DOCSLIB.ORG

Minimum Temperature Cycles in Florida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

3. Dillon, D. F. 1981. Propagating dwarf citrus with hydronic radiant ples and Practices. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. heated benches. Combined Proc. Int. Plant Propagators' Soc, Four 9. Jauhari, O. S. and S. F. Rahman. 1959. Further investigations on Winds Growers, Fremont, Calif. rooting in cuttings of sweet lime (Citrus limettoides) Tanaka. Sci. Cult. 4. Dore, J. 1953. Seasonal variation in the regeneration of root cuttings. 24:432-434. Nature. 172:1189. 10. Johnston, J. C, K. W. Opitz, and E. F. Frolich. 1959. Citrus propaga 5. Ford, H. W. 1957. A method of propagating citrus rootstock clones tion. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 475. by leaf bud cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:204-207. 11. Kossuth, S. V., R. H. Biggs, P. G. Webb, and K. M. Porter. 1981. 6. Gates, C. T., D. Bouma, and H. Groenewegen. 1961. The develop Rapid propagation techniques for fruit crops. Proc. Fla. State Hort. ment of cuttings of the Washington navel orange to the stage of fruit Soc. 94:323-328. set. I. The development of the rooted cutting. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 12. Platt, R. G. and K. W. Opitz. 1973. The propagation of citrus, p. 12:1050-1065. 4-47. In: W. Reuther (ed.). The citrus industry Vol. III. Univ. of 7. Halma, F. F. 1931. The propagation of citrus by cuttings. Hilgardia. Calif., Berkeley. 6:131-157. 13. Umarov, A. Raising lemon transplants from softwood cuttings. 1985. 8. Hartmann, H. T. and D. E. Kester. 1983. Plant Propagation: Princi Hort. Abstr. 55:1513. Proc Fla. State Hort. Soc. 98:42-46. 1985. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE CYCLES IN FLORIDA E. Chen and J. F. Gerber and 7-10 Feb. 1895) occurred. They " . destroyed more Fruit Crops Department, IFAS property than any other freeze in the history of the state University of Florida . ." (5, 16). The freeze of 1899 (Jacksonville minimum Gainesville, FL 32611 temperature, -12°C) killed many trees in north central Florida and was instrumental in movement of groves Additional index words. Climatology, trend, freeze, time southward. Next came the 11 and 13 Dec. 1962 freeze, series. which was recorded as the most severe freeze of this cen tury (10) until another pair of freezes occurred on Dec. Abstract. Time series formed from 88 years (1898-1985) of 1983 and Jan. 1985. Thus, available historical records of minimum temperature observations from Jacksonville, Ocala, citrus culture indicate at least 3 periods of 60 to 70 years Clermont, Bartow, Arcadia, Fort Myers, and Miami, and 151 in the recent past when the temperature environment was years (1835-1985) of annual minimum temperatures from supportive to citrus cultivation in north central Florida: Jacksonville were analyzed. Trends, patterns, and possible the St. Augustine area (pre 1835), the Palatka area (1835- cycles and periodicities of the time series were identified. 1899), then movement southward (post 1899). Now there Linear correlations among the seven stations were calculated is doubt about citrus cultivation in Marion County. to determine the change of minimum temperatures with This study analyzes the long term records of absolute latitude and distance to coast. Our present position in the minimum temperatures in Florida for 7 cities in interior time series is compared to similar situations in the past to and coastal locations. The purpose is to identify trends infer possible future minimum temperatures. and periodicities for short term prediction and future planning. Analyses were done on the long term annual data from Jacksonville, and statistical correlations were em Extreme low temperature events have large negative ployed to show the change of minimum temperature in impacts on horticulture. Extreme events which occur back the peninsula. Seasonal minimum temperatures were to back are even more devastating. An example is the 25 selected for this study because of their critical importance Dec. 1983 freeze (8) which was followed 13 months later to horticulture. Some points in the time series may reach by the 21 Jan. 1985 freeze (9). Four severe freezes occur the observed value for as little as 1 to 2 hours out of the red during the past 5 winters (1980-81 to 1984-85); the entire season (1 Nov. to 15 Mar.) or the annual calendar one winter without a severe freeze was the 1982-83 season. year (1 Jan. to 31 Dec). This recent cluster of freezes raised questions concerning possible short-term changes in the temperature regime in Materials and Methods the Florida peninsula. Historical observations appeared to indicate that these events tend to occur in cycles and with Time series formed from absolute seasonal minimum some periodicities (5). Citrus products (fresh fruit and temperatures (1898-1985) from Jacksonville, Ocala, Cler