DOCSLIB.ORG

The Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Dispute

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Dispute Affairs (1998), 97, 551-565 BRIEFING: THE ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE J ABBINK ? * $• • THE VIOLENT Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute which erupted on 6 May 'this year has taken everybody by surprise, includmg Ethiopian prime minister Mêles Zenawi.1 But on a closer look, this dispute is not so . surprising except for its timing, nor is it only about a border. The 'Wstorical and political context of this widely deplored family quarrel between closely related regimes in Eritrea and Ethiopia makes this clear. , -True, both regimes emerged from armed insurgent movements (EPLF and TPLF)2 which were for many years comrades in arms against the r former Ethiopian government of Lt.-Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam. •; They both shared the same mix of ethno-regionalist/nationalist and l^.'Marxist-Leninist ideology and both their political elites hail from the same .;'•' etfano-linguistic group, the Tigrinya-speakers of northern Ethiopia and , *N '^outhern Eritrea. After they took power m 1991, their leaders were also ?3f,, generously supported by the Western donor-community led by the USA as s 'new-style' African leaders: relatively young, seemingly committed to - > 4emocratization and a new approach to national development, aiming S' at liberal market-economy reforms and at closer intégration with the 3 ,x world community, especially the West. But différences of opinion and 4\ divergent approaches to crucial policy matters existed between the two « iriovements since the late 1970s and have not been resolved since.4 It is more than ironie in this conflict that the policies of these new leaders *< seem to carry the same potential for violence and destabilization m the région as that of old leaders.5 In this respect, the surprise about the fr ' carrent border crisis reveals something of the incomplete historical under- standing and the opportunism of certain donor countries. They often ^ The author is a senior researcher, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Umversity of Leiden. This article $"" was wntten in late August I, In a téléphone call on 13 May this year, hè is reputed to have angrily asked Entrean k', president Isayas Afeworqi why hè had carried out violent unilatéral action m the border area |' Without Consulting him first (they used to consult on important issues) Since then, both leaders have had no direct talks. ,,, 2. The Entrean People's Liberation Movement and the Tigray People's Liberation s Movement. The latter was broadened mto the EPRDF (Ethiopian Peoples's Revolutionary Democratie Front) by the inclusion of three other groups orgamzed under lts wing. This party dominâtes the present Ethiopian government ^''- 3. In the case of Entrea and Ethiopia, the West (especially the United States) saw their potential rôle as a buffer against the Islamist regime m Sudan. 4, The best survey of this is J. Young, 'The Tigray and Entrean Peoples Liberation Fronts a history of tensions and pragmatism', Journal of Modem Afncan Studies, 34, l (1996), pp. 105-120. 5. Laurent-Désire Kabila m ex-Zaïre is another obvious example of a failed 'new leader' 551 552 AFRICAN AFFAIRS ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE 553 seem more satisfied with the semblance of 'stability' and with thé rhetoric Strikes, while ground fighting has largely subsided since about the sarne of democracy and development than with their delivery. Ome. This article will contend that thé éruption of violent conflict in the Ethiopian-Eritrean border area is neither unexpected nor the result of a real Economie effects and expulsions border dispute, and is due to (1) the particular history and relationship of The economie effects of the conflict were immediately feit: both the two insurgent movements turned national governments (EPLF and countries eut air and road links, téléphone lines and cross-border TPLF) in the two countries; (2) the nature and héritage of neo-patrimonial trade. In Eritrea priées for staple foods shot up. Eritrea held back all elite rule and the lack of democratie restructuring in the two countries; and goods in the port of Asseb destined for Ethiopia, to a value of tens of (3) the economie problems of Eritrea as an independent state. These •millions of dollars, and Ethiopia diverted all its shipping for Massawa and three éléments will be briefly discussed after an overview of the current Asseb to Djibouti port, and threatened to block other ships from docking in conflict. the Eritrean ports.8 In June this year, both countries also started to expel citizens of the Fighting 'enemy country', a process which led to incidents of intimidation, harass- On 6 May 1998, Eritrean troops crossed the de facto western border Hient, robbery and plunder, and worse. The Ethiopian government between Eritrea and Ethiopia and occupied die village of Badme, followed media, and also the country's independent press, have described serious by a larger effort on 12 May to establish themselves in the surrounding abuse, repression, forceful expulsion, torture and killings of Ethiopians in 6 area. Local inhabitants were people who had counted themselves