander Jack McHatten Causey Thomas A. Tartaglia Joseph Michael Levine Eric Kenneth Lester Burdett S. Blake Allan Kirk M. Williams 26 Radiations Fall 2020 Members displayed joined between Jan 2019 and Oct 2020. Initiates List 2019–20 Haolin Chen Emma Kaye Huckestein Randall K. Chan Lauren Kennedy Denison University Oh Wei Jin Grant Giesbrecht Tamar Eva Cimenian Madison Swirtz Aditi Singh Susan Cheng Henry Wright Gunner Yin Li Matthew Lovely Ang Li Victoria Kubyshko Jacob Pfaller Yuchen Guo Meadow Bradsby Devan Plaga Carthage College Jinhyun Lee Yumu Yang Meghan Kinnischtzke Hoang Anh Nhu Nguyen Adam Biewer John Thomas Jordan Colgate University Nicholas Materise Jack Staggs Celestine Ananda Kaj den Ouden Aayam Bista Sarah Christine Jones Liam Michael Jeanette Chance Hoskinson RileyAnne Sharpe Allison Jane Shahidi Sebastian Keith Soldwisch Quinn Plaga Emmet Katzer Wangdong Jia Cheeranjeev Purmessur Skyler Dayne McMullen Rahul Shrestha Eric J. Schmitt Chicago State University Mara Cosentino Tara LeAnn Braden Robert Bebe Wang Jeremiah Munson Felicia Davenport Michael Minsch Viktoria Kungel Sirui Liu Max Becher Isaiah Ross Morgan Ryan de Silva Zachary Lawrence Parrott Tran Anh Hai Nguyen Megan Louise Janiak Orelle K. Bulgin Scott Adler Concordia College Varishta Lallbeeharry Michael Raymond Regotti Ryan M. Stempek Srecko Curkovic Andrew Middendorf Wenpu Xia Nathan Fiege Taino Winfrey Suyash Karan Handa Bailey Klause Xubo Wang Nicholas Jay Bartel Yingsi Qin Benjamin Robert Bogart Yufan Gu Christian Brothers Zezheng Zhu Nicholas Stewart Poole University Yinuo Jin Brett Gary Erickson Nycole Kristine Wenner Donal M. Newsome College of Charleston Cameron James Jenson Dickinson College Sheila J. Franklin Rachel Stephens Austin Purtell Joseph Stage Aidan J. Pidgeon Central Connecticut State Bridget Ierace Noah Schulz Amanda Christine Baylor Christopher Newport Kuo Ping Ming Hua Chang University University Christopher K. Blouin Connecticut College Amir Omidwar Katherine Bruce Colin Smith Olivia M. Young Christopher James Smith Rachel B. Krewson Chris Oville Grace Rebecca Johns Katrina Bynum Ki Ryeong Park Daniel Pereira Kaemon Watada Patrick Simonson Dishane Chand Luximon Drew University Jalal-ud-din Butt Kara Johanna Ferner Payden L. Shaw Manuel A. Rosales David James Van Dongen James Kulowiec Nii-Boi Quartey Timothy Grant Farmer Nikolas Korzoun Jesse Murray William Andrew Tuxbury Noah James Haney Wesley Williams V Page A. Waldo Katelynn Elena Fleming Central Michigan Scott William Reid College of the Holy Cross Tyler A. Clark Kayla Rockhill University Taylor Edwards Alex Murphy Creighton University Luis Muncharaz Duran Adam Zettel Chantal Umuhoza Adam John Sova Matheus Macena de Cleveland State University Carvalho Alexander Irun Johnson Aubrey Lokey Colan Gulla Alec Wilson Peck Anna Tetzlaff Colin William McGurk Andrew Walther Matthew K. Gronert Daniel Terrano Rutendo Jakachira Dr. Kamal Chapagain Ilona Tsuper Daniel Mendez Anh Tu Mai Gabrielle Cree Daniel Thomas Taylor Colin Reedy Ryan Joseph Underwood Jeffrey R. Mackey Shanjida Khan Gabrielle Nowak Maxwell Orseno Duy Van Tran Emilia Berni Ian Lars Thomsen Tony Dobrila Emanuel Daka Emma Dufresne Duke University Isaiah Abu Moses Liam Finn Campbell Isaac Lamppa Annabelle Ruisi Yang Joseph Standley Ausmus Coe College Michael William McGrath Jack Tinkham Peters Chongbin Zheng Kailong Wang Andrew Maurice Gunsch Mien Tran John M. Vosicky Crystal Burgos Kamal Sharkas Anne Ruckman Nathan Bradley Gould John Sunderland Eric Francis Seewald Katukurunde Kasun Gayasri Brigette Ann Smith Nhon N. Phan Joseph Nohea Kistner Faris Mouti Sbahi Gamage Cole E. Hunzeker Sanchi S. Saitia Joseph Patrick D’Alesio Giavanna Jadick Lauren Ulbrich Danqi Yin Timothy Nsubuga Kellan Kremer Isabel Marie Ruffin Meena Shrestha Derek Hammar Wilber Alfaro Castro Kelsey Anne Jackson James Shackford Pelagia Tsintari Joshua Seymour Kimal Honour Djam Jay Zussman Martha Rose Jesuit Colorado Mesa University Philip Snoad Edward McClain Leo Moraczewski Jiawei Guo Ramesh Bhandari Matthew Ryan Appler Lorenzo Riva John Russell Ball Priscila Adriana Nicholas Wright Ryan Weeks Taylor Larrechea Margaret Glick Nicole R. Crumpler Sandun Sithira Santiesteban Navarro Margaret Johnston Nikita Alekseyevich Samaranayake Rebecca Welch Colorado School of Mines Mason Rhodes Zemlevskiy Terry Ethan Stearns Reyes K. Lucero Adria Brown Matthew Maximilian Qiaofeng Liu Thomas Chapman Shawn Karl Simko Alexander Roush Butschek II Sara Idris Virginia Carnevali Taylor Mehmen Andrew Marino Michael Joseph Merrick Duquesne University W. Glennon Fagan Anthony Donakowski Samuel Alberto Ruiz Colby College Joshua David Baktay William D. Joysey Austin Cole Latham Shrey Ansh Abraham Hill Michael Veltre Alexander Geiersbach Austin Thomas Monaghan Tomilola Medetin Obadiya Benjamin Krawciw Nicholaus Loudon Trotta Central Washington Ann Mariam Thomas William Tavis Annie Holden Christian Lee Schmelzel East Carolina University University Daniel Scarbrough Davidson College Adam Fisher Brooklyn Wheeler Chido Munopa Mpofu Aidan Edmondson Emma Marta Iverson Erik Bensen Dr. Gregory Lapicki Eric Pritchard Erin Sivitz Braden Kronheim Elizabeth Viverette Griffey Sarmiento Ethan vanderWilden Carl D. Sukow Hongyong Zhang Forrest Doherty Justin M. Litofsky Griffin S. Running Gabriel Iverson Daniel Carl Valmassei Kyle Lingelbach Josh McRae Jacob Hagler David P. Sisson John Dowling Hunter A. Nystedt Matthew G. Burgess Kahmina Rene Ford Jackson Kuklin Eleni Tsitinidi Miranda S. Lee Kourtney R. Adkisson Joshua Keith-Hardy James Michael Barnhill Madeline K. Pierson Jaden Davidson Tristan K. Gaddis Mohamed Nawwar John Czerski John Blue Merve Kahraman East Central University Centre College Joshua Stackhouse Meg Houck Miles Crockett Samuel George Frederick II Bishal Marasini Charlotte Eleanor Mabbs Philip G. Butler Joy Cotie Dylan Barber Emily Kirsten Brown Khloe Downie Toler Hayes Webb

