Audio Production Techniques (206) Unit 1 Characteristics of Audio Medium Digital audio is technology that can be used to record, store, generate, manipulate, and reproduce sound using audio signals that have been encoded in digital form. Following significant advances in digital audio technology during the 1970s, it gradually replaced analog audio technology in many areas of sound production, sound recording (tape systems were replaced with digital recording systems), sound engineering and telecommunications in the 1990s and 2000s. A microphone converts sound (a singer's voice or the sound of an instrument playing) to an analog electrical signal, then an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)—typically using pulse-code modulation—converts the analog signal into a digital signal. This digital signal can then be recorded, edited and modified using digital audio tools. When the sound engineer wishes to listen to the recording on headphones or loudspeakers (or when a consumer wishes to listen to a digital sound file of a song), a digital-to-analog converter performs the reverse process, converting a digital signal back into an analog signal, which analog circuits amplify and send to aloudspeaker. Digital audio systems may include compression, storage, processing and transmission components. Conversion to a digital format allows convenient manipulation, storage, transmission and retrieval of an audio signal. Unlike analog audio, in which making copies of a recording leads to degradation of the signal quality, when using digital audio, an infinite number of copies can be made without any degradation of signal quality. Development and expansion of radio network in India FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, then Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s, nearly 50 years after it mushroomed in the US.[1] In the mid-nineties, when India first experimented with private FM broadcasts, the small tourist destination ofGoa was the fifth place in this country of one billion where private players got FM slots. The other four centres were the big metro cities: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. These were followed by stations in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur and Lucknow. Times FM (now Radio Mirchi) began operations in 1993 in Ahmedabad. Until 1993, All India Radio or AIR, a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then took the initiative to privatize the radio broadcasting sector.[citation needed] It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in Indore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Vizag and Goa to private operators, who developed their own program content. The Times Group operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators. In 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India. Radio City Bangalore, started on July 3, 2001, is India's first private FM radio station. It launched with presenters such as Rohit Barker, Darius Sunawala, Jonzie Kurian and Suresh Venkat.[2] FM LRS (Local Radio Station) was inaugurated on 1 July 2001 at 14.28 in Kodaikanal in the frequency 100.5 MHz. The two radio persons Dr.Musiri.T.A.Veerasamy and B.Rajaram (Savitraa) made 100.5 popular and the LRS was upgraded to a "METRO FM" channel in just two months. The channel covered a radius of about 200 km due to its location at 2200 meters above MSL in Kodaikanal. Later, the stalwarts like Supra (K.Natarajan) in 2002 and Maha Somaskandamoorthy in 2003 joined KODAI FM, as it is popularly known. The biggest individual FM channel in India in both area coverage and listenership. Indian policy currently states that these broadcasters are assessed a One-Time Entry Fee (OTEF), for the entire license period of 10 years. Under the Indian accounting system, this amount is amortised over the 10-year period at 10% per annum. Annual license fee for private players is either 4% of revenue share or 10% of Reserve Price, whichever is higher. India's earlier attempts to privatise its FM channels ran into rough weather when private players bid heavily and most could not meet their commitments to pay the government the amounts they owed. Content[edit] News is not permitted on private FM. Nationally, many of the current FM players, including the Times of India, Hindustan Times, Mid-Day, and BBC are essentially newspaper chains or media, and they are making a strong pitch for news on FM. Private FM stations are allowed to rebroadcast news from All India Radio, as long as they do so without any changes or additions.[3] The Supreme Court of India on 17 October 2013 issued a public interest litigation to the Centre requesting that the rules should be changed to allow FM stations to broadcast news reports.