as Eritrea. Eritrea's government media soon followed suit and exposed Ethiopians (Tigrayans), because they had always paid taxes to Ethiopia and ïromerous cases of unwarranted expulsion and serious maltreatment 7 had been politically and judicially administered by Ethiopian authorities. perpetrated against Eritreans in Ethiopia. Most of these stories are However, over the past decade, several thousand people from Eritrea in difficult to check as to numbers and the nature of the abuse, but accounts search of farmland or alluvial gold had also settled in the area, and in the independent Ethiopian press (which allegedly relied on local misunderstandings over the border had been occurring here and eorrespondents and interviewed returning eye-witnesses) and in some elsewhere. After the fighting in May, the area was placed under Eritrean • Eritrean reports are alarming. The Ethiopians have allowed international rule. Most of the local people fled further south into Tigray. observers, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to visit In the subséquent weeks, fighting also erupted in three other border détention camps and witness expulsions, while Eritrea has not yet.9 It localities more to the east: Altena, Zalambessa, and Buré, south of the port must be emphasized that due to exaggerated reports and sometimes city of Asseb. Eritrean forces made slight advances on all these fronts, but propaganda from both sides, the real story of the expulsions and the abuses were prevented from moving further inland. In the skirmishes several will not be known for some time. thousand people, troops and civilians, are estimated to have been killed. In all, more than 130,000 people were displaced and lost their possessions. - Mediation Local buildings, property and churches were allegedly destroyed and '• Mediation efforts in this conflict have been intensive, with a string of looted. After the fighting on the Badme front, the Eritrean airforce African leaders—including Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, Djibouti's Hassan bombed the Tigrayan towns of Meqele and Adigrat (some 70 people were ' Gouled, Rwanda's Paul Kagame, and Kenya's Daniel arap Moi—passing killed and hundreds wounded), while Ethiopia almost simultaneously -by in both capitals. Several others, including présidents Mubarak of bombed Asmara's airforce base (one person killed, a few dozen wounded). Bgypt and Gadhafi of Libya, offered their good offices. But all in Eritrea's air strikes on civilian not military targets (residential areas, win. Also the UN, US-Rwandan facilitators and the Organization of schools, hospitals, grain stores, factories) shocked and angered the African Unity (OAU) have tried their best, but compromise proposais by Ethiopians. Since July there has been a US-brokered moratorium on air jéspecially the OAU (the most recent ones prepared during its meetings in 6. See Rosalind Russell, 'Ethiopia says unprepared for Eritrean invasion', Reuters dispatch, Ouagadougou in early August) were rejected by Eritrea (because it was 14 June 1998. 7. The Eritreans had not claimed this area at indépendance m 1993, nor did they contest the 8» Evoking veiled threats of retahation from Eritrean president Isayas Afeworqi: see his Ethiopian élections held there in 1992-95, nor the Ethiopian census of 1994. Results of the interview with The Times, 12 June 1998. census m the localities now claimed as Eritrean territory (Badme, Altena, Zalambessa, ' 9, On 14 August, they gave permission for UN human rights investigators to examine cases Shiraro) are found m: Central Statistical Authonty, The 1994 Population and Housmg Census for of expulsions of Ethiopians from Eritrea. Eritrea is not a signatory of either the Geneva Ethiopia. Results for Tigray, Vol. I, pp. 11, 13 (CSA, Addis Ababa, 1995). -Conventions or the African Chaner on Human Rights and People's Rights. 554 AFRICAN AFFAIRS ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE 555 suggested by the OAU that Badme was administered by Ethiopia before and 1902 between Italy and the Ethiopian emperor Minilik II. On the 6 May), while Ethiopia restated its erstwhile position that negotiations on whole, the line of this border was well-known and was generally respected the border could only start after withdrawal of the Entrean military from its .except for limited areas where Italy continued to encroach, up to its terntory There is a war of words even on what happened on the ground. foft-scale invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. After her occupation, Italy But it is fairly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ethiopia-Eritrea Rapprochement : Peace and Stability in the Horn Of
