Functional and Structural Characterization of Axonal Opioid
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Screening/Spot Test of Narcotics
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 2020;7(4):160–165 Content available at: https://www.ipinnovative.com/open-access-journals Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine Journal homepage: https://www.ipinnovative.com/journals/IJFCM Review Article Screening/spot test of narcotics A K Jaiswal1,*, Kamna Sharma2, Rohit Kanojia3, Sally Lukose4 1Dept. of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India 2Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India 3Dept. of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India 4CTM-IRTE, Faridabad, Haryana, India ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Article history: Narcotics are the substances used to treat moderate to severe pain. They could be natural like opiates such Received 25-11-2020 as morphine, codeine etc., synthetic like fentanyl, methadone etc., and semi-synthetic like oxycodone, Accepted 02-12-2020 hydrocodone etc. These drugs act as pain relievers, induces the state of stupor or sleep, and increase Available online 08-01-2021 the physical dependence on them. In forensic autopsy case, the forensic pathologist may require a complete toxicological investigation for different poisons including stimulants. In India, Forensic Science Laboratories run by Government under the Home ministry usually carry out this. The samples must be Keywords: analysed by the forensic toxicologist/chemists/scientist. This article deals with the screening/spot test for Narcotics narcotics. It attempts to simplify the standard procedures in a step-wise manner, which can be of handy Screening reference for the forensic toxicologist. Spot test Drugs © This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Opioids etc License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0110428A1 De Juan Et Al
US 200601 10428A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0110428A1 de Juan et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 25, 2006 (54) METHODS AND DEVICES FOR THE Publication Classification TREATMENT OF OCULAR CONDITIONS (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventors: Eugene de Juan, LaCanada, CA (US); A6F 2/00 (2006.01) Signe E. Varner, Los Angeles, CA (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 424/427 (US); Laurie R. Lawin, New Brighton, MN (US) (57) ABSTRACT Correspondence Address: Featured is a method for instilling one or more bioactive SCOTT PRIBNOW agents into ocular tissue within an eye of a patient for the Kagan Binder, PLLC treatment of an ocular condition, the method comprising Suite 200 concurrently using at least two of the following bioactive 221 Main Street North agent delivery methods (A)-(C): Stillwater, MN 55082 (US) (A) implanting a Sustained release delivery device com (21) Appl. No.: 11/175,850 prising one or more bioactive agents in a posterior region of the eye so that it delivers the one or more (22) Filed: Jul. 5, 2005 bioactive agents into the vitreous humor of the eye; (B) instilling (e.g., injecting or implanting) one or more Related U.S. Application Data bioactive agents Subretinally; and (60) Provisional application No. 60/585,236, filed on Jul. (C) instilling (e.g., injecting or delivering by ocular ion 2, 2004. Provisional application No. 60/669,701, filed tophoresis) one or more bioactive agents into the Vit on Apr. 8, 2005. reous humor of the eye. Patent Application Publication May 25, 2006 Sheet 1 of 22 US 2006/0110428A1 R 2 2 C.6 Fig. -
From Opiate Pharmacology to Opioid Peptide Physiology
Upsala J Med Sci 105: 1-16,2000 From Opiate Pharmacology to Opioid Peptide Physiology Lars Terenius Experimental Alcohol and Drug Addiction Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinsku Institutet, S-I71 76 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT This is a personal account of how studies of the pharmacology of opiates led to the discovery of a family of endogenous opioid peptides, also called endorphins. The unique pharmacological activity profile of opiates has an endogenous counterpart in the enkephalins and j3-endorphin, peptides which also are powerful analgesics and euphorigenic agents. The enkephalins not only act on the classic morphine (p-) receptor but also on the 6-receptor, which often co-exists with preceptors and mediates pain relief. Other members of the opioid peptide family are the dynor- phins, acting on the K-receptor earlier defined as precipitating unpleasant central nervous system (CNS) side effects in screening for opiate activity, A related peptide, nociceptin is not an opioid and acts on the separate NOR-receptor. Both dynorphins and nociceptin have modulatory effects on several CNS functions, including memory acquisition, stress and movement. In conclusion, a natural product, morphine and a large number of synthetic organic molecules, useful as drugs, have been found to probe a previously unknown physiologic system. This is a unique develop- ment not only in the neuropeptide field, but in physiology in general. INTRODUCTION Historical background Opiates are indispensible drugs in the pharmacologic armamentarium. No other drug family can relieve intense, deep pain and reduce suffering. Morphine, the prototypic opiate is an alkaloid extracted from the capsules of opium poppy. -
