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Die Stellaria-Media-Gruppe in Mitteleuropa – Chromosomenzählungen Und Anmerkungen Zu Den Differentialmerkmalen 93-103 Kochia09 02:Layout 1 13.07.15 20:07 Seite 93

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Die Stellaria-Media-Gruppe in Mitteleuropa – Chromosomenzählungen Und Anmerkungen Zu Den Differentialmerkmalen 93-103 Kochia09 02:Layout 1 13.07.15 20:07 Seite 93 ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Kochia Jahr/Year: 2015 Band/Volume: 9 Autor(en)/Author(s): Hügin Gerold, Dersch Günther, Gregor Thomas Artikel/Article: Die Stellaria-media-Gruppe in Mitteleuropa – Chromosomenzählungen und Anmerkungen zu den Differentialmerkmalen 93-103 Kochia09_02:Layout 1 13.07.15 20:07 Seite 93 kochia 9: 93– 103 (2015) 93 Die Stellaria-media-Gruppe in mitteleuropa – Chromosomenzählungen und Anmerkungen zu den Differentialmerkmalen gerolD hÜgIn, gÜnther DerSch & thomaS gregor Zusammenfassung: aus der Stellaria-media- gerold hügin gruppe wurden chromosomenzahlen aus mit- kandelstraße 8, 79211 Denzlingen; teleuropa (Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweiz) [email protected] ermittelt: S. apetala (2n = 22), S. media (2n = 40, 2n = 80), S. neglecta (2n = 22). ergänzend er- folgte eine flowzytometrische Untersuchung. 1. Einleitung Wegen großer genetischer und standörtlicher variabilität der S. media kann vor allem die Un- Seit den Untersuchungen von PeterSon (1933, terscheidung von S. neglecta schwierig sein. 1935) ist geklärt, dass die Stellaria-media- Bei der Bestimmung ist immer auf den gesamten gruppe in mitteleuropa in zwei Ploidiestufen merkmalskomplex zu achten, insbesondere auf vertreten ist: S. apetala (= S. pallida) und S. ne- Samengröße und Staubblattanzahl. näher ein- glecta sind diploid, S. media ist tetraploid (genau gegangen wird auf das meist überbewertete genommen häufig nur hypotetraploid). Während merkmal „Samenhöcker“ und das bisher nur PeterSon (1936: 407) wie auch später Scholte wenig beachtete merkmal „Samenmasse“ (hun- (1978: 456) S. media (2n = 40, 42, 44) als au- dertkornmasse). topolyploid aus S. neglecta entstandene Sippe angesehen haben, vermuteten SInha & WhIte- Abstract: the Stellaria media group in Central heaD (1965: 344) einen allotetraploiden Ursprung Europe – chromosome counts and differen- aus den beiden diploiden grundarten (2n = 22). tiating characters. chromosome counts in the lediglich Scholte (1978) hat in größerem S. media group in central europe (germany, Umfang zytologische Untersuchungen durch- France and Switzerland) resulted in the following geführt. ansonsten liegen bisher nur wenige, numbers: S. apetala (2n = 22), S. media (2n = 40, stichprobenartige chromosomenzählungen vor, 2n = 80), S. neglecta (2n = 22). the different aus Deutschland z. B. nur: alBerS & PrÖBStIng ploidy levels have also been corroborated by (1998), BUttler (1985), BUttler & StIeglItz additional flowcytometrical analysis. S. media (1976), lUDWIg & lenSkI (1969), Scholte (1978). exhibits a wide ecological and genetic variation. So fehlt letztlich der nachweis, dass Bestim- therefore, its differentiation from S. neglecta mungsergebnisse nach morphologischen ge- can be difficult and determinations should be sichtspunkten in allen Fällen mit den zytologi- based on all relevant characters, especially schen Befunden übereinstimmen. Und weil die seed size and number of stamens. Seed tuber- artengruppe nach wie vor als bestimmungskri- cles are variable and may lead to misidentifica- tisch anzusehen ist, lag es nahe, die chromo- tions. a rarely used character is seed mass somenzählungen nicht nur insgesamt auf eine (measured for 100 seeds). breitere grundlage zu stellen, sondern gezielt bestimmungskritische Pflanzen zytologisch zu prüfen. Ferner soll die aufmerksamkeit auf die günther Dersch chromosomenrassen der S. media gelenkt wer- Berliner Straße 5, 37120 Bovenden; den, von der erstmals eine oktoploide Sippe [email protected] nachgewiesen werden konnte. thomas gregor Senckenberg, Forschungsinstitut und natur- 2. material und methoden museum – abteilung Botanik und molekulare evolutionsforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Die chromosomenzählungen (g. Dersch, g. hü- 60325 Frankfurt am main; gin) erfolgten an hand von Quetschpräparaten [email protected] (Wurzelspitzen) nach der Standardmethode Kochia09_02:Layout 1 13.07.15 20:07 Seite 94 94 g. hügin & al. (vgl. vogt & aParIcIo 2000), teils an kultivierten ● Wasser- und nährstoffversorgung sowie wahr- Pflanzen (g. D.), teils an keimproben (g. h.); in scheinlich noch weitere Standortfaktoren be- tab. 1 sind die Fundorte aufgelistet. Die Flowzy- einflussen auch die Differentialmerkmale tometer-Untersuchung (t. gregor) wurde im ar- mehr oder weniger stark. beitskreis Prof. zizka am Institut für Ökologie, vor allem an den spezifischen Standorten von evolution und Diversität der goethe-Universität S. neglecta, der auwald-Sternmiere (frische bis Frankfurt durchgeführt (Probenverzeichnis: feuchte, eutrophe Waldbinnensäume), wo sich tab. 4); die methodik ist in meyer & al. (2013) S. media – vielleicht infolge zunehmender eu- dargestellt, als Standard diente Glycine max trophierung – anscheinend verstärkt ausbreitet, cv. Polanka. Die hundertkornmasse (g.h.) kann die Unterscheidung schwierig sein; dort wurde mit einer Präzisionswaage ermittelt (mi- ist S. media nicht selten in Staubblattanzahl, krowaage mX5 der Firma mettler-toledo, ab- Samengröße und Samenstruktur der S. neglecta lesbarkeit 1 μg). genähert. als besonders verlässliche Unterscheidungs- merkmale gelten die anzahl der Staubblätter 3. Stellaria apetala – Stellaria media und die Samengröße (Stace 2010). Die Unter- schiede sind statistisch signifikant (tab. 2) – Die beiden arten sind – sofern ein merkmals- wenn auch fast durchweg mit mehr oder weniger komplex betrachtet wird – einwandfrei zu un- großen Überschneidungsbereichen (vgl. auch terscheiden; mit der Samenmasse (hundert- toWPaSz 1981). kornmasse) liegt sogar ein überschneidungs- Derartige Überschneidungsbereiche – wie freies Differentialmerkmal vor (hÜgIn 2012: 92). sie für die meisten bestimmungskritischen taxa In die zytologischen kontrollen einbezogen bezeichnend sind – sollten in Bestimmungs- wurden einige morphologisch extreme Proben schlüsseln nicht unterschlagen werden. Denn von S. apetala: es geht ja nicht darum, die grundsätzliche Un- ● besonders großsamige Pflanzen, die hin- terscheidbarkeit der taxa unter Beweis zu sichtlich der Samengröße S. media nahe- stellen – wozu statistisch abgesicherte mittel- kommen; werte eine geeignete methode sind; es soll ● ungewöhnlich hochwüchsige Pflanzen von vielmehr die einzelpflanze bestimmbar sein, Saumstandorten frischer Böden, die gewöhn- indem auf kritische Fälle aufmerksam gemacht lich als S. media fehlgedeutet werden (vgl. wird, in denen nur die kombination aller merk- auch WhIteheaD & SInha 1967: 777). male zum richtigen ergebnis führen kann. Sowohl diese kritischen Proben als auch alle Im Fall der Samengröße ist der Überschnei- zweifelsfrei als S. apetala angesprochenen dungsbereich deutlich geringer, wenn statt der Pflanzen haben sich als diploid erwiesen, mit Breite die masse der Samen ermittelt wird. der chromosomenzahl 2n = 22 (tab. 1). von Das liegt zum einen daran, dass mit der masse wenigen offensichtlichen Fehlzählungen abge- drei größen zugleich ermittelt werden (Breite, sehen sind abweichende chromosomenzahlen länge und Dicke); hinzu kommt, dass beim auch aus der literatur nicht bekannt. ermitteln der hundertkornmasse mit einer ein- zigen messung bereits ein mittelwert vorliegt. Ähnlich aussagekräftige Werte zur größenver- 4. Stellaria neglecta – Stellaria media teilung der Samenbreite zu ermitteln, ist mühsam und zeitaufwändig. typisch entwickelte exemplare von S. neglecta entgegen der bisherigen annahme ist das und S. media sind leicht voneinander zu unter- merkmal Samenstruktur (spitzhöckrig versus scheiden (nIlSSon 2001, FIScher & al. 2008, stumpfhöckrig) nicht sonderlich zuverlässig. jÄger 2011 u. a.). Schwierig wird die Unter- nur Scholte (1978: 448) hat die Samenstruktur scheidung infolge ungewöhnlich stark ausge- der S. media in ihrer ganzen variationsbreite prägter phäno- wie genotypischer variabilität zutreffend beschrieben: „sometimes like those der S. media: of S. neglecta“. Diese aussage ist wörtlich zu ● von S. media sind besonders üppig wach- nehmen: Die Samenstruktur kann durchaus sende Ökotypen bekannt („robust strain“, Sa- den abbildungen entsprechen, die als typisch lISBUry 1974a; SoBey 1987, nIlSSon 2001); für S. neglecta publiziert sind (BUttler 1985, Kochia09_02:Layout 1 13.07.15 20:07 Seite 95 Stellaria-media-gruppe in mitteleuropa 95 nIlSSon 2001). zur höckergröße gibt es nur 5. Chromosomenrassen der Stellaria wenige, nicht selten unrealistische angaben, media beispielsweise die ungemein genau anmutenden von WhIteheaD & SInha (1967: 773): „49,47 μm“ Die hypotetraploide rasse mit 40 chromosomen versus „23,21 μm“. Im Fall von S. neglecta stim- gilt als aneuploid aus der 2n = 44-rasse ent- men die angaben von Berggren (1981) mit standen (Scholte (1978: 456). Sie ist im Un- unseren Beobachtungen überein („up to tersuchungsgebiet die vorherrschende, wahr- 250 μm“), nicht aber der entsprechende Wert scheinlich sogar die ausschließliche chromo- für S. media („up to 50μm“); richtig dürfte somenrasse (tab. 1). Das bestätigt das ergebnis „60–200 μm“ sein (ocaña & al. 1998). von Scholte (1978: 452 ff.). Der tetraploide zytotyp (2n = 44) wurde weltweit häufig nach- zytologisch geprüft wurden: gewiesen, schwerpunktmäßig in wärmeren re- ● Pflanzen, die nach morphologischen ge- gionen (golDBlatt & johnSon 1979 ff.). Die sichtspunkten zweifelsfrei zu S. neglecta ge- weit seltener genannte zahl 42 könnte als ge- hören; legentliche hybridbildung zwischen den beiden ● Pflanzen, die in Samenstruktur oder Samen- zytotypen interpretiert werden (Scholte 1978:
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