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Mesopelagic and Bathypelagic Fishes in the California Current Region

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Mesopelagic and Bathypelagic Fishes in the California Current Region MESOPELAGIC AND BATHYPELAGIC FISHES IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT REGION ELBERT H. AHLSTROM Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Fishery-Oceanography Center La Jolla. California 92037 The title of my talk “Rfesopelagic and Bathypelagic cluded periods of contrasting oceanographic condi- Fishes” was assigned by the convenors of this sym- tions ; water temperatures over much of the CalCOFI posium. I prefer to call the fishes that I will talk area in 1956 were the lowest encountered during Cal- about “deep-sea pelagic fishes ” ; most are mesopelagic, COFI surveys, whereas they were markedly higher some are bathypelagic, and a few are epipelagic. than average during 1958 and 1959. The word “deep ” of deep-sea refers more particu- Bawd on abundance of larvae, deep-sea pelagic larly to the depth of the bottom, rather than the fishes are predominantly of three kinds-myctophid depth at which the fishes are distributed. Stated real- lanternfishes, gonostomatid lightfishes, and deep-sea istically, I am talking about all the small pelagic fisheq smelts of the family Bathylagidae. Larvae of these not covered by the other speakers. thrce families usually make up over 90% of the lar- Most of my information is derived from CalCOFI vae of deep-sea pelagic fishes taken on CalCOFI sur- surveys carried out over an 18-year period. As you veys. The other lo%, however, constitute a very in- know, fish eggs and larvae are sampled by quantita- teresting and diverse group of fishes, including such tive plankton hauls. Standard CalCOFI plankton bizarre kinds as hatchetfish, viperfish, and anglerfishes. hauls sample a relatively shallow depth zone-from I have prepared a series of tables that will permit the surface to about 76.5 fathoms (140 meters) on us to fit the “deep-sea pelagic fishes” into the total the average. Recently, the depth of the hauls was in- fish picture as determined from surveys of larvae ; creased to about 114.8 fathoms (210 meters)-the to look at the contributions, by family, of all the depth also sampled on EASTROPAC cruises, cur- deep-sea pelagic fishes that occurred with any fre- rently underway. quency in our larval collections; and then to look If I were dealing with adults exclusively, the depths more closely at the kinds of larvae we take of myc- sampled would be much too shallow to obtain mean- tophid lanternfishes, gonostomatid lightfishes, and ingful information on mesopelagic and bathypelagic deep-sea smelts of the families Bathylagidae and Ar- fishes. It is fortunate, consequently, that most of these gentinidae. fishes spawn either in the upper mixed layer or in The values given in the tables, unless otherwise the layer immediately below the thermocline, where noted, are standard haul summations. The larvae the larvae become available to the CalCOFI sampling taken in each collection are standarized to the number gear. of larvae under 10 square meters of sea surface. The In a previous CalCOFI Symposium, I discussed two essential pieces of information needed in deriv- the “Kinds and Abundance of Fishes in the Cali- ing a standardization factor for the oblique planton fornia Current Region Based on Egg and Larval hauls are (1) an estimate of the amount of water Surveys’’ (Ahlstrom 1965). In that presentation. I strained during a haul (based on revolutions regis- listed the 25 most abundant kinds of larvae obtained tered by a current meter fastened in the mouth of in each of 4 years, 1955-58. In those years larvae of the net), and (2) information on the depth stratum deep-sea pelagic fishes made up 14 or 15 of the sampled (determined from length of towing cable 25 most abundant kinds. A similar relation held in payed out and the cosine of the angle of stray of the the 2 succeeding years: 17 kinds of deep-sea pelagic towing cable from the vertical). A standard haul fishes were among the top 25 in 1959 and 15 kinds total for a cruise is simply the summation of the in 1960. standardized values for all stations occupied ; the I will use data from these 6 years in my discussion yearly total for a species is a summation of of deep-sea pelagic fishes because they were collected monthly cruise totals. during cruises spaced at approximately monthly in- I~arv:~of deep-sea pelagic fishes made up about tervals, and constitute our best series of data on the 20% to over 40% of the larvae obtained on Cal- relative abundance of fish larvae. From 1961 through COFI surrey cruises during 1953-60 (Tables l and 1965, CalCOFI cruises were made