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Hitchcock and Cronquist 19731, Longer Than Sepals, Opening by 6 Teeth to Hult6n 1970; Taylor and Macbryde 1977)

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Hitchcock and Cronquist 19731, Longer Than Sepals, Opening by 6 Teeth to Hult6n 1970; Taylor and Macbryde 1977) THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 42. Stellaria media (L.\ Yill. ROY TURKINGTON, NORMAN C. KENKEL, and GAIL D. FRANKO Department of Botany, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, BritishColumbia V6T 28 I . Received 7 Jan. 1980. accepted 20 Mar. 1980. TunruNcrou, Roy, KnNrnr-, NonrueN C. eNo Fnnr..rro, Gerl D. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 42. Stellaria media (L.)Yill. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 98r-992. This paper provides a summary of biological data on Stellaria media (L.) Yill., commonly known as chickweed. It is found throughout most of the world and is present in all Canadian provinces and both territories, being particularly abundant in British Columbia and eastern Canada. Chickweed is a weed of grain fields, young pastures, lawns, and gardens, and can be controlled by the use of several common herbicides. La Stellaire moyenne, aussi connue sous le nom de Mouron des oiseaux (Stellaria media L.), se rencontre dans presque toutes les parties du monde et elle a colonis6 toutes les provinces et les deux Territoires du Canada. Elle est particulibrement abondante en Colombie-Britannique et dans I'est du Canada. La stellaire est une mauvaise herbe des c6r6ales, des jeunes pitures, des pelouses et des jardins. On dispose contre elle de plusieurs bons herbicides. 1. Names leaves opposite, broadly oval and pointed, Stellaria media (L.\ Vill. chickweed entire, glabrous; lower leaves 3-20 mm, (Canada Weed Committee 1975),- stellaire stalked, the petiole with a single line of hairs; moyenne (Ferron and Cayouette 1975), upper leaves to 25 mm, sessile; flowers mouron des oiseaux (Conners 1967). solitary in the leaf axils, or from few to many Caryophyllaceae, pink family, Caryophyl- and borne in axillary or terminal cymes, lac6es. star-shaped (hence Stellaria) (Fig. 2B), 5 The species is occasionally referred to as mm in diameter on short peduncles; sepals 5, Alsine media L. (Liive and Liive 1975). The separate, hairy, 4.5-5 mm; petals 5, white, authority for the name Stellaria media is deeply bifid, shorter than sepals; styles 3; often cited as "(L.) Cyrillo" rather than stamens 3-10; anthers red-violet; capsules "(L.) Vill" (Hitchcock and Cronquist 19731, longer than sepals, opening by 6 teeth to Hult6n 1970; Taylor and MacBryde 1977). release an average of 8- I 0 seeds; seeds (Fig . This is an error in the attribution of the 2A, C, D) 0.9-1.3 mm across, yellowish to authority for the transfer of the epithet media dark brown, flattened, almost circular, fromAlsine to Stellaria (Burnat 1892). sometimes narrowed to base, with 5-6 rows of low protuberances, maturing rapidly; 2. Description and Account of Variation flowers produced throughout the growing (a) S. nedia is an annual or winter annual season. with a slender tap root; diffusely branched A chromosome number of 2n : 20 II has stems, either decumbent or ascending (Fig. been reported from the Queen Charlotte l), 5-40 cm, round in cross section with a Islands (Taylor and Mulligan 1968) and single line of hairs down each internode; from Ontario (Mulligan 196l). Mulligan Can. J. Plant Sct , fr: 9tt-992 (Jdy r9E0) (pers. comm.) has unpublished counts of S. 98r 982 CANADIAN JOI.JRNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE i' I' [' [' l4 Lu l. Stellaria mt wk-old adult plant and (B) lO-day-old seec B mm I '1 I lffi s,l ,J Fig.2. Stellctria media (B) flower, (C) seed x l seedreed coat TURKINGTON ET AL STELLARIA MEDIA (L,) VILL - D .\ Fig.2. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (C) and (D) taken with scanning electron microscope. 984 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE media from four locations in Ottawa; all 3. Economic Importance formed 20 bivalents at metaphase I of (a) Detrimental Canada, S. media is a meiosis. Counts of 2n : 28,36, 40, 42 and weed of grain fields-ln and other cultivated 44 have been reported from Eurasia with 2n areas and pastures. It can be a major : 40 predominating (Federov 1974; Love contaminant among some crops; e.g. on and Lcive 1975; Moore 1973). Westham Island in the Fraser Delta, it has > (b) Stellaria media is similar to Cerastium l5Vo cover among raspberry and strawberry fontanum, C. arvense and S. graminea, but crops, and from 80 ao l0OVo cover in barley it differs from all these in its distinctive and potato crops. Comparable data are not pattern of pubescence, i.e. a single line of available for elsewhere in Canada. S. media hairs down the stems and petioles. competes with crop plants by shading and smothering young seedlings with its mat-like growth (Fryer and Makepeace l9'l'7). Mann (c) S. media expresses a high degree of and Barnes ( 1950) reported a 66-807o loss in phenotypic plasticity and genotypic