juice) were exported from the St. Augustine area as early mont, Bartow, Arcadia, Fort Myers, and Miami were as 1778 (6, 20). Many trees in the area were 100-years-old analyzed. In addition, a longer period (151 years) of an (7) when the freeze of 7-8 Feb. 1835 struck—" . there nual minimum temperature (1835-1985) from Jacksonville came a frost, a killing frost, which destroyed every orange, were also used. The cities were selected on the basis of the lime, and lemon tree in Florida, a circumstance which length and completeness of their temperature records and could not have been foreseen, as such a thing had never their locations in the peninsula to give spatial and coastal before occurred ..." (7). The point is there was a period representation. The annual data from Jacksonville were of some 50-100 years where minimum temperatures were compiled from 1835-1905 (14) and from Climatological mild enough to support citrus cultivation in the St. Augus Data for Florida (4). Data before about 1897 were deemed tine area. Then 2 back-to-back freezes (27-28 Dec. 1894 reliable but unofficial. Seasonal data are more suitable for analysis because the annual accounting method separates Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Services No. 6904. observations in a season into 2 calendar years. A long series 42 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 98: 1985. Table 1. Linear regression of seasonal observations and correlation of each city with its nearest neighbor (NN) and with Jacksonville (Jax). JflCKSONVILLE RNNURL TEMPERflTURE The correlation between annual and seasonal observations of each city is also shown (Ann). Linear regress, Linear correlation with City Slope r NN Jax Ann Jacksonville -.029 -.255** 1.00 1.00 0.62 Ocala -.004 -.042 0.83 0.83 0.36 Clermont -.021 -.214** 0.82 0.88 0.61 Bartow -.003 -.030 0.80 0.72 0.48 Arcadia -.038 -.385** 0.67 0.67 0.63 Fort Myers -.018 -.207 0.75 0.76 0.51 Miami .000 .000 0.77 0.70 0.60 1635 1855 1875 1695 1915 1935 1955 1975 of seasonal observations is not available but is needed for YEfiRS cycle analyses. The average correlation between seasonal Fig. 1. Annual minimum temperatures from 1835 to 1985. The hori and annual data for the 7 stations is 0.54 (Table 1). The zontal dash line is the mean of the observations, the continuous straight correlation points out the difference between annual and line is the linear trend, the smooth line is the 5-year weighted running seasonal data which are subsets of one set of observations. average. Black triangles indicate periods in the observations where the Comparison of seasonal and annual data for ten stations standard deviation remained less than 1.0 over 4 and 5 consecutive years. in the United States show an average of 5% in decadal variance (18). Missing data were extrapolated linearly fol tracted from an observed point and the square of the dif lowing the method of Brooks and Carruthers (2). ference summed to obtain a variance. Cycles with the smal During the 88-year period every station had experi lest variance, the "best fit" were kept. Cycles which were enced relocation. Relocations were generally to airports kept were tested for amplitudes of the coefficients until and rural agricultural stations where temperatures are another "best fit" was obtained. These were combined and generally lower. In addition, Jacksonville, Fort Myers, and used to estimate the expected seasonal temperature as a Miami probably also experienced urban effects (3). Urban function of time for each location (Fig. 3). effects produce an average warming trend of 0.0006°C/yr. (11, 15) or a total of 0.05°C from 1900 to 1985. Approxi Results and Discussion mately 30% of the stations also changed observation times from AM to PM, which can produce a cold bias of about Trend. An advective freeze, following our definition, 0.3°C for a 50 year (1931-1985) period (11). generally occurred in a "valley" — an observation lower The annual and seasonal absolute minimum tempera than its 2 neighbors (Fig. 2). Advective freezes exemplify tures are plotted in Figs. 1 and 2. The dashed line is the worst conditions in this series of minimum temperatures; mean of the period. The continuous straight line is the approximately 75% are found below the mean of annual linear least square trend. The thick line is a weighted run minima. Only 2 advective freezes occurred in November; ning average of 5 years; it was applied to smooth the data these were the two mildest of the advective freezes. Each and to remove noise. Each open circle represents a advective freeze is an indirect indication of the penetration minimum temperature (Fig. 2) which occurred in all 7 sta of the polar front through the Florida peninsula and the tions within ± 1 day of one another. This is the criterion lack of energy in the southern region to block it.
Recommended publications
  • Granville Brian Chetwynd-Staplyton

