УДК: 161.2 Stepan Ivanyk University of Warsaw THEORY OF
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Conventions, Styles of Thinking and Relativism
S t udia Philosophica Wratislaviensia Supplementary Volume, English Edition 2012 KRZYSZTOF SZLACHCIC University of Wrocław Conventions, Styles of Thinking and Relativism. Some Remarks on the Dispute between I. Dąmbska and L. Fleck* Abstract My comments are focused on the debate between Izydora Dąmbska and Ludwik Fleck. In the course of their debate, which took place in the 1930’s, they discussed some basic issues of epistemology, focusing on the problems of the sources of scientific knowledge, objectivity of knowledge, and truth. The aim of the paper is to place their debate in a the historical context and to demonstrate the novelty of Fleck’s arguments, especially in comparison with Thomas S. Kuhn’s later contribution. I also examine the dominant interpretations of Fleck’s theory of knowledge, as well as the reasons for which his philosophical ideas, especially Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache (1935) have fallen into the philosophical obliv- ion. I argue that Fleck’s views, although innovative, were less radical than it is commonly thought. My comments focus on the polemic that ensued in the 1930s between Izydora Dąmbska and Ludwik Fleck. The authors involved in it either directly or indirectly referred to the fundamental questions of the theory of cognition: the question of the sources of scientific knowledge, objectivity of knowledge (its communicabil- ity), relative nature of scientific knowledge, truth. The small total volume of texts which directly referred to the views of the adversaries as well as the place where the dispute occurred (Lvov, a geographically peripheral part of the “civilised world” at the time) could suggest that this was just a minor episode in the history of thought, not worth mentioning. -
The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science Volume 16
THE GOLDEN AGE OF POLISH PHILOSOPHY LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE UNITY OF SCIENCE VOLUME16 Editors Shahid Rahman, University of Lille III, France John Symons, University of Texas at El Paso, U.S.A. Editorial Board Jean Paul van Bendegem, Free University of Brussels, Belgium Johan van Benthem, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Jacques Dubucs, University of Paris I-Sorbonne, France Anne Fagot-Largeault Collège de France, France Bas van Fraassen, Princeton University, U.S.A. Dov Gabbay, King’s College London, U.K. Jaakko Hintikka, Boston University, U.S.A. Karel Lambert, University of California, Irvine, U.S.A. Graham Priest, University of Melbourne, Australia Gabriel Sandu, University of Helsinki, Finland Heinrich Wansing, Technical University Dresden, Germany Timothy Williamson, Oxford University, U.K. Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science aims to reconsider the question of the unity of science in light of recent developments in logic. At present, no single logical, semantical or methodological framework dominates the philosophy of science. However, the editors of this series believe that formal techniques like, for example, independence friendly logic, dialogical logics, multimodal logics, game theoretic semantics and linear logics, have the potential to cast new light no basic issues in the discussion of the unity of science. This series provides a venue where philosophers and logicians can apply specific technical insights to fundamental philosophical problems. While the series is open to a wide variety of perspectives, including the study and analysis of argumentation and the critical discussion of the relationship between logic and the philosophy of science, the aim is to provide an integrated picture of the scientific enterprise in all its diversity. -
On the Psychological Motives in Leopold Blaustein's Method
GESTALT THEORY, DOI 10.2478/gth-2020-0015 © 2020 (ISSN 2519-5808); Vol. 42, No. 2, 181–194 Original Contributions - Originalbeiträge Witold Płotka Approaching the Variety of Lived Experiences: On the Psychological Motives in Leopold Blaustein’s Method 1. Introduction The basic aim of this article is to present selected elements of the method developed by Leopold Blaustein (1905–1942 [or 1944]) as a part of his philosophical investigations into the structure of lived experiences. To make this general aim more specific it is worthwhile to briefly outline the biography of this philosopher. Blaustein read philosophy and German at the John Casimir University in Lvov and completed his education during study visits to Freiburg im Breisgau (in 1925) and Berlin (1927–1928). In Lvov, he attended lectures on logic delivered by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963) as well as classes conducted by Roman Ingarden (1893–1970) who, at that time, was only partially related to the university although he already tried to obtain the title of professor. Blaustein’s most important influence, however, was Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School. It was under the supervision of Twardowski that he wrote his doctoral thesis published in 1928 under the title Husserlowska nauka o akcie, treści i przedmiocie przedstawienia [Husserl’s Theory of the Act, Content and the Object of Presentation] (Blaustein, 1928; Płotka, 2017, pp. 85–86). The thesis shows that Blaustein favoured phenomenological methods as formulated by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) in the first edition ofLogical Investigations from 1900 and 1901. Phenomenology is understood there in the spirit of Franz Brentano (1838–1917), Husserl’s and Twardowski’s teacher from Vienna, as a form of descriptive psychology. -
