Revolution Unending Afghanistan: 1979 to the Present
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Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with Its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)
ROLE OF ENGLISH IN AFGHAN LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING WITH ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION (2001-2010) By AYAZ AHMAD Area Study Centre (Russia, China & Central Asia) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (DECEMBER 2016) ROLE OF ENGLISH IN AFGHAN LANGUAGE POLICY PLANNING WITH ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL INTEGRATION (2001-2010) By AYAZ AHMAD A dissertation submitted to the University of Peshawar in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (DECEMBER 2016) i AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, Mr. Ayaz Ahmad hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University of Peshawar or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation the University has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. AYAZ AHMAD Date: December 2016 ii PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Role of English in Afghan Language Policy Planning with its Impact on National Integration (2001-2010)” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above-titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as a reference is properly referred/cited. -
Produced by the Human Security Centre Lead Author
1 Human Security Centre – Written evidence (AFG0019) Produced by the Human Security Centre Lead Author: Simon Schofield, Senior Fellow, In consultation with Rohullah Yakobi, Associate Fellow 2 1 Table of Contents 2. Executive Summary .............................................................................5 3. What is the Human Security Centre?.....................................................10 4. Geopolitics and National Interests and Agendas......................................11 Islamic Republic of Pakistan ...................................................................11 Historical Context...............................................................................11 Pakistan’s Strategy.............................................................................12 Support for the Taliban .......................................................................13 Afghanistan as a terrorist training camp ................................................16 Role of military aid .............................................................................17 Economic interests .............................................................................19 Conclusion – Pakistan .........................................................................19 Islamic Republic of Iran .........................................................................20 Historical context ...............................................................................20 Iranian Strategy ................................................................................23 -
Consociationalism and Racial Cleavages: Redefining the Boundaries of Consociationalism
Consociationalism and Racial Cleavages: Redefining the Boundaries of Consociationalism By Jitske Mijna Grift Submitted to Central European University Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts/Sciences Supervisor: Professor Matthijs Bogaards CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary (2019) Abstract “A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a Nationality if they are united among themselves by common sympathies which do not exist between them and any others—which make them co-operate with each other more willingly than with other people, desire to be under the same government, and desire that it should be government by themselves or a portion of themselves exclusively.” (Mill, 1873, 308). With this, John Stuart Mill opened chapter sixteen of his book Considerations on Representative Democracy, and established his case for why democracies need to have a uniting factor. But what about countries that do not have this uniting factor? Countries that have divides. Almost 200 years after John Stuart Mill published his book, Arend Lijphart wrote about just that, democracies in divided societies. Lijphart coined the theory consociational democracies, which are democracies that have divides based on factors such as language, religion, ethnicity, race, or culture, but they still function as democracies (Lijphart, 1969). However, Lijphart’s theory has not been without controversy, as some criticize the idea that consociationalism can work for countries that have a racial divide (Barry, 1975). The question about whether democracy can work in racially divided societies is now more relevant than ever, with globalization and international migration, more and more societies are becoming racially diverse. -
Freedom in the World 1983-1984