    Granville Brian Chetwynd-Staplyton

    Granville Brian Chetwynd-Staplyton How can I make you acquainted, I wonder? Above middle height, [5’8”] straight and square, fair hair, blue eyes, small fair moustache, a handsome face with a grave expression and altogether of an aristocratic appearance, and no wonder, for this family trace their descent from before the Conquest. He is rather quiet to outsiders but I don't find him so. I think we are something alike in some things, for instance most people think us both very reserved, excepting those who know us best. [Elizabeth Chetwynd- Stapylton to her sister March 1, 1886] It stretches one’s mind to believe that the mastermind behind the development of an English Colony near the western border of present Lake County, Florida in early 1882, was an ambitious, energetic 23 year-old English entrepreneur and a pioneer of dogged determination, Granville Brian Chetwynd-Stapylton. Granville Brian Chetwynd-Stapylton Stapylton, the youngest of four children, was born December 11, 1858, to William and Elizabeth Briscoe Tritton Chetwynd-Stapylton. His father was then the vicar of Old Malden Church, also known as St. John the Baptist Church, Surrey, London, England. Given the surname it should come as no surprise that this family is found in Burke's Peerage, Barontage and Knightage , a major royal, aristocratic and historical reference book. Granville descends from Sir Robert Constable, Knight of Flamborough (1423-1480). Although his father was an Oxford graduate Granville chose Haileybury College where, as an honor student, his interests were drama and geology. He is enumerated as a commercial clerk to a colonial broker in London in the 1881 English census along with his father, his sister Ella, a brother Frederick, a cook, a parlourmaid, a housemaid and a coachman.
  • Ten Years of Winter: the Cold Decade and Environmental

    Ten Years of Winter: the Cold Decade and Environmental

    TEN YEARS OF WINTER: THE COLD DECADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE EARLY 19 TH CENTURY by MICHAEL SEAN MUNGER A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of History and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Michael Sean Munger Title: Ten Years of Winter: The Cold Decade and Environmental Consciousness in the Early 19 th Century This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of History by: Matthew Dennis Chair Lindsay Braun Core Member Marsha Weisiger Core Member Mark Carey Institutional Representative and Scott L. Pratt Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2017 ii © 2017 Michael Sean Munger iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Michael Sean Munger Doctor of Philosophy Department of History June 2017 Title: Ten Years of Winter: The Cold Decade and Environmental Consciousness in the Early 19 th Century Two volcanic eruptions in 1809 and 1815 shrouded the earth in sulfur dioxide and triggered a series of weather and climate anomalies manifesting themselves between 1810 and 1819, a period that scientists have termed the “Cold Decade.” People who lived during the Cold Decade appreciated its anomalies through direct experience, and they employed a number of cognitive and analytical tools to try to construct the environmental worlds in which they lived. Environmental consciousness in the early 19 th century commonly operated on two interrelated layers.
  • Mark Howard Long Instructor University of Central Florida 100 Weldon Blvd., PC #3013 Sanford, FL 32773 407.708.2816 ______

    Mark Howard Long Instructor University of Central Florida 100 Weldon Blvd., PC #3013 Sanford, FL 32773 407.708.2816 ______

    Mark Howard Long Instructor University of Central Florida 100 Weldon Blvd., PC #3013 Sanford, FL 32773 407.708.2816 ____________________________________________________________ AFFILIATION Instructor, University of Central Florida, History Department. PROFESSIONAL FEILDS U. S. History: American South, Frontier/Borderlands, Maritime, Labor, Florida. EDUCATION 2007 Ph. D. Loyola University, Chicago. History 2005 M.A. Loyola University, Chicago. History 1984 B.A., Auburn University. Political Science. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION Book Chapters: “„A Decidedly Mutinous Spirit‟: The „Labor Problem‟ in the Postbellum South as an Exercise of Free Labor; a Case Study of Sanford, Florida;” in Florida’s Labor and Working Class Past: Three Centuries of Work in the Sunshine State, eds. Melanie Shell-Weiss and Robert Cassanello, The University Press of Florida, 2008. Reviews: "Tampa Bay History Center." Journal of American History (June 2010). “History for the Twenty First Century: The 114th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association.” International Labor and Working Class History No. 58, Fall 2000. Encyclopedia Entries: “Gurnee, IL,” entry for the Encyclopedia of Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004. Conference Papers: "'Another Kind of Slavery': Maritime Mobility and Unfree Labor in a New South Context," Southern Historical Association, October 2011 (forthcoming). "Banana Republic or Margaritaville?: Jimmy Buffett's Greater Caribbean as a Libidinal Space," Sea Music Symposium, Mystic Seaport, June 2011. "Surfing Florida: A Public History," National Council of Public History, April 2011. "Reconstruction/Re-creation/Recreation: Remaking Florida's Postbellum Frontier," Western Historical Association, October 2010. "A Cautionary Tale: Monocrop Agriculture and Development in Florida in the Postbellum Period," Agricultural History Society, June 2010. "Creating the Sunshine State: Maritime Tourism in Florida in the Nineteenth Century," Maritime in the Humanities, October 2009.
  • Local Mitigation Strategy