Barry Smith Kasimir Twardowski
BARRY SMITH KASIMIR TWARDOWSKI: AN ESSAY ON THE BORDERLINES OF ONTOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LOGIC1 1. Introduction The influence of Kasimir Twardowski on modern Polish philos ophy is all -pervasive. As is well known, almost all important 20th century Polish philosophers went through the hard training of his courses in Lvov. Twardowski instilled in his students an enduring concern for clarity and rigour. He taught them to regard philosophy as a collaborative effort, a matter of disciplined discussion and argument. And he encouraged them to work together with scientists from other disciplines above all with psychologists, and also with mathematicians - so that the Lvov school of philosophy would gradually evolve into the Warsaw school of logic2. Kasimir Skrzypna - Twardowski, Ritter von Ogonczyk, was born in Vienna in 1866, the son of a high official in the Austro-Hun garian Ministry of Finance. He was educated at the Theresianum, where, as in all Austrian grammar schools, a course in philos ophy (which is to say, psychology plus logic) was compulsory in the final year3. The officially prescribed textbook for this course for much of the second half of the 19th century (and in many cases also later) was the Philosophische Propadeutik of Robert Zimmermann, first published in Vienna in 1853 and transla - ted into Hungarian and Italian shortly thereafter. Zimmermann's work, the logical sections of which are little more than lightly disguised summaries of Bolzano's Wissenschaftsfehre prepared at Bolzano's own request, can now be seen to have done much to bring about a renaissance of Bolzanianism in Austria in a period when Bolzano's own writings were officially suppressed. -
Geometry and Teaching
Andrew McFarland Joanna McFarland James T. Smith Editors Alfred Tarski Early Work in Poland – Geometry and Teaching This book is dedicated to Helen Marie Smith, in gratitude for her advice and support, and to Maria Anna McFarland, as she enters a world of new experiences. Andrew McFarland • Joanna McFarland James T. Smith Editors Alfred Tarski Early Work in Poland—Geometry and Teaching with a Bibliographic Supplement Foreword by Ivor Grattan-Guinness Editors Andrew McFarland Joanna McFarland Páock, Poland Páock, Poland James T. Smith Department of Mathematics San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-4939-1473-9 ISBN 978-1-4939-1474-6 (eB ook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1474-6 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945118 Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 01A60, 01A70, 01A75, 03A10, 03B05, 03E75, 06A99, 28-03, 28A75, 43A07, 51M04, 51M25, 97B50, 97D40, 97G99, 97M30 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. -
NATALIA ANNA MICHNA LESZEK SOSNOWSKI Difficult Academic
Roman Ingarden and His Times https: //doi. org/10.12797 /9788381382106.04 DOMINIKA CZAKON NATALIA ANNA MICHNA LESZEK SOSNOWSKI Jagiellonian University in Krakow On the Difficult Academic and Personal Relationship of Roman Ingarden and Kazimierz Twardowski Abstract The present article has the character of a historical review concerning an import ant part of the biography of Roman Witold Ingarden. In his memoirs, Ingarden included several facts and accusations, and mentioned individuals who, in his opinion, had a negative influence on the development of his academic career, especially regarding his ability to obtain a position at Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv. The reasons for this, which were various and numerous, appeared from the moment Ingarden obtained habilitation. Not without significance were the opinions of his fellow philosophers concerning phenomenology in general and Ingardens research papers in particular. In each case, the focal point at which all academic and organisational events concerning philosophy converged was the person of Kazimierz Twardowski. A discussion of the period of their collaboration in Lviv is preceded by a presentation of the situation some years earlier, in which Ingarden combined work as a middle-school teacher, original philosophical work, and, finally, work on habilitation. Key words: Roman Ingarden, Kazimierz Twardowski, Edmund Husserl, Jan Ka zimierz University of Lviv, habilitation 64 Dominika Czakon · Natalia Anna Michna · Leszek Sosnowski In the Service of Philosophy As Ingarden’s correspondence shows, his relationship with Twardowski was very close, even cordial, although not devoid of the formalism resulting from the customs of that time. Ingarden kept Twardowski informed about private matters and turned to him for advice on academic, publishing, and occupational issues, the most important being the issue of habilitation. -
Question of Methodology of Scientific Theories of Complex Reality
