Novel Data Transmission wireless based technology for Frontier Applications R. Brenner With recent material from colleges at Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala Universiy and Physikalisches Institut, University of Heidelberg Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 1/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 OUTLINE Motivation (personal context) Short historical background Wireless technology with mm-waves Application in trackers (HEP) Application in non-HEP detectors Summary and outlook Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 2/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 (MY) MOTIVATION FOR WIRELESS DATA TRANSFER IN PARTICLE PHYSICS Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 3/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Topology Physics events propagate from the collision point radially outwards in - CMS ATLAS Physics events are triggered in RoI that are conical Example: CMS Crystal Calorimeter is tiled to match regions radial from the interaction point in and Event topology The first trigger decision in the LHC detectors is done within 3ms Fast signal transfer Fast extraction of trigger/physics objects Efficient to partition detector in topological regions (Region-of-Interest) Combination of objects from several sub-detectors Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 4/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Silicon tracking detectors Readout ALICE Axial tracker readout resulting in long paths, Long latency etc. CMS Silicon tracking detectors are built for convenience with a axial central part (Barrel) with disks in forward-backward direction. Several drawbacks: Short radiation length because of massive services in region between Barrel and Disks Long data path Not segmented in ROI Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 5/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Pile-up and data rates at HL-LHC current ~2018 ~2023 H → tt → mmnn The only sub-detector currently not used for fast trigger are the tracking detectors. To maintain current trigger thresholds at HL-LHC for maximum physics output The tracking detectors (being the most granular) can make this possible. This will however require Fast data transfer for short latency Matching with current trigger objects High band-width transfer of large amount of data Possible data reduction on detector The track trigger was discussed in depth las Friday in presentations by Stefano Mers And Oliver Buchmüller Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 6/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Motivation Data link with large bandwidth Minimal extra material Freedom of routing (and breaking boundaries) allowing for topological trigger Wireless Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 7/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 8/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Guglielmo Marconis experiments 1901-02, first transatlantic Wifi to compete with transatlantic telegraph cable 150m kite supported antenna Transmission over 3500km Wavelength approx. 350m RMS Titanic was signaling distress with Marconis equipment Marconi got the Nobel prize in 1909 together with Karl Braun. "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 9/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Analogue radio/TV broadcast Radio broadcast of voice(sound) started in ~1920. PCGG from the Netherlands was the first commercial radio station The first Radio Regulations were concluded in Berlin in 1906 as the Radiotelegraph Service Regulations Very High Frequency (VHF): 88-108MHz Short wave (SW): 1.6-30MHz Medium wave (MW):526.5-1606.5kHz Long wave (LW): <300kHz First radio stations transmitted in MW-band amplitude modulated (AM) Today most analogue radio is in VHF-band and Frequency modulated (FM). The channels are separated with about 100kHz. Television broadcast at Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300MHz- 3GHz (503-809MHz allocated for television). About 5.5MHz bandwidth required to transmit TV. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 10/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Analogue/digital mobile telecom Beginning in 1918 the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen Cellular(hexagonal) concept presented in 1947 by engineers at Bell Lab. 1G automated cellular phone NTT (1979 Japan), NMT (1981 Nordic countries) and AMPS (1983 Americas) was analogue run at 450MHz – 900MHz (NMT450 – 180 channels, NMT900-1000 channels) FM. 2G first digital cellular phone GSM (EU), CDMA (US) running at 900/1800/1900MHz. Improvements in use of bandwidth (as we will see later) and many more... Today TV broadcast is in most european countries digital (DVB-T) and radio broadcast is in slow transition to digital (DAB) Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 11/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY WITH MM-WAVES, 30-300GHz Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 12/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Attenuation of mm-waves in free air N2 the most abundant molecule in the atmosphere has no rotation bands, O2 has at 60GHz and 119GHz mm-waves are strongly attenuated in free air which is a problem for long distance low power transmission Attenuation is good for reducing cross-talk between cells The size of raindrops are comparable with mm-waves which affects propagation in free air. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 13/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 System designers can take advantage of the propagation properties manifested at millimeter wave frequencies to develop radio service applications. The windows in the spectrum are particularly applicable for systems requiring all weather/night operation, such as vehicular radar systems; or for short range point-to-point systems such as local area networks. The absorption bands ( e.g.60 GHz) would be applicable for high data rate systems where secure communications with low probability of intercept is desirable; for services with a potentially high density of transmitters operating in proximity; or for applications where unlicensed operations are desirable FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, OFFICE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Bulletin Number 70,July, 1997 Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 14/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Extremely High Frequency (EHF) technology ~95 GHz Security applications 79 GHz- Automotive short range radar (SRR) 60 GHz- WLAN applications 60 GHz Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 15/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Components in radio link osc TX Transmitter-TX ● Amplifier Data_In ● Modulator mod PA ● oscillator+mixer ● Power Amplifier ● Antenna RX osc Data_Out Receiver-RX de- BP-filter LNA ● Antenna mod ● Bandpass filter ● Low noise amp ● oscillator+mixer ● De-modulator ● Amplifier Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 16/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 S-parameters Describe the input-output relationship between ports in an electrical system. Port 1 Port 2 Ex.: 2 ports (Port 1 and Port 2), then S12 represents the power transferred from Port 2 to Port 1. Having a transmitter with an antenna connected: S11 is the reflected power Port 1 is trying to deliver to antenna 1. 0dB all power is reflected - 30dB and below almost no power is reflected → good matching Frequency depending variable. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 17/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 dB , dBm, dBi dB is a dimensionless quantity giving the ratio between two quantities (units cancel out). The unit is logarithmic thus convenient when handling large numbers. dB = 10 log (P1/P2) dBm is related to dB but different! dBm stands for absolute power levels where the quantity is references to 1mW power level: dBm = 10 * log (P/1mW) dBi is also related to dB but also different. dBi is used for antenna where the gain of a directional antenna is related to a an isotropic source. (dBd is a similar unit where the reference is a dipole antenna) Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 18/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Amplifiers for mm-waves Components for building data links with mm-waves are available from many companies: Hittite, Gotmic, Siversima etc Example of performance of a LNA amplifier from Gotmic (ANZ060D02) in GaAs with Pout 2dBm. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 19/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation techniques Basic analogue modulation methods Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Basic digital modulation methods Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Commonly used digital modulation techniques are a combination of the above. The system may adopt an adaptive modulation scheme where selected modulation depends on the performance of the link. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 20/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation with I/Q signal In-phase signal is called “I” and is usually a cosine wave that is phase shifted(flipped) depending if data is a “0” or a “1” Quadrature-phase signal is called “Q” and is usually a sine wave that is phase shifted(flipped) depending if data is a “0” or a “1” The I/Q signal is combined to a single baseband data signal carrying two symbols per period. Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 21/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Maximizing the use of bandwidth with digital modulation By decreasing the phase shift or by using different amplitudes a symbol table can be mapped onto a I/Q phase diagram. Higher mode of modulation make more efficient use of bandwidth The higher mode modulation come with cost in power because of more complex electronics and stricter noise requirement Bits per Modulation symbol Symbol Rate BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate 16QAM 8PSK Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 22/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Modulation: BER vs S/N Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 23/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Mixer In the mixer the (modulated) data is up-converted or down- converted to/from the Passband defined by the carrier Data signal defined as “intermediate Frequency” , IF Carrier defined by “Local Oscillator”, LO Output is the “Radio Frequency which is LO±IF LO LO IF RF RF IF up-conversion down-conversion Richard Brenner ± Uppsala University 24/(54) INFIERI, Paris July 22, 2014 Antenna Antenna is the component transmitting/receiving the radio waves.