Freedom in the World Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1983-1984 A FREEDOM HOUSE BOOK Greenwood Press issues the Freedom House series "Stuthes in Freedom" in addition to the Freedom House yearbook Freedom in the World. Strategies for the 1980s: Lessons of Cuba, Vietnam, and Afghanistan by Philip van Slyck. Stuthes in Freedom, Number 1 Freedom in the World Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1983-1984 Raymond D. Gastil With Essays by William A. Douglas Lucian W. Pye June Teufel Dreyer James D. Seymour Jerome B. Grieder Norris Smith Liang Heng Lawrence R. Sullivan Mab Huang Leonard R. Sussman Peter R. Moody, Jr. Lindsay M. Wright GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London, England Copyright © 1984 by Freedom House, Inc. Freedom House, 20 West 40th Street, New York, New York 10018 All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. ISBN: 0-313-23179-6 ISSN: 0732-6610 First published in 1984 Greenwood Press A division of Congressional Information Service, Inc. 88 Post Road West Westport, Connecticut 06881 Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents MAP AND TABLES vii PREFACE ix PART I. THE SURVEY IN 1983 Introduction: Freedom in the Comparative Survey 3 Survey Ratings and Tables for 1983 11 PART II. ANALYZING SPECIFIC ISSUES Another Year of Struggle for Information Freedom Leonard R. Sussman 49 The Future of Democracy: Corporatist or Pluralist Lindsay M. Wright 73 Judging the Health of a Democratic System William A. Douglas 97 PART III. SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN CHINA Foreword 119 Supporting Democracy in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan): General Considerations for the Freedom House Conference Raymond D. -
Teaching and Research on Cultures, Languages, Societies, Institutions, and Practices Around the World Councils, Programs, Initiatives, and Centers
annual report 2017–2018 macmillan center European Studies Council Teaching and research on cultures, languages, societies, institutions, and practices around the world Councils, Programs, Initiatives, and Centers councils Program in Iranian Studies African Studies Japan at the Crossroads Project East Asian Studies Georg Leitner Program in International & Comparative Political Economy European Studies Political Violence FieldLab Latin American and Iberian Studies Programs in International Middle East Studies Educational Resources South Asian Studies Program on Refugees, Forced Displacement, and Humanitarian Responses Southeast Asia Studies Initiative on Religion, Politics, and Society programs & initiatives Project on Religious Freedom Program in Agrarian Studies and Society in Africa Arabic Program at Yale Program in Russian Studies Baltic Studies Program Yale Africa Initiative Committee on Canadian Studies Yale Himalaya Initiative Conflict, Resilience, and Health Program centers European Union Studies The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Program Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition Fox International Fellowship Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Program Yale Center for Historical Enquiry & Genocide Studies Program the Social Sciences Stavros Niarchos Foundation Yale Center for the Study of Center for Hellenic Studies Representative Institutions Yale InterAsia Initiative Ian Shapiro George Joseph Rahima Chaudhury Henry R. Luce Director Executive Director Director for Finance Sterling Professor and Administration Y macmofil -
Envisioning a Comprehensive Peace Agreement for Afghanistan for More Information on This Publication, Visit
C O R P O R A T I O N LAUREL E. MILLER, JONATHAN S. BLAKE Envisioning a Comprehensive Peace Agreement for Afghanistan For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2937 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0407-7 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface In this report, we paint a detailed picture of a plausible final com- prehensive peace agreement for Afghanistan. The report includes analysis of realistic compromises, presented in the form of a complete peace agreement text. -
State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2016
State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2016 Events of 2015 Focus on culture and heritage State of theWorld’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 20161 Events of 2015 Front cover: Cholitas, indigenous Bolivian Focus on culture and heritage women, dancing on the streets of La Paz as part of a fiesta celebrating Mother’s Day. REUTERS/ David Mercado. Inside front cover: Street theatre performance in the Dominican Republic. From 2013 to 2016 MRG ran a street theatre programme to challenge discrimination against Dominicans of Haitian Descent in the Acknowledgements Dominican Republic. MUDHA. Minority Rights Group International (MRG) Inside back cover: Maasai community members in gratefully acknowledges the support of all Kenya. MRG. organizations and individuals who gave financial and other assistance to this publication, including the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. © Minority Rights Group International, July 2016. All rights reserved. Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non-commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for Support our work commercial purposes without the prior express Donate at www.minorityrights.org/donate permission of the copyright holders. MRG relies on the generous support of institutions and individuals to help us secure the rights of For further information please contact MRG. A CIP minorities and indigenous peoples around the catalogue record of this publication is available from world. All donations received contribute directly to the British Library. our projects with minorities and indigenous peoples. ISBN 978-1-907919-80-0 Subscribe to our publications at State of www.minorityrights.org/publications Published: July 2016 Another valuable way to support us is to subscribe Lead reviewer: Carl Soderbergh to our publications, which offer a compelling theWorld’s Production: Jasmin Qureshi analysis of minority and indigenous issues and Copy editing: Sophie Richmond original research. -