Global Spiral, ISSN: 1937-268X Published on Metanexus ( http://www.metanexus.net) Home > Question of Methodology of Scientific Theories of Complex Reality Question of Methodology of Scientific Theories of Complex Reality May 28, 2009 By Boguslawa Lewandowska [1] Introduction Einstein told Heisenberg that o nly theory decides what can be measured . Every scientific theory is an entity of logically compact generalizations deduced from established scientific facts, the generalizations being connected with the contemporary state of science. The purpose of such a theory is to explain the cause or the system of causes, conditions and circumstances of the original phenomena of interest to us. The complexity is a scientific theory [2] which asserts that some systems display behavioral phenomena that are completely inexplicable by any conventional analysis of the systems’ constituent parts. These phenomena, commonly referred to as emergent behaviours, seem to occur in many complex systems involving living organisms, such as a stock market [3] or the human brain (…). Precisely how to model such emergence—that is, to devise mathematical laws that will allow emergent behaviour to be explained and even predicted—is a major problem that has yet to be solved by complexity theorists. 1 Apart from the definitions of complexity, some of them being mathematical while others-informal, there exist also different methods of investigation and description of complexity. Although the sciences of complexity explore relatively new theoretical field, we already, at this stage, find a whole spectrum of approaches to the complexity issue lying between computational approaches to complexity in the tradition of information theory and cybernetics and the more conceptual approaches that we find in organicism, emergentism and systems theory 2. -
Dąmbska's Presentation of Ajdukiewicz's Conception of Language
Stud East Eur Thought (2016) 68:75–84 DOI 10.1007/s11212-016-9249-6 Da˛mbska’s presentation of Ajdukiewicz’s conception of language Zbigniew Orbik1 Published online: 16 February 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Izydora Da˛mbska was one of the most outstanding representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School and a disciple of both the School’s founder Kazimierz Twardowski and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Interest in the School was the result of Twardowski’s program of scientific philosophy, which was adopted by the vast majority of his students. This program assumed that the basic condition for prac- ticing philosophy in a scientific manner is the precise use of language by a philosopher. One of the scholars who devoted most attention to language was Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Da˛mbska accepted that the philosophical program of the School was opposed to the trend shared by many contemporary schools at the time which belonged to the so called current of linguistic philosophy. According to this trend, language is the only object of philosophical investigation. The analysis of Ajdukiewicz’s concept of language is one of her most interesting achievements in the domain of philosophy of language. This concept, called by Da˛mbska ‘the immanent concept of language’, is the basis of Ajdukiewicz’s well-known radical conventionalism. Keywords Da˛mbska Á Ajdukiewicz Á Language Á Philosophy of language Á The Lvov-Warsaw School Á Semiotics Linking philosophical considerations to those concerning language was the perspective that Izydora Da˛mbska adopted from her teacher Kazimierz Twardowski. -
Studium Pracy Społecznej We Lwowie (1935–1939)
Mirosław Łapot The Jan Długosz Academy in Częstochowa Higher School of Social Work in Lviv (1935–1939) Studium Pracy Społecznej we Lwowie (1935–1939) STRESZCZENIE: Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje funkcjonowanie Studium Pracy Społecznej we Lwowie, działającego w latach 1935–1939. Instytucja ta dotychczas pozostawała nieznana w historii polskiej pedagogiki społecznej i pracy socjalnej, niniejszy artykuł uzupełnia zatem stan badań nad dziejami kształcenia służb społecznych w Polsce międzywojennej, ograniczający się jak dotąd do wiedzy na temat Studium Pracy Społeczno-Oświatowej, zorganizowanego w 1925 r. przy Wolnej Wszechnicy Polskiej w Warszawie. W artykule przybliżono genezę placówki lwowskiej, wskazując na potrzeby w zakresie wykwalifikowanych pracowników pomocy i opieki społecznej oraz animatorów działań oświatowych we Lwowie oraz na terenach byłej Galicji. Scharakteryzowano kierunki kształcenia i plany nauczania, podkreślając ich wielodyscyplinarność, odpowiadającą różnorodności zadań stojących przed absolwentami Studium. Wykazano także powiązanie studium lwowskiego z warszawskim – jego organizację konsultowano z Heleną Radlińską, twórczynią polskiej pedagogiki społecznej, a wykładowcą był Józef Czesław Babicki, jeden z twórców polskiej pedagogiki opiekuńczej. Wysoki poziom kształcenia w lwowskim Studium zapewniała starannie dobrana kadra, naturalnym zapleczem naukowo- dydaktycznym okazał się Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, jeden z najważniejszych ośrodków akademickich w międzywojennej Polsce. Analiza ewolucji planów nauczania -
Hunting the Story of Moses Schönfinkel
