CHAPTER IV ANNOTATED TRANSLATION

This chapter is about the annotated translation from the problematic translational section from the story that I have found when translating Ole Lukøje the Sandman and What the Moon Saw from English into Indonesian.

When I translate Ole Lukøje the Sandman and What the Moon Saw by Hans Christian Andersen, I found so many cultural words that are hard to be translated because of the cultural differences between Europe and Indonesia. I use transference, additions, generalization, and couplet procedures to translate the cultural words.

1. Generalization

Generalization is a translation procedure that a translator use to generalize the cultural words. In this context I use generalization to translate the words ‘footstool’ and ‘brownies’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 1. I must go up into the church tower to Aku harus ke menara gereja untuk [79] see if the little church brownies are melihat apakah anak-anak polishing the bells so that they may pramuka yang menjadi relawan sound well. gereja sedang membantu menggosok lonceng gereja agar bersuara nyaring.

‘Brownies’ (Scouting) is an organization section or class in a Girl Scout or Girl Guides, the limit age are in a range of seven until ten years old. ‘Brownies’ was originally called Rosebuds, then it was changed by Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouts and the brother of the founder of ‘Brownies’, Agnes Baden-Powell. The name ‘Brownies’ was inspired by Juliana Horatia Ewing’s story “The Brownies”, a story about two children, Tommy and Betty learn that children can be helpful brownies or lazy boggarts. ‘Brownies’ is about trying new things and teach those seven until ten year-old girls to know about themselves and the world. They do so many leisure activities such as

49 camps, become a volunteer, day trips, etc. and they will get badges after they done the activities as a rewards.

Brownies’ activities are similar with the other scouts classes programs, but as I mentioned before, brownies are only for seven until ten year-old girls. The system of scouting in Europe and Indonesia are different, some regions in Europe they differentiate boy scouts (only for boys) and girl scouts (only for girls), however in Indonesia, pramuka or scouting only provides coed classes, both girls and boys can have same activities at the same time.

According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Pramuka, the acronym of Praja Muda Karana is an organization for young people to teach them numerous skills, to be discipline and believe in themselves, also to help others. From the goal of the organizations, both brownies and pramuka are similar. However, if I maintain the name ‘brownies’ (transferred the word), not only the reader would be confused with the “brownies” as a food, but also in Indonesia there are no classes for only girls.

Therefore I generalize the word ‘brownies’ by using the superordinate or general words of ‘brownies’ which is scouts, because brownies is an organization under scouts so scouts is the superordinate and ‘brownies’ is the hyponym, then using the translation of it that is pramuka, the word that is very common among Indonesian so that the reader will not be confounded about it. Also from the definition above that mention brownies has many leisure activities for children, therefore brownies are categorized as social culture.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 2. They stretched out their hands, each Mereka mengulurkan tangan. [20] one holding the most beautiful sugar Masing-masing membawa permen p ig which any cakewoman could berbentuk hewan terindah yang sell. pernah dijual.

‘Sugar pig’ is a traditional sugar candy and consists of a boiled fondant formed from sugar and water. This candy also takes other shape, a mice with the name ‘sugar mice’, also has the same ingredients with ‘sugar pig’ but it has tail while ‘sugar pig’ not. The candy has various flavors and colors, for example the color of strawberry flavored sugar pig is pink, and the color of lemon flavored is yellow, etc. ‘Sugar pig’ is popular in the

50 United Kingdom, especially during Christmas season. ‘Sugar pig’ is categorized as material culture because ‘sugar pig’ is a type of candy which is food.

However, ‘sugar pig’ is unobtainable in Indonesia, and there is no pig-shaped candy in Indonesia. There is other kind of candy that has the shape of animals and quite famous in Indonesia, but the candy is not hard candy like ‘sugar pig’ but gummy candy, and the shapes are amphibian-shaped candy. Because there is no similar kind of candy in Indonesia

I generalize ‘sugar pig’ into ‘animal-shaped candy’, I use the general word of ‘pig’ which is kind of animals, and ‘sugar pig’ is the hyponym or the specific words and candy is the superordinate or general words because ‘sugar pig’ is a type of candy, and from the word animal-shaped candy translated into permen berbentuk hewan.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 3. When the night is drawing on, and Ketika larut malam, dan para [2] the children are sitting around the anak sedang duduk mengelilingi table as good as possible or on meja serapi mungkin ada juga their little footstools, in walks Ole yang duduk di bangku kecil Shut-eyes. mereka kemudian Ole berjalan sambil menutup mata.

