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Vegetation of Trampled Habitats in the Prekmurje Region (Ne Slovenia)

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Vegetation of Trampled Habitats in the Prekmurje Region (Ne Slovenia) HACQUETIA 4/2 • 2005, 151–159 VEGETATION OF TRAMPLED HABITATS IN THE PREKMURJE REGION (NE SLOVENIA) Andraž ČARNI* Abstract The work deals with the vegetation growing along and on roads, footpaths and wheel tracks in the Prek- murje region. The author concludes that the communities appearing in these habitats can be classified into several syntaxa. The most characteristic associations are classified into the class Polygono-Poëtea annuae. On less trampled sites one can find also the communities that are otherwise partly adapted to trampling, how- ever, they are classified into other syntaxonomic units, for example into the alliance Sisymbrion or Malvion (both from the class Stellarietea mediae) or into the alliance Plantagini-Prunellion from the class Molinio-Ar- rhentheretea. The following plant communities were established Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek et al. 1997 (Malvion neglectae), Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis Mucina 1993 (Sisymbrion) and Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942 (Polygono-Poëtea annuae) and Prunello vulgaris-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 1963 (Molinio- Arrhenatheretea). Izvleček Delo obravnava vegetacijo na cestah in ob njih, ob poteh in kolovozih v Prekmurju. Avtor ugotavlja, da lahko združbe, ki se pojavljajo na teh habitatih, uvrstimo v več sintaksonov. Najbolj značilne asociacije uvrščamo v razred Polygono-Poëtea annuae. Na manj pohojenih rastiščih pa najdemo tudi združbe, ki so sicer delno pri- lagojene na teptanje, vendar pa jih uvrščamo v druge sintaksonomske enote, na primer zvezi Sisymbrion ali Malvion (obe iz razreda Stellarietea mediae) ali v zvezo Plantagini-Prunellion iz razreda Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Ugotovljene so bile naslednje rastlinske združbe Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek et al. 1997 (Mal- vion neglectae), Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis Mucina 1993 (Sisymbrion), Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942 (Polygono-Poëtea annuae) in Prunello vulgaris-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 1963 (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). Key words: trampled habitat, Polygono-Poëtea annuae, Stellarietea mediae, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, wheel track, vegetation, Prekmurje, Slovenia Ključne besede: pohojeni habitat, Polygono-Poëtea annuae, Stellarietea mediae, Molinio-Arrhentheretea, kolovoz, vegetacija, Prekmurje, Slovenija 1. INTRODUCTION There are several factors connected with this activ- ity. Among others, there are mechanical damages The vegetation developing along and on roads, of plant parts and soil compaction resulting in re- footpaths and wheel tracks is subject to a greater duced soil aeration and limited soil water content. or smaller effect of soil trampling. The main selec- However, such activities have a specific effect on tive pressure that facilitates the development of the plants that are adjusted to this type of activi- communities on trampled soils is man’s or animal’s ties, and at the same time, they have a negative se- walking and vehicle driving that acts vertically on lective pressure on the competitive plant species. the soil and at the same time on the vegetation. Due to walking and driving, the plants have devel- * Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p.b. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, e-mail: [email protected] 151 HHQ_4-2.inddQ_4-2.indd 151151 330.11.20050.11.2005 112:39:472:39:47 HACQUETIA 4/2 • 2005 oped typi cal growing forms, for instance rosettes mezzophyllous grasses are of lower importance. (Plantago), creeping stems (Trifolium) or tussocks The typical sites for this vegetation are forest foot- (Gramineae). (Čarni & al. 2002) paths where usually the association Prunello-Ra- In Europe, the pioneer plant communities ap- nunculetum repentis appears. In these communities, pearing on trampled soils are mainly classified in- relatively few plant species appear (Ellmauer & to the class Polygono-Poëtea annuae (Rivas-Martínez Mucina 1993). 