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OXFORD READERS Racism Martin Bulmer is Foundation Fund Professor of Sociology at the University of Surrey and Academic Director of the Question Bank in the ESRC Centre for Applied Social Surveys, London. Previously he taught at the University of Southampton, the London School of Economics, and the University of Durham and has been a visiting professor at the University of Chicago, as well as briefly a member of the Government Statistical Service. Since he has been editor of the journal Ethnic and Racial Studies. His recent works include Directory of Social Research Organisations, second edition (with Sykes and Moorhouse, ) and Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall (editor with T. Rees, ). John Solomos is Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sci- ence at South Bank University. Before that he was Professor of Sociology and Social Pol- icy at the University of Southampton, and he has previously worked at the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, and Birkbeck College, University of London. Among his publications are Black Youth, Racism and the State (), Race and Racism in Britain (), Race, Politics and Social Change (with Les Back, ), and Racism and Society (with Les Back, ). OXFORD READERS The Oxford Readers series represents a unique resource which brings to- gether extracts of texts from a wide variety of sources, primary and sec- ondary, on a wide range of inderdisciplinary topics. Available Feminisms Aesthetics Edited by Sandra Kemp and Edited by Patrick Maynard and Judith Squires Susan Feagin The Mind Class Edited by Daniel Robinson Edited by Patrick Joyce Nationalism Classical Philosophy Edited by John Hutchinson and Edited by Terence Irwin Anthony D. Smith Ethics Political Thought Edited by Peter Singer Edited by Michael Rosen and Ethnicity Jonathan Wolff Edited by John Hutchinson and Racism Anthony D. Smith Edited by Martin Bulmer and John Evolution Solomos Edited by Mark Ridley Sexuality Faith and Reason Edited by Robert A. Nye Edited by Paul Helm War Fascism Edited by Lawrence Freedman Edited by Roger Griffin Forthcoming Nazism Edited by Neil Gregor Anti-Semitism Edited by Paul Lawrence Rose Revolution Edited by Jack Goldstone The British Empire Edited by Jane Samson Slavery Edited by Stanley Engermann, Consciousness Seymour Drescher, and Robert Edited by Geoffrey Underwood Paquette OXFORD READERS Racism Edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford oxDP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York Introductions, selection, and editorial matter © Martin Bulmer and John Solomos The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as an Oxford Reader All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Racism/edited by Martin Bulmer and John Solomos. (Oxford readers) Includes bibliographical references. Racism. I. Bulmer, Martin. II. Solomos, John. III. Series. HT.R .—dc ‒ ISBN ––– Typeset in Dante by Cambrian Typesetters, Frimley, Surrey Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd Guildford and King’s Lynn To Michael and Georgina and Nikolas and Daniel Preface In putting together a major volume such as this one we have inevitably accu- mulated a series of debts that we are pleased to acknowledge. We are particu- larly grateful to George Miller at Oxford University Press for encouraging us to produce this Reader and for keeping a kindly eye on our progress, including being very understanding when the pressures of academic life delayed the pro- ject at certain stages. The process of producing this volume was made much more feasible by the efficiency with which OUP handled the complex task of getting all the necessary permissions for the various extracts used. The Li- braries at the London School of Economics, the University of Warwick, and the University of Southampton were helpful in allowing us to track down some of the more obscure sources. We have also been helped in putting this volume together by the support of our respective universities and departments, and by Guida Crowley, Managing Editor of Ethnic and Racial Studies. We are also grate- ful for the help, advice, and encouragement one or other of us received at vari- ous stages of the project from colleagues across the globe, including Les Back, Chetan Bhatt, Clive Harris, Michael Keith, John Rex, Liza Schuster, John Stone, and Howard Winant, and the stimulation provided by editing together the jour- nal Ethnic and Racial Studies. Finally, we are grateful to Shelley Cox at OUP for seeing the book through production, and to Edwin Pritchard for his meticulous copy-editing. Martin Bulmer, University of Surrey John Solomos, South Bank University Contents General Introduction I. Racist Ideas Introduction . , Images and Attitudes . , The Africans’ ‘Place in Nature’ . , The Racializing of the World . , Eighteenth-Century Foundations . , Superior and Inferior Races . , Gobineau and the Origins of European Racism . , Gobineau and His Contemporaries II. Institutional Forms of Racism: Slavery, Imperialism, and Colonialism Introduction . , The Expansion of Islam and the Symbolism of Race . . , First Impressions: Initial English Confrontation with Africans . , Social Origins of American Racism . , Class and Race . , Slavery as Human Parasitism . , Africa . , Ethnic and Cultural Pluralism in the British Caribbean . , Patterns of Dominance . , The Wretched of the Earth III. Racism in the Twentieth Century Introduction . , Of Our Spiritual Strivings . , Politics and the Alien . . , ‘Don’t Have to Look up to the White Man’ x . , The Transformations of the Tribe . , Group Definition and the Idea of ‘Race’ in Modern China (‒) . . , Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era . , Racism in Children’s Lives IV. Racist Movements Introduction . . ., Racial Violence in Chicago and the Nation . . , Toward a Sociology of White Racism . , Two Patterns of Racism . , Klan Rally at Stone Mountain, Georgia . - , The New Cultural Racism in France . . , Constructing Whiteness V. Anti-Racism Introduction . , Living for Something . , Race First and Self-Reliance . . , Black Power: Its Need and Substance . , The End of Anti-Racism . , Psychological Liberation . , Universalism and Difference . , ‘It’s Racism What Dunnit’ VI. Racism and the State Introduction . , The Racial State . , Racial Formation in the United States . , Separate and Unequal . , Multicultural or Multi-racist Australia? . Ã, Racism and Anti-Racism in Brazil xi VII. Theories of Racism Introduction . , The Nature of Race Relations . , The Concept of Race in Sociological Theory 44. , Racism as a Concept . , The Changing Face of ‘Race’ . , The Semantics of Race . , Defining Black Feminist Thought VIII. The Future of Racism Introduction . , The Emperor’s New Clothes . , Tangled Politics . . , Changing the Color Line: The Future of U.S. Racism . , Difference and Otherness in a Global Society Notes and References Further Reading Biographical Notes Acknowledgements Index Racism White Comedy I waz whitemailed By a white witch, Wid white magic An white lies, Branded a white sheep I slaved as a whitesmith Near a white spot Where I suffered whitewater fever. Whitelisted as a white leg I waz in de white book As a master of de white art, It waz like white death. People called me white jack Some hailed me as white wog, So I joined de white watch Trained as a white guard Lived off de white economy. Caught an beaten by de whiteshirts I waz condemned to a white mass. Don’t worry, I shall be writing to de Black house. Benjamin Zephaniah General Introduction he photographic image on the cover of this book and the verbal images Tcontained in Benjamin Zephaniah’s poem ‘White Comedy’ express in dif- ferent ways the extent to which racial domination can permeate a society and the social distance which can separate black people and white people. Almost al- ways the white person or white group has been in a position of superiority, and the black person or group in a situation of inferiority, lesser power or influence, and having to justify themselves. W. E. B. Du Bois wrote movingly of the