    Local Mitigation Strategy

    E LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY WALTON COUNTY 2020 Update Local Mitigation Strategy Table of Contents LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY 8 1.2 BENEFITS 8 2.0 LMS PLANNING PROCESS 9 2.1 STRATEGY PREPARATION AND ORGANIZATION 10 2.2 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 11 2.3 COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES 12 2.4 PLANNING PROCESS 13 2.4.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ESTIMATION 13 2.4.2 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 13 2.4.3 DEVELOPING HAZARD MITIGATION INITIATIVES 14 2.4.4 DEVELOPING THE LOCAL MITIGATION ACTION PLAN 14 2.4.5 APPROVAL OF THE CURRENT EDITION OF THE STRATEGY 14 2.4.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF APPROVED MITIGATION INITIATIVES 14 3.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT 15 3.1 COUNTY PROFILE 16 3.2 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 18 3.3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 19 3.3.1 FEDERAL DISASTER DECLARATIONS 20 3.3.2 NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: STORM EVENTS DATA 21 3.4 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW 22 3.4.1 ASSETS, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND CRITICAL FACILITIES 22 3.4.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES 22 3.4.3 BUILDING DATA 23 3.4.4 HAZARD RANKING 24 3.5 HAZARD PROFILES 26 3.5.1 DAM FAILURE 26 DESCRIPTION 26 LOCATION 27 EXTENT 29 2 NOTE: * INDICATES THAT FDEP CLASSIFIES THESE DAMS AS HIGH HAZARD DAMS. N/A INDICATES THE INFORMATION WAS NOT AVAILABLE. 33 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES 33 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS 34 VULNERABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT 34 3.5.2 EPIDEMIC / PANDEMIC 36 DESCRIPTION 36 LOCATION AND EXTENT 37 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES 38 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS 39 VULNERABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Florida and Climate Change the Costs of Inaction

    Florida and Climate Change the Costs of Inaction

    FLORIDA AND CLIMATE CHANGE THE COSTS OF INACTION ELIZABETH A. STANTON FRANK ACKERMAN Tufts University November 2007 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY n July 2007, Governor Charlie Crist established greenhouse gas emission targets for the state of Florida, including an 80 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2050. Although achieving Ithis target will involve nontrivial expenditures, the failure to avert severe climate change would have even more severe consequences for Florida, in cold hard cash as well as human and ecolog - ical impacts. Arguments against strong action to combat climate change often implicitly assume that inac - tion would be cost-free — that we can chose a future without significant impacts from climate change even if emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to grow unchecked. But the overwhelming scientific consensus now holds that this rosy assumption is sim - ply wrong, and that the more greenhouse gases are released, the worse the consequences will be. The stakes are high, the risks of disastrous climate impacts are all too real, and waiting for more information is likely to mean waiting until it is too late to protect ourselves and our de - scendants. If a bad outcome is a real risk — and run-away greenhouse gas emissions lead to a very bad outcome indeed — isn’t it worth buying insurance against it? We buy fire insurance for our homes, even though any one family is statistically unlikely to have a fire next year. Young adults often buy life insurance, out of concern for their families, even though they are very unlikely to die next year.
  • Reminiscences of Early Plant Introduction Work in South Florida

