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Vol.9, No.1, January 2015 ISSN 1992–4399 New HorizoNs Focal Issue on Socio-Psychological Public Policy Research Journal Faculty of Social Sciences Karachi – PaKistan www.greenwich.pk Journal of New Horizons, Vol. 9, No.1, January 2015 Notes for Contributors Greenwich University, Karachi- Pakistan, publishes the Journal of New Horizons twice a year. Contributions to the journal may be papers of original research in the area of Social Sciences as Sociology, Social Work, Public Administration, Political Science, Criminology, Mass Communication, etc. The research papers submitted for publication in the Journal should not have been previously published or scheduled for publication in any other journal. Manuscripts The journal accepts research articles, book reviews and case studies written in English. The manuscript should be written (double-spaced, with ample margins) on left side of the paper only. Two copies of the manuscripts along with soft copy should be submitted. Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the APA – Publication Manual (6th Ed). All manuscripts shall be preliminary evaluated by the editorial board and peer reviewed by the Evaluation Committee. Allow two months for publication decision and upto one year for publication. tables Tables should be reduced to the simplest form and should not be used where text or illustrations give the same information. They should be typed on separate sheets at the end of the text and must in no case be of a size or form that will not conveniently fit onto the Journal page size. Units of measurement should always be clearly stated in the column headings; any dates relevant to the tabulated information should be stated in the table title or in the appropriate column heading. illustrations Figures including both line drawings and photographs should be numbered consecutively in the order which are cited in the text. The approximate position of tables and figures should be indicated in the manuscript. units Units should follow the metric system. Yield or rate is expressed in metric tons/hectare or kg/hectare. Any reference to currency should be expressed in U.S. dollar or the equivalent to a local currency stated in a footnote. offprint Free copies of the offprint will be given to each contributing author(s). Additional copies may be obtained on payment. correspondence Contribution and correspondence should be addressed to the Editor, Journal of New Horizon: For sending soft copy use e-mail address <[email protected]> and for hard copy “Greenwich University, DK-10, 38 Street, Darakshan, Phase VI, Defense Housing Authority, Karachi-75500”. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. ii New HorizoNs Patron Ms. seema Mughal, T.i. Vice-Chancellor Greenwich University Karachi, Pakistan editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. A.Q. Mughal Research Professor Greenwich University Karachi, Pakistan editor arshad syed Karim, Ph.D. Professor and Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences & Graduate Studies Greenwich University Karachi, Pakistan assistant editor Ms amrat haq Greenwich University Karachi, Pakistan Designed & composed abdul Kalam Greenwich University Karachi, Pakistan Published Bi-Annually by Greenwich University, Karachi, Pakistan Greenwich University, DK-10, 38 Street, Darakshan, Phase VI, DHA, Karachi-75500 Telephone: +9221-3584-0397/98, +9221-3584-7662, Fax: +9221-3585-1910, UAN: +9221-111-202-303 E-mail: [email protected], URL: www.greenwichuniversity.edu.pk Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2015, ISSN: 1992-4399 Printed in Pakistan by Sardar Sons Printers, Pakistan Chowk, Karachi Tel: +9221-3262-6984 Disclaimer: Greenwich University or Editorial Board does not accept responsibility for the statements, contents, opinions expressed or the conclusions drawn by the contributors in this journal. iii New Horizons, Vol.9, No.1, 2015, editorial Board international Dr. ishtiaq ahmed, Professor Emeritus, Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden Dr. sahar al-Majali, Professor, Islamic Studies, McGill University, Canada Dr. Miles. L. bradbury, Professor, History, University of Maryland, U.S.A Dr. christopher candland, Associate Professor, Political Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA, USA Dr. esma nur cinicioglu, Associate Professor, University of Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Vasila hajiyeva, Professor, Political Science, Western University, Azerbaijan Dr. robert hefner, Professor, Political Science, Boston University, USA Dr. nasir islam, Professor, Governance & Public Policy, University of Ottawa, Canada Dr. Mehtab s. Karim, Research Professor, George Mason University, USA Dr, Margarita Kefalaki, Professor, Media and Communication, Free University, Greece Dr. charles Kennedy, Professor, Political Science, Wake