Fall 2020 Radiations 27 Ethan Alexander Tyler Bin Wu Daryn A. Sagel Aron Guerrero High Point University Strickler Charlotte Selton Douglas Patrick Schoedl Destini Elise Lawson Michael Welter Fernando Salazar-Salas Christopher Tre Presley Elise Chavez Miguel Rangel Nathan J. Grinalds Kellan Nukoa Kallo Brown Dian Ding Erick Yanes Morgan LaBalle Stephen C. Walser Evan Hargett Kenneth Duesman Erin Neely Thomas Mulkey Hillsdale College Tyler Daffern Gabrielle Pludo Fabio Rivero Georgia State University Caleb J. Ramette East Stroudsburg Gustavo Jesus Borjas Graham L. O’Donnell Braven Lyall David Jasper Forman University Hua Fang Haley Reid Dading Chen Joseph Harvey Andrew Stanley Solonoski IV Julian Haladus-Henke Janiris Altagracia Rodriguez Kristin N. Baker Judith L. Schellhammer Justin Yoo Jin Burton Joseph Peetz Leyla Rohani Melissa A. Hutcheson Eastern Illinois University Leon Tare Juan Antonio Martinez August Koester Sarah Elizabeth Johnson Philip Andrews Mia Morrell Castellanos Sashabaw Niedbalski Erick Dietz Neil Tramsen Justin Marquez Georgia Tech Jared Schroeder Olivia Lynn Fuller Boyd Kelly James Anderson Adam Kull Hofstra University Matthew Hartung Qiyu Zhang Kenneth Dylan Johnson Bryson Graham Kagy Ben Lichy Eastern Kentucky Tianshu Huang Kirsty M Scott Douglas Byron Allen Stewart Genesis Yang Meji­a University Yang Chen Kyle Scott Kehrer Emily Marie Hollingworth Hope College Brandon Stone Yulin Gong Maarten Alexander de Haan Jacob Louis Campbell Alexander Medema Kenneth Jon Higginbotham Hannah Jayne Miller Fairfield University Michael Louis Campanella Anna Wormmeester Ian Szyjkowski Alexa Nicole Tyner Robert Goff Gettysburg College Cole Frederick Persch John M. Wilson Brian Gozzo Shae Machlus Brian Taylor Forest Rulison Matthew Sean Collins Bryan Sepkowski Thomas Jacob Murphy Dylan Garner Jacob Kelley Xavier Quintana Eastern Michigan Christian M. Burns Mitchell Fenton John C. Peterson Zachary Bryce Goraum University Christine E. Cunniff Rikard Johannes Bodin Michael Dennis Zachary Patrick Sirmans Hunter A. Daymon Christopher M Costabile Xiaoxiao Taoli Scott Dennis Joffre Zachary Robert Beach James Herman Colin Krug Grove City College William Weckford von Matthew R. Floyd Daryl Vinluan Fordham University Alden Ayers MacKenzie Seeger Md Sanyat Rabby Davis P. Doherty Aubrey Leary Benjamin J. Carlson Houston Baptist Edward Wenzel Brian Brown Elizabethtown College Darin C. Mumma University Joshua Barros Dougherty Claire Polacheck Alberto Miguez Dominguez Eric Martin Bryce J. Mortimer Justin Dickovick Elizabeth Scacifero Andrew S. Brndjar Joshua Alexander Nichols Sara Sharif Kaitlyn Nelson Haley DeWeese Brandon J. Huey Josiah Samuel Gowen Skylar Gay Madison Roberts Jack Keane Christopher P. Carr Keith Wright Dabroski Sydney Carr Michael Lynders Thomas Stoke Connor Martin Kevin Connors Howard University Nicole Flaherty Victoria Rose Cirillo Rebecca E. Voler Marc Ebiri Iman Yusuf Ahmed Patrick V. Evans Weton Jiang Robert Connor Pavlik Micah Haack Jyohomson Dawadi Richard A. Capobianco Noah Callinan Elon University Fort Hays State University Kevaughn K. Johnson Luke Lloyd Longren Tim Magargee Anne Stafford Williams Florida International Pradip Kattel Taylor J Martin Daniel James Yameen University Gustavus Adolphus Rishap Lamichhane Adolfo Misiara Lincheta Isaac Sasser Franklin & Marshall College Teriana Jaslin Pride Alex D. Rodriguez Michael Harris Dryzer College Ezekiel Haugen Illinois Institute of Alexa Kathleen Gerts Michael Joseph Borucki Conor Larison Haley Nicole Anderson Technology Alexa Morales Davis Leland Cook Joshua Simon Theis Abdulaziz Abogoda Embry-Riddle Antonio Martinez Margolles Donald James Fasce Logan John Bican Brinden Carlson Aeronautical University Ariana Bueno Elisa-Andreea Panciu Samuel Francis Maruska Guy Lucas Adelman Alexander Barrett Arlenys Serrano Enrico Calvanese Shelby Klomp John R. Callahan Ashley Elliott Chase Geiger Ileane Ho Hartwick College Julia Ruth Kise Austin W. Luttrell Danielle Grau Ruosi Sun Gavin S. Smith Onur Gilanliogullari Britney Marie Biltz David Boswell Shubh Punj Jeffrey Antonio Carvalho Paulina A. Kulyavtsev Brittany Wright Dylan Anthony Jeff Nicole Greenman Spencer Micheal Lee Calvin MacAlastair Dylan Morrison Frostburg State University Tyler Fish Whitmaur Castiglioni Carmichael Ethan Angel de Para Zachery David Repp Yury Chernyak Yurii Shylnov Colter James Richardson Jessica Garcia Furman University Zachary J. Sierzega Jake Muth Jonathan Cabrera Anna Kathryn Alford Henderson State John Norton Jorge L. Galdos Courtney Bailey University Illinois State University Joshua P. Freed Kavon Octavis Bastian Ian Lewis Maitland Alexander Nicholus York Alexander Dean Plumadore Laura Marie Lee Kelsey Lynne Shannon JohnPaul Francois Sleiman Austen Greco Amber Sammons Luke Harrison Francis Miguel A. Romer Madeleine Kathleen Dallas W. Crumley Annie Moore Mans Mattsson Nestor Viana Edenton Gillian Garramone Brighton Xander Coe Macayla Jean Carroll Noah George Giraldez Max Fisher Jeremy Brents Chloe Larissa Schmidt Nathaniel Treadway Rachel Baluja Fernandez Philip Andrew Ricciardi Joseph Adam Schuster Colton Connor Brucks Pedro Jesus Quinonez Sebastian Lacayo Shelby Walcott Joseph Dees Duncan McDaniel Ooms Ryder Joseph Moreno Kiah Schauf Jonathan Sullivan-Wood Florida State University Tristan Croizer Georgia College & State Lane Anderson Heard Jordan Bryan Alex Knaff University Michael A. Patton Jordan Edward Brandt- Emory University Anthony Micciche Cain Alexander Gantt Rebecca A. Voss Trainer Ainsley Stanczak Aodhan J. Sweeney Joshua C. Ballard-Myer Samuel Dobson Justin Hayward Alan Christopher Willis Austin Hunter Reaves Matthew Dallas Thomas Hodges Nathan James Bennett Rohrbach Blake Ryan McFarland Georgia Southern Reid D. Gramm Anisa Hofert Chika Onubogu University

28 Radiations Fall 2020 Initiates List 2019–20 Santiago Pinto Cale Joseph Gray Louisiana State University Narshini D. Gunputh Radha R. Mastandrea Scott Urnikis Derek M. Gee Aaron C. Trigg Nina A. G. Sousa Saranesh Prembabu Zachary Mobille Garrett Dymond Bailey Hutzler Ricardo Javier Gonzalez Shankar Balasubramanian Zoryana H. Smozhanyk Raymond Cieslinski Blaine Harris Irle Thomas Matthew Van Sloan Kanaski Indiana University South Ruth A. Willet Braden L. Warr Patten Tony Zhang Bend William Ephlin Breona Leonard Zachariah Staver Vilhelm L. Andersen Woltz Nathan James Walkowski Kenyon College Bryce Smith Lynchburg College Vincent Liu Stephanie Cassandra Kathryn Grutkoski Collin C. Kersker Haden Bragg Zachary Bogorad Dzmitry Vaido Tallman Maria Huey Manchester University McDaniel College Nathan Chandler Hunter Meyer Dimitri Alexander Lezcano Ithaca College Katherine Victoria Dugas Daniel Baker Alexander A. Massoud Rand Burnette Francisco Marques dos Vincent Lewis Sage Belle Ducoing Manhattan College Santos Vieira Christina Cuzzi Shanice Nicole Manning Kathryn Ronan Jerome Fung Xiaoyu Wang Shannon Marie Bernier Louisiana Tech University Peter Francis