WHITE LITHUANIAN DEFENCE POLICY P A P E R MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE VILNIUS, 2006 WHITE UDKPAPER 355(474.5) 2 Vh-05 Chief editor Kæstutis Paulauskas Translators: Giedrimas Jeglinskas, Kæstutis Paulauskas, Edmundas Èapas Photos: Alfredo Pliadþio, Egidijaus Mitkaus, Kæstuèio Dijoko, Luko Kalvaièio, Martyno Gutniko, Rièardo Uzelkos, Skomanto Pavilionio, Valentino Ðlepiko, Vytauto Palubinsko, and other photos from the archive of the Ministry of National Defence Designer Edita Namajûnienë 2006 05 29. Tiraþas 1000. Uþsakymas GL-217 Lietuvos Respublikos kraðto apsaugos ministerija Totoriø g. 25/3, LT-01121 Vilnius, www.kam.lt Maketavo KAM Leidybos ir informacinio aprûpinimo tarnyba, Totoriø g. 25/3, LT-01121 Vilnius Spausdino LK karo kartografijos centras, Muitinës g. 4, Domeikava, LT-54359 Kauno r. ISBN 9986-738-78-4 3 WHITE PAPER CONTENT Foreword ........................................................................................................................5 1. Changing Global Security Environment .....................................................................7 2. New Role and New Missions of the Armed Forces ....................................................11 3. The Main Directions of Lithuania’s Defence Policy ..................................................15 3.1. Srengthening of Euro-Atlantic Security ..................................................................16 3.2. Projection of Stability ..........................................................................................19 3.3. International Defence Cooperation ....................................................................... 21 3.3.1. Multilateral Defence Cooperation ...................................................................... 22 3.3.2. Bilateral Defence Cooperation .......................................................................... 23 4. Defence reform: Building Modern Armed Forces ..................................................... 27 4.1. Shifting from Territorial to Collective Defence Principles ..........................................27 4.2. New Tasks and Requirements for the Lithuanian Armed Forces ............................... 29 4.3. Review of the Armed Forces Structure .................................................................. 31 4.4. Personnel Management and Training .................................................................... 49 4.5. Defence Resources ............................................................................................ 51 4.6. Defence and Society .......................................................................................... 56 5. New Agenda of Lithuania’s Defence Policy .............................................................. 59 Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................60 WHITE PAPER 4 5 WHITE PAPER FOREWORD After we have published the last White Paper, two events of enormous historical importance took place: in 2004, after more than a decade of hard and dedicated work, Lithuania became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union (EU). For a long time we have already been acting as true members of the Euro-Atlantic community. We have firmly adhered to democratic principles while implementing reforms, have taken an active part in international operations and confidence building measures, and have contributed to the spread of Euro-Atlantic stability. In 2004, our achievements received due acknowledgment. Membership in NATO and the EU provided us an opportunity to participate in the decision making process on Euro-Atlantic security matters and the collective defence guarantees embedded in Article 5 of the Washington Treaty. Collective defence guarantees also imply certain commitments to the Alliance. Membership in NATO brings more security but also more challenges: our nation is now committed to ensure the security and welfare of our Allies, just as our Allies will defend Lithuania. In an insecure world, there cannot be more intimate and stronger bonds among sovereign states than that of a mutual commitment to defend freedom and other common values. The current security environment is fluid and changes rapidly, therefore we must constantly adapt the guidelines of Lithuanian defence policy, foresee the challenges that lie ahead and find ways to overcome them. Membership provides a firm foundation to develop relations with NATO Allies and EU member states, as well as with Partner countries in other regions. Membership in NATO and the EU solidifies the image of Lithuania as an open society that cherishes democratic values and is a credible partner for free trade and financial investment. Most importantly, membership in NATO reinforces Lithuania’s readiness to deal with security challenges, and, if necessary, to militarily confront these challenges together with Allied forces in defence of common values. We must continue reforming the Lithuanian Armed Forces (LAF) and developing military capabilities in accordance with the contemporary requirements and needs of NATO, in this way strengthening Lithuania’s own defence. At the end of the day, we must make sure that the Lithuanian society could be proud of and confident in its Armed Forces, and that our Armed Forces are well respected and trusted within the Alliance and the international community. Taking into account all these important, even historic changes in the life of Lithuanian state and the Lithuanian Armed Forces, we are happy to present you a new Lithuanian Defence Policy White Paper. Gediminas Kirkilas WHITE PAPER 6 7 WHITE PAPER 1. CHANGING GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT In the beginning of the 21st century, contradictory strategic trends prevail in the world. On the one hand, globalisation brings about many positive changes – strengthening international economic and political cohesion, openness of foreign policy and economy of states, scientific and technological progress, and growing international trade. On the other hand, globalization can also be blamed for the rise of new transnational threats. Although the probability of a major inter-state war is diminishing, threats stemming from rogue states, non-state formations and terrorist groups are becoming more imminent and less predictable. The likelihood of a terrorist group or a rogue state acquiring and using weapons of mass destruction is causing especially serious global danger. Although new unconventional security challenges are replacing traditional threats of armed aggression against the territory of sovereign states, the use of military force is not declining. Terrorist attacks in different countries and regions have reached such a level that the only way to prevent them is to use military force. The nature of conflict itself is changing. Contemporary conflicts are more asymmetrical, open combat is more intense although shorter in duration, and battlefields are shifting from an open space into densely populated cities. Conventional military forces of NATO countries are forced to fight an unpredictable enemy who uses unconventional fighting methods. Despite some promising trends of political and economic integration, disintegration tendencies that fuel territorial and ethno-religious conflicts are still widespread. Often, military force is being used to resolve these conflicts. Ethnic tensions, armed conflicts, or civil wars continue in many regions of the world: Europe (the Balkans, the Northern Caucasus), Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Since the mid-1990s, the number of such conflicts has started to grow. There is a high probability that in the future, due to a growing economic differentiation between countries, social unrest or resistance to democratisation processes by authoritarian regimes, civil wars and ethnic clashes may impact entire regions. The international community will have to respond by launching new peacekeeping and crisis response operations, as well as combat operations against terrorist networks and against those governments that sponsor terrorism, that seek to acquire and use the weapons of mass destruction, and that pose a threat to international security. W Lithuanian soldiers patrolling in the Ghor Province of Afghanistan X Lithuanian peacekeepers attending the coalition-led Operation Iraqi Freedom in the British area of responsibility WHITE PAPER 8 The present need for security is universal – no state can be completely isolated from the new security challenges. No state – its size, geopolitical situation, form of government, or religion notwithstanding – is fully protected from the threats posed by international terrorism or the use of the weapons of mass destruction. Lithuania, like any other member of the international community, can become a target of terrorists or a state that sponsors terrorism. Lithuania’s security is closely linked with the stability and security of distant regions. Conflicts in the Middle East, Central Asia, the Balkans, or the Caucasus may have an impact on Lithuania. Non-military challenges, like organised crime, illegal trafficking of arms, drugs and people, and uncontrolled migration stem from these conflict-ridden regions. In certain cases, using military force to successfully counter these challenges may be necessary. NATO borders the unstable regions that are impoverished by internal conflicts caused by political, ethnic, or religious discord and intolerance. Crisis situations in these regions may become unmanageable, spread, and have negative consequences