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Prevalence of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi from Soil of Playgrounds and Public Parks of Hyderabad, India

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Prevalence of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi from Soil of Playgrounds and Public Parks of Hyderabad, India Kalyani Jatoth, T Mangilal and Sunil Junapudi, Prevalence of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi from soil of playgrounds and public parks of Hyderabad, India. J.Curr.Biotechnol., 2016, 4(6):1-5. International Journal of Current Biotechnology ISSN: 2321 - 8371 Journal Homepage : http://ijcb.mainspringer.com Prevalence of Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi from soil of play- grounds and public parks of Hyderabad, India. Kalyani Jatoth1*, T Mangilal2 and Sunil Junapudi3 1Department of Microbiology, Chandralabs, IDA prasanthi nagar,kukatpally, Hyderabad Telangana, India. 2Department of Pharmacy, UCT, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Geethanjali college of Pharmacy, cherryal, keesara, Ranga Reddy District, Telangan, India. ARTICLE INF O ABSTRACT Article History: Dermatophytes, related keratinophilic fungi were isolated from isolated from different Received 30 May 2016 locations in Hyderabad (Public parks, playgrounds, Zoological park- in and around Received in revised form 10 June animal and Bird enclosures). These samples were screened by using hair baiting 2016 techniques for isolation. Out of a total 60 samples, 52 (86%) were positive for growth Accepted 20 June 2016 of keratinophilic fungi. Eleven genera and 19 species were isolated and identified, of Available online 30 June 2016 which Chrysosporium indicum (33.33 %) the most predominant species was isolated followed by C.tropicum (28.33%), Aspergillus flavus (25%), Microsporum gypseum (16.6%) and Trichophyton terrestre (11.6%). Garden soils, followed by playground Key words: soils were found to be the most suitable for fungal growth. Some of the other fungi Keratinophilic fungi, Dermatophytes, isolated were C.zonatum , Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Hyderabad soils, Chrysosporium indicum, Fusarium moniliforme,F.solani ,Aphanoascus fulvescens etc. To our knowledge, this hair baiting technique. appears to be the first report concerning the isolation of keratinolytic fungi M. canis and Trichophyton terrestre from soils of Hyderabad by hair baiting technique. Introduction and veterinary epidemiologists (Marcella and Mercantini, Keratinophilic fungi are significant economically and play 1986). Keratinolytic fungi are a group of microorganisms important function in natural degradation of keratinous that are able to decompose keratin remains in environment substrates. Soils that are rich in keratinous materials are and are pathogenic to humans and animals. These fungi the majority conducive for the growth and occurrence of exist in communities together with keratinophilic fungi keratinophilic fungi. Their sharing is changeable with the that have weaker affinity to keratin and utilize chiefly the environment and depends on different factors, such as products of its decomposition (Dominik and human and or animal presence. Keratinous substances Majchrowicz, 1964). based on their occurrence in natural which are important natural material, happening in nature habitat, kertainophilic fungi are divided into three mainly in the form of hairs, wools, feathers, horns, categories: Anthropophilic, when human beings are the hooves, nails, skin and other cornified appendages natural hosts. Zoophilic, when a variety of animals act as constitutes natural baits for these fungi (Khanam and natural hosts. Geophilic, when the soil is the natural Jain , 2002). More than a few researchers have studied habitat (Ali-Shtayeh, 1989; Neetu, 2011; Piontelli, 1990; soil mycoflora with value to keratinophilic fungi in the Vollekova, 1992). past few decades (Al-Musallam 1988; Augt, 1995; Caglar, 2006; Deshmukh, 2008; Garg, 1985; Min, 2011; Ulfig, 1995). Hence it will be significant to analyze and identify the Keratinophilic fungi include a variety of filamentous fungi, mycoflora of school playgrounds, public parks and Zoo mainly comprising hyphomycetes and several other in order to evaluate the presence of keratinophilic fungi taxonomic groups. Hyphomycetes include dermatophytes and dermatophytes in these environments. This paper, and a great variety of non dermatophytic filamentous reports on the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and its fungi (Mukesh and Sharma, 2010).The majority of related dermatophytes in the soils of Hyderabad, India. dermatophytes can live saprophytically and every This would help us know, the distribution and occurrence keratinophilic fungi can be considered as a potential of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi; it will pathogen. Dermatophytes cause human and animal also through light on the risk of human