Gilmartin Jesse Hsu Kutztown University Sarah Reese McMurry University Joshua Schmidt Amanda Portoff Connor Waits Aaron Stephen Jerome Kurt Burdick Andrew David Venzie Lewis M. Johnson Marietta College Herring V Liana Rodelli Anna Faretty Loyola Marymount David R. Erzen Chandi Renee Chandler Preston James Countryman Austin Zimmerman University Kevin Thomas Jonathan Jacob Samudio Robert Melikyan Daniel Johns Bailey Elizabeth Mulvihill Matthew Chih Joseph K. Watson Samantha Todres Michaela Collins Scripture Page Ryan McGuinness Mason James Mireles Samantha Weeks Morganne Bennett Calvin Thomas Foss Marquette University Mercyhurst University Stavrini Tsangari Ryan Rauenzahn Heather Rose Mentzer Aaron Moriak Rachel Anne Guest Valerie Gugliada Taylor Worthington James Crocker Amelia S. Ruffolo Rachel Melin Noel Jacksonville University Lafayette College Mariangela Misceo Andrew Earl Story Simona Carrubba Matthew T. Guhl Brian Martinez Emilie LaVoie-Ingram Aditi Desai Messiah College Kenneth Huffman Jordan Ashlee Gusdorff Mia Rose Calhoun Clare Urbanski Mummert Holly Fortener Aeowyn E. Kendall Lukas Barauskas Nia Burrell Brandon J. Weindorf Peter Dugan Zachary Bartholet Mitzi Williams Ian Ritzinger Nicholas M. Lozano Jack Smedley Christopher Benner Vanessa Rodriguez Lamar University Keller Martin Loyola University Chicago Jax R. Sanders James Madison University Bonnie M. Ruten Joshua J. Frost Nathan Chan Zhung Hern Adam Golfman Justin Kirk Andrew J. Ducharme Elizabeth Chaparro Kathryn Schultz Miami University Alexandra Goodis Levi Snowden Michael Mastalish Abigail Faye Hurley Brandon O’Neal Luis Romero Maria Frances Nowicki Nicholas Allen Corkill Mustafa Abu-Mallouh Ajithamithra Dharmasiri Daniel Hirt Steven Murrah Williford Paul Kohler Andy Rodriguez Inteha Hassan Ryan P. Bonate Lawrence University Zalia Ann Cook Ryan Joseph Lichtenberger Benjamin Amend Kate Holwick Adrian Robert Morin Birge Sarah Erickson-Bhatt Bibandhan Poudyal Maeven Luedke Loyola University - New Alyson Mae Fritzmann Marshall University Casey Scoggins Mary Kristine Ogborn Bricker Ostler Orleans Donald Michael Zito Matthew Baka Bradley Kerkhof David William Facemyer Eric Robert Roeschlein Dillon Buskirk Jianqiao Li Nicole Voce Gabrielle Cecilia Claus Grace Heath Jonathan David Fee Piper Smith Jake B. Rubin Jayden Leonard Gretchen Niederriter Ryan Baker Vincent Kefeng Jiang Ryan McCubbin Hansen Wu Jordan Nave Linzhao Zhuo Sean Gholson Mattias McMullin Joshua Leaney Mary Baldwin College Rosamiel Ries Tyler Hain Pei Robins Kennedi Lynette Turner Anais Esmeralda Gutierrez Subhash Bhatt Wesley Engelbrecht Richard McCarthy Kubly Kimiasadat Mirlohi Ascharya Kushidhan Balaji Sunday Arome Agbo John Carroll University Stephen Deeter Mackenzie Ross Colette Isabelle Levens Vinoin Devpaul Vincely Amanda McGreer Willa Julia Dworschack Mark Jaunet Elyse Genevieve Levens Yuchen Lin Avery M. Gould Zachary Alexander Manning Megan Chelsea Adamson Emma M. Rhodenizer Nicholas Neal Michigan State University Crew J. Weunski Zachary Wynn Briscoe Massachusetts Institute of Aalayah India Spencer Ian Michael Glass Ryan Blanchard Technology Lebanon Valley College Sarah Gray McMahon Alexa Muethel Isaac Nathaniel Kozak Joshua A. Miller Allen Y. Cheng Brendan Isaac Seaton Boyd Jude B. Haddad Spencer Reed Stingley Arindam Bhattacharya Nicolas Nugent Tori Grace Wilson Justin Bensley Kyle J. Blasinsky Deng Pan Marc Abraham Yeck Lewis University Luther College Dylan Hendrickson Juniata College Edward Wiss Molly Janasik Abigayle Shank Abbigail Fahrenkamp Elina Sendonaris Linfield College Aiden C. Berdahl Faisal As’ad Middle Tennessee State Beakal Tiliksew Teshome University Caleb Taylor Joseph Murphy Daniel Opdahl Federico Llarena Joseph Simpson Grace Katherine Seiler Jianqiao Xia Adam Richardson Camden Kasik Matthew Kurilich Emma Jane Moreland Rebekah K. Smith Nicholas Andrew Behrens Joseph Nicholas Curti Evan Norris Ulrich Yansong Liu Tyler H. Kain Kevin Limanta Millersville University Robert Kauffman Longwood University Lycoming College Lev Haldar Kendrick Alex Kyler Tanvi Pande Andrew Allen Garnjost Arthur Pasquale Nganou Madelyn Cain Destinee Elexus Holloman Tristen White Austin Hedges Yimi Malvika Raj Joshi Joseph Wright Megan Adrienne Yamoah Kent State University Cody King Clements Ashton Wolfe Minnesota State David M. Robb Guillermo Quintero Michelle Deng Xu University Moorhead Jacob Paul Boyd Molly Elizabeth Kaplan Steven David Planitzer Derek Edwin Holmberg Gorostieta Boston Heaford Luke Alexander Androvic Kyle P. Pierce Patrick J. Ledwith Erick Hernandez Kettering University Sydney Backstrom Maryam Haytham Esmat Qingyue Wu Ethan Rasset Melissa Foley Fall 2020 Radiations 29 Mississippi State Muhlenberg College Tarik M. Dahnoun Nicole Michelle Firestone Julian Mintz University Jackson Davis Thomas Marshall Owen Santoso Nicholas Pittman Brooks Olree Ji Ku Steckmann Philip C. Snyder Robert Gryncewicz Timothy Willard Missouri Southern State Murray State University Rachel Ratvasky Samuel R. Goodwin William Anthony Mitchell University Brevin Jeffery Tilmon Timothy R. Emeigh Sophia J. Hollick Cade M. Hensley Kyle T. Britton Miltich Travis R. Jalowiec Timothy N. Tierney Cori Marie Jian Smith Shelby Huber Northern Arizona Yujie (April) Yan Rhodes College Jency Pricilla Sundararajan Zach Balleau University Penn State Behrend Aubrey Gray Matthew Cruzan Nebraska Wesleyan Brian Szutu Cole Brown Bilal Sohail Siddiq Maxwell Donald Murphy University Jacob Michael Heneman Colton John Barger Phillips Spalding Hutchison Rabindra Bajracharya Adrianna Vinton Jake Navas Jonas Smucker Savannah King Missouri University of Andrew T. Beutler Jonathan Chin Maarten Van Hees Zachary Wall Science & Technology Ann E. Truka Mitchell Magnuson Victor T. Barone Richard Stockton College Aaron Silvus Jackson Louis Maschman Samuel David Gilinsky Portland State University of NJ David D. Scott Vanessa Wergin Northwest Nazarene Marie Vallens Aaron Casanada Jonas Gray Buxton New College of Florida University Presbyterian College Ashley J. Noble Joseph Billing Adam Gill Andrew William Silva Alyssa Leaman Atharva Manan Naik Joshua Dalton Harley Andrew Daniel Alan Binkley Briana Louise Cody Briena Feltner Kenneth A. V. Distefano Leo Law Jacob Manzi Harrison Fisher Colleen Lindenau Michael Ellis Mallory Lauren Harris Northwestern University Preston Robinette Gianni D’Aiello Nathaniel Page Jonathan Edward Ely Matthew Francis Lane Andrew H. Kindseth