    Reminiscences of Early Plant Introduction Work in South Florida

    Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 51:11-33. 1938. REMINISCENCES OF EARLY PLANT INTRODUCTION WORK IN SOUTH FLORIDA DR. DAVID FAIRCHILD Coconut Grove To look back fifty years and put into words anything but tiny pictures of one's life is almost an impossible undertaking. The difficulty of the task is not, as I once thought it would be, made lighter by accumulations of written notes and photographs. Here in The Kampong the shelves are filled with albums and travel reports dating back to the earliest days of my visits to Florida. Hundreds of tiny red note books record the events of each week. The printed Inventories of Plant Introductions cover an entire shelf and in them I can find the stories of over 100,000 shipments of seeds or plants which since 1898 have come into America to contribute their part towards the making of a different agriculture from that of the Old World which traces its history back to the men and women of the Stone Age. What he was like we do not exactly know—the man and his wife who came from somewhere across the land bridge which connected Asia and America, but we do know that he brought with him his dog, for dog skeletons are mingled with his own in the caves and other remains of his early occupancy of this continent. He was a hunter. That he did not bring seeds of any cultivated plants is probable, for when Columbus landed there were nowhere to be found cultivated crops such as had come down through the ages of European history and were the basis of European cultures such as rice, wheat, barley, etc.
  • Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida

    Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida

    CLIMATE-SENSITIVE HAZARDS IN FLORIDA Identifying and Prioritizing Threats to Build Resilience against Climate Effects Christopher T. Emrich, Daniel P. Morath, Gregg C. Bowser, and Rachel Reeves, Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute This report was produced under contract for the Florida Department of Health. This project was supported by an award from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant number U5UE1EH001047-02, Building Community Resilience in Florida through Adaptation and Mitigation). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page ii of xi TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi 1. Project Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Hurricane Storm Surge, Winds, and Rising Sea Level ............................................................ 8 Heat, Drought, and Wildfires ..................................................................................................10 Priority Climate-Sensitive Threats ..........................................................................................11 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................13
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Octopus’s Garden: Railroads, Citrus Agriculture, and the Emergence of Southern California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rr152hg Author Jenkins, Benjamin Publication Date 2016 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Octopus’s Garden: Railroads, Citrus Agriculture, and the Emergence of Southern California A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Benjamin Thomas Jenkins June 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Clifford E. Trafzer, Chairperson Dr. Larry E. Burgess Dr. Rebecca Kugel Copyright by Benjamin Thomas Jenkins 2016 The Dissertation of Benjamin Thomas Jenkins is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements Upon reflection, writing a dissertation seems not unlike summiting Mount Everest. The thrill of the challenge empowers the would-be climber at first, but soon the sheer enormity of the task overwhelms the senses. Only with the guidance of intellectual, emotional, and spiritual supporters does one have any hope of reaching the dissertation’s peak. Countless historians have written about agriculture and transportation in the American West, and many have focused specifically on topics pertaining to this study. Richard Orsi’s Sunset Limited, William Deverell’s Railroad Crossing, Donovan Hofsommer’s Southern Pacific, Ward McAfee’s California’s Railroad Era, and Keith Bryant’s History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway have all shaped my understanding of the roles of railroads in the Golden State.
  • "Liquid" Sunshine State by Melissa Griffin, Assistant State Climatologist

    "Liquid" Sunshine State by Melissa Griffin, Assistant State Climatologist

    Florida . The "Liquid" Sunshine State By Melissa Griffin, Assistant State Climatologist and Florida CoCoRaHS Coordinator Climate is Florida's most important physical resource, a fact well recognized by its citizens, whose state government officially designated it the Sunshine State in 1970. Florida is mainly a long peninsula, and with the exception of the northwestern part of the state, no place is more than 80 miles from both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. This proximity to water has an impact on both temperatures and precipitation across the state. The Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico act as major modifiers of the state's temperature during all seasons, but particularly in the winter. During Florida's coldest month (January), average temperatures range from the lower 50s in the north to the upper 60s in the south. The mild temperatures give way to the "dog days of summer," when average temperatures across the entire state are about the same (lower 80s). Florida's summer high temperatures can be extremely draining, even though Florida experiences far fewer days of 100F days than most other states. This is because Florida is among the wettest states in the nation and its atmosphere is so humid that its summers are among the most uncomfortable. Despite these typical temperature patterns, Florida has had its fair share of extremes. The state record for minimum temperature is -2F set in Tallahassee, Florida, on February 13, 1899, while the hottest temperature recorded in the state was 109F on June 29, 1931, in Monticello, Florida. Oddly enough, the two record-holding stations are only 25 miles apart.
  • The Role of Winter Climatic Zones in Florida Freezes