1972). The communities are built mostly by thero- phytes (for instance, Chamomilla suaveloens, Poa an- nua) reaching their optimal phase of development 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA AND in late spring and in early summer. Later on, those METHODS species occur that are adjusted to high tempera- tures and are known for their C4 photosynthetic The Prekmurje region lies in the northerneast of pathway. They reach their optimum of develop- Slovenia (Fig. 1). Geographically, it is limited by ment in the second half of the summer (Čarni & the Austrian, Hungarian and Coatian border and Mucina 1998). These communities are not dealt the Mura river. It measures 948 km2. The geologi- with in this reseach. cal bedrock consists mainly of miocenic and plio- Moreover, certain other communities can also cenic, and partly also of holocenic sediments. On be considered as trampled communities. However, this bedrock the eutric and dystric leptosol devel- they are classified into other syntaxa, for instance, ops and eutric and dystric cambisols that proceed into the class of weed and ruderal communities one type of soil into another one under man’s in- Stellarietea mediae and the class of anthropogenic fluence (Stepančič 1984). The climate can be clas- meadows on deeper, more or less fertile soils of sified into the moderate continental climate of lowland regions Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. eastern Slovenia (Subpannonic climate). It is char- The association Marticarietum discoideae-recutitae acterized by more a pronounced continental pre- has been classified into Malvion, the alliance of an- cipitation regime with an annual quantity of pre- nual, ruderal and therophytic communities that cipitation between 1000 and 800 mm, and by the reach their phenological optimum in summer. fact that April temperatures equal or exceed the The communities are found in lowlands with a October ones. Figure 2 shows the climadiagram warm climate. They grow on waste material and for Lendava, where the annual quantity of precipi- on loose soils rich in organic substances, very of- tation equals 811 mm with a maximum in July and ten rich in nitrates from organic material or from November (Ogrin 1996). In this area, the most fre- liquid manure. The communities from the alli- quent community is Castaneo-Fagetum that could be ance Malvion appear in planar and collin vegeta- found on hilly sites in the northern part of the re- tion belts. The area of distribution of the alliance gion. The plains are mostly cultivated, here and spreads in subcontinental central Europe and in there, there are individual hornbeam tree forests the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula (Mucina (Pruno padi-Carpinetum). On the plains, larger for- 1993). est surfaces appear along water currents and in The association Polygono-Lepidietum has been marshy regions, particularly the forests dominated classified into Sisymbrion, the alliance of annual by oak, alder and willow trees (Marinček & Čarni ruderal communities that develop on open, ni- 2002). trophilic sites in settlements and also elsewhere in The vegetation was sampled and studied ac- the cultural landscape. Mostly these are species cording to the standard Central European method poor communities. The soils are loose and they (Braun-Blanquet 1964, Westhoff & van der Maarel dry out very quickly since they are rich in bedrock 1973) whereas the nomenclature of plant species and therefore permeable (Pott 1995, Mucina follows Ehrendorfer (1973) and Martinčič (2003). 1993). In Slovenia, the vegetation of trampled sites The community that is found on forest foot- has been researched by a few researchers, like for paths is classified into the order Plantagini-Prunelle- example Čarni (1996) in the Submediterranean talia of the class Molinio-Arrhenathereta. The order area, Marković (1984) in the Predinaric and Di- of Plantagini-Prunelletalia comprises hemicrypto- naric region, Šilc (2001, 2002) in Central Slovenia, phytic trampled communities that grow on shady and Marković (2000) in the Subpannonian re- sites. In the communities, there are numerous gion. broad-leaved and low herb species whereas the 152 HHQ_4-2.inddQ_4-2.indd 152152 330.11.20050.11.2005 112:39:482:39:48 ANDRAŽ ČARNI: VEGETATION OF TRAMPLED HABITATS IN THE PREKMURJE REGION (NE SLOVENIA) Figure 1: Research area (left); Figure 2: Climadiagram for Lendava (after Ogrin 1996) (right). Slika 1: Področje raziskav (levo); Slika 2: Klimadiagram Lendave (po Ogrinu 1996) (desno). 3. RESULTS a) Syntaxonomical scheme b) Description of plant communities Stellarietea mediae R.Tx. Lohmeyer et Preising in R. 3.1. Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek Tx. ex Rochow 1951 et al. 1997 (Tab. 1) Sisymbrietalia J. Tx. in Lohmeyer et al. 1962 Malvion neglectae (Gutte 1966) Hejný 1978 The community, classified into the alliance Malvion Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae was described by Jarolímek and coauthors (1997) Jarolímek et al. 1997 in Slovakia. The community appears on holding Sisymbrion officinale R. Tx., Lohmeyer et yards where the poultry is pastured from time to Preising in R. Tx. 1950 time. The sites are sunny or partly shady, fresh to Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis dry, rich in nitrogen and only moderately trampled Mucina 1993 (Jarolímek & al. 1997). Polygono arenastri-Poëtea annuae Rivas-Martínez In the Prekmurje region, the community fre- 1975 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al. 1991 quently appears in courtyards that are still tradi- Polygono arenastri-Poëtalia annae R. Tx. in Géhu tionally managed although such sites are in the et al. 1972 process of gradual disappearance. The community Marticario matricarioidis-Polygonion
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