Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm
Plants used as antidiabetics in popular medicine in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil
a a a,b a,b,∗
M. Trojan-Rodrigues , T.L.S. Alves , G.L.G. Soares , M.R. Ritter
a
Pós-Graduac¸ ão em Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Gonc¸ alves 9500, Prédio 43433, Campus do Vale, 91501-970, Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil
b
Depto. de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Gonc¸ alves 9500, Prédio 43433, Campus do Vale, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plants are widely as antidiabetics. The study of these plants is essential
Received 27 July 2011
because many of them may have undesirable effects, such as acute or chronic toxicity; or their use may
Received in revised form 24 October 2011
even delay or discourage the adoption of the proper and effective treatment.
Accepted 26 October 2011
Materials and methods: The present study surveyed the plant species that are popularly used to treat
Available online 2 November 2011
diabetes mellitus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. Sixteen ethnobotanical surveys
performed in the state were consulted, and the species used to treat diabetes were listed. For species
Keywords:
cited in at least two of the studies, scientific data related to antidiabetic activity were searched in the
Folk medicine
Ethnobotany ISI Knowledge database. The scientific binomial of each species was used as keywords, and data found in
review papers were also included.
Diabetes mellitus
South Brazil Results: A total of 81 species in 42 families were mentioned; the most important families were Aster-
aceae and Myrtaceae. Twenty eight species were cited at least twice as being used to treat diabetes in
the state. For 11 of these, no scientific data regarding antidiabetic activity could be located. The species
most frequently mentioned for use with diabetes were Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) and Bauhinia forfi-
cata (Fabaceae), in 12 studies each, followed by Sphagneticola trilobata (Asteraceae), in six studies; and
Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), and Leandra aus-
tralis (Melastomataceae) in four studies each. Bauhinia forficata and Syzygium cumini have been studied
in more detail for antidiabetic activity.
Conclusions: A considerable number of plant species are traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes
melitus in the Rio Grande do Sul State. The majority of those plants that have been studied for antidiabetic
activity showed promising results, mainly for Bauhinia forficata and Syzygium cumini. However, for most
of the plants mentioned, the studies are not sufficient to guarantee the efficacy and safety in the use of
these plants in the treatment against diabetes.
© 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Open access under the Elsevier OA license.
1. Introduction WHO estimates that 30 million people had diabetes in 1985, and
this number increased to 171 million people in 2000. In that year,
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that currently affects an estimated 2.9 million people died of diabetes, representing 5.2%
250 million people around the world. Each year another 7 mil- of all deaths, probably the fifth largest cause of mortality in the
lion people develop the disease (International Diabetes Federation, world (Roglic et al., 2005). It is estimated that in 2030, people with
2011), resulting in a chronic state of hyperglycemia. The condi- diabetes will number 366 million, most of them from developing
tion is characterized by the body’s inability to transform sugar into countries, especially the among people from 45 to 64 years of age
energy, causing hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can cause retinopa- (Roglic, 2004).
thy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular damage (American Diabetes Marles and Farnsworth (1995) listed 1200 species of plants that
Association, 2007; Malviya et al., 2010). have been used to treat diabetes worldwide. They mostly belong to
the families Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae.
Among the main natural hypoglycemic products are carbo-
hydrates, alkaloids, glycopeptides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and
∗
Corresponding author at: Programa de Pós-Graduac¸ ão em Botânica, Instituto de
coumarins (Marles and Farnsworth, 1995; Negri, 2005; Cazarolli
Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Gonc¸ alves 9500,
et al., 2008).
Prédio 43433, Campus do Vale, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
In Brazil, the use of plants as antidiabetics is very common, as
Tel.: +55 51 33087571.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Ritter). reported by Volpato et al. (2002), Barbosa-Filho et al. (2005), Negri
0378-8741 © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Open access under the Elsevier OA license. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.034
156 M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163
(2005), and Borges et al. (2008). In Rio Grande do Sul, several eth- 3. Results and discussion
nobotanical studies established that the use of plants for metabolic
disorders such as diabetes is common (Simões et al., 1986; Ceolin, The ethnobotanical studies consulted mentioned 568 taxa with
2009). some medicinal usage, 84 of them used to treat diabetes. Among
According to Witters (2001), in the Middle Ages, Galega offic- these, only three were not identified to species level, and were
inalis L. (Fabaceae) was prescribed for polyuria, one of the most not counted in the final list. They are: Eucalyptus sp., Myrtaceae
common symptoms of diabetes. The active principle in Galega offici- (Marodin, 2000); Mentha sp., Lamiaceae (Marodin, 2000); and Ori-
nalis is known as guanidine. Although guanidine this and some of its ganum aff. vulgare, Lamiaceae (Soares et al., 2004). The species of
derivatives are overly toxic to treat diabetes, dimeric forms known these genera are admittedly difficult to delimit, in addition to the
as biguanides have been considered useful to treat the disease since occurrence of many hybrids.