    ETHIOPIA–ERITREA RAPPROCHEMENT: RAPPROCHEMENT: ETHIOPIA–ERITREA THE RECENT RAPPROCHEMENT between Ethiopia and Eritrea has fundamentally reshaped the relation- ship between the two countries. The impact of the resolution of the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict goes beyond the borders of the two countries, and has indeed AFRICA THE HORN OF IN AND STABILITY PEACE brought fundamental change to the region. Full diplo- The Ethiopia-Eritrea matic relations have been restored between Eritrea and Peace and Stability Somalia; and the leaders of Eritrea and Djibouti have met in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The central question the Rapprochement in the Horn of Africa book attempts to address is: what factors led to the resolution of a festering conflict? The book explains and analyses the rapprochement, which it argues was made possible by the maturing of objective and sub- jective conditions in Ethiopia and by the trust factor in Eritrea. REDIE BEREKETEAB is a Senior Researcher and Associate Professor in Sociology at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. His main field of research is conflict and state building in the Horn of Africa, and the regional economic communities (RECs) and peace building in Africa. REDIE BEREKETEAB ISBN 9789171068491 90000 > Policy Dialogue No. 13 Redie Bereketeab 9 789171 068491 POLICY DIALOGUE No. 13 THE ETHIOPIA-ERITREA RAPPROCHEMENT Peace and Stability in the Horn of Africa Author Redie Bereketeab NORDISKA AFRIKAINSITUTET The Nordic Africa Institute UPPSALA 2019 INDEXING TERMS: Ethiopia Eritrea Foreign relations Regional cooperation Regional integration Dispute settlement Political development Peacebuilding Reconciliation The Ethiopia-Eritrea Rapprochement: Peace and Stability in the Horn of Africa Author: Redie Bereketeab ISBN 978-91-7106-849-1 print ISBN 978-91-7106-850-7 pdf © 2019 The author and the Nordic Africa Institute Layout: Henrik Alfredsson, The Nordic Africa Institute and Marianne Engblom, Ateljé Idé.
    [Show full text]
  • Tigray Situation Update 0 6 September 2021
    ETHIOPIA OPERATION – TIGRAY UPDATE Tigray Situation Update 0 6 September 2021 On 19 August, UNHCR, in collaboration with ARRA, relocated a group of Eritrean refugees, half of them children, from Ethiopia's Tigray region to Afar region. The refugees were living at the Hitsats and Shimelba camps, but had to leave when the camps were destroyed at the onset of the conflict. After months living in dire conditions, they received much-needed assistance. Some of the refugees have deteriorating health conditions and were in need of urgent medical attention. © UNHCR/Olga Sarrado Background and key developments Military confrontations between federal and regional forces in Ethiopia’s Tigray region, which borders both Sudan and Eritrea, led the Government to declare a State of Emergency on 4 November 2020. As the Tigray conflict enters its 10th month, the overall security and access situation remains complex and fluid, hindering effective delivery of humanitarian assistance to the most affected populations in Central, Southern-Eastern, Eastern, North-Western and Southern Zones. Fresh displacement from fighting in Ethiopia’s Amhara and Afar regions has been recorded as the conflict spreads beyond the Tigray region. In addition to some 2.1 million www.unhcr.org 1 UNHCR SITUATION UPDATE Ethiopia, Tigray 06 September 2021 internally displaced people in Tigray, there are 250,000 people in Amhara region and 112,000 in Afar region being internally displaced according to the local authorities and the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Of particular concern is the safety and wellbeing of thousands of Eritrean refugees living in the three Eritrean refugee camps of Mai Aini and Adi Harush in Tigray region and Berhale in Afar region.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inter-State War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000)
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE An Inter-state War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000) Alexandra Magnolia Dias A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U501303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U501303 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 v \& & > F 'SZV* AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Alexandra Magnolia Dias The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I understand that in the event of my thesis not being approved by the examiners, this declaration will become void.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background On 18 th May 1998 fighting broke out between the armed forces of the Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea along the common border of the two countries. The conflict continued for more than two years. It involved extremely heavy fighting resulting in tremendous causalities. Sponsored by the Organization of African Unity with the support of UN, USA and the European Union, the two governments signed on June 18, 2000 the Cessation of Hostilities. People living along the main 1000 Kms border areas of tension during the conflict on the Ethiopian side were internally displaced during May 1998 – June 2000 and were unable to return to their homes due to the presence of landmines and/or unexploded ordnance (UXO), or because their homes and/or their essential resources and infrastructure and basic services (water and power supplies, roads, school and health facilities) were damaged or destroyed. The internally displaced people (IDPs) were remained in temporary settlements or with host families in areas close to their home origins entirely depending on humanitarian assistance. Many of the IDPs left their homes with a few personal belongings and lost livelihood such as livestock and farm implements, and businesses and thus found difficult to return to their original homes/areas. Most of the areas in Tigray which had been occupied by Eritrean forces (1998-2000) suffered heavy destruction of the existing socio-economic infrastructure. According to preliminary assessment, 60 % of the houses (excluding Zalanbessa town) were completely destroyed, while 20 % were severely damaged and the remaining 20 % slightly damaged (ERPMU/MoFED, 2002) in the war zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Report Last Updated: 8 Mar 2021