at 3-month inter- 2). They represented a number of faunal groups: rals; data on fish larvae from these cruises are simi- some arc rubarctic-temperate water forms, some are lar to those derived from the earlier years but are tropical-subtropical forms. and some are occanic less reliable because of the smaller number of surveys forms. The contribution of subarctic-temperate spe- per year. In addition, the earlier series of years cies tends to be largest during colder-than-average (1955-60) is particularly interesting because it in- years, whereas tropical-subtropical and oceanic spe- 40 CALIFORKIS COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS cies occur in largest numbers during warmer-than- deep-sea pelagic fishes constitute 1.0% to 1.85% of average years. The tenfold change in relative abun- thp larvae taken on CalCOFI surveys. dance of gonostomatid larvae-from 2.6% of the total It should be noted that the CalCOFI collections larvae in 1956 to 26.0% in 1959-largely reflects are not typical of oceanic waters generally. They are changes in abundance related to water temperature. dominated by the larvae of two species-northern The bathylagid smelts exhibit a threefold range in anvhory, Engradis rnorclax, and Pacific hake, Mer- relative abundance, whereas the contribution of myc- lzicciirs productits, which usually make up 45% to 60% tophid larvae is less variable from year to year thp larvae-whereas deep-sea fishes are the doininant (9.1% to 14.3% of the total). The larvae of all other forins over vast expanses of the world’s oceans. TABLE 1 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF LARVAE OF THE MAJOR FAMILIES OF FISHES IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT REGION OFF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA DURING 1955-60 (Standard haul summations) ___________~~ - I Year 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 134,926 146,628 205,871 206,876 292,401 15,934 10,384 12,228 5,983 9,081 8,330 20,402 6.547 4,558 5,584 1,784 2,280 1,455 970 1,464 89,861 78,291 58,364 17,662 33,022 32,676 37,416 24,072 11,656 15,533 24.007 16,346 7,171 4,775 7,445 2,786 2,101 993 705 706 13,964 16,207 8,644 11.241 12.204 324,268 330,055 325,345 264,426 377,440 42,625 60,136 49,590 67.373 52.584 10,672 58,075 60,710 122,073 37,121 23,019 37,006 13,618 10.623 32,762 7,556 8,277 6,755 5,961 5,073 83,872 163,494 130.673 206,030 127,540 Total-all categories-. .. .. .-.- .. .~~ ~ ~ -~ .. .. .. ..__.. 1 ‘378,898 408,140 493,549 456,018 470,456 504,980 1 Totals for 1955 include multiple occupaneie? of pattern off Southern California during September and November, but exclude Norpae. TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF LARVAE OF THE MAJOR FAMILIES OF FISHES IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT REGION OFF CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA DURING 1955-60 ~~ ~~ Year Faniily 1 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 33.1 29.7 45.1 44.0 57.9 3.9 2.1 2.7 1.3 1.8 2.0 4.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 8.0 7.6 5.3 2.5 3.1 22.0 15.9 12.8 3.7 6 . 5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 5.9 3.3 1.6 1.0 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.4 3.2 1.9 2.4 2.4 79.4 66.8 71.3 56.2 74.7 5.6 7.5 3.0 2.3 6.5 2.6 11.8 13.3 26.0 7.4 10.5 12.2 10.9 14.3 10.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0 20.6 33.2 28.7 43.8 25.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 REPORTS VOLUME SIII, 1 JUIAT 1967 TO 30 JUNE 1968 41 Table 3 summarizes, by family, the contributions end of their range in the CalCOFI area. Diogen- of all deep-sea pelagic fishes that enter significantly ichthys laternatus is a tropical lanternfish that is into the CalCOFI catches. Twenty families are in- collected as far north as central Baja California in cluded, plus the ordinal grouping of “eel leptoce- all years and off southern California in warmer-than- phali.” Families that made significant contributions, average years. Ceratoscopelus townsendi is a widely in addition to the Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae, and distributed, offshore oceanic form that occurs in the Bathylagidae discussed above, include the Agrentini- outer part of the CalCOFI station grid. All of these dae, Melamphaidae, Centrolophidae, Tetragonuridae, species have a much more extensive distribution than Stomiatidae, and Paralepididae. The ‘(other” category is encompassed in the CalCOFI surveys. The oceanic in Table 3, although not large in number of speci- distribution of Triphoturus mexicanus, the most mens, contains larvae from at least as many families abundant myctophid in CalCOFI collections, is per- as those separately listed.
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