ROLE OF ENGLISH IN AFGHAN LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING WITH ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION (2001-2010) By AYAZ AHMAD Area Study Centre (Russia, China & Central Asia) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (DECEMBER 2016) ROLE OF ENGLISH IN AFGHAN LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING WITH ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION (2001-2010) By AYAZ AHMAD A dissertation submitted to the University of Peshawar in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (DECEMBER 2016) i AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, Mr. Ayaz Ahmad hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University of Peshawar or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation the University has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. AYAZ AHMAD Date: December 2016 ii PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above-titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as a reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above-titled thesis even after the award of PhD degree, the University reserves the right to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that Higher Education Commission (HEC) and the University have the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/ Author Signature: Ayaz Ahmad iii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, entitled “Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)”, was conducted by Mr. Ayaz Ahmad, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sarfraz Khan. No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is submitted to the Area Study Centre (Russia, China and Central Asia), University of Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Student Name: Ayaz Ahmad Signature:_____________ Examination Committee: a). External Examiner 1: Prof. Dr. Richard Lee, Professor of English, State University of New York, USA. b). External Examiner 2: Dr. Cynthia Groff, Visiting Scholar, Centre of Linguistics, Leiden University, The Netherland. c). Internal Examiner: Prof. Dr. Khawaja A. Rehman, Signature: __________________ Department of Higher Education, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Supervisor Name: Professor Dr. Sarfraz Khan, Signature: __________________ Dean/Director: Signature: __________________ iv ABSTRACT This study overviews the role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning (LPP) and its impact on national integration. It asks, can LPP play a role in national integration? It addresses this question in the context of Afghanistan and finds: integrative and disintegrative elements in LPP, the role of English LPP in national integration and LPP proposals intended to promote national integration. Afghan policy documents and questionnaire-based data are overviewed, using a theoretical construct. This construct links LPP based exclusion to instability and negative integration (disintegration) and links LPP based inclusion to stability and positive integration in a nation-state. This study establishes positive/negative role of LPP in national integration of Afghanistan. It finds domination and exclusion as causal elements of negative integration. It also finds cooperative sharing of power and inclusion as causal elements of positive national integration. The overview of Afghan LPP in the twentieth century highlights the positive integration of Dari and Pushto speakers and negative integration of the speakers of other languages such as Hazargai and Uzbeki. Further, Pushto only LPP produced negative integration as it excluded minority languages from the domains of government and education. English language plays both positive and negative integrative roles in domains of government, education, economy, media, and social change. Positive integration of urban elite happens as easy access to English language learning resources exists for them, and it is offset by negative integration of a significant part of rural population who remain excluded from such opportunities. The contrary roles of English language in urban and rural areas associate it with inequalities, requiring proper intervention. It is proposed that political v inclusion and promotion of language rights along inclusiveness in English language learning and resulting socioeconomic opportunities would promote positive integration in Afghanistan. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to all who helped me complete this dissertation. First, I pay tribute to the patience and perseverance of my supervisor, Professor Dr. Sarfraz Khan, Director Area Study Center, University of Peshawar. In the last ten years, he helped me learn the practical and theoretical aspects of research, facilitated the conduct of research and finally performed the Herculean task of going through the multiple drafts. Second, I thank all my teachers especially Dr. Anwar Khan, Dr. Shabir Ahmad and Dr. Zahidh Anwar. I am also thankful to the administrative staff specifically Mr. Roohul Amin, Mr. Sahar Gul and Mr. Kamran who supported me, encouraged me and shared their good humor, hospitality and services to help me surmount my disability in this decade-long companionship. I am thankful to my family and friends for their support and encouragement. My father, Mr. Mumtaz Muhammad, who helped me defeat the limitations of disability and pursue the path of learning and research. My wife, Rabia Naz, for her patience and support while I remained engaged in the research. My friends Mr. Asghar Khan and Mr. Zulfiqar. My colleagues at Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan and many others, whose names though not mentioned here, were associated with my work and me. I thank all of them for their help as they facilitated me and patiently suffered the inconvenience with heroic altruism. Finally, I am thankful to my disability that provided me a longer time to stay at one place and cultivate an appreciation for scholarship. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR‘S DECLARATION II PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING III CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL IV ABSTRACT V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF GRAPHS & FIGURES XIII LIST OF ACRONYMS XIV CHAPTER I 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6 1.2.1. Hybrid LPP (HLPP) Model as Theoretical Framework 6 1.2.2. Research Objectives and Questions 13 1.2.3. Data Collection 14 1.2.4. Data Analysis 17 1.3. DELIMITATION AND JUSTIFICATION 19 1.4. PLAN OF THE THESIS 20 1.5. CONCLUSION 21 CHAPTER II 23 ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION 23 2.1. INTRODUCTION 23 2.2. NATION AND ETHNICITY 23 2.3. NATIONAL INTEGRATION 33 viii 2.4. LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING 40 2.5. LPP MODELS 46 2.5.1. Marxist LPP Model 47 2.5.2. Power-Contest LPP Model 52 2.5.3. Language-Ecology LPP Model 54 2.5.4. Language-in-Education LPP Model 57 2.6. CONCLUSION 60 CHAPTER III 62 NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFGHAN LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING: AN OVERVIEW 62 3.1. INTRODUCTION 62 3.2. LPP BEFORE SAUR REVOLUTION (1901- 1978) 63 3.2.1. Autochthonous Languages 72 3.2.2. Exochthonous languages 80 3.3. LPP AFTER SAUR REVOLUTION 90 3.3.1. Autochthonous Languages 96 3.3.2. Exochthonous Languages 100 3.4. CONCLUSION 103 CHAPTER IV 105 ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF AFGHANISTAN: EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT 105 4.1. INTRODUCTION 105 4.2. EDUCATION 105 4.3. DISCOURSE OF INTEGRATION IN AFGHAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS 109 4.4. GOVERNMENT 124 ix 4.4.1. Legislature 135 4.4.2. Executive 141 4.4.3. Judiciary 145 4.5. CONCLUSION 148 CHAPTER V 150 ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF AFGHANISTAN: ECONOMY, MEDIA, LANGUAGE- LANDSCAPING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 150 5.1. INTRODUCTION 150 5.2. ECONOMY 151 5.3. MEDIA 159 5.4. LANGUAGE-LANDSCAPING 168 5.5. SOCIAL CHANGE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 171 5.6. CONCLUSION 178 CHAPTER VI 179 ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF AFGHANISTAN: ACTORS AND MECHANISMS 179 6.1. INTRODUCTION 179 6.2. SUPPORTING ACTORS 179 6.2.1. English Language Testing Services 180 6.2.2. Anglophone States 183 6.2.3. Non-Governmental Organizations 189 6.3. OPPOSING ACTORS 190 6.3.1. Conservative Islamists 192 6.3.2. Non-Anglophone States 195 6.4. MECHANISM OF INTEGRATION 199 x 6.4.1. Globalization 199 6.4.2. Hegemony 201 6.5. CONCLUSION 203 CHAPTER VII 204 NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF AFGHANISTAN: TOWARDS INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING 204 7.1. INTRODUCTION 204 7.2. NEGATIVE INTEGRATION IN AFGHAN LPP 205 7.2.1. Government 206 7.2.2. Social Change 208 7.2.3. Economy 209 7.2.4. Education 210 7.3. GLOBAL PRACTICES IN ILPP AND AFGHANISTAN 212 7.3.1. The European Union and United Nations 213 7.3.2. South Africa 215 7.3.3. Australia 219 7.3.4. Soviet Union 221 7.3.5. Pakistan 224 7.3.6. Malaysia 230 7.3.7. India 232 7.4. ILPP PROPOSALS 234 7.4.1. ILPP: General proposals 234 7.4.2. Integrative LPP for Afghan Domains 243 7.4.2.1. Government 244 7.4.2.2.