Title 16. Crimes and Offenses Chapter 13. Controlled Substances Article 1
TITLE 16. CRIMES AND OFFENSES CHAPTER 13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS § 16-13-1. Drug related objects (a) As used in this Code section, the term: (1) "Controlled substance" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 2 of this chapter, relating to controlled substances. For the purposes of this Code section, the term "controlled substance" shall include marijuana as defined by paragraph (16) of Code Section 16-13-21. (2) "Dangerous drug" shall have the same meaning as defined in Article 3 of this chapter, relating to dangerous drugs. (3) "Drug related object" means any machine, instrument, tool, equipment, contrivance, or device which an average person would reasonably conclude is intended to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (A) To introduce into the human body any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (B) To enhance the effect on the human body of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; (C) To conceal any quantity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state; or (D) To test the strength, effectiveness, or purity of any dangerous drug or controlled substance under circumstances in violation of the laws of this state. (4) "Knowingly" means having general knowledge that a machine, instrument, tool, item of equipment, contrivance, or device is a drug related object or having reasonable grounds to believe that any such object is or may, to an average person, appear to be a drug related object. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness Et Al
USOO6264,917B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,264,917 B1 Klaveness et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 24, 2001 (54) TARGETED ULTRASOUND CONTRAST 5,733,572 3/1998 Unger et al.. AGENTS 5,780,010 7/1998 Lanza et al. 5,846,517 12/1998 Unger .................................. 424/9.52 (75) Inventors: Jo Klaveness; Pál Rongved; Dagfinn 5,849,727 12/1998 Porter et al. ......................... 514/156 Lovhaug, all of Oslo (NO) 5,910,300 6/1999 Tournier et al. .................... 424/9.34 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (73) Assignee: Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo (NO) 2 145 SOS 4/1994 (CA). (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 19 626 530 1/1998 (DE). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 O 727 225 8/1996 (EP). U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. WO91/15244 10/1991 (WO). WO 93/20802 10/1993 (WO). WO 94/07539 4/1994 (WO). (21) Appl. No.: 08/958,993 WO 94/28873 12/1994 (WO). WO 94/28874 12/1994 (WO). (22) Filed: Oct. 28, 1997 WO95/03356 2/1995 (WO). WO95/03357 2/1995 (WO). Related U.S. Application Data WO95/07072 3/1995 (WO). (60) Provisional application No. 60/049.264, filed on Jun. 7, WO95/15118 6/1995 (WO). 1997, provisional application No. 60/049,265, filed on Jun. WO 96/39149 12/1996 (WO). 7, 1997, and provisional application No. 60/049.268, filed WO 96/40277 12/1996 (WO). on Jun. 7, 1997. WO 96/40285 12/1996 (WO). (30) Foreign Application Priority Data WO 96/41647 12/1996 (WO). -
Biased Signaling by Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Biased signaling by endogenous opioid peptides Ivone Gomesa, Salvador Sierrab,1, Lindsay Lueptowc,1, Achla Guptaa,1, Shawn Goutyd, Elyssa B. Margolise, Brian M. Coxd, and Lakshmi A. Devia,2 aDepartment of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; bDepartment of Physiology & Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; cSemel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; dDepartment of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda MD 20814; and eDepartment of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 Edited by Susan G. Amara, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved April 14, 2020 (received for review January 20, 2020) Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are widely used for the possibility that endogenous opioid peptides could vary in this treatment of severe pain; however, prolonged treatment with manner as well (13). these drugs leads to the development of tolerance and can lead to For opioid receptors, studies showed that mice lacking opioid use disorder. The “Opioid Epidemic” has generated a drive β-arrestin2 exhibited enhanced and prolonged morphine-mediated for a deeper understanding of the fundamental signaling mecha- antinociception, and a reduction in side-effects, such as devel- nisms of opioid receptors. It is generally thought that the three opment of tolerance and acute constipation (15, 16). This led to types of opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) are activated by endogenous studies examining whether μOR agonists exhibit biased signaling peptides derived from three different precursors: Proopiomelano- (17–20), and to the identification of agonists that preferentially cortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. -
