Affairs (1998), 97, 551-565 BRIEFING: THE ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE J ABBINK ? * $• • THE VIOLENT Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute which erupted on 6 May 'this year has taken everybody by surprise, includmg Ethiopian prime minister Mêles Zenawi.1 But on a closer look, this dispute is not so . surprising except for its timing, nor is it only about a border. The 'Wstorical and political context of this widely deplored family quarrel between closely related regimes in Eritrea and Ethiopia makes this clear. , -True, both regimes emerged from armed insurgent movements (EPLF and TPLF)2 which were for many years comrades in arms against the r former Ethiopian government of Lt.-Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam. •; They both shared the same mix of ethno-regionalist/nationalist and l^.'Marxist-Leninist ideology and both their political elites hail from the same .;'•' etfano-linguistic group, the Tigrinya-speakers of northern Ethiopia and , *N '^outhern Eritrea. After they took power m 1991, their leaders were also ?3f,, generously supported by the Western donor-community led by the USA as s 'new-style' African leaders: relatively young, seemingly committed to - > 4emocratization and a new approach to national development, aiming S' at liberal market-economy reforms and at closer intégration with the 3 ,x world community, especially the West. But différences of opinion and 4\ divergent approaches to crucial policy matters existed between the two « iriovements since the late 1970s and have not been resolved since.4 It is more than ironie in this conflict that the policies of these new leaders *< seem to carry the same potential for violence and destabilization m the région as that of old leaders.5 In this respect, the surprise about the fr ' carrent border crisis reveals something of the incomplete historical under- standing and the opportunism of certain donor countries. They often ^ The author is a senior researcher, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Umversity of Leiden. This article $"" was wntten in late August I, In a téléphone call on 13 May this year, hè is reputed to have angrily asked Entrean k', president Isayas Afeworqi why hè had carried out violent unilatéral action m the border area |' Without Consulting him first (they used to consult on important issues) Since then, both leaders have had no direct talks. ,,, 2. The Entrean People's Liberation Movement and the Tigray People's Liberation s Movement. The latter was broadened mto the EPRDF (Ethiopian Peoples's Revolutionary Democratie Front) by the inclusion of three other groups orgamzed under lts wing. This party dominâtes the present Ethiopian government ^''- 3. In the case of Entrea and Ethiopia, the West (especially the United States) saw their potential rôle as a buffer against the Islamist regime m Sudan. 4, The best survey of this is J. Young, 'The Tigray and Entrean Peoples Liberation Fronts a history of tensions and pragmatism', Journal of Modem Afncan Studies, 34, l (1996), pp. 105-120. 5. Laurent-Désire Kabila m ex-Zaïre is another obvious example of a failed 'new leader' 551 552 AFRICAN AFFAIRS ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE 553 seem more satisfied with the semblance of 'stability' and with thé rhetoric Strikes, while ground fighting has largely subsided since about the sarne of democracy and development than with their delivery. Ome. This article will contend that thé éruption of violent conflict in the Ethiopian-Eritrean border area is neither unexpected nor the result of a real Economie effects and expulsions border dispute, and is due to (1) the particular history and relationship of The economie effects of the conflict were immediately feit: both the two insurgent movements turned national governments (EPLF and countries eut air and road links, téléphone lines and cross-border TPLF) in the two countries; (2) the nature and héritage of neo-patrimonial trade. In Eritrea priées for staple foods shot up. Eritrea held back all elite rule and the lack of democratie restructuring in the two countries; and goods in the port of Asseb destined for Ethiopia, to a value of tens of (3) the economie problems of Eritrea as an independent state. These •millions of dollars, and Ethiopia diverted all its shipping for Massawa and three éléments will be briefly discussed after an overview of the current Asseb to Djibouti port, and threatened to block other ships from docking in conflict. the Eritrean ports.8 In June this year, both countries also started to expel citizens of the Fighting 'enemy country', a process which led to incidents of intimidation, harass- On 6 May 1998, Eritrean troops crossed the de facto western border Hient, robbery and plunder, and worse. The Ethiopian government between Eritrea and Ethiopia and occupied die