Purdue University Fort Nicholas Razo Mancini Daniel Grass Madison Goodman Peter James Schonberg Wayne Matt Miller Rivka Romano Diaz Fiona Brady Anna Patterson Ravi Shastri Sarah Gonzalez Gil Hwan Lim Robert R. Ford Jr. Seth Stubblefield Liam Patrick Carolan Stephanie A. Sharo Tali Zacks Isabelle Zinghini Nicklaus Mahasena Zenon Klok Kristopher Mortensen Steven Joseph Todd New Mexico Tech Samuel Gilbert Wyss Steven Runyon Moravian College Mark Jared Woo Berger Corey Pearson Spencer Kelham Tara M. Jacobsen Bryan Joseph Kelly Dylan Ward Maura Lally Tyler B. Sidwell Madison Sinclaire Kaminskyj Keith R. McElroy Jr. Orion Forowycz Veronika Marie Meyer Ripon College Morgan State University Nicholas S. Baldonado Riley Campbell Wind Antony Vidal Gradillas Shaam Murthy Nobel Radford University Jared James Zeman Atiyya Davis Robert Steven Bentley Anith Muthalaly Birol Ozturk Theodore Joseph Baker Roanoke College New Mexico State Timothy O’Gallagher Caitlynn Fischer DeOndre Kittrell University Jack Thomas Harman Austin Bane Derick Tramony Buckles Jorge A. Garcia Occidental College James G. Noel Brayton Taylor Pierce Dr. Amanda Dotson Ryan Lane Courtney Nelson Joshua Parker Cameron John Gendusa Ezana Negusse Sarah Jeanette Garner Gabriel James Gregory Krislyn Phasily Sourivong Guernsey Jesse Dampare Scott (Mason) Walls Michael Kwan Trevor Q. Tidwell David Lloyd Joshua Samba Wade Kloppenburg Olivia Addington Duncan B. Maclean Michael Guy Sebastian Salazar Ramapo College of NJ Joseph Carman New York University Kyle R. Cowing Nathaniel Tyree Ohio Northern University Morgan Heckman Prof. Ramesh C. Budhani Aditya Pandey Luke Connell Rachel Shaneice Stewart Alexander Cushen Bradlee McIntosh Robert Michael Thomas Richard Damoah Claire L. Griffith Lindsay Yucheng Lan Alexander Kalensky Randolph College Rosie Hamed Joshua Nicholas John Tong Isaac M. Long Zahrah Yousef Alyousef Justin Chapman Agnes Reyes Merced Sophie Martin Matthew J. Mirante Brandon Michael Kaiser Mount Holyoke College Mitchell A. Lewis Nathan McCutcheon Roberts Wesleyan College Anne Bevin Nicole Mary Braunscheidel Damien Douglas Alexandra M. Osborne Paul Martin Erlanger Jackson Samuel Powell Barbara Marquez Pei-Hsuan Hsieh Samuel Ryan Powell Jared S. Sittig Casey Roepke Savannah E. Carter Joe Vazquez Josiah Ottolini Serah Moldovsky Jude Quintero Clara Anneliese Richter Sunny Liu Travis Maenle Katelyn J. Wagner Emma Grotto Trevor E. Bodine Paige Edwards Nathan Cannon North Carolina State Sydney T. Spruill Gillian L. Hagen Ohio Wesleyan University Rockhurst University Hadley O’Malia University Randolph-Macon College Ana Sofia Uzsoy Akul Rishi Kaley Marcinski Janae Athia Davis Alec Nicholas Martin Anshu Sharma Madeline Rose Majors Ji-Won Ham Austin James Allison Dea Santi Alqurwani Drew Connelly Eva Mulloy Mai T. Vu Keelin Quirk Nadav Shaibe Haylie Moore Samson Truong Linda Zhang Dylan Barnwell Jake Benson Elijah Glenn Numa Sakshi Gupta Stephen Wingo Liv McCauley Kyle Browne Victoria Stradella Mary Ann Valerio Haoxuan Yan Old Dominion University Megan Elizabeth Gunn Mary W. Aslin Jack Featherstone Corey Sargent Thomas Salvato Rollins College Micha Heilman Jason Cuddeback Nicolas DeStefano Victor Alexander Jack Gabriel Minhail Khan Jordan Matthew Jarman Penn State Kontopanos Lauren M. Neldner Nguyen Tran Thao Nguyen Joshua Miller Andrew Tamis Zachary J. Salvato Rose-Hulman Institute of Shiyun Lin Julia Anne Freeman Cullen Abelson Technology Matthew Hefferle Rensselaer Polytechnic Sofia Lis Douglas Maxwell Howell Institute Andres Martin Dy Narciso Victoria A. Parrish Noah Jabusch Katherine Tyne Kauma Jared Martin Samuel Robert Thornton Conrad F. Meyer Ye Zhang Marquis M. McMillan Dr. Moussa N’Gom Justin John Smerigan Yeseung Kwak Skyeraid Anne Rothwell Mason Buchanan Kaitlyn Eileen Gulley Sreeram Venkat Emily Crook Yijin Guo Mustafa Memon Joseph Vidal Mattias Memering

30 Radiations Fall 2020 Initiates List 2019–20 Nathaniel Fried San Jose State University Alexander Bellaire Thomas L. Kadlecek Clark Norris Noelle Hale Enrique Armando Prieto Alexis Leuci South Dakota State Corina Huether Sheston Culpepper Cabrera Andreas Rosnes University Daniel Paul Stringer Wei Jonah Li Kristopher McBrian Aroon Pressram Micah Mather Jacob Reuben Jones William Michael Cima Aurelien Hong James Holt Santa Clara University Southeast Missouri State Yifei Xiao Aditya Krishnan Austin Winter Lee Walter Henslee V Zachary Glover Brandon Smith University Robyn Jillian Logan Andrew Joseph Boyle Kraus Dylan Hill Zhemin Chen Connor Timm FitzGerald Brooke Snyder Thomas Harrison Camila D. Davila Gutierrez Siena Senatore Saint Anselm College Jaehun Matthew Kim Taylor Shivelbine Stetson University Andrew Pierre Juan Diego Janik Karoly Carmelo Emmanuele Anna Christine David Ortiz Kelly Fradet Carmine Romano Southeastern Louisiana Cynthia Lu David Philbin Madison G. Masten Cassandra E. Billings University David Bergstrom David Scalia Noah Lordi Catherine Hill Mahitha Koduri George Elvis Andrew Christian Montero Joe Letendre Remy Dennis Southern Nazarene Ridgeway Daniel Jacob Allspach Nathan Letteri Robert C. Newby University Riley E. Reynolds Daniel Whinnery Samuel Poisson Shreyes Nallan Rebecca Janka Stevens Institute of Victoria T. Milner Wilder Boyden Emily A. Shields Evan Brophy Southwestern Oklahoma Technology Saint Bonaventure Seattle University James Angelo Farnan State University Adam Joseph Coscia University Camille Renee Zaug D’Annibale Brock Byron Mason Gabriella Litterio James Michael Kernan Gheorghe Ponocevnai Chase Kim Jesus Vaca Spelman College Kaylee Stanbro Hao Jia Ethan Hunt Kent R. Mohlar Erin Nicole Abiola Wilson Megan Barnes Ian Kruithof Ethan Purcell Kimberly Conger Jasmine Elizabeth Euell Nicholas M. Martel Irwin Huang Malte Thesenvitz Kristen Anna McAndrew Madison Grace Allen Tristen Arianna-Marie Reid Jacob Kosowski Neipori Pelle Lauren Rose Pecora Najma C. Thomas Tanner J. Marshall McLayne E. Manthorn Jake Dante Nicosia Saint Mary’s College St. John’s University Amy E. Forsbacka Tom Masters Michael Anderton James Kim Alexander Ng Beth Thomas Nabila Akhter Jiabao Li Seton Hall University Anthony Santagata Harrison F. Bauman Nancy Asante Nicholas Manuel Marina Alex V. Dicilea Christopher L. Valdes Nicholas H. Anderson Samuel Austin Morrison Robert A. Scully Alexis Duffy Deborah Robinson Nicholas True Thi My Phung Thai Ryan Weiss Charity Joy Diamonon Felipe Bergami Fernandes Peter Orban Vanessa N. Havens Connor