The text above is on the beginning of the story, Ole Lukøje or the Sandman visits children and give them dreams, can be bad dreams or good dreams, and it depends on the kids, if they are good they will have good dreams and vice versa. In the story, the Sandman comes when the children are about to sleep, but in the first night the children are still playing in their tables, so the Sandman makes them sleepy first and gets them to sleep.

According to Meriam Webster, the word ‘footstool’ is defined as a low stool used to support the feet and people also use the ‘footstool’ as a chair. The difference between ‘footstool’ and chair is that footstool does not have back or armrest like chairs. In the Kamus Inggris Indonesia ‘footstool’ is literally translated as ganjal or penunjang kaki, for ‘foot’ means kaki and ‘stool’ means ganjal or penunjang. Ganjal kaki or penunjang

51 kaki is used as a footrest, or as a support or stool for when people do their speech in a formal ceremony or other formal events, people in Indonesia. While in the text above, it shows that the children are sitting in there and they use ‘footstools’ as their chairs.

Therefore I use generalization to translate ‘footstool’, showing that the ‘footstool’ is used as a chair in school, however as I mentioned above the figures of ‘footstool’ is different with chair, but ‘footstool’ are types of stools so I generalized the ‘footstool’ into stool and translate the word stool that is bangku, but stool has so many types, and they are often tall, so I add word small that is translated into kecil that describe the size of ‘footstool’ that can be more suitable without changing the cultural meaning of the source language which is bangku kecil. From the definition above I categorized ‘footstool’ as material culture because ‘footstool’ is the type of the furniture of houses.

2. Couplet

Couplet is combining two procedures in one problem (Newmark 91). In this final project I mostly use couplets by combining transference and additions. Transference is a procedure to transfer a source language into target language (Newmark). I mostly use transference in translating the cultural words, but then add other procedures to make the cultural words is clear for the reader, therefore couplet is the procedures that I use the most in translating the cultural words.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 4. A count’s coronet sparkles over it, Mahkota coronet sang count 1 itu [103] and therefore he did not speak it bercahaya, dan karenanya ia aloud. I smiled; a poet’s crown tidak berkata keras; aku sparkles over his! tersenyum; mahkota penyair bercahaya daripadanya!

‘Count’ is a title of nobility in certain European countries, ‘count’ (male) or ‘countess’ (female) generally in the middle rank of the hierarchy of nobility. According

1 Count adalah sebutan bagi bangsawan Eropa yang berada delapan tingkat di bawah kaisar yang merupakan hierarki tertinggi, mereka memiliki mahkota coronet yaitu mahkota kecil yang melingkari dan menutupi bagian atas kepala yang hanya dimiliki oleh raja, ratu, serta bangsawan itu sendiri.

52 to Cambridge dictionary, ‘count’ is Europian man of high social rank having the same rank as earl. The title ‘count’ also used in many literary works as the fictional characters’ title, one of them is in the infamous novel by Alexandre Dumas, “the Count of Monte Cristo” and in the Indonesian translation the translator also transferred the word ‘count’ and used it in the TT. From the definition about count is a type of hierarchy rank, I categorized ‘count’ as social organizations.

The reason I still maintain the word count and not generalize it by using general words because the target reader of the stories are teenagers and young people, with maintain the word ‘count’, I hope that the reader can learn new terms that they might never know, moreover as I mentioned above that the story is about the imagination from historical event in Europe and I wanted to maintain the culture about the setting of the story that is in Europe by maintaining the word count, but to avoid confusion that the reader might get because of the unfamiliar title, I add footnote and explain the word ‘count’.

Therefore I use couplet procedure by combining the transference, I transferred the word ‘count’ and adding a footnote to explain about the definition of ‘count’ anticipating that the reader might get puzzled with the meaning of ‘count’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 5. ‘I knew an old maid,’ said the ‘Aku mengenal seorang perawan [109] moon; ‘she used to wear a yellow tua,’ kata sang bulan; ia dulu satin pelisse in winter. sering memakai mantel pelisse, mantel satin bulu panjang berwarna kuning saat musim dingin.