dermatophytosis mycoses and thus have drawn the attention of medical in these regions. *Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] Mobile: +918897724262 1 Int.J.Curr.Biotechnol. Volume 4; Issue 6; June, 2016 Materials and Methods isolated. C.tropicum (28.33%) was the second highest, Collection of soil samples: followed by Aspergillus flavus (25%). In the present A Sum of 60 soil samples was isolated from different study, M. gypseum (16.6%), was the most common locations in Hyderabad (Public parks, playgrounds, dermatophyte isolated followed by T.terrestre (11.6%). Zoological park- in and around animal and Bird However M.canis was isolated only from garden soils of enclosures). Soil samples were composed in sterile Zoo Park. C. zonatum, T. mentagrophytes, Alternaria polyethene bags by scooping up to a depth of 2- 5 cms alternata and Fusarium oxysporum were also isolated with the help of sterile disposable spoon. Each bag was besides other dermatophytes and keratinophilic fungi tightly packed and labeled indicating the site of collection listed in (Table 2). Both the playgrounds (43 isolates) and date. These samples were brought to the laboratory and garden soils (63isolates) were found to be rich and processed immediately and stored at room reservoirs of keratinophilic fungi and dermatophytes. temperature for further studies. Birds and animal enclosures (in and around of enclosures) also showed 19 and 7 isolates respectively. Isolation of keratinophilic fungi Sterile Petri dishes were half filled with methodically Discussion homogenized soil samples. Hair baiting technique was Previously, varied soil habitats have been screened from used for isolating the fungi. The half filled soil samples different countries e.g Iran, Brazil, Kuwait Pakistan, and were moistened with sterile distilled water; the amount India indicating that these groups of fungi are distributed of water added varied from sample to sample, depending worldwide (Al-Musallam, 1995; Da Silva, 2008; Itisha, on the moisture content of the sample. It was then baited 2010; Irshad, 2007; Fozia, 2007). The most frequently with short strands of sterilized human hair. Strands of isolated keratinophilic fungi in this study were human hair were spread uniformly as baits on the surface Chrysosporium indicum, C. tropicum, A flavus, M. of moistened soil samples. The plates were then incubated gypseum and T. terrestre. The high prevalence of these at 28±2o C for a period of 3-4 weeks. Five replicates were fungi from these soils explain that, hair of human and set for each sample (Keyvan Pakshir et al, 2013). animals and feather from birds which come to the soil either as dead or dropped off , serves as substrates and Isolation and Identification are subjected to microbial decomposition. Keratinophilic The hair baited plates were frequently examined for any fungi play a significant role in the natural degradation of fungal growth. Samples of hair showing fungal growth keratinized residues (Irshad, 2007; Sharma, 2003). were cautiously and aseptically chosen up and inoculate Deshmukh and Abdul was obtained 641 isolates from on Sabourauds dextrose agar (SDA) supplement with 125 soil samples of parks from Uttar Pradesh indicating chloramphenicol (0.05 mg/ml) and cycloheximide (0.5 mg/ soils of park to be a rich source of many keratinophilic ml) to make sure the bacterial and saprophytic fungal fungi and dermatophytes tropicum and C. indicum has growth, respectively. Prior to the inoculation on SDA, also been reported from soils (Abdel and Zaki, 2008), the baits were observed microscopically on a spotless isolated C. indicum from fields,animal and birds slide under a covered glass either containing a drop of enclosures, animal hairs and birds feathers also reported sterilized distilled water or any other staining solution large number of keratinophilic fungi from primary schools for any mixed growth. If it exhibited mixed growth, a dilute and public parks of Madras city indicating these soils to suspension of the material was transferred on SDA Petri be a reservoir of diverse fungi (Ramesh and Hilda, 1999). dishes in triplicates. After an incubation of 24 hours, the In our study Aspergillus flavus accounted for the third single germinating spores with initial hyphal growth were postion (25%).It was previously reported as second removed using a sterilized long needle and transfer to dominant species in soils of Gorgan areas in Iran fresh slants of SDA medium. In this way, mixed cultures (Moallaei et al, 2006). Among the dermatophytes, M. were made pure. These fungi were examined gypseum(16.6%) was the most predominant fungi isolated microscopically, identified according to their macro and from all the soils screened . M. gypseum was isolated micro morphological individuality, following the manuals from 13 hospital dust samples and it causes tinea corporis proposed by (Cano, 1990; Van Oorschot, 1980; Vishnu
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