Novel Data Transmission Wireless Based Technology for Frontier Applications R

Novel Data Transmission wireless based technology for Frontier Applications R. Brenner

With recent material from colleges at Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala Universiy and Physikalisches Institut, University of Heidelberg

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 1/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 OUTLINE

Motivation (personal context) Short historical background Wireless technology with mm-waves Application in trackers (HEP) Application in non-HEP detectors Summary and outlook

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 2/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 (MY) MOTIVATION FOR WIRELESS DATA TRANSFER IN PARTICLE PHYSICS

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 3/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Topology

Physics events propagate from the collision point radially outwards in -

CMS

ATLAS Physics events are triggered in RoI that are conical Example: CMS Crystal Calorimeter is tiled to match regions radial from the interaction point in  and  Event topology

The first trigger decision in the LHC detectors is done within 3ms Fast signal transfer Fast extraction of trigger/physics objects Efficient to partition detector in topological regions (Region-of-Interest) Combination of objects from several sub-detectors

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 4/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Silicon tracking detectors

Readout

ALICE

Axial tracker readout resulting in long paths, Long latency etc. CMS Silicon tracking detectors are built for convenience with a axial central part (Barrel) with disks in forward-backward direction. Several drawbacks: Short radiation length because of massive services in region between Barrel and Disks Long data path Not segmented in ROI

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 5/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Pile-up and data rates at HL-LHC

current ~2018 ~2023

H →  → 

The only sub-detector currently not used for fast trigger are the tracking detectors. To maintain current trigger thresholds at HL-LHC for maximum physics output The tracking detectors (being the most granular) can make this possible. This will however require Fast data transfer for short latency Matching with current trigger objects High band-width transfer of large amount of data Possible data reduction on detector

The track trigger was discussed in depth las Friday in presentations by Stefano Mers And Oliver Buchmüller Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 6/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Motivation

Data link with large bandwidth Minimal extra material Freedom of routing (and breaking boundaries) allowing for topological trigger

Wireless

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 7/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 8/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Guglielmo Marconis experiments 1901-02, first transatlantic Wifi to compete with transatlantic telegraph cable 150m kite supported antenna Transmission over 3500km Wavelength approx. 350m RMS Titanic was signaling distress with Marconis equipment Marconi got the Nobel prize in 1909 together with Karl Braun. "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 9/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Analogue radio/TV broadcast Radio broadcast of voice(sound) started in ~1920. PCGG from the Netherlands was the first commercial radio station The first Radio Regulations were concluded in Berlin in 1906 as the Radiotelegraph Service Regulations Very High Frequency (VHF): 88-108MHz Short wave (SW): 1.6-30MHz Medium wave (MW):526.5-1606.5kHz Long wave (LW): <300kHz

First radio stations transmitted in MW-band amplitude modulated (AM) Today most analogue radio is in VHF-band and Frequency modulated (FM). The channels are separated with about 100kHz. Television broadcast at Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300MHz- 3GHz (503-809MHz allocated for television). About 5.5MHz bandwidth required to transmit TV.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 10/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Analogue/digital mobile telecom Beginning in 1918 the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen Cellular(hexagonal) concept presented in 1947 by engineers at Bell Lab. 1G automated cellular phone NTT (1979 Japan), NMT (1981 Nordic countries) and AMPS (1983 Americas) was analogue run at 450MHz – 900MHz (NMT450 – 180 channels, NMT900-1000 channels) FM. 2G first digital cellular phone GSM (EU), CDMA (US) running at 900/1800/1900MHz. Improvements in use of bandwidth (as we will see later) and many more... Today TV broadcast is in most european countries digital (DVB-T) and radio broadcast is in slow transition to digital (DAB)

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 11/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY WITH MM-WAVES, 30-300GHz