A ‘pelisse’ was originally a short fur trimmed jacket that was usually worn by Europe military soldier called hussar in the shoulder to prevent sword cuts. In the early 19th century in Europe, military clothing was often used as the inspiration for ladies fashion. The name ‘pelisse’ then applied to a woman’s long, fitted coat with sleeves and the ending below the bust, giving a high-waist appearance, called Empire Waist. In Merriam Webster, ‘pelisse’ defined as a woman’s loose lightweight cloak with wide

53 collar and fur trimming. ‘Pelisse’ was popular among European women in early 19th century, however in 1850s women turned to loose mantles, cloaks, and shawls.

I categorized ‘pelisse’ as material culture from the description above that ‘pelisse’ is a type of winter clothes. I still maintain the word ‘pelisse’ by using transference procedures, I transferred the word ‘pelisse’ and then add little description about ‘pelisse’ as a long fur coat to give a little hint about what ‘pelisse’ is. Additionally, the story was taken around that time when ‘pelisse’ was still famous, and I wanted to show the young people as the target reader about the fashion that was famous in that time by using couplet, combining two procedures which are transference and addition. I transferred the word ‘pelisse’, then I add little portrayal about ‘pelisse’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 6. Red and blue birds, large and Burung-burung berwarna merah [18] small, flew in two long lines dan biru, baik besar maupun kecil, behind them; the gnats buzzed, and terbang berbaris dua baris the may bugs boomed; they all dibelakang mereka; serangga agas wanted to go with Hialmar, and dan kumbang may yang punya each of them had a story to tell. tujuh antena di dekat mata itu berdengung; mereka semua ingin mengikuti Hialmar, dan masing- masing mereka memiliki sebuah kisah yang ingin diceritakan.

According to Merriam Webster, ‘may bugs’ or usually known as ‘cockchafer’ or ‘doodlebug’ is a large European beetle (Melolontha melolontha) destructive to vegetation as an adult and to roots as a larva. From the definition that ‘may bugs’ is a type of a beetle that is a type of animal or fauna, therefore ‘may bug’ is categorized as ecology.

I transferred the name ‘may bug’ and use it in the target text as it is by using transference procedure and add additional information within the text about the special characteristic of the bugs. I use addition to give a simple explanation that the special characteristic of it that ‘may bug’ has six until eight antennas in its eyes and look like eyelashes. ‘May bugs’ is unknown in Indonesia because there is no this kind of bugs or

54 other bugs that have the same similarities in Indonesia, and there is no Indonesian translation for it. Therefore I use Couplet procedure by combining two procedures, transference and addition to translate ‘may bug’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 7. No, he has a silver embroidered Tidak, terdapat sulaman perak di [86] border round his coat; it is a hussar’s jasnya; itu adalah seragam uniform, hussar, tentara Eropa

According to Merriam Webster, ‘hussar’ is a member of any of various European military units originally modeled on the Hungarian light cavalry of the 15th century. From the definition above I summarized ‘hussar’ as a type of European military units. A ‘hussar’ was first came from Hungary in the 15th century. The ‘hussars’ were formed into squadrons of 150-200 horsemen each, and attacked in two lines galloping knee to knee, their long lances giving a tremendous shock to the enemy. In the melee they fought with side arms and firearms (Zdzislaw Zygulski). There are many kinds of hussar’s uniforms, each country has its own characteristics. Generally the uniform of ‘hussar’ has the characteristic of tight dolman jacket and loose-hanging pelisse over-jacket. Hussar’s uniform has been influenced fashion style even until now. In 19th century, one part of ‘hussar’ uniform, pelisse inspired women fashion and then it became really famous in that time.