Thomas Kendra In Wai Cheong Stony Brook University Rose Nicole Young William Charles Wood Abhishek Cherath Daniel Thomas Mahoney Isaac Moorman Zainab Raza Albert Guo Saint Mary’s University Diego Samuel Espinoza Leanne Kathleen Palisoc Andrea Londono Alec Schillinger Ibukunoluwa I. Akintola Simpson College Linkun Wang Bassel Elamine Allison Grace Miller Isaac C. Guevara Ian Dean Reyna Gontaruk Benjamin Chase Delaney Wolf Jane Catherine Breslin Jacob Austin Ryan Lim Pangilinan Blaire Hanna Ness Sawyer Rosner Julius Mendez Kade Tatkenhorst Sedariest Hammond Bowen Yang Kalenny Sin Nathan Magalhaes Terence Smith Saint Michael’s College Christopher DeGrendele Kellen Joseph Murphy Yahya M. Azam Colin Myrick Skidmore College Chung Wa Shum Kimberly Krakower Yueran Yu Danielle Markowski Alexander Carney Cormac Killeen Layla Ogletree Zoe Wong Ian Bennett Madison Janay Guerrero Daniel Amponsah Gyampo Daniel L. Humphreys Jane O’Reilly Saint Vincent College Matthew Joseph Melfi St. Lawrence University Daniel Welborn Jason Li David Kyle Mignogna Michael Angelo Gattas Benjamin Kelty David Diaz Jason Yao Hannah Rudy Nicholas James Severson Cade Daniel Gleekel Edena Samoylovich Jeremy Gregoret Wilson Justin Gene Newman Nnamdi Ene Caleb Clarke Edgar Sit Jesse Kelley-Derzon Loukas Anthony Feher Patrick Mark Milan David Bain Emma van Nieuwenhuizen Lucas Graham Morgan N. Smith Ramiz S. Alejilat Dhimiter Cobani Ethan Zeng Menard Bibow Nicholas D. Bono Sade Summer Sampson Ethan Roberts Eunji Oh Samuel Blumenstiel Nicholas Jesse Bohn Sebastian Valbuena Eunseong Jun Samuel I. Gartenstein St. Olaf College Sarah L. Wozniak Selam T. Woldegerima Aaron Swanson Evan Davis Tiantong Qi Evan Flick Salisbury University William P. Davis Beatrice Gulner Veronica Mierzejewski Fnu Karan Kumar Cal Wilkens The University Of The Christopher Schulte Vincent Houh Garrett SansSouci Stoddard Ellen Githens Berry South David Stone Gregory A. Matousek Hannah R. Hall Alaa Adel Taha Eid Slippery Rock University Isaac J. Griffin-Wiesner Andrew Merritt Ilana Simmons Bromberg Jake Sands Abdelhamid Jakob Hofstad Andrew Smeltzer Ishmam Yousuf Zachary Adam Cioccio Andrew Werner Jiayi Wang Jesse Hansel Karina Holmes Zikan James Lui Sam Houston State Ashraf Haque Minju Lee Jonathan Hilko Kavya Devgun Jeffrey Michel University Jonathan Trimpey Kayla Gephart Jinzheng Li Alyssa Horne Nicholas Aaron Zanchi Vincent Blake DiNella Kyle Sayre Marianne Peterson Julian David Driebeek Brandon R. Sands Panyapit Uareksit Nguyen Vo Duc Huy Justin Ao Clayton J. Ellinwood William Edward Koopman Youjin Sung Robert Taylor Skylar Whitcomb Justin Zehan Chan Jack James Samuel E. Stanford Sueray Wang Katie Lin James Wesley Floyd Sr. Shippensburg University Zane C. Bayer Tor Erik Viren Kiran Eiden Jordan Pittman Conner Oldt South Dakota School of Victoria Lynn Swensen Kristofer Heller Madison Kriticos Siena College Luke Legnosky Matthew Biasucci Mines & Technology Stephen F. Austin State Abbi Wright Abigail Otten Marisa Elena Petrusky Tao Zhou University Matthew C. Cimino Abril Isabella Pejuan Jonathan Hulscher Abigail L. J. Rickards Martinez Fall 2020 Radiations 31 Matthew Stern James Michael Blaise Karen E. Navarro Jared S. Feingold Thomas More College Matthew Toledo Rozycki Jonathan Sinopoli Leopoldo Diaz III Jason Fan Matthew Shaw Madeline Brown John Emmanuel Bond Max Brian Lum Luke Ali Towson University Maziar Farahzad Suphanat Maneesai Madeline Louise Lockhart Junjia Zhang Benjamin A. Lukk Michael Dapolito Susquehanna University Montana Niccole Williams Katherine Xiang Calin Reamy Michael Joseph Smith Anne Eileen Loeliger Priyadarshini Rajkumar Melissa H. Mai Colin David Hamill Nasratullah Sultany Hannah Grace Cooper Sadman Ahmed Shanto Sydney Timmerman Daniel Wangunwa Pimbi Naziul I. Talukder Julia Therese Hutsko Thomas J. Maccarone Travis Leadbetter Hristo Ivanov Neomi Ashwita Lewis William Milestone Turner Woody Joe Cartelli Nga Ying Lo Tarleton State University Vedant Chandra Charles Matthew Amsden The Citadel Jonathon Michael Cartelli Nhat Anh Vu Nghiem Austin Jowers Yancheng Li Kelsey Samantha Glazer Nicholas Miklave Christopher Brian Marble Yaojie Hu Eric Scott Hall David A. Clark Mack Adrian Dela Cruz Nikhil Kumar James Rea Quimby Yi Hong Maegan Jennings Owen Steele Kenneth S. Evans Yuntian Wang Matthew Lawrence Ussery Joshua M. Roides Meaghan McDonald Peiran Li Landon Ford Madden Zubia Hasan Miriam E. Hiebert Perri Zilberman Victor S Baldwin The College of NJ The Ohio State University Nicholas Boecker Prabhjot Kaur Texas A&M University- Allison Lucas Timothy William Koeth Ray Kiser Commerce Allison Kate Glantzberg Carmen Carusone Andrew L. Ehrman Trinity College Salvatore Baldinucci Alexander Noble Ari D. Josephson Samantha Murphy Westbrooks Christopher Lovenduski Aashwin Basnet Dylan Corbett Arijit Das Alexander Bellas Shane Andrewski Francis Wesley Hall Brandon Manley Shanjia Liu Holly Harrison Elissa Khoudary Donovan R. Palmer EmilyAnn DeChiara Caitlin L. Patterson Hadley Santana Queiroz Xuan Zhang Jacob A. Ward Chance Vincent Carafice Yuhao Liu Jacob Lawton Hailey Bookwalter Hiro Tamada John Barry Clark Van Lieshout Parker W. Brown Zachary Stone James Clay Stanfield III Collin Christy Zeru Zhu Joseph W Barnett John Paul Tarantino Trinity University Kazumasa Oizumi Connor Cummins Zhi Chen Joshua Augustine Craig Fouts Alyson Laskowski Kamienski Nicholas Thomas Tusay Frances Stone SUNY Brockport Nick Juliano Davis McClellan Andrew H. Rowley Keely Scott Eliot A. Ferstl Jack Braley Macon Andrew Magno Nicki Meskin Keaton Holt Nolan J. Coble Noah Devane Evan Fitzmaurice Madison Smith Ian Dela Cruz Madelaine Griesel SUNY Buffalo Micalyn DeGuzman Rowe The George Washington Mark Lide Austin Marga Jacob Issokson Michael Nadeau University Jessica T. Kulp Thomas M. Baer Dylan Sabuda Michael Xavier Ross Alexandra Louise Weikert Yian Ann Xu Eric J. Cicero Joey Masters Shandi Groezinger Bethany Cobb Kung Katherine Elizabeth Duray Zachary Jones Carter Eric Niblock Yusuf Dogan Bryce Fallon Halter James R. Carter Kayvon Sharifi Truman State University Texas Lutheran University Cameron C. Swanson Kyle Donovan Neumann Abdulrahman Annaba SUNY Fredonia Andrew Hunter Hamilton Chen Zeng Leonard William Deer Andrew Gentry Michael J. Przybycien Matthew Francis E. Christian Longton Liam Kerr Angelina Partenheimer SUNY Geneseo Macasadia Daniel T. Piatigorski Liam Ramsey Brent R. Koogler Dylan Basescu Luca Lavezzo Anthony Cooper