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Politics and Society Between Elections 2019

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Politics and Society Between Elections 2019 POLITICS AND SOCIETY BETWEEN ELECTIONS 2019 1 CENTRECENTRE FORFOR REGIONALREGIONAL POLITICALPOLITICAL ECONOMYECONOMY About Azim Premji University’s Work on Regional Political Economy The Centre for Regional Political Economy (CRPE) is a research centre at Azim Premji University. Its key objectives are to facilitate theoretical and empirical inquiry in regional political economy through its focus areas: regional politics, regional economics, regional cultures, and regional histories. Overarching ‘national’ narratives, while useful to begin with, can be enriched by taking into account the spatial variation across India and the manifest complexities associated with regional formations. CRPE aims to expand our understanding of the analytical concept of ‘region’ in regional political economy, the methodological alternatives appropriate for explaining regional outcomes, and the processes that generate observed outcomes by drawing from disci- plinary perspectives such as anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. Website: https://crpe.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in Twitter: @WeAreCRPE Email: [email protected] © 2018 Azim Premji University. This publication may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching or nonprofit purposes. The publication shall not be used for commercial purposes. Rights are reserved under Creative Common Licence. Any derivative works shall also be protected under the same license. Rights are reserved under Creative Common Licence: Attribution + Non- Commercial + Share Alike. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher. Available from: Azim Premji University PES Campus Pixel Park, B Block Electronics City, Hosur Road (Beside NICE Road) Bengaluru – 560100, India Download from: https://crpe.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in Disclaimer: The analysis and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and may not represent the view of the University. Politics and Society Between Elections Core Team Lokniti : Sanjay Kumar, Suhas Palshikar, Sandeep Shastri Azim Premji University : Siddharth Swaminathan, Sudhir Krishnaswamy, Arjun Jayadev Avisory Member : Ashutosh Varshney Analysis and Writing Azim Premji University : Varsha Aithala, Srikrishna Ayyangar, Malini Bhattacharjee, Geetisha Dasgupta, Sunayana Ganguly, Sushmita Pati, Prateeti Prasad, Siddharth Swaminathan, Asha Venugopalan CSDS-Lokniti : Vibha Attri, Anurag Jain, Sakshi Khemani, Jyoti Mishra, Amrit Negi Research Assistants : Ajay Swaero Palle, Rohan Raj State Coordinators Assam: Dr. Dhurba Pratim Sharma Delhi: Dr. Biswajeet Mohanty Jammu and Kashmir: Dr. Aijaz Ashraf Wani and Dr. Ellora Puri Kerala: Dr. Sajad Ibrahim Mizoram: Dr. Lallian Chunga Nagaland: Dr. Amongla N. Jamir Punjab: Dr. Jagroop Kaur Tamil Nadu: Dr. P. Ramajayam Tripura: Anindya Sarkar Uttar Pradesh: Dr. Shashi Kant Pandey and Dr. Sudhir Khare Uttarakhand: Rakesh Negi West Bengal: Dr. Suprio Basu and Jyotiprasad Chatterjee Design Kshiraja Krishnan, Krithika Santhosh Kumar, Tejas Pande Cover Photo by Tejas Pande Outreach and Communications Sachin Mulay, Radhika Motani, Manjusha Muthiah, Mujahidul Islam Administration Vargheese K. Antony Index List of Figures ................................................................... 02 1. Introduction ................................................................. 08 2. Social Identity ............................................................... 12 2.A / Social Ties ........................................................... 13 2.B / Discrimination and Stereotypes ............................ 36 2.C / Gender ................................................................ 70 3. Political Identity ........................................................... 93 3.A / Freedom of Expression ........................................ 94 3.B / The Strange Case of the Indian Nation : Regional and National ....................................... 114 3.C / Whose Nation is it Anyway? ............................. 126 3.D / Populism ........................................................... 140 4. Political Institutions .................................................... 152 4.A / Ascertaining Citizen Preferences ...................... 153 4.B / The State-Citizen Interface ................................ 160 4.C / Governance ....................................................... 183 4.D / Institutional Trust ............................................... 197 5. Conclusion .................................................................. 220 Annexure ........................................................................ 