flexibil- a barley crop due to chickweed competition ity (Sinha and Whitehead 1965), varying in for root space. Barley and chickweed roots size, habit, hairiness, length of petals, grow at the same level but the chickweed number of stamens, and number, size, and grow When grown the surface details o[ seeds. roots faster. together weed can absorb nitrogen more readily than Using such characteristics as calyx and barley. England, O'Leary (1973) sur- corolla length, number of stamens, and the In veyed 5300 fields spring winter shape of petals, B6guinot (1921, cited in of and cereals and found chickweed to be the most Matzke 1932) described 32 varieties of S. media. abundant weed. S. media seeds are contaminants in seeds of wheat, barley, rye, Kraft (1917) observed a reduction in the oats, timothy, rape, swede, mustard, fodder number and size of petals in plants of both poor and very rich soils. beets, sugar beets and kale (Fryer and Makepeace 1977). Matzke (1932) observed that flowers with media capable accumulating from2 to l0 stamens may occur on the same S. is of nitrates to potentially toxic levels (Case plant. Reincihl (1903) reported that lighr and 1957), and grazing of the weed may cause moisture determine the number of stamens in digestive disorders sheep and goats chickweed, but there has been no subsequent in (Carruthers and evidence to support this f,rnding. 1903). It harbors viruses fungi which overwinter between crop Peterson's ( 1936) transplant study plantings (Converse 197 showed clear ecotypic differentiation into and Stace-Smirh l), nematodes which arctic/subarctic populations and Mediterra- as well as aphids and transmit viruses to crop plants (Fryer and nean populations. Germination is delayed in Evans 1968). In some cases, viruses may be the former with subsequent rapid develop- transmitted seeds media ment and sparse vegetative growth. The via the of S. (Provvidenti 1975). latter germinate almost immediately, de- velop over a longer growing season and have (b) Beneficial Chickweed "can prevent luxuriant vegetative growth. Peterson erosion, preserve- and (1936) also distinguished between maritime soil soil structure regulate (Fryer and Makepeace (rapid germination) and continental forms fertility" (delay before germination). 1977) . It is a source of food for animals, the plant being eaten by hogs and rabbits (Spencer 1940) and the seeds by birds (d) Figures I and 2 show the main (Hatfield 1970). Man sometimes uses the diagnostic features of a flower, seed, plant for salads (Grieve 1959). seedling, and 5-wk-old plant of S. media. In Switzerland, chickweed is used in weed MEDIA (L.) V[L. 985 TURKINGTON ET AL. - STELLARIA controMnfestations of Convolvulus arven- It is found widely on every continent, sis and C. sepium in vineyards are from Spitzbergen at 79'N (Hult6n 1970) to suppressed by chickweed. The chickweed the Subantarctic islands at 60'5 (Walton itself is not a problem (Stalder et al. 1913). 1975). While it is generally absent only from the most arctic regions and very dry areas, it (c) Legislation S. media is listed as a is comrnon in the tropics only at high noxious weed in- the Noxious Weeds Act of elevations, e.g. 1300m in KenYa. Alberta and Manitoba. It is named in the Canada Seeds Act and Regulations 5. Habit (Anonymous 1967), where the percentage of (a) Climatic requirements - Chickweed the weed seed affects the grade of grass generally prefers cool temperatures: Walkey mixtures. and Cooper (1976) reported an optimum of 22"C for laboratory populations. However, 4. Geographical Distribution it can obviously tolerate cold conditions The distribution of S. media in Canada and since its range extends into the Arctic and adacent Alaska is shown in Fig. 3. It is Subantarctic regions. It does best in moist found from Vancouver Island to Newfound- regions, persisting and even flowering land, and from the United States border to throughout the winter in cool, moist climates the MacKenzie delta at 69'N. It is more such as in southwestern B.C. (Kenkel, common in B.C. and eastern Canada than in unpublished). But it will not flower during the prairies (Groh and Frankton 1946, winter months if the temperature remains 1948). below 2'C (Moss l9l4). It cannot tolerate tz-ettt j*s= !+:= - 0o\ ) Fig. 3. The distributio n of Steltaria media (L.) Vill. in Canada and part of Alaska from specimens in the herbaria of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, University of Saskatchewan, University of Alberta, and University of British Columbia. The solid line represents the northern limit of distribution as shown ty Hult6n ( I 970). Note that a few specimens have since been collected north of Hult6n's line. The values below the map represent the frequency of the species as recorded in longitudinal belts by two canadian weed Surveys (Groh and Frankton 1946, 1948). 986 CANADIAN JOI.]RNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE dry conditions, and during hot, dry summers common when collected by Holmes in will die back (Roberts and Dawkins 1967).
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