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CHAPTER XXX. of Fallacies. Section 827. After Examining the Conditions on Which Correct Thoughts Depend, It Is Expedient to Clas
CHAPTER XXX. Of Fallacies. Section 827. After examining the conditions on which correct thoughts depend, it is expedient to classify some of the most familiar forms of error. It is by the treatment of the Fallacies that logic chiefly vindicates its claim to be considered a practical rather than a speculative science. To explain and give a name to fallacies is like setting up so many sign-posts on the various turns which it is possible to take off the road of truth. Section 828. By a fallacy is meant a piece of reasoning which appears to establish a conclusion without really doing so. The term applies both to the legitimate deduction of a conclusion from false premisses and to the illegitimate deduction of a conclusion from any premisses. There are errors incidental to conception and judgement, which might well be brought under the name; but the fallacies with which we shall concern ourselves are confined to errors connected with inference. Section 829. When any inference leads to a false conclusion, the error may have arisen either in the thought itself or in the signs by which the thought is conveyed. The main sources of fallacy then are confined to two-- (1) thought, (2) language. Section 830. This is the basis of Aristotle's division of fallacies, which has not yet been superseded. Fallacies, according to him, are either in the language or outside of it. Outside of language there is no source of error but thought. For things themselves do not deceive us, but error arises owing to a misinterpretation of things by the mind. -
35. Logic: Common Fallacies Steve Miller Kennesaw State University, [email protected]
Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Sexy Technical Communications Open Educational Resources 3-1-2016 35. Logic: Common Fallacies Steve Miller Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Cherie Miller Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/oertechcomm Part of the Technical and Professional Writing Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Steve and Miller, Cherie, "35. Logic: Common Fallacies" (2016). Sexy Technical Communications. 35. http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/oertechcomm/35 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources at DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sexy Technical Communications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Logic: Common Fallacies Steve and Cherie Miller Sexy Technical Communication Home Logic and Logical Fallacies Taken with kind permission from the book Why Brilliant People Believe Nonsense by J. Steve Miller and Cherie K. Miller Brilliant People Believe Nonsense [because]... They Fall for Common Fallacies The dull mind, once arriving at an inference that flatters the desire, is rarely able to retain the impression that the notion from which the inference started was purely problematic. ― George Eliot, in Silas Marner In the last chapter we discussed passages where bright individuals with PhDs violated common fallacies. Even the brightest among us fall for them. As a result, we should be ever vigilant to keep our critical guard up, looking for fallacious reasoning in lectures, reading, viewing, and especially in our own writing. None of us are immune to falling for fallacies. -
Fallacy and Argumentational Vice
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor OSSA Conference Archive OSSA 10 May 22nd, 9:00 AM - May 25th, 5:00 PM Fallacy and argumentational vice Andrew Aberdein Florida Institute of Technology, Department of Humanities and Communication Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive Part of the Philosophy Commons Aberdein, Andrew, "Fallacy and argumentational vice" (2013). OSSA Conference Archive. 3. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive/OSSA10/papersandcommentaries/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Conference Proceedings at Scholarship at UWindsor. It has been accepted for inclusion in OSSA Conference Archive by an authorized conference organizer of Scholarship at UWindsor. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fallacy and argumentational vice ANDREW ABERDEIN Department of Humanities and Communication Florida Institute of Technology 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne Florida 32901-6975, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT: If good argument is virtuous, then fallacies are vicious. Yet fallacies cannot just be identified with vices, since vices are dispositional properties of agents whereas fallacies are types of argument. Rather, if the normativity of good argumentation is explicable in terms of virtues, we should expect the wrongness of fallacies to be explicable in terms of vices. This approach is defended through case studies of several fallacies, with particular emphasis on the ad hominem. KEYWORDS: ad hominem, argumentational vice, argumentational virtue, fallacy, virtue argumentation 1. A VIRTUE THEORY OF ARGUMENTATION Several authors have recently begun to apply virtue theory to argumentation (for example, Cohen, 2009; Aberdein, 2010; Correia, 2012). This paper explores how this approach copes with the analysis and appraisal of fallacies. -