Where Did Combinators Come From? Hunting the Story of Moses Schönfinkel Stephen Wolfram* Combinators were a key idea in the development of mathematical logic and the emergence of the concept of universal computation. They were introduced on December 7, 1920, by Moses Schönfinkel. This is an exploration of the personal story and intellectual context of Moses Schönfinkel, including extensive new research based on primary sources. December 7, 1920 On Tuesday, December 7, 1920, the Göttingen Mathematics Society held its regular weekly meeting—at which a 32-year-old local mathematician named Moses Schönfinkel with no known previous mathematical publications gave a talk entitled “Elemente der Logik” (“Elements of Logic”). This piece is included in S. Wolfram (2021), Combinators: A Centennial View, Wolfram Media. (wolframmedia.com/products/combinators-a-centennial-view.html) and accompanies arXiv:2103.12811 and arXiv:2102.09658. Originally published December 7, 2020 *Email: [email protected] 2 | Stephen Wolfram A hundred years later what was presented in that talk still seems in many ways alien and futuristic—and for most people almost irreducibly abstract. But we now realize that that talk gave the first complete formalism for what is probably the single most important idea of this past century: the idea of universal computation. Sixteen years later would come Turing machines (and lambda calculus). But in 1920 Moses Schönfinkel presented what he called “building blocks of logic”—or what we now call “combinators”—and then proceeded to show that by appropriately combining them one could effectively define any function, or, in modern terms, that they could be used to do universal computation. -
Contributions to Phenomenology
HANDBOOK OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL AESTHETICS CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHENOMENOLOGY IN COOPERATION WITH THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PHENOMENOLOGY Vol ume 59 Series Editors: Nicolas de Warren, Wellesley College, MA, USA Dermot Moran, University College Dublin, Ireland. Editorial Board: Lilian Alweiss, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Elizabeth Behnke, Ferndale, WA, USA Rudolf Bernet, Husserl-Archief, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium David Carr, Emory University, GA, USA Chan-Fai Cheung, Chinese University Hong Kong, China James Dodd, New School University, NY, USA Lester Embree, Florida Atlantic University, FL, USA Alfredo Ferrarin, Università di Pisa, Italy Burt Hopkins, Seattle University, WA, USA Kwok-Ying Lau, Chinese University Hong Kong, China Nam-In Lee, Seoul National University, Korea Dieter Lohmar, Universität zu Köln, Germany William R. McKenna, Miami University, OH, USA Algis Mickunas, Ohio University, OH, USA J.N. Mohanty, Temple University, PA, USA Junichi Murata, University of Tokyo, Japan Thomas Nenon, The University of Memphis, TN, USA Thomas M. Seebohm, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Germany Gail Soffer, Rome, Italy Anthony Steinbock, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, IL, USA Shigeru Taguchi, Yamagata University, Japan Dan Zahavi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Richard M. Zaner, Vanderbilt University, TN, USA Scope The purpose of the series is to serve as a vehicle for the pursuit of phenomenological research across a broad spectrum, including cross-over developments with other fields of inquiry such as the social sciences and cognitive science. Since its establishment in 1987, Contributions to Phenomenology has published nearly 60 titles on diverse themes of phenomenological philosophy. In addition to welcoming monographs and collections of papers in established areas of scholarship, the series encourages original work in phenomenology. -
On the Search for Sources of Good and Evil in the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy
Ethics & Bioethics (in Central Europe), 2019, 9 (1–2), 37–45 DOI:10.2478/ebce-2019-0006 On the search for sources of good and evil in the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy Stefan Konstańczak1 Abstract In this article, the author attempts to identify the sources of good and evil as undertaken by the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy (LWSP) founded by Kazimierz Twardowski. Such attempts were undertaken by both Twardowski himself and his closest students and associates; Władysław Witwicki, Tadeusz Kotarbiński. Tadeusz Czeżowski, and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. The best-known approach is Kotarbiński’s independent ethics in which the author refers to Aristotle perceiving such potential in the characteristics of each individual as to distinguish elementary qualities in the form of opposites including opposition to good and evil. According to this approach, man acts in an evil manner because he stops following the natural voice of his own heart and instead implements set proposals provided by external factors. In the opinion of the author, the proposals formulated within the LWSP can form the basis for a rational explanation of the atrocities committed during World War II which modern ethics, being focused on neutral metaethical issues, fails to do. Keywords: Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Kazimierz Twardowski, ładysław Witwicki, the Lvov- Warsaw School, ethics, sources of good and evil Introduction In no other scientific discipline do the issues of subject matter and the definability of the concepts used arouse so much interest as in ethics. In everyday language ethics deals with good and evil. Nevertheless, philosophers often acknowledge that the indefinability of the concepts used in ethics is a sufficient basis to deny it a scientific status.