The Dissipation of Political Capital Among Afghanistan's Hazaras
Working Paper no. 51 THE DISSIPATION OF POLITICAL CAPITAL AMONG AFGHANISTAN’S HAZARAS : 2001-2009 Niamatullah Ibrahimi Crisis States Research Centre June 2009 Crisis States Working Papers Series No.2 ISSN 1749-1797 (print) ISSN 1749-1800 (online) Copyright © N. Ibrahimi, 2009 24 Crisis States Research Centre The Dissipation of Political Capital among Afghanistan’s Hazaras: 2001-2009 Niamatullah Ibrahimi Crisis States Research Centre Introduction Since its establishment in 1989 Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan (The Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan) has been an important political and military player in Afghanistan. Like most contemporary major political parties in Afghanistan, Hizb-e Wahdat is rooted in the turbulent period of the anti-Soviet resistance movements in Afghanistan in the 1980s. It was formed to bring together nine separate and mostly inimical military and ideological groups into a single entity. During the period of the civil war in the early 1990s, it emerged as one of the major actors in Kabul and some other parts of the country. Political Islamism was the ideology of most of its key leaders but it gradually tilted towards its Hazara ethnic support base and became the key vehicle of the community’s political demands and aspirations. Its ideological background and ethnic support base has continuously shaped its character and political agenda. Through the jihad and the civil war, Wahdat accumulated significant political capital among Afghanistan’s Hazaras, which arguably could have been spent in the establishment of long-lasting political institutions in Afghanistan. By 2009, however, Wahdat was so fragmented and divided that the political weight it carried in the country bore little resemblance to what it had once been. -
State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2016 (MRG)
State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2016 Events of 2015 Focus on culture and heritage State of theWorld’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 20161 Events of 2015 Front cover: Cholitas, indigenous Bolivian Focus on culture and heritage women, dancing on the streets of La Paz as part of a fiesta celebrating Mother’s Day. REUTERS/ David Mercado. Inside front cover: Street theatre performance in the Dominican Republic. From 2013 to 2016 MRG ran a street theatre programme to challenge discrimination against Dominicans of Haitian Descent in the Acknowledgements Dominican Republic. MUDHA. Minority Rights Group International (MRG) Inside back cover: Maasai community members in gratefully acknowledges the support of all Kenya. MRG. organizations and individuals who gave financial and other assistance to this publication, including the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. © Minority Rights Group International, July 2016. All rights reserved. Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non-commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for Support our work commercial purposes without the prior express Donate at www.minorityrights.org/donate permission of the copyright holders. MRG relies on the generous support of institutions and individuals to help us secure the rights of For further information please contact MRG. A CIP minorities and indigenous peoples around the catalogue record of this publication is available from world. All donations received contribute directly to the British Library. our projects with minorities and indigenous peoples. ISBN 978-1-907919-80-0 Subscribe to our publications at State of www.minorityrights.org/publications Published: July 2016 Another valuable way to support us is to subscribe Lead reviewer: Carl Soderbergh to our publications, which offer a compelling Production: Jasmin Qureshi analysis of minority and indigenous issues and theWorld’s Copy editing: Sophie Richmond original research. -
Canadian Military Journal Canadian Military Journal