the 1950s. The 81 species used for diabetes in the state of Rio Grande
About 66% of the Brazilian population has no access to com- do Sul (Table 1) are members of 42 botanical families. Species
mercial medicines, which means that the use of plants is their of the families Asteraceae and Myrtaceae were most often
only alternative for the treatment of their ills (Di Stasi, 2007). mentioned, comprising, respectively 29% and 15% of the occur-
In this context, ethnobotanical studies that have the main objec- rences. The relatively high number of species of the families
tive to catalogue knowledge about medicinal plants and cultural Asteraceae and Fabaceae agrees with the findings of Marles and
aspects of communities can serve as the basis to list species to Farnsworth (1995).
be studied as medicinal in order to validate the use, encour- These two families include species of great abundance and bio-
age the production of phytotherapeutics from these plants, or diversity in Brazil (Giulietti et al., 2005) and plants of these families
even the isolation and/or semi-synthesis of bioactive molecules also have a highly developed secondary metabolism. A considerable
(Elisabetsky and Coelho de Souza, 2007). The development of fraction of antidiabetic compounds belonging to species of these
medicines by the production of synthetic or semi-synthetic bioac- families have been described and tested for diabetes and its com-
tive molecules is based on the chemical diversity of plants plications (Marles and Farnsworth, 1995; Negri, 2005; Jung et al.,
(Phillipson, 2007). 2006). There is a predominance of species belonging to the “tannif-
This study surveyed the plant species mentioned for the treat- erous diagonal” which is a chemical group of families characterized
ment of diabetes in ethnobotanical surveys performed in Rio by the production of large amounts of tannins (commonly gallic
Grande do Sul, and evaluated the current status of scientific knowl- acid derivatives) and comprises the Cronquist‘s subclasses: Ham-
edge related to the antidiabetic activity of these plants. mamelidade, Dillenidae and Rosidae (Dahlgren, 1980; Kubitzki and
Gottlieb, 1984a). The species placed in this chemical group are
often woody and tend to contain shikimate derivatives (Kubitzki
2. Materials and methods
and Gottlieb, 1984b). These compounds are also of great impor-
tance regarding antidiabetic activity known so far, because of their
Sixteen ethnobotanical studies performed in Rio Grande do Sul
antioxidant properties (Negri, 2005). Several species of the fam-
were consulted: Simões et al. (1986); Kubo (1997); Garlet (2000);
ily Myrtaceae are rich in tannins, flavonoids, and other phenolic
Marodin (2000); Possamai (2000); Garlet and Irgang (2001); Ritter
derivatives. Among these classes, some compounds with antioxi-
et al. (2002); Hass (2003); Leitzke (2003); Martha (2003); Sebold
dant activity have been isolated.
(2003); Löwe (2004); Soares et al. (2004); Vendruscolo (2004);
The family Lamiaceae occupies a significant place in many eth-
Barbosa (2005); Vendruscolo and Mentz (2006); Barros et al.
nobotanical surveys, because of its aromatic characteristics and
(2007), and Ceolin (2009). The papers consist of articles, mas-
high phytochemical diversity, but did not have great significance
ter’s dissertations, and monographs contributed by researchers
in this study. Importantly, hypoglycemic activities attributed to
in the state, and were found in databases or in university
flavonoids in the leaves of Origanum majorana L. and phenolic com-
libraries.
pounds from the leaves of Hyssopus officinalis L. have been found
The plants used for the treatment of diabetes mentioned in these
(Jung et al., 2006).
studies were selected by searching for terms such as “diabete”, “dia-
The species most frequently mentioned for use with dia-
betes” and “lower the blood sugar”.
