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New Zealand Energy Information Handbook Third Edition New Zealand Energy Information Handbook Third Edition Gary Eng Ian Bywater Charles Hendtlass Editors CAENZ 2008 New Zealand Energy Information Handbook – Third Edition ISBN 978-0-908993-44-4 Printing History First published 1984; Second Edition published 1993; this Edition published April 2008. Copyright © 2008 New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering Publisher New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering University of Canterbury Campus Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140, New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] Editorial Services, Graphics and Book Design Charles Hendtlass, New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering. Cover photo by Scott Caldwell, CAENZ. Printing Toltech Print, Christchurch Disclaimer Every attempt has been made to ensure that data in this publication are accurate. However, the New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering accepts no liability for any loss or damage however caused arising from reliance on or use of that information or arising from the absence of information or any particular information in this Handbook. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise disseminated, in any form or by any means, except for the purposes of research or private study, criticism or review, without the prior permission of the New Zealand Centre for Advanced Engineering. Preface This Energy Information Handbook brings Climate Change and the depletion rate of together in a single, concise, ready- fossil energy resources, more widely reference format basic technical informa- recognised now than when the second tion describing the country’s energy edition was published, add to the resources and current energy commodi- pressure of finding and using energy ties. resources with the utmost efficiency and with due regard to the environmental The editor of the second edition of the consequences. Handbook published in 1991, James Baines, was responsible for editing a The data contained in this Handbook similar volume in 1984 under the have been selected as being suitable for auspices of the New Zealand Energy analyses and investigations at the Research and Development Committee. planning and policy level, and for general This is the third revised and expanded consumer and student enquiries. The two edition, published for the first time by main aims served by this Handbook are the New Zealand Centre for Advanced to encourage the widespread and Engineering (CAENZ). consistent use of a uniform data set, relevant to New Zealand, and to familiar- CAENZ was established in 1987 as the ise users who do not have a technical Centre for Advanced Engineering (CAE) to background with the important factors mark one hundred years of teaching that affect the appropriateness and engineering at the University of Canter- accuracy of energy data. bury. Over the years, guided by ‘for the public good’ principles, CAENZ has played Interest in strategic energy issues is a strong knowledge-broking and facilitat- intensifying even more. Informed public ing role within New Zealand’s engineering debate depends on access to authorita- and technology sectors, seeking to tive data. It is heartening to observe a enlarge this country’s technological continuation of support for making good capability in areas of national impor- technical data publicly available among tance. energy sector organisations. This Handbook is a tribute to the cooperative- As with the second edition, a new ness of many individuals in the energy Handbook is overdue for several reasons. sector. The original volume was prepared at a time when the gas sector in particular The Handbook is not intended to be an was in a state of rapid evolution. It is a energy compendium, and does not very different now and so are the energy contain energy statistics or other data commodities involved. Since 1984, the that will date quickly. There are several energy sector has been re-regulated, alternative sources for information of this corporatised and privatised to varying type, such as the Ministry of Economic degrees. Access to definitive information, Development Energy Data File even of a technical rather than a commer- (www.med.govt.nz) and the EECA website cial nature, remains problematic for many. (www.eeca.govt.nz). New Zealand Energy Information Handbook Page iii Handbook Updating New Zealand’s energy scene, and As always, there are gaps in this data- additional user requirements. Comments base, attributable in the main either to and suggestions from users would be commercial sensitivities (primary resource welcomed. These can be sent to: data) or to the absence of basic informa- The Editor tion (end-use data). In time these gaps New Zealand Energy Information may be remedied. Handbook It is also likely that users of the Hand- CAENZ book will be able to identify possible University of Canterbury Campus additions or improvements to be Private Bag 4800 incorporated in future editions. This CHRISTCHURCH 8140 Handbook will continue to be reviewed or e-mailed to: and updated from time to time to accommodate changing circumstances in [email protected] Page iv Preface Contents Preface .............................................................................................................iii List of Tables ................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................... x 1Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 New Zealand focus and international conventions .................................................1 Units and conversion factors ...................................................................................1 Levels of accuracy ....................................................................................................1 2Units and Energy Conversion Factors .....................................................................3 SI units of measurement ........................................................................................ 3 Metric prefixes ......................................................................................................... 3 Energy commodity units in popular usage ............................................................. 3 Energy and work equivalents ................................................................................. 4 Power equivalents ................................................................................................... 4 Calorific value equivalents ...................................................................................... 5 IEA energy equivalents............................................................................................ 6 Some examples of unit conversions ....................................................................... 6 3 Coal .........................................................................................................................9 Character of the resource ....................................................................................... 9 The coal sector in New Zealand ............................................................................. 9 New Zealand coal properties ................................................................................. 11 New Zealand coal resources .................................................................................. 11 Coal analysis ......................................................................................................... 14 Other coal-based solid fuels ................................................................................. 18 4Natural Gas ........................................................................................................... 19 Character of the resource ......................................................................................19 Gas treatment ....................................................................................................... 19 Fuel components of natural gas ........................................................................... 19 New Zealand resources ......................................................................................... 20 Location of major facilities ................................................................................... 21 Natural gas distribution ........................................................................................ 21 Overview of natural gas sales streams ................................................................. 21 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) ............................................................................. 21 5Petroleum ..............................................................................................................25 Character of the resource ..................................................................................... 25 New Zealand resources ......................................................................................... 25 Technical infrastructure ......................................................................................... 25 Product density ..................................................................................................... 25 Energy and product density .................................................................................
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