    ETHIOPIA - TIGRAY REGION HUMANITARIAN UPDATE Situation Report Last updated: 8 Mar 2021 HIGHLIGHTS (8 Mar 2021) The Prime Minister, on 3 March, announced that aid agencies can operate in the region by providing a notification to the Ministry of Peace. Following this significant development, organizations have begun notifying the Ministry, and the humanitarian community is working to urgently improve access to rural areas. Violence and lack of assistance in rural areas continue to drive displacement of people searching for safety and aid in the main towns across Tigray. Partners continue to receive reports of looting and grave violence against civilians, including extrajudicial killing, rapes and other forms of gender-based The boundaries and names shown and the designations violence. used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. © OCHA Disruptions in basic services, such as communications, banking services and electricity, pose serious challenges to humanitarian efforts, while putting people further at risk. KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2020) CONTACTS Saviano Abreu 950,000 1.3M $1.3B $732.4M Communications Team Leader, People in need of aid Projected additional Required Received Regional Office for Southern & Eastern before the conflict people to need aid Africa A n [email protected] d , r 59% e ! y j r j e 61,719 $34M r ! r Progress Alexandra de Sousa o d Refugees in Sudan Unmet requirements S n A Deputy Head of Office, OCHA Ethiopia since 7 November for the Response Plan [email protected] FTS: https://fts.unocha.org/appeals/9 36/summary BACKGROUND (8 Mar 2021) SITUATION OVERVIEW The humanitarian situation in Tigray remains extremely concerning, while reports of intensified fighting and lack of assistance in rural areas continue to drive displacements of people across the Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Full Situation Report…
    R E P O R T Weaponized Sexual and Gender-Based Violence during the Genocidal War in Tigray A P R I L 2 0 2 1 @omnatigray www.omnatigray.org E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y P A G E 0 2 B A C K G R O U N D Trigger warning: The following article discusses sexual assault, violence, and rape. This content may be difficult to read; please care for your safety and well-being. There is a saying that rape in war is as old as war itself. Violence against women during wars has occured throughout history and still occurs today. Weaponized sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is currently rampant in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia since the unelected Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Abiy Ahmed Ali, launched a military operation to disband the elected Tigray regional government on November 4, 2020. Five months into the war, the world has now realized that this was not a simple ‘‘law-and-order enforcement operation’’ against the Tigrayan government, but an attack on Tigrayan civilians. With over 2 million Tigrayans internally displaced, 70,000 Tigrayans fleeing to Sudan, over 4.5 million Tigrayans at risk of starvation, and 70,000 Tigrayan civilians massacred, the “law-and-order enforcement operation” has turned into a genocidal war in Tigray [1, 2, 3, 4]. Women and children are bearing the brunt of the genocidal war as SGBV is being used as a weapon of war and submission. It has been reported by multiple credible sources that Eritrean forces and Amhara militias have joined the war in Tigray, in addition to the Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF), all of whom have been reported to be perpetrators of weaponized SGBV.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from the Eritrean-Ethiopian Conflict
    IZA DP No. 5558 Wars and Child Health: Evidence from the Eritrean-Ethiopian Confl ict Richard Akresh Leonardo Lucchetti Harsha Thirumurthy March 2011 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Wars and Child Health: Evidence from the Eritrean-Ethiopian Conflict Richard Akresh University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, BREAD and IZA Leonardo Lucchetti University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Harsha Thirumurthy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, World Bank and BREAD Discussion Paper No. 5558 March 2011 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Eritrean- Ethiopian Border Dispute