Art and Logic of Ramon Llull
The Art and Logic of Ramon Llull BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd i 10/2/2007 1:00:20 PM Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters Begründet von Josef Koch Weitergeführt von Paul Wilpert, Albert Zimmermann und Jan A. Aertsen Herausgegeben von Andreas Speer In Zusammenarbeit mit Tzotcho Boiadjiev, Kent Emery, Jr. und Wouter Goris BAND XCV BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd ii 10/2/2007 1:00:21 PM The Art and Logic of Ramon Llull A User’s Guide by Anthony Bonner LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd iii 10/2/2007 1:00:21 PM This book is printed on acid-free paper. A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISSN 0169–8028 ISBN 978 90 04 16325 6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd iv 10/5/2007 10:59:30 AM To the memory of Robert Pring-Mill and David Rosenblatt BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd v 10/2/2007 1:00:21 PM BOONER_f1_i-xx.indd vi 10/2/2007 1:00:22 PM CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ -
Christ Church Library, Carroll Collection
Christ Church Library, Carroll Collection Digitised image notes and captions by Edward Wakeling Carroll-MS 7 – Further sections of Symbolic Logic, Part II, Advanced Introductory notes: These are other logical manuscripts from the Warner Bequest. They concern standard logical fallacies, as listed by W. S. Jevons Elementary Lessons in Logic (1876), Lesson XXI, “Material Fallacies,” from page 177. Clearly, Dodgson intended to explain these fallacies in Symbolic Logic, Part II, Advanced, but the book was only planned in outline as these headings reveal, and not completed. Carroll-mss_0043-ms7_01_r Dodgson indicated that this was to form part of Book XV – Fallacies, in his second volume of Symbolic Logic. Bartley does not include Book XV in his reconstruction. The literal translation of the Latin “a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter” is “from an unqualified statement to a qualified one” and represents the logical fallacy known as “A Fallacy of Converse Accident.” For example, “If we allow people with terminal cancer to use medical marijuana, then everyone should be allowed to use medical marijuana” is a fallacious argument based on a generalisation. Carroll-mss_0044-ms7_01_v The verso is blank Carroll-mss_0045-ms7_02_r Logical heading only for “Argumentum ad hominem” (Argument to the man). This is an argument deriving its power from the situation of one’s opponent – for example, advice to a barrister might be “If you have a bad case to defend, abuse the plaintiff’s attorney.” Carroll-mss_0046-ms7_02_v The verso is blank Carroll-mss_0047-ms7_03_r The “change of epoch” is Dodgson’s heading for more fallacious arguments – two examples are given. -
Studia Z Teorii Wychowania Tom Xi: 2020 Nr 3(32)
STUDIA Z TEORII WYCHOWANIA Wydawnictwo Naukowe STUDIA Z TEORII WYCHOWANIA TOM XI: 2020 NR 3(32) PATRONAT NAUKOWY: ZESPÓŁ PEDAGOGIKI OGÓLNEJ I TEORII WYCHOWANIA PRZY KOMITECIE NAUK PEDAGOGICZNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK Wydawnictwo Naukowe ChAT Warszawa 2020 RADA NAUKOWA: Jaroslav Balvin, Reinhold Boschki, Mária Bratská, Elżbieta K. Czykwin, Beata Kosová, Mirosław Kowalski, Ewa Kubiak-Szymborska, Zbyszko Melosik, Michael Meyer-Blanck, Henryk Mizerek, Jan Papież, Piotr Petrykowski, Wilhelm Schwendemann, Alina Szczurek-Boruta, Mirosław J. Szymański, Alena Vališová, Michal Zvírotský, Wiktor Żłobicki ZESPÓŁ REDAKCYJNY: Bogusław Śliwerski (redaktor naczelny), Bogusław Milerski (z-ca redaktora naczelnego), Renata Nowakowska-Siuta (z-ca redaktora naczelnego), Stefan T. Kwiatkowski (sekretarz redakcji), Izabela Kochan (członek redakcji) ADRES REDAKCJI: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Chrześcijańskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Warszawie ul. Broniewskiego 48 01-771 Warszawa www.wydawnictwo.chat.edu.pl © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe ChAT, Warszawa 2020 ISSN: 2719-4078 REDAKCJA NUMERU: Stefan T. Kwiatkowski SKŁAD KOMPUTEROWY: Łukasz Troc PROJEKT OKŁADKI: Halina Słodkowska Spis treści ROZPRAWY Arkadiusz Żukiewicz – Wybrane zagadnienia badań historycznych w polu polskiej pedagogiki społecznej: historia działalności społecznej ..........9 Stanisław Chrobak – Edukacja nadzieją na odnalezienie siebie .................25 Dagmara Ratajczak-Parzyńska – Dydaktyka symbolu w praktyce kształce- nia szkolnego ..........................................................................................43 -
IGNORING QUALIFICATIONS (SECUNDUM QUID) AS a SUBFALLACY of HASTY GENERALIZATION Douglas N. WALTON in the Experience of Teaching