betes were Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) and Bauhinia forficata
The popular names mentioned for these species, as they are
(Fabaceae), in 12 studies each, followed by Sphagneticola trilobata
given in the studies consulted, were compiled. For better under-
(Asteraceae), in six studies; and Baccharis trimera (Asteraceae),
standing, the information concerning the plant parts used in
Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), and Lean-
preparations has been standardized. Terms related to preparation
dra australis (Melastomataceae) in four studies each.
form such as infusion and decoction have been standardized as
The monocots, although their metabolism has fewer secondary
“tea”, since these methods just differ in the extraction time and
metabolites, contain many polysaccharides, which also show hypo-
the temperature reached. The plants that were identified only
glycemic activity (Von Poser, 2007). In Saccharum officinarum, e.g.,
to genus are listed separately, and were not considered in fur-
the activity was found in the stems, where usually occurs the accu-
ther analyses. The valid names of the species and the authors
mulation of polysaccharides (Takahashi et al., 1985).
were confirmed using the databases Tropicos (2011) and The
The predominance of the use of teas agrees with the findings
Plant List (2011). However, it was decided to retain the names
of surveys for medical use in general. The use of tea has a strong
given to the species as Baccharis crispa, Baccharis trimera, Cynara
cultural appeal (Santayana et al., 2005). In the case of plants used for
scolymus and Eruca sativa because the new combinations are
diabetes, this is particularly important because the antioxidants are
not widely recognized currently yet. The botanical families were
commonly soluble in water. Furthermore, some reports described
updated based on the APG III classification system (Stevens,
a combination of plants such as compound teas, elixirs, and also
2011).
the use of the plant together with “chimarrão”, a drink made with
For species listed in two or more ethnobotanical studies, chem-
leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil., which is widely consumed in
ical data and data related to antidiabetic activity, found in studies
southern Brazil.
in the database ISI Web of Knowledge (2010) were searched. In the
Popular names such as “insulin” and “vegetal insulin” were
search for these data, the scientific binomial of the plant was used
repeatedly mentioned, for four species of two different families:
as the descriptor.
Aspilia montevidensis and Sphagneticola trilobata (Asteraceae); and
M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163 157 in
activity, 2004,
of
al.,
diabetes
al., The et
glucosides
); et
butanol to
aerial );
decreased simulation ethyl
antidiabetic leaves Chang 2002
( ) );
hyperglycemia showed
of by
from 2009
achyrofuran
al.,
the Oliveira
(
the
to et 2004 to al., 2001
found found found found attributed Th1-mediated
parts
exhibit
et glucose-induced polyacetylenic
al., al., extract
extract
)
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et vitro et obtained were were were were
acids Hsu aerial
reduced related
the glycemia (
in inflammation ) prevent
1992
attributed of
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activity
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et fractions Bresciani
attributed
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glucose
( and
that al., Aderibigbe kaurenoic
( activity activity )
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extracts,
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related related related related
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Gourgue
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origin,
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158 M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163 oil al.,
of
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metformin-like (
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2006 studies diabetic
);
and
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2008 et
related
) al., like activity
effect
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et activity activity
(
to 2009
effect
diabetic
Khalil
leaves
anti
Cechinel, Antioxidant – – Antidiabetic – – – – – – – – – – – – – No Hypoglycemic attributed mimetic – – – 2009; ( from hypoglycemic antidiabetic
(2001) (2001) (2001) (2001)
Mentz Mentz Mentz Mentz
and and and and (1986)
(2004) (2004)
(2002) (2002) (1997)
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al. (2000)
al. al.
(2000)
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(2003) et (2003) (2003) (2003)
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et et (2009) (2009)
and and and and
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(2004) (1997) (1997) (1997) (1997)
(2003)
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of
and
with with
burned wine,
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mouthwash, fomentation gargle,
leaves
alcoholature tea tea
with
macerated
and
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sugar tea,
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úcar
hull ¸ water
part
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parts Tea parts fruits
parts
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aerial
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leaves; part Prepare
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L. Native Aerial L.
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L. Macbr. L.
Mart.
L. Mart. Link Native
Boros
L. J.F.
L.