Forest University, North Caroline USA Dr. Davorin Kralj, Professor, Management Sciences, University of Primorska, Slovenia Dr. ashutosh Mohanty, Visiting Faculty, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic Dr. nikki Phillips, Professor, Adult Education, Hellenic Open University, Greece Dr. hoda rizk, Professor, Political Studies, Lebanese University, Lebanon Dr. abbas Keshavarz shokri, Professor, Political Science and Sociology, Shahed University, Iran Dr. theodor Wright, Professor Emritus, Political Science, SUNY, Al-Bany, NY, USA national Dr. azra anjum, Former Professor, Political Science, University of Karachi Dr. naudir bakht, Director, Political Studies, Minhaj University, Lahore Dr. akhtar baloch, Professor & Head Department, Public Administration Department, University of Karachi Dr. shakeel Farooqi, Professor, Economics, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore Dr. Fareeda Faisal, Associate Professor, Economics, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Dr. syed humayun, Professor, Political Science, University of Karachi, Karachi Dr. nasira Jabeen, Professor and Director, Institute of Administrative Science, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. abu-rashid Jafri, Eminent Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. umbreen Javed, Professor and Chairman, Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. tanweer Khalid, Dean of Social Sciences and Management Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi Dr. aslam Pervez, Professor and Head, Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro iv Dr. hasan askari rizvi, Professor Emritus, Political Science, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. rasul bakhsh rais, Director General, Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad Dr. uzma shujaat, Professor and Director, Area Study Center Europe, University of Karachi Dr. naveed ahmad tahir, Former Professor and Director, Area Study Center Europe, University of Karachi Dr. Muhammad Wasim, Professor, Political Science, LUMS, Lahore Dr. shahida Wizarat, Professor and Head, Economics, IoBM Karachi reviewers Dr. ishtiaq ahmed, Professor Emeritus, Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden Dr. akhtar baloch, Professor and Head, Department of Public Administration, University of Karachi Dr. naudir bakht, Director, Political Studies, Minhaj University, Lahore Dr. Miles. L. bradbury, Professor, History, University of Maryland, U.S.A Dr. esma nur cinicioghi, Associate Professor, Istanbol University, Turkey Dr. abu-rashid Jafri, Eminent Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. syed humayun, Retired Professor, Public Administration, University of Karachi, Karachi Dr. Khalid Mahmood iraqi, Professor and Dean, Mnagement Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi Dr. nasir islam, Professor, Governance & Public Policy, University of Ottawa, Canada Dr. nasira Jabeen, Director, Institute of Administrative Science, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. Margarita Kefalaki, Professor, Media and Communications, Free University, Athens, Greece Dr. syed Jawaid Murtaza, MD, FAASM, Assistant Professor, Psychiatry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Professor sajjad naseer, Seminar Fellow at the Lahore School of Economics, Lahore Dr. sayyid salman rizavi, Assistant Professor, University of Punjab, Lahore Dr. abuzar Wajdi, Meritorious Professor and Former Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Karachi Dr. nabeel ahmed Zubairi, Professor, Sociology, University of Karachi, Karachi v New Horizons, Vol.9, No.1, 2015, about the contributors tabassum afzal has master degrees in Education and Urdu. She is a Ph.D scholar in Karachi University. She is serving as lecturer in Government College of Education, Karachi. Prior to joining the college she has served in Sindh Education Foundation, Shirkat Gah and Aga Khan University for several development projects. Dr. istiaq ahmed is presently a visiting Professor, LUMS, Pakistan. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Stockholm University; and Honorary Senior Fellow, Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. His book, The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2012, won the Best Non-Fiction Book Prize at the 2013 Karachi Literature Festival and the 2013 UBL-Jang Groups Best Non-Fiction Book Prize at Lahore. His latest book is, Pakistan: The Garrison State, Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947-2011), Oxford, 2013. Dr. Manzoor ahmed is an Assistant Professor of Economics and the acting Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Management, and Information Technology at Lasbela University, Pakistan. Dr. Ahmed also works as the Director of Academics and Advanced Studies at Lasbela University. He has ten years of teaching and

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