Texas State University Eleanor Daues Elias Alstead Matthew Freudenrich Dominique S. Cesario Augustus Wolf Arbogast Hannah B. Sechaga Elizabeth Rossi Melissa Mikalsen Emily A. Vanderbilt Charles Condos Jordan Elizabeth Shroyer Eric Boulter Michael Ferrarelli Eric Christopher Leary Erin Schipull Kevin Alexander Barrow Ethan Francis Rooney Mitchell Liam Heaton Jessica Block Ian McCoy Anderson Lauren Taylor Hoffman Illa Moskowitz Nashad Rahman John Wilson Keith Richard Rodriguez Max Mackenzie Venker Jane Peabody Nathan C. Lachner Jonathan David McCart Mary Bowling Noah Anderson Jason Taylor Starita Nathaniel Taylor Jonathan Field Sparling Md Hanif Ibne Ali Patrick Quirk Jose Ignacio Nazario Costa Nicholas Ray Pater Joseph Savarino Mitchell Timothy Ford Zoe Rechav Kyucheol Lee Peter Menart Kevin Seitz Samuel Federico Zamora Tufts University Michael Chevalier Sean M. Fenoff Kurt J. Dawson Selena Rose Najar Bayley Cornish Lucas Timmermann Finn Miya Bernal Zachary Weinland Xandria Raemyn Quichocho Morgan Gae Joyce Courtland S. Priest Matthew Klein The University of David Joseph Janowsky Matthew Signor Texas Tech University Shannon Kathleen Babcock Binod Rajbhandari Stephanie Kellys Braddock Scranton David Quan Tu Phillip Koenig Aubrey Savage Bridget Mann Stephen Tames Donovan Duff Brady Samantha Gayle Reichman Benedicto Arbizo Cheslee J. Hibler Steve Mackwell Elias Jerry Marcopoulos Sarah Popp Camille Mikolas Corey Bradshaw Ujwal Kumar Jacob Pierce Sunnerberg Trevor John Greco Eileen McNulty David Do Zachary He Jared Kai Ming Hwang Ellie R. Rosentel SUNY Oneonta Elijah T. Miller Joao Marcos Vensi Basso The Johns Hopkins Jeffrey J. Burrell Abigail White Giammarco Turriziani Kai W. Stewart University Kindler Norman Alexander James Idzinski Colonna Kristen Schretter Aidan Joseph Reilly Mark Pawelski Andrew M. F. Baker Hawra A. Alghasham Michael Rosenbaum Andrew King Matthew Guerron Mahmmod Jodeh Heather Harbin Natalie Bohm Benjamin Keller Ryan Jordan Lebron Melissa Marry Hui-Ju Wang Ryan Donaldson Daniel Swartz Samantha Lynn Kyle SUNY Plattsburgh Ishtiaque Ahmed Samantha Manon Livermore David Carcamo Sergey Gnilopyat Franquiz Arturo Caraballo Jacob Siau Susan Zec Evan Petrosky Vincent Oliverio Theodore Pena Alba Jake Noltensmeyer Hanru Sun Jace Lenon Justin Scott Edwards Jake Hassan

32 Radiations Fall 2020 Initiates List 2019–20 Union College Timothy P. Donnellon Joshua Bedard Emily Spicer Santosh Bhandari Aiyana Poulin William D. Addy Kevin Lindstrom Grigorii Rudakov Taylor Cabrera Chris Avanessian United States Naval Marc Richard Moore J. David Cain University of Missouri Christos Kakogiannis Academy Matteo McDonnell Meghan Carrico Cierra Presson Daniel J. Resnick Andrius Vytas Bernotas Megan Sturm Michael Turner Erica Dykes Edwina Rasmussen Charlie Kang Michael Joseph Riberdy Thomas Edward Rosbottom Lauryn Elizabeth Williams Helen Black Paul William Simmerling Wade Roemer Nicolas Bohorquez Jacob Feinstein University of Arkansas Robert William Bickley Jasper Bergh Justin James Ryan University of Maine Phillip Hegeman Roddy Michael Taing Aidan John Greenlee Jessica Mary Matli Logan Siems Samuel Spak University of Nevada, Las Jillian Rose Guthrie Aidan L. Peacock Lucas N. Harrington Sean C. O’Hagan Vegas Lukas Baker Anna Lewis Schaab Zachariah David Rankin Dylan Edward Durkee Max Ginsberg Libre University of California, Arianna Giguere Irvine Keoni Castellano Sajju Chalise University of Dallas Benjamin Thompson Stanley Antedio Baronett Samantha Lynn Rosenfeld Danny Attiyah Aidan Medcalf Christopher Butler Samuel G. Kemp Gregory Krueper Anthony Pelster David Andrew Fitzpatrick University of New Thomas Alexander Clement Kyle Callahan Cecilia M. Hassan David Plouff Hampshire Zihui (Cathy) Zeng Murong Cheng Clement Gregory Lim Say Jacob Marchio Asher Merrill Tejas Jagdiesh Dethe Dylan Gerald Favaloro Union University David Andrew Foust Jason Neal Tony Tong Evan H. Jones Daryl Lane Crouch II Gianna F. Milton Joseph Andrew Cormier Wenjie Huang James Haupt Davina Amaris Norris John Christopher Lowrie Justin Brown Jonathan Van Neste Yiwen Xiao Luisa Velasco Kelvy Zucca Jordan Loll Landon Heinz Buell United States Air Force University of Central Margaret Rose McDonough Kendall Jon Butler Florida Mary Elizabeth Fox Kyle Patrick Blum Morgan Saidel Academy Nicholas Larose Cameron N. Harris Andrew C. Silverman Nathan Olive Therese Smith Nicholas Soucy Ryan M. Williams Casey Lorenz Kowalski David Charlton Wright III Peter Adam Hedlesky Tristan Underwood Thomas A. Manion Cory T. Lane Erin Crites Samantha Lucia Garza University of Mary Timothy Raeder Daniel James McIlhenny III Evelyn Smith William Charles Morris Washington Dr. Francesco J. Echeverria Geoffrey Garrido University of Dayton A.J. Rasure University of North Gabrielle McClelland Hunter N. Cannan Danielle E. Smith Elizabeth Kaiser Alabama Jacob Malloy Matthew Reinhard Kyle Hagan Margaret Gregory Charles Lane Harville James A. Scoville Riley Havel Logan Cordonnier Shannon Andree Brindle Harris Edmund Kain Jefferson B. Sesler Sonali Joshi Rachel Adams Stephen Matthew Tivenan Joseph Haefner UNC Asheville Spencer Tamagni Corey A. McAllister Kayla Naomi Brown Steven Romani University of Evansville University of Maryland, Lachlan T. Belcher Richard D. Gerst Baltimore County Makennah Bristow Marcus Brinker University of Cincinnati Adursh Iyer Owen James Dowdall Alyssa Morgan Burritt University of Houston Shannon Bonomi Michael C. Jacoby Daniel Maddox Scott Kaitlynn Lilly Patrick M. Gresham Anthony Brennan Crawford Tiffany Shreves Galen Lytle Kassidy Kollmann Zachary Condon Cameron Pettry Omar J. French UNC Charlotte Carter Eikenbary Hilary C. Utaegbulam United States Military Peter Braunschweig Christopher Scott Evan Jesse Powers Jimish Patel Academy at West Point Phoebe H. Sandhaus UNC Greensboro Alexander Steven Chung J. Clayton Peacock University of Kansas Rachel Morin John Bodenschatz Alex Stephen Polanski Aidan Lytle Andrew R. Constable S. David Storm Ian D. Gallagher AnnaMaria Bonilla Dear Katherine Slattery Allison Kirkpatrick University of Maryland - Jackson Hales Anthony John DiNallo III Korash D. Assani Andres J. Abreu College Park Jackson Witten Leonard Anthony Martino Nathaniel Quinton Willis Brendon Cory Madison Anna A. Grafov Lindsay R. House Benjamin J. Petrella Nicole Naporano Casey Butler Benjamin Scott Flaggs Brendan W. Guenther Rajpreet Kaur Christophe Royon Mason Glenn Casey Christopher