Koch
(Jacq.)
zebrina K. Mill. Exotic Leaves Food
officinale
ferrea applii Macbr. officinale vulgare macrophylla
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x
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aletes bonariense sibiricus Taub. forficata microstachya variegata Ser. amorphoides
edule
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officinalis illinoinensis sativa
Reissek
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Continued (
1
FamilyAsteraceae Species Origin Used Celastraceae Fabaceae Equisetaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Brassicaceae Commelinaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Hydrangeaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Cucurbitaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Juglandaceae Table
M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163 159 in
in the
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prepared treatment
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Teixeira showed
extract
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al., leaf showed
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Teixeira et cumini ethanolic from
( the
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rats
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none et
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not
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(2001) (2001) Mentz Mentz Mentz Mentz
and and and and (1986) (1986)
(2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) (2007)
Irgang Irgang
al. al. (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000)
al. al. al. al. al. al.
(2000) (2000)
(2005)
(2003) et et (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003)
(2003) (2003) (2003)
et et et et et et (2009) (2009)
and and
(2004) (1997)
(2003) (2003) (2003)
Leitzke Possamai Possamai Leitzke Soares Soares Barbosa Ceolin Hass Marodin Possamai Vendruscolo Vendruscolo Soares Possamai Hass Leitzke Simões Sebold Leitzke Barros Garlet Simões Vendruscolo Ceolin Garlet Hass Kubo Leitzke Löwe Marodin Martha Possamai Sebold Soares Vendruscolo Sebold Soares (2006) (2006) (2006) (2006)
tea
goiabeira branches
alcoholature
bark
three
food
pitangueira compound
dust and
drops) sete-capota
pau-ferro three
chimarrão, chimarrão juice, syrup, seed
(in
– branches Tea Tea, Tea Tea – – – Tea, Elixir Dye Tea – – – Tea Tea, “Three Elixir Tea – Tea Tea, Tea Tea – – Tea Tea Tea Tea, – Tea Tea Tea Tea – branches”” plus with
roots fruits
flowers flowers seeds fruits
plant
parts button; leaves
leaves; leaves; leaves
seeds Bark Seeds Leaves Leaves; – – Leaves Leaves Leaves – Bark; – Leaves Bark Leaves – Aerial Leaves Leaves; Leaves Seeds Seeds Leaves; Leaves Seeds Elixir Leaves – Buds; Leaves Leaves – Leaves; Floral Leaves Whole
Native Exotic Native Native Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Native Exotic Exotic Native Native Native Native Exotic Native Native Bark; Native ExoticExotic Bark; Leaves
DC. -Hil.
St.
Presl
Eichler J.
A.
Sabine
DC.
(Jacq.)
Mill. (Cham.) (L.)
DC.
Berg verum Berg
acutifolius Tiegh. vulgaris
O.
L. coromandelianum
O. L. globulus
argentea communis
cumini
australis cattleianum involucrata uniflora Pav.)
americana alba nigra
&
Garcke
Persea Struthanthus Bunchosia Waltheria Morus Morus Eugenia Psidium Labill. Cinnamomum Tripodanthus Malvastrum Leandra Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) (L.) Skeels Cogn. (Ruiz Campomanesia xanthocarpa Eucalyptus Eugenia Syzygium
Lauraceae Moraceae Lauraceae Loranthaceae Loranthaceae Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Melastomataceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Moraceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae
160 M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163 al.,
al.,
et
et
) Ferreira (
Cazarolli (
2004
al.,
diabetes et
of
Chau (
-fucopyranoside l treatment al.,
tissue
glucose
Ramesh ) et (
of
the
in of
and model and
in and
rats 2006
rat
glucose
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active normal in Takahashi
et
(
Ramesh absorption in found found found blood diabetic
(
from
circulatory
apigenin-6-C-beta- diabetic
in
of showed the mice to
in
reestablishment rats )
showed were were were )
in
);
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activity )
parts Kotowaroo
2010 (
2007 significant
2009 activity umbelliferone
active
extract
diabetic al., studies studies studies 2000
al., attributed
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et )
are et al.,
umbelliferone et of
normalization
activity
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); by related related related
levels
Okoli
2007b ( hypoglycemic activity fibers alcoholic
vitro
activity
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( leaves 2007a
rats
Teixeira of of of glucose of (
hydro
in diabetic diabetic diabetic glucose
dietary
showed of );
) ); Pugalendi,
anti anti anti
Figueroa-Valverde No Hypoglycemic No Absence Absence Methanolic Absence – – – – – – – – – – – – – Stalks Extracts Pugalendi, ( streptozotocin-induced reductions No – alloxan-produced levels and humans 2009a activity 1985 normal 2008 (2006) (2006) (2006)
(2001) (2001) Mentz Mentz Mentz
and and and (1986) (1986)
(2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) (2007) (2007)
(2002)
Irgang Irgang
al. al. (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000) (2000)
al. al. al. al. al. al. al. al.