223 List of Figures Figure 2A.1: Have a close friend who is a: Figure 2A.2: Have a Dalit close friend (by State) Figure 2A.3: Have a Dalit close friend (by Caste and Education Level) Figure 2A.4: Have a Dalit close friend (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.5: Have an Adivasi close friend (by State) Figure 2A.6: Have an Adivasi close friend (by Caste and Education Level) Figure 2A.7: Have an Adivasi close friend (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.8: Have an OBC close friend (by State) Figure 2A.9: Have an OBC close friend (by Caste and Education Level) Figure 2A.10: Have an OBC close friend (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.11: Have an Upper Caste close friend (by State) Figure 2A.12: Have an Upper Caste close friend (by Caste and Education Level) Figure 2A.13: Have an Upper Caste close friend (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.14: Have a Muslim close friend (by State) Figure 2A.15: Have a Muslim close friend (by Religion and Education Level) Figure 2A.16: Have a Muslim close friend (by Religion and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.17: Have a Christian close friend (by State) Figure 2A.18: Have a Christian close friend (by Religion and Education Level) Figure 2A.19: Have a Christian close friend (by Religion and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.20: Have a Hindu close friend (by State) Figure 2A.21: Have a Hindu close friend (by Religion and Education Level) Figure 2A.22: Have a Hindu close friend (by Religion and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.23: Have a close friend of Opposite Gender (by State) Figure 2A.24: Have a close friend of Opposite Gender (by Gender) Figure 2A.25: Have a close friend of Opposite Gender (by Gender and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.26: Preference on caste of leader to get work done (by State) Figure 2A.27: Preference on caste of leader to get work done (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.28: Preference on caste of leader to get work done (by Caste and Economic Class) Figure 2A.29: Preference on leader to get work done (by State) Figure 2A.30: Preference on leader to get work done (by Caste and Rural-Urban) Figure 2A.31: Preference on leader to get work done (by Religion and Economic Class) Figure 2B.1: 10-point scale used for questions on ‘Hardworking or Lazy’ Figure 2B.2: Perceptions about Dalits, Adivasis and Upper Caste as being Lazy or Hardworking Figure 2B.3: Perceptions about Dalits as being Lazy or Hardworking (by State) Figure 2B.4: Perceptions about Dalits as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Caste) Figure 2B.5: Perceptions about Dalits as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Education Level) Figure 2B.6: Perceptions about Adivasis as being Lazy or Hardworking (by State) Figure 2B.7: Perceptions about Adivasis as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Caste) Figure 2B.8: Perceptions about Adivasis as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Education Level) Figure 2B.9: Perceptions about upper Caste as being Lazy or Hardworking (by State) Figure 2B.10: Perceptions about upper Caste as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Caste) Figure 2B.11: Perceptions about upper Caste as being Lazy or Hardworking (by Education Level) Figure 2B.12: Perception of Religious Communities as Unpatriotic or Patriotic Figure 2B.13: Perceptions about Muslims as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by State) Figure 2B.14: Perceptions about Muslims as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by Religion) 2 Figure 2B.15: Perceptions about Christians as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by State) Figure 2B.16: Perceptions about Christians as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by Religion) Figure 2B.17: Perceptions about Hindus as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by State) Figure 2B.18: Perceptions about Hindus as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by Religion) Figure 2B.19: Perceptions about Sikhs as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by State) Figure 2B.20: Perceptions about Sikhs as being Patriotic or Unpatriotic (by Religion) Figure 2B.21: Perception about Religious Communities as Peaceful or Violent Figure 2B.22: Perceptions about Muslims as being Peaceful or Violent (by State) Figure 2B.23: Perceptions about Muslims as being Peaceful or Violent (by Religion) Figure 2B.24: Perceptions about Christians as being Peaceful or Violent (by State) Figure 2B.25: Perceptions about Christians as being Peaceful or Violent (by Religion) Figure 2B.26: Perceptions about Hindus as being Peaceful or Violent (by State) Figure 2B.27: Perceptions about Hindus as being Peaceful or Violent (by Religion) Figure 2B.28: Perceptions about Sikhs as being Peaceful or Violent (by State) Figure 2B.29: Perceptions about Sikhs as being Peaceful or Violent (by Religion) Figure 2B.30: Cause for poverty among Dalits Figure 2B.31: Cause for poverty among Dalits (by State) Figure 2B.32: Cause for poverty among Dalits (by Caste) Figure 2B.33: Cause for poverty among Adivasis Figure 2B.34: Cause for poverty among Adivasis (by State) Figure 2B.35: Cause for poverty among Adivasis (by
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