L’Amoureux Reilly Hendrickson Duncan Cavanaugh Joe Taylor Seth A. Chaffin Connor Yauss Roberto Carlos Mandujano McGraw Kate Minker UNC Wilmington Dylan Thomas LaPore Sarah Elizabeth Carl Florian Gautier Kathleen Hamilton-Campos Amber Link Eric Dragland Shira D. Jackson Grayson Petter Orlando M. Romeo Christian Koertje Isaac Taylor Ferrell Sudarshan Pandey Hartwin Peelaers Ruhi Perez-Gokhale Conner Lester Jack von Kleeck Sunny MK Phan Jack Johnston Victoria Palmaccio Landon Calton Jacob T. Bohnemann Vivian Carvajal University of Connecticut John J. Pace William Thomas Jarratt Jared Cochrane Jonathon Howland University of Minnesota Jarrod Austin Broussard Alexander Ercolani University of North Alice Hu Jordan A. Scharnhorst Amanda Gatto Lamas Georgia John Patrick Boyle Quinn Meier Jon Brashear Joseph S. Minus Amelia Michele Anne Ella Camille Wasiluk Samuel Abraham Glaser Tanner Stephen Leighton Josephine Marie Marsh Boutier Henkel Michael Steven Testagrossa Sharon Gary Tien Vo Justin M. Gittemeier Andrew Levin Seth Shirley Zachary Flowers William Pannell Kalista Schauer Brian D. Barrette University of Northern Madeline Mary Leahy Donovan Davino University of Louisville University of Mississippi Iowa Meaghan Olivia McGovern Edward McManus Alex Akridge John Phillips Aaron Kirchman Nathanial Leroy Beck Edward W. Herndon Anjali Kanwar Ming Zern Ngoh Adam Alexander Ramker Scott James Nieboer Giovanni Ninivaggi Bryson Callie Clifford Nicholas Allen Kruse Colin Gorgen Seth Michael Thompson Jan Wusik Clayton Robertson Radhakrishna Adhikari Dylan Tylor Blattner Taggart Joseph Solomon Josh Machado Dominic M. Smith Samyak Shrestha Erica Oler

Fall 2020 Radiations 33 Jacob Vincel University of Richmond Christopher Storfer University of Texas at San University of Washington Mitchell James Anderson Connor A. Painter Nada Khogeer Antonio Ana Isabel Duarte Patrick Skretta Jackson LeViness Nicholas Arjun Francis Adeela Ahmad Malik Andrew N. Ivanov Sophie M. Roberts Lillian Hughes Eremita Javier Rufino Jr. Brad Koplitz Taylor Ann Harris Mason Philip Zadan Trysten Hess Michael Falato Colin Weller Troy Buzynski Matthew Heyrich University of South Michael Ryan Gardner Danila Sergeevich Sokratov Zachary Heinzman Michael Wyatt Florida Ray Hagimoto David Patrick Hales University of Notre Dame Omar Aguilar Collantes Alexander James Walker University of the James Francis Ragan III Adam Martin Xiaodi Hu Brandon Davey Cumberlands James Walker Steere Alexander William Volk University of Rochester Caitlin Gish Dustin Hensley Kasey French Andrew Toivonen Aaron M. Goldin Catherine Lynn Wood Joshua Isenhoff Kuan-Wei Lee Landon Bevier Anne Katherine Stratman Adina Ripin Chandler J. Armstrong University of the Sciences Arianna Gemma Garci­a Alexander Isaac Zavriyev David He Leonardo Zhu Amanda Huon Matthew Stortini Caffaro Amanda Rose Wasserman Douglas Linkhart Caitlyn Marie McConnell Cameron Gorsak Amanda Victoria James Ian Parker Maxim Amon Karrenbach Christopher Eugene Noah Hoppis Cecilia Fasano Broadmeadow Nicolas E. Pichette Petoukhoff Christian Bunker Carter Ball Shane Ryan Melton Sam D’Ambrosia Edward McLaughlin Sierra Wilde Cristobal Antonio Gonzales Chad Popik University of Southern Joseph L. Duffy David Lund Chengyuan Wang Siu Cheung Lam Mississippi Keeran Olaf Ramanathan Timothy Mathew Erik Robert Peterson Chuanyi Wang Swapnil Bhatta Matthew Becker James Cotter Danielle Bovie Yifei Bai University of Tennessee at Oberon O. N. Wackwitz Yingtao Song Joseph L. Cozzi Darman Khan Steven Scott Simpkins Jr. Judah Emmanuel Van Zandt David Russell Anuta Chattanooga Zikun Zhuang Kevin Greif Donovan E. Snyder Benjamin Smith University of Toledo Zuhrie Noah Zulkifli Kristin Ringhand Dyson Travis Kennedy Jordan Manuel Madrigal Alexander V. Bordovalos University of Washington, Maciej Wojciech Olszewski Ethan Fahnestock Sara Bey Christina Poduska Bothell Matthew Douglas Kevin Ethan H. Savitch University of Tennessee, Thomas N. Routt Bobby Duong Drnevich Ethan Walter Otto Knoxville University of Vermont James Douglas Bensen Michael J. Kurkowski Fatima Zaidouni Ashley Holt Abigail J. Postlewaite Jewell Carr Michael Zachary Serikow Ivan DeRay Frantz IV Benjamin Bryant Glenn Elizabeth Andrew John M. Bayley Nicolas Daniel DeBickero Jacob Smith Brandi Knight-Skipworth Jiangyong Yu John Waldroup Patrick James Millican Jayson Calvi Christal Martin Joseph R. Turner Kyle Gersbach Patrick S. Link Jeremy Leonard Atkins Curtis L. Robertson University of Virginia Mikkie Musser Sean E. Kelly Joel Elias Daniel Ally Adam Thomas Turflinger Mitchell William Mote Taylor Michelle Hernandez John Siu Eli Mygatt Ward Alison Verster Nathan June Umesh Garg Kurt Callaghan Cylke Hannah Elizabeth Miller Andrew Wilkers Paola Rodri­guez Hidalgo Walter McLallen Leesa Brown Igor Allain Bernardi Benjamin Barton Rachel E. Scherr Zachary Huber Matthew B. Siden Jesse Lee Buffaloe Benjamin Devico Tim M. Kostersitz University of Pittsburgh Mohamed Ali Jesse Nicole Farr Camryn L. Phillips University of West Florida Alex Haidet Natalie Allen Katie E. Sylvester Colin Crovella Korinna E. Welch Andrew Aukerman Nathan Wies Lara Blokland Daniel Mills Leah Gross Brian W. McMinn Ruiyu Zhou Leanto Sunny Drew Anthony Parks Ryan Semple Lena Joette Schwebs University of Wisconsin - Charles F. Gorey III Emma Rose Yeats Eau Claire Connor Wallis Ryley Robinson Lucas McClure Eric Rohr Soren Helhoski Noah Ayres Crum Cameron Michael Severin Edan Alpern Gracemarie Buehlmann Jidong Gu Emily Ann Harris Serena Flint Sarah Marie Wellence Hannah Kim Tasha Schapiro Thomas Krobatsch Kyle C. Glaeser Francis Burk Jasmin Elizabeth Whitney Mottishaw Grace E. Chu Tyler Ethan Perlman Warusapperuma Don Washington Jeremy A. Reiff Tyler J. Mason Nimmitha Karunarathna Jillian Ticatch University of Wisconsin - Joseph Naval Nelson Wei Fan University of Texas at Joseph Clement La Crosse Mairead E. Heiger Yisheng Tu Austin Katherine Ann Maddock Danielle Barmore Mariya Alisa Savinov Yue Wang Alice Burington Katherine Lake Hanna Zancho Meghan V. Cilento Yufan Qie Andrew Kenneth Kristen Marie Galban Harold R. Hart Nicholas Felice Yunze Li Manchester Kyle Fielman Jacob Pfund Peter Hu Zeyu Xu Jesus Alberto Botello- Lingnan Shen Leah Clark Philip H. Shenk University of San Diego Esquivel Mathilde Rosi-Marshall Martin Balzer Meier Raees Khan Andrew Robert Nelson Joseph Guidry Michael Stepniczka Peyton Warren Aplin Yuanshan Zhang Anton Solomon Cosme Peter Smith Ningshun Chen Trenten Andrew Smith Zarif Mubassir Rahman University of Puget Sound Navazo Zachary Kuklinski Quinn Hollister Aidan Lee Roeser Hans Broders University of Texas at Rebecca F. Harrington University of Wisconsin - Schumann Luke Thomas Dallas Ryan McLean Taylor Parkside Julian Long Michelle Wang Bojana Ivanic William Musk Andres Gama Patrick Zimmerman University of San Guillermo Suarez Yara Yousef Chad Martin Jocius Tom Daligault Francisco Jacob Davis Yuxuan Xia Chloe Teal Calderon Alexis Isabel Casas John Michael Garlick Jr. Andrew Pilon Lukeus Wayne Perez

