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Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi DOCTORAL THESIS 2020 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi Cover photo Siahpoush Wind Farm, Qazvin, Iran Credit: Arian MahTaab Gostar Company http://www.mah-taab.com/ I UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi II UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges TESIS DOCTORAL Dirigida por el Dr. Endrius CoCCiolo Departament de Dret PúbliC Tarragona 2020 III UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi “The cost of our success is the exhaustion of natural resources, leading to energy crises, climate change, pollution, and the destruction of our habitat. If you exhaust natural resources, there will be nothing left for your children. If we continue in the same direction, humankind is headed for some frightful ordeals, if not extinction.” Christian de Duve IV UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, for the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Center d'Estudis de Dret Ambiental de Tarragona (CEDAT) that granted me a scholarship for realizations of this research. Also, I would like to express my gratitude to the Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), and to the professors and administrative staff of the CEDAT and the Department of Public Law who have contributed directly or indirectly to this thesis and supported me in a way or another. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Endrius COCCIOLO for his confidence in me, and letting me conduct this research under his auspices. As a thesis supervisor, he supported and encouraged me in all stages of this work, despite his busy agenda. Without his coherent and illuminating instruction, this thesis would not have reached the light as it is today. I appreciate his contributions of time and ideas, as well as the generosity and patience he has provided to me for the last five years. I much appreciate and acknowledge the support received during my visiting stay, from the director, professors and administrative staff of Institut des .tudes Juridiques de l'Urbanisme, de la Construction et de l'Environnement (IEJUC) of Universit. Toulouse 1 Capitole. I am especially grateful to Professor Matthieu POUMAREDE, and Mr. Julien BETAILLE maîtres de conférences. I extend my sincere thanks to all the members of my family. I would never finish this journey, and I would never find the courage to overcome all the challenges during this work without your support. My thanks go to my parents for their patience and their love during all these years. They have made countless sacrifices to help me get to this point. I want to extend my warmest thanks to my dear wife Motahareh, for all the late nights and early mornings and all the supports and constant love. I wish to express my gratitude to my colleagues and friends of the office 19 Bis, for all the helps and joys they offered me, without you, it would not have been the same. I would also like to appreciate Mr. Saleh Shaqadan Vall Llovera and his family greatly for their support and helps during my stay in Tarragona. V UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Development of Energy Sector in Iran in Light of Energy Trilemma. An Analysis of Legal and Policy Challenges Mohammad Mohsen Masjedi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................. VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. X PART ONE. INTRODUCTION, HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH ...... 1 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 2 1.1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 2 1.2. THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................... 8 1.2. OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSES OF THE THESIS ........................................................................ 18 1.4. PROBLEMATIC AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................ 24 1.5. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 25 1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 28 1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................ 32 2. CHAPTER 2: A HISTORY OF ENERGY SECTOR IN IRAN, ONE CENTURY OF PETROLEUM DOMINATION ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 35 2.2. THE BRIEF HISTORY OF IRAN´S PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ....................................................... 35 2.3. CHAPTER CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 60 3. CHAPTER 3. ENERGY IN IRAN AN OVERVIEW OF FOSSIL FUEL RESERVOIRS, ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES AND STATISTICS .................................................................................. 63 3.1. AN EXAMINATION OF HYDROCARBON RESERVES AND PRODUCTION ................................. 63 3.2. AN OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS AND STATISTICS ............................... 67 3.3. CURRENT STATISTICS OF RENEWABLES .............................................................................. 74 3.4 NUCLEAR ENERGY ................................................................................................................ 75 3.5. AN ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
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