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Aremu SO, Et Al. Putting the Spotlight on Opisthorchiasis: the Dread of the Western Siberian Copyright© Aremu SO, Et Al Public Health Open Access MEDWIN PUBLISHERS ISSN: 2578-5001 Committed to Create Value for researchers Putting the Spotlight on Opisthorchiasis: The Dread of the Western Siberian Region Aremu SO1,3*, Zephaniah HS2, Onifade EO3, Fatoke B1 and Bademosi O4 Review Article 1Faculty of General Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation Volume 4 Issue 1 2Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Received Date: February 17, 2020 3Department of Biological Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Benue State, Published Date: March 10, 2020 Nigeria DOI: 10.23880/phoa-16000151 4Department of Public Health, University College Dublin, Ireland *Corresponding author: Stephen Olaide Aremu, Faculty of General Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation, Email: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Opisthorchiasis is no doubt one of the most neglected infectious disease inspite of its huge medical importance in some parts of the World. The past decade have seen a resurgence of interests in research relating to this public health issue, however there is still a lot to be done. Social Model: Not many models have been explored in Western Siberia to deal with the opisthorchiasis epidemic when compared to the different models that have been used for other regions affected by similar disease. Life Cycle: The complex life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus prevalent among the aboriginal population of the Western Siberian because of their habit of eating raw or undercooked fresh has humans and other feline species as definitive host and is really Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis involve the use of stool microscopy, other methods such as mAb ELISA, LAMP and so on water fish (Cyprinidae) which are intermediate host of the parasite. are used, while the common treatment is the use of 25-40mg of the antihelminthic drug_Praziquantel. Conclusion: The spotlight must be put on O. Felineus. Keywords: Opisthorchiasis; Life Cycle; Cyprinidae; Western Siberian Introduction A general feature of all Opisthorchiidae is their high The opisthorchiidae family of the trematode class is of high economic, veterinary and medical importance, with intermediatespecificity to hostthe forfirst Opisthorchiidae, intermediate host. whereas Typically, the lists only of over 45 million infected people from all round the globe [1,2]. one or several closely related snail species act as the first Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis to several tens of species [4]. sinensis, three of which belong to the aforementioned family second intermediate and definitive hosts may comprise up though occasionally overlapping in terms of geographical A study by Fedorova et al showed that in the whole of distribution have a distinct pattern: O. felineus is endemic Russian Federation in 2011 to 2013, the average annual in Europe and Russia particularly the arctic region of Western incidence of O. felineus infection was between the range of Siberia; C. sinensis in China, the Republic of Korea, and northern 15.7 to 33.7 cases per 100,000 population [5]. However, the Vietnam; and O. viverrini in Southeast Asia [1,3]. major habitat of O. felineus in Russia is the Ob–Irtysh river Putting the Spotlight on Opisthorchiasis: The Dread of the Western Siberian Region Public H Open Acc 2 Public Health Open Access basin, which spans the south to north in the Western Siberia due to a widespread opinion in complimentary medicine region. Compare to the European part of Russia and Eastern that indigenous peoples have more genetic resistance to Siberia, the prevalence of O. felineus infection in Western Siberian people has been estimated to be up to 80%, about 100 to 1000 times more [5] In these regions, the prevalence opisthorchiasis than immigrant population. An uspecified rates of opisthorchiasis exceed 100 per 100 000 people [6]: percentage of the population regard treatments (both conservative and complimentary) as more harmful than beneficial,Knowledge whereas of theothers disease regard does them not as “necessary”in anyway [2].affect Khanty-Mansiiskiy Autonomous Region (600 per 100 000 people), Tyumen Region (201 per 100 000 people), Tomsk Region(189 per 100 000 people), and Novosibirsk Region andthe attitudeoften in rawof the or localsundercooked to eating form fish hence, from thethe prevalencelocal river (127Social per 100 Dynamics 000 people) Model[6]. of Western Siberian of(River opisthorchiasis Ob) and very is extremelyfrequently high(as traditional among the staple indigenous food) people [1,6]. Aboriginal population on Opisthorchiasis The social dynamics model of O. felineus transmission Indigenous knowledge