34 Radiations Fall 2020 Initiates List 2019–20 Michael J. Connolly Noah Braeger Joshua M. Stevic Sinan H. H. Abuzaid Derek James Janoski Nathan Daniel Arndt Trevor Harshman Julie Nguyen Will Medick Evan Arns Sean Franklin Trevor V. Taylor Kevin J. Marquez Diaz Washington University in Naya Sarab Sawah University of Wisconsin - Zachary Gibson Marc Farrell St. Louis Nicholas Haarlammert River Falls Vanderbilt University Nathaniel Harding Walker II Benjamin J. Grobstein Nicholas Orlando Clarizio Amy Zingsheim Andrew Pumford Nicholas Treptor Hurtado Blake Bordelon Widener University Austin Smith Ben Wincelberg Olti Myrtaj Jacqueline Cecile Reu Christopher Bryce Martin Bilal Asif Cameron Elaina Norton Orien Joseph Altman Jeremy Nathan Shapiro Patrick Crandall William Jewell College Christopher Steven Ladas Cheng Tao Jordan Pack Catherine Dema Dalton Anderson Dylan Folsom Reece Preisser Patrick W. Gardner Robert Leon Smith Graham Chambers-Wall David Montgomery Kieke Elijah Sheridan Ryan J. Chang Kyle J. Bartz Emily Lynn Swanson Erich Remiker Ruslan Mukhamadiarov Ryan Wahidi Glenn Spiczak Hannah Taylor Anderson Sean MacDonald Heston Wittenberg University Tommy Lam Wayne State University Anna Marie Beggs Gretchen M. Hibbert Hansen Wu Alan Michael Stoelton Hanna Elizabeth Richards Hunter Spivey Varun Mathur Elijah Hogsett Vivek Sharma Christopher James Issa Hannah Weaver Ian Carter James Taylor Efren Munoz Jr. Jacob Mayers Joshua Seabaugh William Philip Banner Jake Bertemes Ziwei Ding Ibrahim Chahrour Jake Taylor John David Lowery Katie Cella Joseph Pakizer Jon Maples Keefer J. Rowan Wake Forest University Joshua Darang Khalil El-Dairi Katherine R. Robinson Laura Ann Lusardi Nicholas Patilsen Austin French Shreya Sutariya Lindsey Marie Murry Nilai Vemula Christopher McAvoy Quintin Edward Madelyn Boettner Thomas Patrick Skacel Dan Nealon West Chester University Muhlenkamp Madison Dudek Timothy Mark Zaklama Elmira Alipour Alexander Lowry Victoria Toetz Maxwell J. Kiernan William Richard Shelton Fernando J. Rigal Garrett D. Compton Worcester Polytechnic Nicholas Hovel Jiqing Jacqueline Zhu Joseph Backowski Institute Villanova University Sean Cadden Rachel Schnell Augustus Most Richard Dudley Alexis Taylor Buzzell Ryan Schneider Brendan Vincent Puszcz Wartburg College West Virginia University Aline Tomasian University of Wisconsin - Jadyn Michael Anczarski Codey Olson Anna Turner Andrew Mendizabal Stevens Pt. James Emory Squiers Darby Marie Kramer Arwa Ali Alyahya Atanu Chatterjee Abigail M. Adams Terhune Justin Schoppe Billy J. Cole III Benjamin Child Cole E. Maurer Bryannah Voydatch Zhengzhan (Daniel) Shang Kaixuan Ji Washington & Jefferson Kevin David Harmer II Herath Pathiranage Janaka Darien Gaudet University of Wyoming College Chathuranga Piyathilaka Dominic Chang Aman Kar Kimberly Anne McDonough Abigail Faith Dodson Lauren Hurley Kenneth Sible Dzung Ngoc Pham Ethan James Taylor Andrew David Rockovich III Matthew J. Lazo Erin Mae Morissette Jacob Centner Matthew J. Caesar Brianna Rose Billingsley Nicholas La Manna Regis John Jacob Bouchard Jesse Bryant Winner Christopher S. Madia Tate Galen Hawkins James L. Kingsley Ryan Christine Parziale Pablo Aramburu Sanchez James Mastran Rahul Thapa West Virginia Wesleyan James Patrick McClung William “Buck” Scougale Kiera Elise MacWhinnie Kateryna Kushnir Friedman Ryan Gregg Swope Krista J. Sudar College Ursinus College Samuel Gunther Anna Puigvert i Juan Matthew Lund Alicia Handian Megan Laurel Perry Nathaniel Mione Tyler Kline Sami K. Zimmo Baylee Senator Andrew Justin Kelly Joshua M. Yancosek Patrick D. Fitzgerald Benjamin Raymond Klybor Virginia Military Institute Sean Dugan Paula Sarrion Silvestre Ethan Zane Severns Richard Calo Bianca Rose Gualtieri Washington & Lee Virginia Lyn Martin Sathwik Bharadwaj Briana Marie Strickland Jonathan Rockford Murray University Sayed Iman Mousavi Brittani Lynn Schnable Joshua Krogman Anthony P. Lorson Western Kentucky Shaun Alan Marshall Janice Partee Lane Patrick Kieler Austin Skipper University Steven Vandal Jason Bennett Li-Hsing Lai Beth Corinne Reed Alex Henson Taylor G. Trottier Justin Casey Mylez Frazier Cory Morris Alexander Banaszak Noah E. Kirk Andrew Davis Xavier University Kateryna Marie Swan Daniel Clark Colin P. Terry Lisa Skiles Seth D. Gibson Emily Ann Matthews Jacob Dobler Vincenzo J. Ferrari Taylor Robinson Joseph A. Lanier Marisa Spiegel Emma Aldrich Kendra Elizabeth Williams Noah Frantz Virginia Tech Fady Gouda Will Andrew Marsh William Lawrence Poteet Lillian Haerr Veronica Fried Ada Jaycox Morral Griffin Noe Michael Jerome Hilvert Utah State University Alison H. Gaylord Kathryn Blair Fagan Westminster College William Martin Steuk Alexandra H. Nelson Anri Alexeevich Karanovich Kathryn Elise Baker George Paul Huncik Bikun Li Laura Elaine Bruce Jacob Robert Staub Xavier University of Brock Halling Louisiana Cade Pankey Cathleen Elise Ridder Laurie Jones Wheaton College Chinmay Katke Madeline Elizabeth Brazil Amani Christopher Christian M. Lange Austin Richardson Ashley Montgomery Ell Tingey Darius X. Mattson Matthew O’Neal Withers Jonathan Tannous Diego Guerra Lecca Matthew Tinsley Carrie Elizabeth Johnson Hankyu Lee Michael Vieceli Chinyere Jones Kripa N. Chauhan Eli M. Welch Mya Elese Lewis Stephen McKay George S. Barron Nicholas Dorogy Imari Parham Madison Renee Mortensen Whittier College Kayla S. Freeman Matthew Hogan Ho Lun Tang Nyla Gavia Hong Yao Perry Siehien Aaron Alexander Mendoza Tyler Noelle Kelly Mubarak Sulaiman Ukashat Cassady Smith Neal R. Criddle Isabella L. Giovannelli Russell Zimmerman John William Ott Garmon Sho Gibbs Dallas DeHart

Fall 2020 Radiations 35 Radiations American Institute of Physics 1 Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740

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October 6–9, 2022 Washington, D.C. sigmapisigma.org/congress/2022