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Cec1985-3101.Pdf by Guest on 23 September 2021 ASME 1985 Citrus Engineering Conference CEC1985 March 28, 1985, Lakeland, Florida, USA CEC1985-3101 Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/CES/proceedings-pdf/CEC1985/99724/1/2370541/cec1985-3101.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 Jodie D. Whitney FLORIDA CITRUS FREEZE LOSSES AND RECOVERY IN THE FIELD BY Jodie D. Whitney IFAS, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center 700 Experiment Station Road Lake Alfred, Florida 33850 INTRODUCTION Freezes have had and will continue to have a significant impact on the conduct of the Florida citrus industry. A viable industry and all its associated suppliers and services depend very heavily on the consistent and continued production of fruit in the field. The main reason that fruit production has been inconsistent is the fruit and tree losses associated with damaging freezes. This paper will discuss a brief history of the freezes, the economics of several options of rehabilitating freeze-damaged trees, and cultural practices, etc. in the field which can minimize freeze losses. HISTORY OF FREEZES There have been many freezes that have affected the Florida citrus industry and the ultimate concern is their effect on fruit production. Citrus production had reached an all time high of more than 5 million boxes when the Great Freeze of 1894-95 almost wiped out the industry (5)*. It was not until 1909-10 that this level of fruit production was again reached, after which the production began to steadily increase. Figure 1 shows Florida citrus production and bearing acreage from 1919-20 Acknowledgement - The author wishes to thank Jane Wilson for her assistance in preparation of the figures in this paper. *Numbers in parenthesis refer to appended references. Published with permission. through 1983-84 (3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Production increased fairly steadily from 13.9 million boxes to a peak of 283.6 million boxes in 1979-80, and then declined to 166.1 million boxes in 1983-84. Bearing acreage increased from about 80,000 in 1919-20 to a peak of over 849,000 in 1970-71, and decreased to under 643,000 in 1983-84. Most of the significant interruptions in the upward trend in production and bearing acreage have been the result of 7 damaging freezes in the past 3 decades. In chronological order, these freezes occurred on December 13,1957; December 13, 1962; February 26, 1967; January 18, 1977; January 13, 1981; January 12, 1982; and December 25, 1983. The January 21, 1985 freeze could certainly be classified as damaging, but will not be discussed here because of Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/CES/proceedings-pdf/CEC1985/99724/1/2370541/cec1985-3101.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 inadequate information at the time this paper was written. The 7 freezes prior to 1985 caused substantial reductions in fruit production while only the 1957,1962, and 1983 freezes caused what might be termed substantial reductions in bearing acreage. Some of the losses in acreage between 1970-71 and 1982-83 could be attributed to freeze damage, but were also due to commercial development, tree declines, and other factors. Why were the losses associated with freezes so different? Was it the minimum temperatures? Figure 2 shows a brief history of the daily minimum temperatures recorded just prior to and including the freeze dates at Lake Alfred 48). These temperature records are not meant to represent the average of those expe- rienced by the entire Florida citrus industry, but represent temperatures near the center of the citrus producing area, and will suffice for this discussion. Based on minimum temperature, the 1962 freeze should have caused the greatest losses with the lowest minimum temperature of 16°F. This was 4" below any of the other freezes. Acreage lost during 1962-63 from the 1962 freeze was only slightly more than half that lost during 1983-84 from the 1983 freeze with a 22°F minimum temperature. Fruit loss in 1962-63, however, was about50°/~more than that in 1983-84. These losses or reductions are in each case with reference to records from the previous season. These 2 freezes were the worst in terms of tree or acreage loss. A comparison of 7 freezes is made in Figure 2. Note the horizontal line at 50°F. This temperature is accepted by many as a threshold for citrus tree cold hardiness (conditioning which enables the tree to withstand colder temperatures without damage). Temperatures below 50°F are required to develop cold hardiness. In the 12 days prior to the freezes, 10 and 1 days were below 50" F in 1962 and 1983, respectively. Thus, the trees in 1983 were probably much more