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Carbon Capture and Storage: Setting the New Zealand Scene

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Carbon capture and storage: Setting the New Zealand scene

Brad Field GNS Science Lower Hutt

[email protected]

GNS Science

The mitigation wedges required to meet 2050 emission target
(if only 2o in 2100)

60

CCS

50 40 30 20 10
0

  • 2009
  • 2015
  • 2020
  • 2025
  • 2030
  • 2035
  • 2040
  • 2045
  • 2050

CCS 14% (17%)

Power generation efficiency and fuel switching 3% (1%) End-use fuel switching 12% (12%)

Renewables 21% (23%)

Nuclear 8% (8%)
End-use energy efficiency 42% (39%)

Percentages represent share of cumulative emissions reductions to 2050. Percentages in brackets represent share of emissions reductions in the year 2050.

IEA 2012, GCCSI 2012

GNS Science

Deep purple…

http://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/temperatures-off-the-charts-as-australia-turns-deep-purple-20130108-2ce33.html

GNS Science

The carbon capture, transport and storage process

Below ~800 m = liquid

CO2CRC

GNS Science

Geological storage of CO2

claystone seal rock

sandstone reservoir rock

seal reservoir seal injected CO2

CO2CRC

CO2 storage sites:

natural gas reservoir

• Several kilometres below surface • Similar locations to oil and natural gas

GNS Science

Typical depth ranges for subsurface resources

Interactions could include leakage/migration, and pressure effects

IEAGHG Technical Report 2013-08

GNS Science

Global scene

• 16 large CCS projects currently operating or in construction, with a total capture ~ 36 Mtpa of CO2

• 59 large projects being planned: >110 Mtpa

Government support for CCS:

• UKP 1,000 M government funding • USD 3,400 M government funding • AUD 1,680 M Flagship Project funding

Big effort internationally – a lot at stake! Big industry – opportunities

Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of CCS: 2012, Canberra, Australia

NZ = capture at Kapuni (no storage)

GNS Science

Sleipner Field CO2 Storage, Norway

www.statoilhydro.com
Capture: Amine process

Sleipner A
Sleipner T

0500 m

CO2 Injection Well

1000 m

CO2
Utsira

Formation

1500 m

Sleipner Øst Production and Injection Wells

2000 m

Tore Torp, StatoilHydro, Norway

0
500

m
1000 m
1500 m
2500 m

9% CO2

Heimdal Formation

Started injecting in 1996. ~ 1 Mtpa. 16 Mt so far; 21-30 Mt planned. The extra equipment cost for the CO2 compression and the drilling of the CO2 injection well was roughly 100 million USD.

GNS Science

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) - Weyburn

• International trading of CO2 • CCUS (“Utilisation”)

Source: ARI and Melzer Consulting (2010).

Enhanced oil recovery, and CO2 storage

Weyburn oilfield in Canada, was discovered in 1954. In October 2000, EnCana began injecting carbon dioxide to boost oil production. Overall, some 20 Mt of carbon dioxide will be permanently sequestered at ~1500 m over the lifespan of the project. The gas is being supplied via a 205 mile long pipeline (costing 100 million US$) from the lignite-fired Dakota Gasification Company synfuels plant site in North Dakota.

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

GNS Science

Gorgon – world’s largest storage project, 2015

Description – Construction of 10 million

tonnes per year LNG plant. CO2 to be captured from natural gas and injected into the Dupuy Formation Capture – CO2 separation (part of gas

Image courtesy of Chevron

separation for LNG)

• Capture to commence – 2015 (est)

Storage – Onshore – beneath Barrow Island at a depth of approx 2000m

• Storage commence – 2015 (est) • Storage rate – 3 to 4 million tpa

Partners – Chevron, Exxon-Mobil, Shell

Petroleum in Western Australia September 2009, Dept of Mines and Petroleum.

GNS Science

NZ emissions from large point sources total 5-8 Mtpa

(small on a global scale)

Glenbrook
~1-2 Mt /yr

K Thompson

Huntly
≤4-5 Mt /yr

Kapuni
≤0.8 Mt /yr

www.teara.govt.nz

Comalco
≤ 0.5 Mt /yr

vector.co.nz

rhsconsulting.co.nz

GNS Science

Storage opportunities

Onshore capacity ~ 15,000 Mt

Likely that we have more than enough!

CO2
Storage
(Total)
Mt
Field

Maui Field

  • Kapuni
  • 106

23
5

~200-300 Mt

McKee Rimu Mangahewa Waihapa/Ngaere Ngatoro
843

  • Kaimiro
  • 2

King, P., Bland, K., Funnell, R., Archer, R., and Lever, L. 2009. Opportunities for underground geological storage of CO2 in New

Zealand - Report CCS-08/5 - Onshore Taranaki Basin overview.

GNS Science Report 2009/58.

Point source Storage polygon

GNS Science

Potential leakage mechanisms and impacts of CO2 storage on groundwater

IEAGHG Technical Report 2013-08 from Figure 3 of IEAGHG 2011/11. Not to scale.

GNS Science

Test venting of CO2, Otway project, Australia – a deliberate “leak”

Many risks, but…

Photo: Sandeep Sharma, CO2CRC

• CO2 storage done for 15+ years (EOR for longer)

• Risks are recognised (often site-specific)

• They can be assessed by site studies (cost:benefit) • Phases of assessing risk – progression of methods • Peer reviews of risk – iterative? (Gorgon) • Risk is closely linked to potential for litigation, fines

GNS Science

General concepts

• Geological site assessments – site-specific

• Monitoring and verification - reduce risk, provide proof

• What constitutes “leakage”? • Phases

– Block delineation/prioritising – Permitting (overlaps?) – Planning and approval – Operation – Post-injection – Handover

• Context – changing perceptions, demographics, politics

GNS Science

What’s special about New Zealand?

1. Local variations in geology 2. Active faults, active seismicity 3. General societal perspectives – climate? NIMBY? 4. Maori perspectives 5. Small population & economy 6. Currently smug (“green”), with adequate electricity supply (?)

7. No regulations specifically on CCS (yet) assurance (3-way); flexibility (geology!)

8. CO2 not used for enhanced oil recovery (yet) 9. Axial ranges; Cook Strait (pipelines or ships?) 10. Uncertain where new large point sources might be.

GNS Science

Potential issues include….

• Regulations

– New legislative requirements – Onus on regulators to predict potential resource interactions?
(priority of use, avoidance of conflict?)

– Would regions be asked to accept a share of long-term liability, post-injection, or just central government?

• CCS infrastructure

– When will fields become depleted/available and which ones might be suitable for storage of CO2 – ownership? good condition?

• Acceptance

‒ What benefits might there be for regions? ‒ Engagement with communities

GNS Science

Summary

• Globally, CCS is needed if we are to meet emission targets • Currently, NZ emissions are small – may change • New Zealand has “enough” storage capacity • Uncertain where/when CCS will be implemented in NZ • At least 10 special features for New Zealand • Regulators may need to prioritise pore space use • Regulations should enable project planning, help avoid litigation and reassure communities

GNS Science

Thank you

GNS Science

Useful publications include:

http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6467.htm

http://www.ieaghg.org/

Paperback - February 2012 ISBN: 9780643094857 - AU $ 39.95

Technical Report 2013-08

An eBook version is available from

eBooks.com

GNS Science

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