I maintain the word ‘hussar’ by using transference procedure, I transfer the word ‘hussar’ and use it in the target text, and add additional information that ‘hussar’ is a type of European military I add the word tentara Eropa within the text. Therefore I use couplet procedure by combining two procedures, transference and additional information to translate the word ‘hussar’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 8. I saw a woman sixteen years ago; Aku melihat seorang wanita yang [99] she was a child; away in the country enam belas tahun yang lalu adalah she played in the old vicarage seorang anak kecil; tinggal di garden. suatu desa, ia sedang bermain di kebun vicarage, kebun tua rumah dinas pendeta. 55 According Cambridge dictionary, ‘vicarage’ is the place or home of a vicar. ‘Vicarage’ is the type of house for priests, but owned by the church foundation. Normally the name of ‘vicarage’ is used for the houses that are built long time ago but people still use the house until now. Sometimes ‘vicarage’ in some area is used as a restaurant or bed and breakfast. Because ‘vicarage’ is the place or home which is the part of houses and towns therefore ‘vicarage’ is categorized as material culture.

The word ‘vicarage’ is used in the novel of Agatha Christie with the title “Murder at the Vicarage”, published by Gramedia in 2002 and translated into Indonesia into “Pembunuhan di Wisma Pendeta”. However according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, wisma is a building that use as a house, an office etc. while there is another Indonesian word that is more accurate to translate the word other than wisma, which is rumah dinas, according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, rumah dinas is a house that owned by an institution.

From the definition, ‘vicarage’ has the same meaning with rumah dinas, and because of that, in this case I still use the word ‘vicarage’ by using transference, I transfer the word ‘vicarage’ and use it as it is and give the simple explanation by using addition within the text, for ‘vicarage’ is rumah dinas pendeta. I still maintain the word ‘vicarage’ because the shape of the house of ‘vicarage’ that has the European houses style is very different with the house of Indonesian priests in general and I want to maintain the culture of the European houses. Therefore I use couplet procedure by combining two procedures in one problem, I use transference and addition so the reader will not be confused with the word ‘vicarage’ that is uncommon in Indonesia.

No Source Text Target Text Par. . 9. First I will smarten things up a bit,’ Pertama-tama, aku akan [5] and then all the plants in pots became memperbaiki beberapa hal,’ big trees, with their branches kemudian semua tanaman di stretching right up to the ceiling and dalam pot menjadi pohon-pohon along the walls, so that the room besar, ranting-rantingnya looked like a delightful arbour. merambat sampai ke langit-langit

56 dan ke tembok-tembok, sehingga ruangan itu terlihat seperti arbour, bangunan kecil dari anyaman ranting dan tumbuhan hias menjalar.

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, ‘arbour’ is a sheltered place in a garden formed by trees and bushes that are grown to partly surround it. Merriam Webster defines ‘arbour’ or ‘arbor’ as a shelter shaped like an arch over which vines grow. ‘Arbour’ is categorized as material culture because ‘arbour’ is the part of houses that are categorized by Newmark as material culture.

The word ‘arbour’ is translated into TL as anjang-anjang which according to KBBI is a wooden frame from bamboo, iron, or wire in the form of webbing or plait where the plant propagation of ornamental plants. In Indonesian Culture, anjang-anjang is used by a farmer as a media for vines, and not all anjang-anjang have big dimensions. While in the story, it was described that the ‘arbour’ was big and it was used by people there as a sheltered place in a garden and also it is very beautiful. The definition of anjang-anjang is taken from Javanese words, to avoid obscurity considering that reader could do not understand the word anjang-anjang.

I use couplet, I combine two procedures, first, I adapt the source word and put the word to the target text, the procedure is called transference procedures, and second, add some additional information about ‘arbour’, I explain the word arbour in a several words as a beautiful small building that is made from bamboo to make the target reader can understand and imagine what arbour is while reading the text.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 10. His naked breast and torn clothing Dada telanjangnya dan [102] were half hidden by the purple velvet pakaiannya yang sobek separuh decked with the fleur-de-lis. tertutup oleh lantai beludru ungu berhiaskan fleur-de-lis , simbol berbentuk bunga bakung khas Perancis.

57 ‘Fleur-de-lis’ or ‘fleur-de-lys’ is an ancient symbol that has long ben associated with French royalty. ‘Fleur-de-lis’ is a special symbol that represented peace, war, religion, politics, royalty and more (Ancient Pages). This symbol is taken from lily flower that grown in France and the shapes also taken from the flower. ‘Fleur-de-lis’ is an artistic terms that used in many occasions such as religion and political terms, therefore ‘fleur- de-lis’ is categorized into social organizations.