on prevention and treatment in Western Siberia was designed for preparing and developing options for opisthorchiasis include Thermal processing of an integrated opisthorchiasis control programme in the region hands, dishes and surfaces that have come in contact with dynamics in Western Siberia instead of using the one size fish (boiling, freezing, frying), salting. Thorough washing of [5]. The model attests to the specificity of transmission natural antiseptic for cleaning surfaces. Local medicine of understanding this public health issue as embedded in suchfish andas swallowing disinfection. of Bogsphagnumgallbladder of pike,was saiddrinking to be extract good fits all approach. The model also underpins the importance of pinenuts in alcohol, or extract of aspen bark can help linkages between ways of life, food and health cultures, alleviate opistarchiasis. health-caresocial networks systems, and animatedeconomies, by and a variety landscapes of locally-specific [5,6]. Information in different suburbs and villages of disease of degree, i.e. opisthorchiasis becomes a disease only Western Siberia obtained via semi-structured interviews These model summaries are: (1) that opisthorchiasis is a and questionnaires with people of indigenous background in different studies revealed that Opisthorchiasisis is a well iswhen not necessarythere are tooin Western many parasites Siberia which in the isbody a total (infection deviation is known disease by the locals and is generally regarded as fromnot equal what to is Disease), observed and with (2) chronic that use infection of anthelmintic of O. viverreni drugs a chronic mild disease by indigenous peoples [1]. This is and C. Sinensis in Northeast Asia [6] (Figure 1). Figure 1: Social dynamic model of O. felineus transmission adapted from [5]. Aremu SO, et al. Putting the Spotlight on Opisthorchiasis: The Dread of the Western Siberian Copyright© Aremu SO, et al. Region. Public H Open Acc 2020, 4(1): 000151. 3 Public Health Open Access Life Cycle and foremost, belonging to the order Carnivora: domestic cats,comprises dogs, 33wolves, species foxes, and bears subspecies and badgers. of mammals, Hence, itfirst is carrying the metacercariae of O. felineus results in human also known as Cat Liver Flukes [1,10]. The ingested larvae Feeding from raw or undercooked fresh water fish develop further and moves to the bile ducts by chemotaxis, where the biliary epithelia and biliary contents of the gall infection [4,7,8] (Table 1). Opisthorchis viverrini bladder is fed upon by the adult worms. The larvae are well Latin name Local name prepared to survive the harsh weather condition as they contain, miracidia, which allows for maintaining viability in Cyclocheilichthys apogon Sai Tan Ta Daeng freshwater aquatic bodies for up to 3 months if they get into Labiobarbus leptocheilus Sa these bodies in the early part of spring. Moreover, they are Puntius brevis Taphian Jut able to survive the period of water freezing–thawing during the overall winter and retain their viability to the July of the Barbonymus gonionotus Taphian Khao next summer if they entered these water bodies in the late Henicorhynchus siamensis Soi Khao fall [1]. Henicorhynchus ornatipinnis Soi Peek Daeng Hampala dispar Kra Sup Jut After about 25-30 days, the adult worms reach sexual Hampala macrolepidota Kra Sup Khit eggs by the adult worms which enter the gastrointestinal Osteochilus hasselti Soi Nokkhao tractmaturity and (maritae)are passed and out there alongside is production faeces to of the numerous outside Opisthorchis felineus Latin name Common name into the waterbodies and are ingested by freshwater snails of Leuciscus idus Ide theenvironment family Bithyniidae. [1,11,2,4]. Before These the eggs mid released 20th century, find their Bithynia way L. cephalus Chub felineus; later, it was discovered that there are four species: L. leuciscus Dace B.leachileachi was, B.troscheli regarded, asB. inflatathe only and first B. intermediate sibirica host for O. Rutilus rutilus Roach species are susceptible to O. felineus. Blicca bjorkna Silver bream .The first three Carassius carassius Crucian carp The O. felineus miracidia passes through several stages C. auratus gibello Silver crucian carp Abramis brama Common bream of alldevelopment Opisthorchiidae. via asexualPlethora development of free-swimming (transforming cercariae A. ballerus Blue bream arethrough produced sporocysts from theto rediae)rediae ofin O.the felineus snail,, whichwhich isleave typical the A. sapa White-eye bream snail for their second inter-mediate host and, following the Chondrostoma nasus Nase release of the miracidia from the eggs, for the next 3 weeks to 2 months, several development stages take place within Scardinius erythrophtalamus Common rudd the snail until cercariae have developed. Shed cercariae can
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