susceptible to cold damage than those in 1962. Also, damage from the 1981 and 1982 freezes which will be discussed later, may have weakened the trees, making them more susceptible to damage in the 1983 freeze. Fruit losses in 1962-63 were 50°/0 greater than in 1983-84 for several reasons. The capacity and knowledge of the industry to salvage freeze-damaged fruit in 1983-84 was better than in 1962-63. The temperature-time durations necessary to freeze the fruit were more widespread throughout the citrus-producing area in 1962 than in 1983. In addition, a higher proportion of the area in 1983 was situated farther south than in 1962. By comparison, the 1957 freeze with a 22°F minimum temperature was some- what less severe in terms sf tree and fruit damage. Bearing acreagewas reduced by about 43,008 acres and production dropped almost 20 million boxes in 1957-58. Figure 2 shows that the daily minimum temperatures dropped below 50°F on 8 of the 12 days before the freeze. What about the February 1967 freeze? Figure2 shows a 54 million box increase in production from the 1965-66 to the 1966-67 season and a 50 million box decrease from the 1966-67 to the 1967-68 season. Bearing acreage was increasing at afast rate over thesame period, indicating no significant tree damage. Figure 2 shows that only4 out of the 12 days prior to the freeze were the daily minimum temperatures below 50" F. The minimum freeze temperature was 28"F, usually not low enough to cause wood damage in the tree. Fruit production was not significantly affected for the 1966-67 season because the freeze occurred near the end of the early-midseason harvest and the duration of minimum temperatures was not sufficient nor widespread enough to cause significant losses in late season fruit. The 1967-68 production dropped drastically because many of the trees had a bloom set for the 1967-68 crop when the freeze came, and much of it was destroyed. Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/CES/proceedings-pdf/CEC1985/99724/1/2370541/cec1985-3101.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 The 1977 freeze reached a minimum of 23°F at Lake Alfred (Figure 2). This low temperature was widespread and of sufficient duration to freeze most all of the citrus fruit. Most of the early-midseason fruit was salvaged because of the late date of the freeze and cool weather conditions after the freeze minimized losses in processing the freeze-damaged fruit. The losses in freeze-damaged late season fruit were greater. Overall, however, citrus production increased over 5 million boxes from the 1975-76 season to the 1976-77 season. Tree damage was minimal in the 1977 freeze, even though minimum temperaures were as low as the devastating 1983 freeze. The main reason for the difference in tree damage was tree hardening prior to the freezes. Figure 2 shows that 10 out of the 12 days prior to the 1977 freeze had minimum daily temperatures below 50" F, compared to 1 day for the 1983 freeze. Some tree damage did occur in 1977, however, because bearing acreage, having stabilized somewhat at around 795,000 acres in 1975-76 and 1976-77, decreased to 766,000 by 1978-79. Fruit production also dropped from 254.5 million boxes to 230.2 million boxes from 1976-77 to 1978-79. The reduction in production was due not only to lower acreage but to lower yields per acre, which indicates the trees may have still been recovering from the 1977 freeze. The 1981 freeze reached a minimum temperature of 20" F (Figure 2). Only the 1962 freeze was colder (16°F). Trees were cold hardened with 12 days minimum daily temperatures below 50°F prior to the freeze. Minimum temperatures were generally lower and tree and fruit damage was generally greater in the northern part of the citrus producing area. Overall, the wood damage was negligible, though many trees were defoliated. Fruit production dropped from the record high of over 283 million boxes in 1979-80 to just over 238 million boxes in 1980-81, a reduction of 45 million boxes. Losses in processing the freeze-damaged fruit were somewhat higher in late season than in early-midseason. Many of the trees that were defoliated from freeze damage set a sparse crop for 1981-82. Then came the 1982 freeze with a minimum temperature of 22'F at Lake Alfred (Figure 2). Only 4 days out of 11 prior to the freeze were the minimum temperatures below 50" F. Yelenosky et al. (18), however, reported in a more extensive analysis of temperatures for 11 weeks before the freeze, that trees in the 1977, 1981, and 1982 freezes were exposed to similar cold hardening temperatures. During the 11 982 freeze, colder temperatures generally prevailed in the southern part of the citrus producing area than in the northern part.
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