CANADIAN MILITARY JOURNAL CANADIAN MILITARY JOURNAL Vol. 13, No. 3, Summer 2013 Vol. 13, No. 3, Summer 2013 3, été 2013 o Vol. 13, N Vol. 3, été 2013 été 3, N 13, Vol. o CANADIENNE E M R I A T LI I REVUE REVUE MILITAIRE CANADIENNE Journal, the Editorial Board or the Department of National Defence. National of Department the or Board Editorial the Journal, lication will be returned to the author, if desired. No copy of unpublished manuscripts will be retained by Canadian Military Military Canadian by retained be will manuscripts unpublished of copy No desired. if author, the to returned be will lication - PRÉSENTATION DES MANUSCRITS pub for accepted not are that Manuscripts author. the to reference without discussion or argument the of integrity the affect The Editor reserves the right to edit manuscripts for style, grammar and length, but will not make editorial changes which which changes editorial make not will but length, and grammar style, for manuscripts edit to right the reserves Editor The La Revue militaire canadienne invite les auteurs à lui soumettre des manuscrits qui traitent d’un large éventail de questions manuscript. a submitting when superior their from d’intérêt pour le milieu de la défense au Canada. Les sujets portent sur les politiques de défense et de sécurité, les questions liées clearance prior obtain to required not are Defence National of Department the of employees civilian and Forces Canadian à la stratégie, la doctrine, les opérations, la structure des forces armées, l’application de la technologie, l’acquisition de matériel, the of members serving so Board, Editorial the of recommendations on acting Editor the to Journal Military Canadian the l’histoire militaire, le leadership, l’instruction et l’éthique militaire, entre autres. -
Unlearning Afghanistan
STAN I HAN FG A DND photo AR2008-2139-20 by Corporal Simon Duchesne by AR2008-2139-20 DND photo UNLEARNING AFGHANIstan by Bob Martyn The peace we think we have is only an interregnum before nomics and government policy, but there remain several another cycle of conflict. choices to be made, and this article will ultimately suggest a route in which we are not overly constrained by our Robert Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy, 20001 Afghanistan experiences. Introduction In several American military journals and websites, there are ongoing discussions on whether a force optimized for espected American journalist and foreign cor- counter-insurgency (COIN), or one based upon traditional respondent Robert Kaplan’s quote is poignantly conventional war fighting skills, is the correct way ahead. foreshadowing, being published when the Given the significant number of current CAF veterans whose Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) were winding operational perspective is coloured by Afghanistan service, down from the most onerous of the Balkan this debate resonates north of the border as well. The delibera- Roperations in Bosnia and Kosovo, yet before being thrust into tion’s touchstone is Boston University Professor of Afghanistan. As Western nations look beyond our current International Relations Andrew J. Bacevich’s article, “The combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, questions arise Petraeus Doctrine,” in which he spells out the views of the two regarding the reconstitution of our military forces. This is not camps he labels ‘crusaders’ and ‘conservatives.’2 In broad a particularly new practice; peacetime armies have tradition- terms, the crusader view is that, rather than any specific mili- ally faced budget cuts and down-sizing, societies have ‘de- tary threats, political instability abroad poses the greatest militarized’ as its citizens clamoured for some elusive ‘peace dangers. -
The Kill Team
ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ – ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ AA-AA ﭼﻮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒـــــــﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻦ ﻣــــﺒﺎﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﺘﻦ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ www.afgazad.com [email protected] ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎی ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﺋﯽ European Languages By Joanne Laurier 11.01.2020 The Kill Team : Are US military atrocities in Afghanistan just the work of a few “bad apples”? Written and directed by Dan Krauss The Kill Team, written and directed by Dan Krauss, is a fictionalized version of the events known as the Maywand District murders, the killing and mutilation of unarmed Afghan civilians carried out by US soldiers in the Maywand District in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan in 2010. The Kill Team Krauss’ first feature film follows on the former photojournalist’s harrowing 2013 documentary, also titled The Kill Team. The Maywand atrocities were carried out by a www.afgazad.com 1 [email protected] platoon from the Fifth Stryker Brigade, Second Infantry Division, based at Lewis- McChord Army Base near Seattle, Washington. The WSWS review of Krauss’ documentary noted that in a four-month period in 2010, the so-called Kill Team platoon “carried out three murders of Afghan civilians for sport and kept finger and leg bones, a tooth and a skull as grisly trophies in one of the most widely publicized cases of American criminality in Afghanistan … Its known victims were Gul Mudin, age 15; Marach Agha, age 22; and Mullah Allah Dad, age 45.” American military officials later revealed they believed Marach Agha was deaf or mentally handicapped.