Opposing Roles of Cotransmission of Dynorphin and Hypocretin on Reward and Motivation Xuan Li1, Nathan J
COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Opposing roles of cotransmission of dynorphin and hypocretin on reward and motivation Xuan Li1, Nathan J. Marchant, and Yavin Shaham1 Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of A Brain stimulation Cocaine self- reward administration Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baseline Impulsive behavior Baltimore, MD 21224 Hypocretin Dynorphin In PNAS, Muschamp et al. (1) report that sleep homeostasis (12), and—most relevant HCRTR1 antagonist: KOR signal dominates hypocretin and dynorphin are coexpressed in to the present study—the rewarding effects the same synaptic vesicles of hypothalamic of cocaine and other rewards via its action neurons. Their data from behavioral, phar- on VTA dopamine neurons (13, 14). macological, and electrophysiological studies In 2001, Chou et al. (15) reported that HCRTR1 antagonist + KOR antagonist: Balance restored suggest that hypocretin and dynorphin are hypocretin and dynorphin colocalize in the coreleased, and that they play opposing roles same hypothalamic neurons (15). In 2006, Li in cocaine self-administration, brain stimula- and van den Pol (16) extended these findings ’ tion reward, and impulsivity. The authors and provided electrophysiological data in- B Ventral tegmental area: data also suggest that the critical brain site for dicating that inhibitory dynorphin and ex- these opposing effects of coreleased hypocre- citatory hypocretin are simultaneously tin and dynorphin is the ventral tegmental coreleased after stimulation of hypothalamic area (VTA), the cell body region of the hypocretin neurons. The functional signifi- mesolimbic dopamine reward system (2). cance of hypocretin/dynorphin corelease is un- Fig. 1 provides a summary of the main find- known, because despite the above-mentioned ings from the study. -
Drugs of Abuseon September Archived 13-10048 No
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION WWW.DEA.GOV 9, 2014 on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited Drugs of2011 Abuse EDITION A DEA RESOURCE GUIDE V. Narcotics WHAT ARE NARCOTICS? Also known as “opioids,” the term "narcotic" comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as “narcot- ics,” today “narcotic” refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is “opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin®, Vicodin®, codeine, morphine, methadone and fentanyl. WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? The poppy papaver somniferum is the source for all natural opioids, whereas synthetic opioids are made entirely in a lab and include meperidine, fentanyl, and methadone. Semi-synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone. Teens can obtain narcotics from friends, family members, medicine cabinets, pharmacies, nursing 2014 homes, hospitals, hospices, doctors, and the Internet. 9, on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited What are common street names? Street names for various narcotics/opioids include: ➔ Hillbilly Heroin, Lean or Purple Drank, OC, Ox, Oxy, Oxycotton, Sippin Syrup What are their forms? Narcotics/opioids come in various forms including: ➔ T ablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, lollipops How are they abused? ➔ Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected. -
Efficacy and Safety of Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diets Proposed in Children Presenting with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (Autism and Related Syndromes)
FRENCH FOOD SAFETY AGENCY Efficacy and safety of gluten-free and casein-free diets proposed in children presenting with pervasive developmental disorders (autism and related syndromes) April 2009 1 Chairmanship of the working group Professor Jean-Louis Bresson Scientific coordination Ms. Raphaëlle Ancellin and Ms. Sabine Houdart, under the direction of Professor Irène Margaritis 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ................................................................................................................... 3 Table of illustrations .............................................................................................................. 5 Composition of the working group ......................................................................................... 6 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Context of request ................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Autism: definition, origin, practical implications ........................................................ 8 1.2.1 Definition of autism and related disorders ......................................................... 8 1.2.2 Origins of autism .............................................................................................. 8 1.1.2.1 Neurobiological -