    The Role of Winter Climatic Zones in Florida Freezes

    Proc. Fla. State Hart. Soc. 99:9-13. 1986. THE ROLE OF WINTER CLIMATIC ZONES IN FLORIDA FREEZES J. F. Gerber and E. Chen maritime subtropical air mass plays an important role in University of Florida, IFAS blocking the incoming cold air, then perhaps we could ex Fruit Crops Department pect a buffered, narrow stopping zone for the cold air. In Gainesville, Florida 32611 fact, there is no good method to estimate the stopping place of an air mass except indirectly, through events oc curring at the, surface as a result of the passage of the air Additional index words. Cold protection, acclimation. mass, which then allow us to infer some properties of the air mass. An example of this is the freeze of 21 January Abstract The Florida peninsula stretches for 5° latitude cover 1985 in which "Interstate 4" appeared to be the "dividing ing temperate to subtropical climatic zones. It is not uncom line" (zone): north of which citrus was severely damaged mon to find maximum temperatures greater than 27°C (80°F) (Lake County) and south of which citrus was relatively un occuring somewhere in Florida during the winter months of damaged (Polk County). Hence, we inferred from the December, January, and February. Thus, each winter Florida damages at the ground (citrus) that the boundary of the becomes a meeting ground beetween intruding polar air mas incoming cold air mass appeared to be so distinct as to ses and native, warm and humid subtropical air masses. As cause the damage zone to be well defined. If this premise a result, crop survival each winter depends not only on the is also not true, then acclimation and preconditioning of temperatures of the intruding air masses but also on the pre citrus would have to be examined carefully as a factor pro conditioning from the native subtropical air masses; and fi ducing the extensive damage north of "Interstate 4".
  • Enviroscaping1

    Enviroscaping1

    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EES101 Enviroscaping1 Joan Bradshaw and Linda Tozer2 HOME LANDSCAPING: welcome relief from uncomfortably warm HISTORICALLY temperatures. Historically, landscaping has played an In colder climates, landscape materials were used important role in modifying the home environment. to direct bitter winter winds. Houses were often built To survive, Native Americans and early settlers beneath a protective canopy of trees which provided designed shelters that offered protection from the shelter from the chilling effects of snow and rain. most severe conditions imaginable. Until the These early northern builders wanted to keep in the invention of mechanical heating and cooling systems, heat while fending off the cold. Small windows were man was dependent upon his ability to change or carefully placed to encourage the warming effect of modify his surroundings. the sun. Choosing a good location was also important to survival. Areas which had a ready supply of mature An instinct for survival may have been the trees and shrubs helped new communities to establish driving force which taught settlers to use landscape themselves more quickly. Early community planning materials to improve the effects of these harsh very clearly showed colonial man's respect for nature conditions. In southern territories, it was important to and its forces. keep out the sun while encouraging cool breezes. Florida, with its moist, hot climate presented an LIVING IN FLORIDA: CLIMATE especially difficult challenge for settlers. To Florida is the vacation capital of the U.S. encourage air flow, these early settlers designed very open homes and used trees and other landscape providing a playground for 37 million tourists each year.
  • Grapefruit: History, Use, and Breeding Portant Agricultural Commodity

    Grapefruit: History, Use, and Breeding Portant Agricultural Commodity

    Barbados to its development as an im- Grapefruit: History, Use, and Breeding portant agricultural commodity. We review the progress and fluctuations Eliezer S. Louzada1 and Chandrika Ramadugu2 in production and market aspects. Be- cause grapefruit is valued as a highly nutritious fruit, we will discuss the sig- ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. biotechnology, drug interaction, mutation breeding, nificant health benefits associated with natural mutation, protoplast, somatic hybrids it. Interaction of grapefruit with cer- SUMMARY. Grapefruit [Citrus 3aurantium (synonym C. 3paradisi)] is an tain commonly used drugs has been important citrus commodity that originated in Barbados in the 17th century. reported; we examine the mode of in- Citrus Grapefruit is the youngest member of the genus . Most commercially teractions and address this concern. important grapefruit cultivars arose through natural and induced mutations, not The first commercial cultivation traditional breeding, of the white-fleshed and seedy Duncan grapefruit. Now, cultivars with a range of flesh colors exist; the pigmentation is correlated with of grapefruit occurred less than 200 lycopene content. A bud sport mutant of grapefruit discovered in Texas has a years ago. The original grapefruit tree deep golden-colored flesh, significantly different from the typical reddish produced very seedy fruit with white pigmentation. In this review, we discuss grapefruit’s journey from its origin in flesh; however, today, several different Barbados and its global establishment including production, marketing,