[4] FM stations in Ahmedabad[edit] • Radio Mirchi - 98.3 FM (Times Group) • My FM - 94.3 FM (DNA Bhaskar Group) • Red FM - 93.5 FM (Sun Group) • Radio City - 91.1 FM (Music Broadcast Private Limited) • Radio One - 95.0 FM (Only Bollywood Retro Station of Ahmedabad) • Vividh Bharati - 96.7 FM (AIR) FM stations in Hyderabad[edit] • Radio City - 91.1 • Big 92.7 FM - 92.7 • South Asia firms (S FM) - 93.5 • Radio Mirchi - 98.3 • All India Radio (AIR / AIR / Twin Cities firms Rainbow)- 101.9 • All India Radio (AIR / AIR / Miscellaneous Bharti) - 102.8 • Gyan Vani - 105.6 • Vividh Bharati FM stations in New Delhi NCR[edit] • City FM 92 (Live Broadcasting Radio) • Radia Ditect FM 107.1 (107.1 MHz) • AIR FM Rainbow / FM-1 (102.6 MHz) • AIR FM Gold /FM-2 (106.4 MHz) • AIR Rajdhani/Gyanvani Channel (105.6 MHz) • Oye FM (104.8 MHz) • Fever 104 (104 MHz) • Radio Mirchi FM (98.3 MHz) • Hit FM (95 MHz) • Radio One FM (94.3 MHz)(Only English Radio station of Delhi) • Red FM (93.5 MHz) • Big FM (92.7 MHz) • Radio City (91.1 MHz) • Radio Nasha (107.2 MHz) • Radio Jamia 90.4 FM • Delhi University Educational Radio (Available only in University area) (DU Radio FM) (90.4 MHz) • Apna Radio IIMC 96.9 FM • Vividh Barti (100.1 MHz) • Noida FM (107.4 MHz) Radio SD 90.8 FM NCR VIKASNAGAR UTTAR PRADESH FM stations in Kolkata[edit] • Radio SRFTI (90.4 MHz, Available in and around the film institute area) • Radio JU (90.8 MHz, Available within a 5 km radius of the University, from 11:00 AM to 7:30 PM) • Y FM NSHM (91.2 MHz, Available within a 10 km radius of the institute, from 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM) • Friends FM (91.9 MHz) • Big FM (92.7 MHz) • Red FM (93.5 MHz) • Radio One (94.3 MHz) • Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) • AIR FM Gold (100.2 MHz) • AIR FM Vividh Bharati (101.8 MHz) • Fever 104 FM (104 MHz) • Oye (104.8 MHz) • Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz) • Aamar FM (106.2 MHz) • AIR FM Rainbow (107 MHz) • Power FM (107.8 MHz) - Last air date: April 21, 2016. FM stations in Mumbai[edit] • bansal24hr.fm 95.5 • Vividh Bharati • Jago Mumbai 90.8 • Radio City 91.1FM • Big FM 92.7 • Red FM 93.5 • Radio One 94.3 (Only English Radio station of Mumbai) • Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM 98.3 • Radio Dhamaal 106.4 • AIR FM Gold 100.7 • RAIN BOW FM 102.2 • Fever 104 FM 104.0 • Oye 104.8 104.8 • AIR FM Rainbow 107.1 • Mumbai One • Gyan Vani • Radio MUST FM stations in Bengaluru[edit] Main article: List of FM radio stations in Bengaluru • Radio City 91.1 FM - Kannada • Indigo 91.9 FM FM - English • Big 92.7 FM - Kannada • Red FM 93.5 FM - Hindi • Radio ONE FM 94.3 - Hindi • Radio 95 95 FM - Hindi • Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM Kannada • Amruthavarshini 100.1 FM (devotional) • FM Rainbow 101.3 FM (Kannada, Hindi, English) • Vividhabharathi 102.9 FM (Kannada, Hindi) • Fever FM 104 FM (Hindi) • Gnyanavani 106.4 FM (Kannada, English, Hindi) FM stations in Chennai[edit] • AIR FM - RAINBOW • AIR FM - GOLD 102.3 • Chennai Live 104.8 FM • Hello FM (106.4), • Suryan FM 93.5, • Fever FM 91.9, • BIG FM 92.7, • Radio City FM 91.1, • Radio Mirchi FM 98.3, • Radio one 94.3, • Anna FM FM stations in Kerala[edit] • Real FM 103.6 • Best FM 95.00, • Radio Mango 91.9, in Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode & Kannur • Red FM 93.5, • Club FM 94.3 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi & Kannur ; ClubFM 104.8 in Thrissur • Radio Mirchi 98.3 Thiruvananthapuram, • Big FM Thiruvananthapuram • FM Rainbow, • Ananthapuri FM, • AIR Thiruvananthapuram • AIR Kochi FM 102.3 • AIR Kannur • AIR Devikulam • AIR Manjeri • AIR Gyan Vani-Kochi • Radio MacFast Thiruvalla FM 90.4 • Radio Media Village Changanacherry FM 90.8 • Global Radio Alappuzha FM 91.2 Market view[edit] Traditionally, radio accounts for 7% to 8% of advertiser expenditures around the world. In India, it is less than 2% at present.[citation needed] List of FM radio Stations in India[edit] See also: List of FM radio stations in India The ministry of broadcasting in India has no further plan to spread FM Radio to all parts of India. List of FM Stations in Jaipur: 1. 94.3 MYFM (Listnership; 18 lacs plus) 2. 98.3 Radio Mirchi (Listnership; 12 lacs plus) 3. 93.5 Red FM (Listnership; 11 lacs plus) 4. 91.1 Radio City (Listnership; 10 lacs plus) 5. 95 Tadka (Listnership; 8 lacs plus) Current allocation process[edit] In FM Phase II — the latest round of the long-delayed opening up of private FM in India — some 338 frequencies were offered of which about 237 were sold.[citation needed] The government may go for rebidding of unsold frequencies quite soon.