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 12/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Attenuation of mm-waves in free air N2 the most abundant molecule in the atmosphere has no rotation bands, O2 has at 60GHz and 119GHz mm-waves are strongly attenuated in free air which is a problem for long distance low power transmission Attenuation is good for reducing cross-talk between cells The size of raindrops are comparable with mm-waves which affects propagation in free air.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 13/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 System designers can take advantage of the propagation properties manifested at millimeter wave frequencies to develop radio service applications. The windows in the spectrum are particularly applicable for systems requiring all weather/night operation, such as vehicular radar systems; or for short range pointtopoint systems such as local area networks. The absorption bands ( e.g.60 GHz) would be applicable for high data rate systems where secure communications with low probability of intercept is desirable; for services with a potentially high density of transmitters operating in proximity; or for applications where unlicensed operations are desirable FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Bulletin Number 70,July, 1997

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 14/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Extremely High Frequency (EHF) technology ~95 GHz Security applications 79 GHz- Automotive short range radar (SRR)

60 GHz- WLAN applications 60 GHz

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 15/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Components in radio link

osc TX Transmitter-TX ● Amplifier Data_In ● Modulator mod PA ● oscillator+mixer ● Power Amplifier ● Antenna

RX osc Data_Out Receiver-RX de BPfilter LNA ● Antenna mod ● Bandpass filter ● Low noise amp ● oscillator+mixer ● De-modulator ● Amplifier

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 16/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 S-parameters

Describe the input-output relationship between ports in an electrical system.

Port 1 Port 2

Ex.: 2 ports (Port 1 and Port 2), then S12 represents the power transferred from Port 2 to Port 1. Having a transmitter with an antenna connected: S11 is the reflected power Port 1 is trying to deliver to antenna 1. 0dB all power is reflected - 30dB and below almost no power is reflected → good matching Frequency depending variable.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 17/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 dB , dBm, dBi dB is a dimensionless quantity giving the ratio between two quantities (units cancel out). The unit is logarithmic thus convenient when handling large numbers. dB = 10 log (P1/P2) dBm is related to dB but different! dBm stands for absolute power levels where the quantity is references to 1mW power level: dBm = 10 * log (P/1mW) dBi is also related to dB but also different. dBi is used for antenna where the gain of a directional antenna is related to a an isotropic source. (dBd is a similar unit where the reference is a dipole antenna)

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 18/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Amplifiers for mm-waves Components for building data links with mm-waves are available from many companies: Hittite, Gotmic, Siversima etc Example of performance of a LNA amplifier from Gotmic (ANZ060D02) in GaAs with Pout 2dBm.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 19/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation techniques

Basic analogue modulation methods Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Basic digital modulation methods Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Commonly used digital modulation techniques are a combination of the above. The system may adopt an adaptive modulation scheme where selected modulation depends on the performance of the link.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 20/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation with I/Q signal

In-phase signal is called “I” and is usually a cosine wave that is phase shifted(flipped) depending if data is a “0” or a “1”

Quadrature-phase signal is called “Q” and is usually a sine wave that is phase shifted(flipped) depending if data is a “0” or a “1”

The I/Q signal is combined to a single baseband data signal carrying two symbols per period.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 21/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Maximizing the use of bandwidth with digital modulation By decreasing the phase shift or by using different amplitudes a symbol table can be mapped onto a I/Q phase diagram. Higher mode of modulation make more efficient use of bandwidth The higher mode modulation come with cost in power because of more complex electronics and stricter noise requirement

Bits per Modulation symbol Symbol Rate BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate

16QAM 8PSK

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 22/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation: BER vs S/N

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 23/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Mixer In the mixer the (modulated) data is up-converted or down- converted to/from the Passband defined by the carrier Data signal defined as “intermediate Frequency” , IF Carrier defined by “Local Oscillator”, LO Output is the “Radio Frequency which is LO±IF

LO LO

IF RF RF IF up-conversion down-conversion

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 24/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna Antenna is the component transmitting/receiving the radio waves. It is a passive component and compared to eq. optical transmitter (VCSEL) or receiver (pin-diode) much simpler Many different types of antennas

Horn antenna at Crawford Hill at Bell lab where the CMB was discovered. Nobel prize 1978 to A. Penzias Mobile base station and R. Wilson TV “YAGI” roof antenna Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 25/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antennas for mm-waves A horn antenna are commonly used in microwave applications. The antenna is a horn shaped wave guide relative easy to fabricate and not too bulky if used for short wave lengths. Horn antennas characteristics are Moderate directivity (gain in dBi/dBd) Low losses (S11) Wide bandwidth Can be made polarized Microstrip antenna are easy to make on printed circuit boards or directly on chip. Rectangular microstrip antennas are called pad antennas. High directivity can be achieved with atenna- arrays Narrow bandwidth Low losses Polarization