(2000) (2000) (2000) (2000)
al.
et et (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003) (2003)
et et et et et et et et (2009)
and and
et
(1997)
(2003)
Vendruscolo Marodin Garlet Possamai Soares Sebold Possamai Sebold Barros Simões Possamai Ceolin Marodin Garlet Vendruscolo Leitzke Leitzke Kubo Leitzke Soares Soares Leitzke Possamai Possamai Vendruscolo Simões Ritter Leitzke Hass Marodin Barros Soares Soares Sebold Marodin Soares Possamai Leitzke Possamai skin,
the
water,
the
food onion
in marcela
without
and
with
tea
and
tea
tea
chimarrão leaves soaking
baths use form References Antidiabetic
it
drops
the
chimarrão sitz let bath,
– – Internal lemon Tea Tea Tea Tea Tea, Tea Tea Tea, Tea Food Tea – – Maceration, Tea Tea, – – Salad Dye Tea – Blend – compound Tea, flowers margins
Knowledge.
fruits roots Tea flowersElixir
seeds, fruits, leaves of
plant Tea
leaves;
flowers parts; parts – parts
part Prepare bark
hulls, hull
Web
Leaves Leaves roots Seeds fruits Leaves Leaves; Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves; fruit Leaves Fruits – – Leaves Leaves Roots; Flowers Leaves Leaves Leaves – fruit without midrib, Leaves Tea –– seeds, Aerial –– Leaves, Aerial Leaves, Roots Tea Leaves Alcoholature, Leaves; – Leaves Tea Aerial Leaves Leaves Tea Leaves ISI
in
Native Exotic Exotic Exotic Root Exotic Exotic Native Whole Exotic Native Native Exotic Exotic Native Native Exotic Exotic Native Native Native Exotic Native
reviewed
L.
GomesNative
L. de
Vahl not
Batsch Sw. Native
L.
Lam. Mart.
L.
(L.) (L.)
L.
(Pers.)
Sm.
Mill.
L. Jarvis
(L.)
Lam.
were
L. Exotic (Rich.) (Kaulf.) niruri
R.M.
C.E.
officinarum
(Ortega) japonica Swingle
jambos brasiliensis & verticillata carambola &
Lindl. australis paniculatum
sylvestris
zerumbet persica
Hassl. urens brasiliensis sicyoides verticillata which aurantifolia aurantium
arborescens lacryma-jobi
Burtt
Sota
Syzygium (Christm.) Meisn. (Thunb.) L. Averrhoa Phyllanthus Plantago Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia Prunus Richardia Stemodia Solanum Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Cissus Alpinia la Nicolson B.L. Alston (Mill.) Saccharum Casearia Aloe Coix Rubus Citrus Citrus Urtica Stachytarpheta cayennensis Cissus Microgramma squamulosa Eriobotrya plants
)
indicate
Continued ( (–)
1
FamilyMyrtaceae Species Origin Used Vitaceae Poaceae Polygonaceae Salicaceae Rubiaceae Oxalidaceae Phyllanthaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Poaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Scrophulariaceae Tropaeolaceae Urticaeae Verbenaceae Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Polypodiaceae Solanaceae Plantaginaceae Rosaceae Table Dashes
M. Trojan-Rodrigues et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 155–163 161
Cissus sicyoides and Cissus verticillata (Vitaceae). The adoption of Dr. Rumi Regina Kubo for their contributions to this paper, as well
names of medicaments for medicinal plants has been reported for Raquel Ludke for the information about additional surveys. This
some time, and indicates the occurrence of acculturation in the use research was carried out with financial support from the CAPES
of medicinal plants (Martins et al., 2005) This phenomenon is char- (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel
acterized by the abandonment of the traditional designation of one – Brazil).
plant for another name that corresponds to a medicine used with
the same therapeutic purpose (Di Stasi, 2007). In Rio Grande do Sul,
Kubo (1997) and Marodin (2000) reported this phenomenon for
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In summary, a considerable number of plant species are tra-
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Chang, S.L., Chang, C.L.T., Chiang, Y.M., Hsieh, R.H., Tzeng, C.R., Wu, T.K., Sytwu, H.K.,
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from Bidens pilosa can modulate the differentiation of helper T cells and pre-
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