    International Journal of Social Inquiry Volume 7, Number 1, 2014, pp. 63-78 Understanding African Relationships: The Case of Eritrean- Ethiopian Border Dispute Kieran E. Uchehara1 Abstract Boundary disputes are among the most explosive international flashpoints. They frequently correlate with militarised interstate disputes and are more likely to lead to high-intensity conflict compared to other forms of friction. The Eritrea-Ethiopia peace process remains stalled a decade after the arbitral award by the Boundary Commission and several years after awards by the Commission. To this end, I analyse primary and secondary sources and assesse why arbitration by the commissions did not produce the desired outcome. This paper examines the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute from 1998 to the present and explains the case while searching for solutions. In detail, the analysis first sheds light on the dispute as well as previous attempts at settlement. Second, a new theoretical approach is introduced in the form of conflict resolution theory. Finally, an analysis of the peace process in light of this theoretical tool is used to offer a prognosis of the future. Keywords: Eritrean, Ethiopian, Border Dispute, Attempted Settlements, Boundary Commission Introduction Boundaries are natural or artificial separations or divisions between adjoining properties that show their limits. They are used to establish private and public ownership by determining the exact location of the points, at which one piece of land is distinguishable from another. They are also used to mark the functional and jurisdictional limits of political subdivisions. The setting of boundaries is a characteristic of the modern era in history, during which centralized states started to emerge–those that required both protection against attacks and definition of their populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 2 June 2000
    United Nations S/2000/530 Security Council Distr.: General 2 June 2000 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on Eritrea and Ethiopia I. Introduction Framework Agreement, the Modalities for its implementation and a ceasefire should be signed prior 1. By paragraph 15 of its resolution 1298 (2000) of to the finalization of consolidated technical 17 May 2000, the Security Council requested me to arrangements. On 12 May fighting between Eritrea and submit to it within 15 days an initial report on Ethiopia resumed on three fronts, the western or compliance with paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of the resolution Badme-Mereb front, the central or Zalambessa-Egala and thereafter to report to it every 60 days after the front and the eastern or Bure front. The fighting date of adoption of the resolution on its implementation continued even after the adoption of resolution 1298 and on the humanitarian situation in Eritrea and (2000). During the first week of the hostilities, most of Ethiopia. The present report is submitted in accordance the fighting was concentrated on the western front. The with that request. fighting on other fronts was apparently limited to exchanges of heavy artillery fire. 2. By paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of resolution 1298 (2000), the Security Council: 4. Prior to the adoption of resolution 1298 (2000), the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Eritrea, in a letter to “2. Demands that both parties immediately me dated 15 May, communicated Eritrea’s acceptance cease all military action and refrain from the of resolution 1297 (2000), which had been adopted by further use of force; the Security Council on 12 May.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 / International Development Associationiao L Ivote
    The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopian Roads Authority = 2 / International Development Associationiao L iVote ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE FIVE Public Disclosure Authorized ROADS SELECTED FOR REHABILITATION AND/OR UPGRADING WOLDIYA-ADIGRAT-ZALAMBESSA ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized '.L,~~~~~~. y .. Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report October 1997 PLANCENTERLTD Public Disclosure Authorized [r jJ Opastinsilta6, FIN-00520 HELSINKI, FINLAND Phone+358 9 15 641, Fax+358 9 145 150 EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-Zalambessa Road Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................... i ABBREVIATIONS ...................... iv GENERAL MAP OF THE AREA ...................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background .... I 1.2 Location of the Study Area .......................... I 1.3 Objective of the Study ........................... I 1.4 Approach and Methodology of the Study ....... 2 1.5 Contents of the Report ........................... 3 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ... 4 2.1 Policy Framework Frarne..work 4 2.2 Legal Framework Frarnew..ork 6 2.3 Institutional Framework.....................I 8 2.4 Compensation and Resettlementtion.... .............. 12 2.5 Public Consultation 15 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ROAD PROJECT .16 4 BASELINEDATA ... 18 4.1 Description of the Road Environment ................. 18 4.2 Physical Environment ......................... 20 4.2.1 Climate and hydrology .20 4.2.2 Physiography .21 4.2.3 Topography and hydrography .21 4.2.4 Geology .22 4.2.5 Soils and geomorphology .22 4.2.6 Seismicity and earthquakes .23 4.3 Biological Environmentlogical ..........iro23 4.3.1 Land use .23 4.3.2 Flora .23 4.3.3 Fauna .23 4.4 Human and Social Environment .24 4.4.1 Characteristics of the population living by/along the road .24 4.4.2 Housing situation .26 4.4.3 Local economic activities by the road .