village of Badme, followed media, and also the country's independent press, have described serious by a larger effort on 12 May to establish themselves in the surrounding abuse, repression, forceful expulsion, torture and killings of Ethiopians in 6 area. Local inhabitants were people who had counted themselves as Eritrea. Eritrea's government media soon followed suit and exposed Ethiopians (Tigrayans), because they had always paid taxes to Ethiopia and ïromerous cases of unwarranted expulsion and serious maltreatment 7 had been politically and judicially administered by Ethiopian authorities. perpetrated against Eritreans in Ethiopia. Most of these stories are However, over the past decade, several thousand people from Eritrea in difficult to check as to numbers and the nature of the abuse, but accounts search of farmland or alluvial gold had also settled in the area, and in the independent Ethiopian press (which allegedly relied on local misunderstandings over the border had been occurring here and eorrespondents and interviewed returning eye-witnesses) and in some elsewhere. After the fighting in May, the area was placed under Eritrean • Eritrean reports are alarming. The Ethiopians have allowed international rule. Most of the local people fled further south into Tigray. observers, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to visit In the subséquent weeks, fighting also erupted in three other border détention camps and witness expulsions, while Eritrea has not yet.9 It localities more to the east: Altena, Zalambessa, and Buré, south of the port must be emphasized that due to exaggerated reports and sometimes city of Asseb. Eritrean forces made slight advances on all these fronts, but propaganda from both sides, the real story of the expulsions and the abuses were prevented from moving further inland. In the skirmishes several will not be known for some time. thousand people, troops and civilians, are estimated to have been killed. In all, more than 130,000 people were displaced and lost their possessions. - Mediation Local buildings, property and churches were allegedly destroyed and '• Mediation efforts in this conflict have been intensive, with a string of looted. After the fighting on the Badme front, the Eritrean airforce African leaders—including Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, Djibouti's Hassan bombed the Tigrayan towns of Meqele and Adigrat (some 70 people were ' Gouled, Rwanda's Paul Kagame, and Kenya's Daniel arap Moi—passing killed and hundreds wounded), while Ethiopia almost simultaneously -by in both capitals. Several others, including présidents Mubarak of bombed Asmara's airforce base (one person killed, a few dozen wounded). Bgypt and Gadhafi of Libya, offered their good offices. But all in Eritrea's air strikes on civilian not military targets (residential areas, win. Also the UN, US-Rwandan facilitators and the Organization of schools, hospitals, grain stores, factories) shocked and angered the African Unity (OAU) have tried their best, but compromise proposais by Ethiopians. Since July there has been a US-brokered moratorium on air jéspecially the OAU (the most recent ones prepared during its meetings in 6. See Rosalind Russell, 'Ethiopia says unprepared for Eritrean invasion', Reuters dispatch, Ouagadougou in early August) were rejected by Eritrea (because it was 14 June 1998. 7. The Eritreans had not claimed this area at indépendance m 1993, nor did they contest the 8» Evoking veiled threats of retahation from Eritrean president Isayas Afeworqi: see his Ethiopian élections held there in 1992-95, nor the Ethiopian census of 1994. Results of the interview with The Times, 12 June 1998. census m the localities now claimed as Eritrean territory (Badme, Altena, Zalambessa, ' 9, On 14 August, they gave permission for UN human rights investigators to examine cases Shiraro) are found m: Central Statistical Authonty, The 1994 Population and Housmg Census for of expulsions of Ethiopians from Eritrea. Eritrea is not a signatory of either the Geneva Ethiopia. Results for Tigray, Vol. I, pp. 11, 13 (CSA, Addis Ababa, 1995). -Conventions or the African Chaner on Human Rights and People's Rights. 554 AFRICAN AFFAIRS ERITREAN-ETHIOPIAN BORDER DISPUTE 555 suggested by the OAU that Badme was administered by Ethiopia before and 1902 between Italy and the Ethiopian emperor Minilik II. On the 6 May), while Ethiopia restated its erstwhile position that negotiations on whole, the line of this border was well-known and was generally respected the border could only start after withdrawal of the Entrean military from its .except for limited areas where Italy continued to encroach, up to its terntory There is a war of words even on what happened on the ground. foft-scale invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. After her occupation, Italy But it is fairly