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 26/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 APPLICATIONS IN TRACKERS

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 27/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Track trigger and data rate reduction

A simple idea... To off-detector Y Y Y Y Y Y Region Of Interest Y Y Y Y Pixels (r=12,18 &24 cm) Short strips (r=32, 46 & 60 cm) Long strips (r=75 & 95 cm)

r- Φ ...but not trivial to build on detector

If only 1-2 hit clusters from a few strip layers are read out for L1 trigger the required bandwidth is 50-100 Tb/s! The detectors is fortunately divided into a 20-50k independent segments and if each is provided with a link then the bandwidth/link < 5 Gb/s Perhaps doable after all?

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 28/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Data reduction with doublet layers Barrel crossectionBarrel crossection Track (hi pT) Coincidences between 1 and 2 Track (low pT) hit clusters in closely spaced layers Reduction 10-20 (simulation R by S. Schmitt, A. Schoening, Layer B Dr  S. Pirner, A. John) NOTE: Doublet layer coincidences Coincidences is essential for the self seeded L1 Layer A off detector track trigger. Other schemes are Dr ~few mm muon/calo seeded ROI based Coincidences R ~ 100 mm trigger D on detector

]

m Pair of two two-in -one

[

Keep ~1% t 1 c layer

Keep ~0.1‰ p

k 0.1 Single two-in-one layer

0.01 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

pT [GeV/c]

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 29/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 A simple architecture for wireless transfer of L1 trigger data All complicated logic off- modul → simple Outer enclosure implementation on module 3 Gbps Not possible to transfer Layer C 60GHz radially data trough 2 Gbps silicon layers Layer B

1 Gbps ~10 cm Layer A

Transmission test through a silicon module Solution: data transfer on wire from inside module to outside and antennas on both sides.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 30/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Outer enclosure For maximum simplicity, keep all modules independent. Layer C Each layer transmit with different frequencies Signal from inside is Layer B forwarded unchanged through layer by repeater electronics ~10 cm Layer A

2.16 GHz

Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 f [GHz] 60.48 62.64 64.8 Antenna design We have design and produce patch antennas in lab. etching Single and antenna arrays.

Can be produced on PCB material. 3.5 mm Etching and milling. Rogers, DuPont PCB material Very small structure sizes. 1.8 mm

milling

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 32/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna design - simulation Single patch

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 33/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna design - simulation Designs for multi patch antennas. 4 Patch design. More focused radiation pattern. reduced cross talk, denser packing of links, higher gain =lower power

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 34/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna design Simulation vs Real OML module Agilent Technology Signal 5075 GHz Generator and Vector Network Analyser

Low noise frequency generator RF Probe Microscope

VNA Antenna

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 35/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna design Simulation vs Real

Compare simulation with a manufactured antenna. This gives feedback how well simulation matches reality. Etched antennas were used (PCB etching process). 4 Patch antenna array: very good agreement with simulation. 1 Patch antenna: a shift of ~500MHz. This is good result and shows that antenna production is feasible.

4 Patch design single patch design

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 36/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Required fabrication precision

The effect of fabrication tolerances were studied: Mill too deep through the cooper (remove substrate) → frequency shift to higher f Antenna outer edges 5 um too large → frequency shift to lower f Antenna outer edges 5 um too small → frequency shift to high f → Tolerances as small as 5µm can cause shift of ~1GHz!

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 37/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through layers

The amount of electronics could be reduced significantly if one could radiate through detector layers. No active hardware would be needed as a repeater. The links are spread out uniformly around detector and do not have to be routed to the extremely dense gap at η~0.8 Simple approach: One receiver antenna on one side and a transmitter antenna on the other side. Antennas are connected by a micro strip, no active electronics.

TX RX

No active electronics in the layer

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 38/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through layers The test setup SIVERSIMA 60 GHz up down converter cards. Duplex card RX and TX. I and Q separately available. Connected horn antennas.