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Recovery Project, Impact Assessment Report-Ethiopia
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Center for International Stabilization and Global CWD Repository Recovery 1-2006 Emergency Recovery Project, Impact Assessment Report-Ethiopia Afeta Merga Bultosa Gadisa Birhanu Abje Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-globalcwd Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Public Policy Commons, and the Social Policy Commons Recommended Citation Merga, Afeta; Gadisa, Bultosa; and Abje, Birhanu, "Emergency Recovery Project, Impact Assessment Report-Ethiopia" (2006). Global CWD Repository. 1053. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-globalcwd/1053 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Global CWD Repository by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background On 18 th May 1998 fighting broke out between the armed forces of the Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea along the common border of the two countries. The conflict continued for more than two years. It involved extremely heavy fighting resulting in tremendous causalities. Sponsored by the Organization of African Unity with the support of UN, USA and the European Union, the two governments signed on June 18, 2000 the Cessation of Hostilities. People living along the main 1000 Kms border areas of tension during the conflict on the Ethiopian side were internally displaced during May 1998 – June 2000 and were unable to return to their homes due to the presence of landmines and/or unexploded ordnance (UXO), or because their homes and/or their essential resources and infrastructure and basic services (water and power supplies, roads, school and health facilities) were damaged or destroyed.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHIOPIA - TIGRAY REGION HUMANITARIAN UPDATE Situation Report Last Updated: 30 Mar 2021
    ETHIOPIA - TIGRAY REGION HUMANITARIAN UPDATE Situation Report Last updated: 30 Mar 2021 HIGHLIGHTS (30 Mar 2021) The conflict in Tigray continues to drive massive displacement across the Region, with tens of thousands of people arriving into Shire, Axum and Adwa over the last weeks. Aid workers are scaling up the response and have assisted over 1 million people with food and more than 630,000 people with clean water. WASH services are improving in IDP sites All clusters have an established coordination forum in Mekelle, while all but three have set up coordination structures in Shire. To date, 67 per cent of the targeted woredas have been accessed through 50 mobile health teams The boundaries and names shown and the designations compared to 25 per cent in February 2021 used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. © OCHA Concerning reports of violations of human rights continue to arise. There are more than 500 self- reported rape cases so far. KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2020) CONTACTS Saviano Abreu 950,000 1.3M $1.3B $739.3M Communications Team Leader, People in need of aid Projected additional Required Received Regional Office for Southern & Eastern before the conflict people to need aid Africa A n [email protected] d r 59% , e y j r j e 62,225 r ! r Progress Alexandra de Sousa o d Refugees in Sudan S n A Deputy Head of Office, OCHA Ethiopia since 7 November [email protected] FTS: https://fts.unocha.org/appeals/9 36/summary BACKGROUND (30 Mar 2021) SITUATION OVERVIEW Almost five months on since the start of the conflict in Tigray, the humanitarian situation on the ground is extremely dire and far from improving, despite very significant efforts from the UN and its partners to scale up assistance.
    [Show full text]