Introduced B.,Byhansen, 16
LB301 LB301 2021 2021 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 301 Introduced by Hansen, B., 16. Read first time January 12, 2021 Committee: Judiciary 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to the Uniform Controlled Substances Act; to 2 amend sections 28-401, 28-405, and 28-416, Revised Statutes 3 Cumulative Supplement, 2020; to redefine terms; to change drug 4 schedules and adopt federal drug provisions; to change a penalty 5 provision; and to repeal the original sections. 6 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -1- LB301 LB301 2021 2021 1 Section 1. Section 28-401, Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 2 2020, is amended to read: 3 28-401 As used in the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, unless the 4 context otherwise requires: 5 (1) Administer means to directly apply a controlled substance by 6 injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means to the body of a 7 patient or research subject; 8 (2) Agent means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the 9 direction of another person but does not include a common or contract 10 carrier, public warehouse keeper, or employee of a carrier or warehouse 11 keeper; 12 (3) Administration means the Drug Enforcement Administration of the 13 United States Department of Justice; 14 (4) Controlled substance means a drug, biological, substance, or 15 immediate precursor in Schedules I through V of section 28-405. 16 Controlled substance does not include distilled spirits, wine, malt 17 beverages, tobacco, hemp, or any nonnarcotic substance if such substance 18 may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. -
Order in Council 1243/1995
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ORDER OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL Order in Council No. 12 4 3 , Approved and Ordered OCT 121995 Lieutenant Governor Executive Council Chambers, Victoria On the recommendation of the undersigned, the Lieutenant Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, orders that Order in Council 1039 made August 17, 1995, is rescinded. 2. The Drug Schedules made by regulation of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia, as set out in the attached resolution dated September 6, 1995, are hereby approved. (----, c" g/J1"----c- 4- Minister of Heal fandand Minister Responsible for Seniors Presidin Member of the Executive Council (This pan is for adnwustratlye purposes only and is not part of the Order) Authority under which Order Is made: Act and section:- Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, section 59(2)(1), 62 Other (specify): - Uppodukoic1enact N6145; Resolution of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia ("the Council"), made by teleconference at Vancouver, British Columbia, the 6th day of September 1995. RESOLVED THAT: In accordance with the authority established in Section 62 of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia, S.B.C. Chapter 62, the Council makes the Drug Schedules by regulation as set out in the attached schedule, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Certified a true copy Linda J. Lytle, Phr.) Registrar DRUG SCHEDULES to the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia The Drug Schedules have been printed in an alphabetical format to simplify the process of locating each individual drug entry and determining its status in British Columbia. -
The Role of Protein Convertases in Bigdynorphin and Dynorphin a Metabolic Pathway
Université de Montréal The Role of Protein Convertases in Bigdynorphin and Dynorphin A Metabolic Pathway par ALBERTO RUIZ ORDUNA Département de biomédecine vétérinaire Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences vétérinaires option pharmacologie Décembre, 2015 © Alberto Ruiz Orduna, 2015 Résumé Les dynorphines sont des neuropeptides importants avec un rôle central dans la nociception et l’atténuation de la douleur. De nombreux mécanismes régulent les concentrations de dynorphine endogènes, y compris la protéolyse. Les Proprotéines convertases (PC) sont largement exprimées dans le système nerveux central et clivent spécifiquement le C-terminale de couple acides aminés basiques, ou un résidu basique unique. Le contrôle protéolytique des concentrations endogènes de Big Dynorphine (BDyn) et dynorphine A (Dyn A) a un effet important sur la perception de la douleur et le rôle de PC reste à être déterminée. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrypter le rôle de PC1 et PC2 dans le contrôle protéolytique de BDyn et Dyn A avec l'aide de fractions cellulaires de la moelle épinière de type sauvage (WT), PC1 -/+ et PC2 -/+ de souris et par la spectrométrie de masse. Nos résultats démontrent clairement que PC1 et PC2 sont impliquées dans la protéolyse de BDyn et Dyn A avec un rôle plus significatif pour PC1. Le traitement en C-terminal de BDyn génère des fragments peptidiques spécifiques incluant dynorphine 1-19, dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7 et Dyn A génère les fragments dynorphine 1-13, dynorphine 1-11 et dynorphine 1-7.