SIVERSIMA 60 RX/TX

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 39/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Up conversion (TX)

Generation of the test frequency

Signal (I) X Signal (I) * LO

Local Oscillator +90° Mix quad Sig @ 60 GHz

Signal (Q) X Signal (Q) * LO

I and Q part of the signal is mixed with the frequency of the Local Oscillator (LO) Modulates the baseband on the carrier frequency (60 GHz ± baseband) The mixed I and Q part is summed and send through the antenna. Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 40/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Down conversion (RX)

Receiving of the test frequency

X Low Pass Filter Signal (I)

Mix quad Sig Local Oscillator +90° @ 60 GHz

X Low Pass Filter Signal (Q)

Received signal is mixed with 60GHz carrier frequency. (60 GHz ± baseband) ± 60 GHz With the low pass filter the baseband is extracted.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 41/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through layers

1, 4 and 16 Patch design. Patches are connected by micro strip transformers (needed for impedance matching). Antenna arrays are connected by a micro strip.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 42/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through layers Aluminium plate

RX TX

60 GHz → 1 GHz 1 GHz → 60 GHz

Antenna bend through the gap

Gap for the antenna

Shielding Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 43/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through

layers Two setup Aluminium Plate with small gap to bring though the antenna. RX TX Gap is closed by metal tape. Aluminium detector model. 2 detector layers. We are coming trough both setup with just the passive antennas A BPSK modulated digital signal was send through one detector layer without observing problems.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 44/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Passive data transfer through layers

Antenna

Transmitter Metal Tape

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 45/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Power loss in the detector layers

RX TX Frequency dependence of the antenna can be observed 16 Patch – 16 Patch antenna were used Power estimate: Horn to Horn 12 cm distance: ~ -40 dBm @ 57.2GHz Single antenna : ~ -60dBm Two antennas : ~ -80dBm Background We have ~20dB insertion loss per detector layer. The test was performed Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 46/(54) INFIERI, Paris with 0.001 W output July 22, 2014 power +10 dB gain on RX side Bit Error Rate test Test result of Hittite HMC6000/6001 transceiver (by Heidelberg, presented at WIT2014 at 1,76Gbps → BER < 4·10-14 Dedicated transceiver chip under development in Heidelberg. Submission this fall.

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 47/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Crosstalk

Strategy to minimize crosstalk Directive antennas Polarization of antennas Channeling of frequencies Absorbing materials Test at Heidelberg show 1cm long hollow graphite foam cylinder shielding Links over 10cm distance BER < 10−12 for pitch between links > 10cm

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 48/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 NON-HEP DETECTOR APPLICATIONS

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 49/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Advantages with mm-radio No cables Saves money on both cables, connectors and work. Hygienic, in particular important in medical use. Portable Short reach Minimal interference with surrounding activity (eg. Other treatment rooms) Low crosstalk → efficient use of bandwidth Small size Easy to integrate in almost anything Low power

High bandwidth In particular good for applications requiring transfer of high quality images in real time. Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 50/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Reduction of number of cables Cables and connectors introduces cost, complexity and vulnerability. With 3D integration each ASIC could be equipped with Wifi communication

ex. PILATUS imaging detector

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 51/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Compact and small size

RX/TX chipset (MSK modulation) with antennas with 2 Gbps capability (by IBM)

2. Example: Transceiver in CMOS ● 1.2V supply ● Optimized for 5-to-10Gb/s QPSK ● Modulation centered at 60GHz ● Power consumption of 170mW in transmit mode and 138mW in receive mode ● Size 2.75 x 2.5 mm

IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 314-316, 2009

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 52/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Examples on medical application requiring high bandwidth

Positron Emission Tomography-PET camera Photons time stamped to 1ns Coincidence window 6-12ns Portal imaging detectors Combined diagnostic/treatment systems: MR+RT, PET+MR Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 53/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Summary and conclusions

Next generation data links with mm-wave radio is rapidly emerging on the market for WLAN applications Technology has many features interesting for use in tracking detectors: small feature size, low power, high bandwidth, minimal crosstalk etc. Work with commercial components and in-lab development show that well performing data links can be made. Technology opens for high level integration in HEP and non-HEP detector applications Many opportunities → please contact us!

Richard Brenner – Uppsala University 54/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014