Logique A n a ly s e 129-130 (1990), 113-154 IGNORING QUALIFICATIONS (SECUNDUM QUID) AS A SUBFALLACY OF HASTY GENERALIZATION Douglas N. WALTON In the experience of teaching courses on informal logic and argumentation, one finds that the fault of being overly rigid and absolutistic in thinking, of being too insensitive to the defeasible nature of much ordinary reasoning, is an important type of error. In a critical discussion, it is important for an arguer to be open to refutation, to admitting her argument was wrong, should convincing evidence be brought forward by the opposing side. It would be nice to have a name for this general type of failure in argument, and for the subfallacies or special failures that come under it. The idea of neglecting qualifications, or legitimate exceptions to a plau- sible generalization in a particular case, is a clear and simple kind of failure that covers this gap. It is quite generally clear to students, from their per- sonal experience, at least in general, what kind of error this is.(') On some accounts, the traditional informal fallacy of secundum quid (originally from the Aristotelian fallacy para to pi, meaning 'in a certain respect')) fills this bill, referring to the fault of not paying attention to qualifications that would invalidate the use of a general proposition in a particular case. For example, in the Dictionary of Philosophy (Runes, 1964, p. 287) we find: Secundum quid: (Lat.) Relatively, in some respect, in a qualified sense; contrasted with simpliciter, absolutely. — V.J.B. Secundum quid, or more fully, a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid, is any fallacy arising from the use of a general proposition without attention to tacit qualifications which would invalidate the use made of it. -
A Searchable Bibliography of Fallacies – 2016
A Searchable Bibliography of Fallacies – 2016 HANS V. HANSEN Department of Philosophy University of Windsor Windsor, ON CANADA N9B 3P4 [email protected] CAMERON FIORET Department of Philosophy University of Guelph Guelph, ON CANADA N1G 2W1 [email protected] This bibliography of literature on the fallacies is intended to be a resource for argumentation theorists. It incorporates and sup- plements the material in the bibliography in Hansen and Pinto’s Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings (1995), and now includes over 550 entries. The bibliography is here present- ed in electronic form which gives the researcher the advantage of being able to do a search by any word or phrase of interest. Moreover, all the entries have been classified under at least one of 45 categories indicated below. Using the code, entered as e.g., ‘[AM-E]’, one can select all the entries that have been des- ignated as being about the ambiguity fallacy, equivocation. Literature about fallacies falls into two broad classes. It is either about fallacies in general (fallacy theory, or views about fallacies) or about particular fallacies (e.g., equivocation, appeal to pity, etc.). The former category includes, among others, con- siderations of the importance of fallacies, the basis of fallacies, the teaching of fallacies, etc. These general views about fallacies often come from a particular theoretical orientation about how fallacies are best understood; for example, some view fallacies as epistemological mistakes, some as mistakes in disagreement resolution, others as frustrations of rhetorical practice and com- munication. Accordingly, we have attempted to classify the en- © Hans V. Hansen & Cameron Fioret. -
Cecco Vs. Dante: Correcting the Comedy with Applied Astrology
Cecco vs. Dante: Correcting the Comedy with Applied Astrology Seth Boniface Fabian Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Seth Boniface Fabian All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cecco vs. Dante: Correcting the Comedy with Applied Astrology Seth Boniface Fabian Cecco d’Ascoli (1269?-1327), was burned at the stake in Florence as a heretic on 16 September, 1327. The Inquisitor also set aflame his texts: a Latin textbook on astronomy and Acerba, a 4867 verse “scientific epic” written in his particular Italian vernacular. The Inquisitor also banned the possession of either text on pain of excommunication. Despite the ban, the texts survived and even flourished. However, Acerba never engaged the public to the extent that the tragedy suffered by the text’s author has. For almost seven hundred years, this “anti-Comedy” has gone largely uninterrupted due to the difficulty of the language, an enigmatic hybrid of several vernaculars, and due to the difficulty of the content, technical medieval science written in verse by an author habituated to syncopating his arguments for a university audience familiar with the material. In this dissertation, I provide a reading of the two most difficult chapters, Acerba I.i and I.ii, where Cecco sets forth his system of “applied astrology” that serves as a General Unifying Theorem to explain all phenomena in the cosmos. In Acerba, Cecco presents a cosmos bound tightly together by principles of interactions that I term “applied astrology”, his Grand Unifying Theorem that unites God, angels and humanity. -
The Semantic Principles Underlying Saint
AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY THEOLOGY Medieval Philosophy and Theology 5 (1996),87-141. Printed in the United States ofAmerica. Copyright © 1996 Cambridge University Press 1057-0608/96 $7.50 + .10 Volume 5, Number I, March 1996 The Semantic Principles underlying Saint Contents Thomas Aquinas's Metaphysics ofBeing Augustine on Theological Fatalism: The Argument of De Libero Arbitrio 3.1-4 GYULAKLIMA DAVID P. HUNT 1 Department of Philosophy University of Notre Dame and On a Sophisma ofRichard Kilvington and a Problem ofAnalysis Institute of Philosophy of the Hungarian Academy BERNARD D. KATZ 31 Expositions ofthe Text: Aquinas's Aristotelian Commentaries I. INTRODUCTION: SEMANTICS AND METAPHYSICS JOHN JENKINS 39 As I hope the title clearly indicates, this article is not intended to contribute Nicholas ofAutrecourt and William ofOckham on Atomism, its ounces to the tons ofliterature on Aquinas's metaphysics ofbeing. On the N ominalisnl, and the Ontology ofMotion contrary, its primary motivation is the perhaps deplorable, but certainly not BLAKE D. DUTTON 63 negligible, fact that the very form ofdiscourse within which the substantive claims of that literature, as well as Aquinas's own claims, are formulated is 1 The Semantic Principles Underlying St. Thomas Aquinas's radically different from that of contemporary philosophical discussions. Metaphysics of Being GYULA KLIMA 87 Research for this paper was completed during my Morse Fellowship, which exempted me from teaching duties at the Philosophy Department ofYale University in the academic year 1994-95. I thank Desmond Paul Henry, John Jenkins, Heikki Kirjavainen, Eleonore Stump, andJack Zupko, who read and commented on earlier drafts of this article. -
An Inquiry Into the Secundum Quid
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 36 (49) 2014 DOI: 10.2478/slgr-2014-0008 David Botting Universidade Nova de Lisboa WITHOUT QUALIFICATION: AN INQUIRY INTO THE SECUNDUM QUID Abstract. In this paper I will consider several interpretations of the fallacy of secundum quid as it is given by Aristotle in the Sophistical Refutations and argue that they do not work, one reason for which is that they all imply that the fallacy depends on language and thus fail to explain why Aristotle lists this fallacy among the fallacies not depending on language (extra dictione), amounting often to a claim that Aristotle miscategorises this fallacy. I will argue for a reading that preserves Aristotle’s categorization by a quite different account of how qualifications function. Keywords: fallacies; language; secundum quid; hasty generalization; the principle of non-contradiction 1. The Fallacy of Secundum Quid Pickard-Cambridge translates Aristotle’s (SR, §5) musings on this fal- lacy as follows: Those that depend on whether an expression is used absolutely or in a certain respect and not strictly, occur whenever an expression used in a particular sense is taken as though it were used absolutely, e.g. in the argument ‘If what is not is the object of an opinion, then what is not is: for it is not the same thing ‘to be x’ and ‘to be’ absolutely. Or again, ‘What is, is not, if it is not a particular kind of being, e.g. if it is not a man.’ For it is not the same thing ‘not to be x’ and ‘not to be’ at all: it looks as if it were, because of the closeness of the expression, i.e. -
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY [Adams, 1954] E. M. Adams. The Fundamentals ofGeneral Logic. Longmans , Green & Co., New York, 1954. [Allport, 1958] Gordon W. Allport. The Nature ofPrejudice. Doubleday An chor Books, Garden City, New York" 1958. [Atherton, 1993] Catherine Atherton. The Stoics on Ambiguity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993. [Atlas, 1989] Jay David Atlas. Philosophy Without Ambiguity: A Logico Linguistic Essay. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. [Barth and Krabbe, 1982] E. M. Barth and E. C. W. Krabbe. From Axiom to Dialogue. De Gruyter, New York, 1982. [Barth and Martens, 1977] E. M. Barth and J. L. Martens. Argumentum Ad Hominem : From chaos to formal dialectic. Logique et Analyse, 77-78:76 96, 1977. [Beardsley, 1950] Monroe C. Beardsley. Practical Logic. Prentice-Hall, New York,1950. [Beardsley, 1956] Monroe C. Beardsley. Thinking Straight. Prentice-Hall, En glewood Cliffs, 1956. [Bentham, 1969] Jeremy Bentham. The book of fallacies (1824) . In Mary P. Mack, editor, A Bentham Reader, pages 331-358. Pegasus, New York, 1969. [Bertin, 1995] Oliver Bertin . Poor communication cited in ship mishaps . The Globe and Mail, B2, 18 October 1995. [Black, 1946] Max Black. Critical Thinking . Prentice-Hall, New York, 1946. [Blair, 1988] J. Anthony Blair. What is bias? In Trudy Govier, editor, Selected Issues in Logic and Communication, pages 93-103. Wadsworth , Belmont, 1988. [Brinton, 1986] Alan Brinton. Ethotic argument. History ofPhilosophy Quar terly, 3:245-257, 1986. [Broad and Wade, 1982] William Broad and Nicholas Wade. Betrayers ofthe Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls ofScience. Simon & Schuster, New York,1982. 281 282 FALLACIES ARISING FROM AMBIGUITY [Burtt, 1931] Edwin Arthur Burtt.