It is still unclear the originality of ‘fleur-de-lis’, although it has retained a connection with French nobility. ‘Fleur-de-lis’ is used in numeruous European coats of arms and flag over the centuries and it is particularly associated with the French monarchy in historical context.

I use Couplet procedures to translate ‘fleur-de-lis’ by combining two procedures that are transference procedures and additional information within the text. I transfer the word ‘fleur-de-lis’ and add a little description that it is a symbol that take the shape of Lily of France. Because in this chapter is about a historical event in France, therefore I still maintain the word ‘fleur-de-lis’ because it is the type of the symbol of France that used in many terms.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 11. It is a tumulus, or hills; Entah itu tumulus , gundukan besar [104 di atas kubur atau itu bukit; ]

‘Tumulus’ is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. ‘Tumulus’ or tumuli (plural) are categorized according to the external shape. The long tumuli are built for on the top of several burials. While the round tumuli are for one body. Both long and round tumulus has a broad range. The word tumulus is from Latin for ‘mound’ or ‘small hill’. According to Merriam Webster, ‘tumulus’ is an artifial hillock or mound as over a grave.

I still maintain the word ‘tumulus’ because in the sentence it is talking about if the thing that the moon is seeing a tumulus or hills. And if I use generalization and translate it into grave, in Indonesia the shape of the grave is small and only some ethnics have their grave looks like a small hill but it has fences around it. However ‘tumulus’ is big and really looks like a hill. Therefore I use Couplet procedures by combining

58 transference procedure and additional information within the text. I transfer the word ‘tumulus’ and use it on the target text and give description about the ‘tumulus’.

59 No. Source Text Target Text Par. 12. The albatross spreads its great Albatross , burung laut besar sejenis [108 wings above it. elang laut mengepakkan sayapnya ] yang besar di atas es.

According to Merriam Webster, ‘albatross’ is any kind of a family (Diomedeidae) of larg web-footed seabirds that have long slender wings, ‘albatrosses’ are excellent gliders, and included in the largest seabirds. The ‘albatrosses’ are a group of large to very large birds. Its bill is large, strong, and has sharp edge whith the upper mandible terminating in a large hook. From the definition that ‘albatross’ is a type of a bird which is a kind of animal, therefore ‘albatross’ is categorized in ecology.

There is no equivalent for ‘albatross’ in Indonesia because most of ‘albatrosses’ range in the Southern Hemisphere from Artactica to Australia, South Africa and South America only.

I use Couplet procedures to translate ‘albatross’. I combine transference procedures with additional information to solve the problem in translating ‘albatross’, I transfer the word ‘albatross’ from SL and use it on the TT, then add litte description about what is ‘albatross’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 13. ‘Along the shore stretches a great ‘Terdapat hutan ek serta beech , [104] forest of oak and beech; sweet and sejenis pohon yang daunnya fragrant is its scent. bergerigi di sepanjang pantai;

According to Merriam Webster ‘beech’ is any kind of genus (Fagus of the family Fagaceae, the beech family) of hardwood trees with smooth gray bark and small edible nuts. From the cultural categories from Newmark, ‘beech’ that is a type of trees or plants is categorized into ecology.

‘Beech’ is trees and bushes species that come from Oceania until the south part of the earth (South America and Australasia) and ‘beeches’ have so many species. ‘Beeches’ commonly found in America, Europe, Australia, and East Asia. The fruit is a

60 small, sharply three-angled nut that 10 until 15 mm long, and it can be borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks or cupules.

There is no equivalent for ‘beech’ in Indonesian, because in Asia beech only grow in the East Asia, therefore ‘beech’ is unobtainable in Indonesia and there is no Indonesian term for ‘beech’. I use transference procedure by transferring the word ‘beech’ and use it on the TT and add additional information about ‘beech’ tree that has toothed leaf. Therefore I use Couplet procedures by combining transference and additional information within the text to translate ‘beech’.

No. Source Text Target Text Par. 14. The burgomaster and his wife Burgomaster , sejenis pemimpin [101 usually occupied these, but on this di daerah itu serta istrinya sering ] occasion they were obliged to sit menempatinya, namun pada on the wooden benches, just as if kesempatan ini mereka harus they had been ordinary citizens. duduk di bangku-bangku kayu, seakan mereka adalah warga biasa.

‘Burgomaster’ is a term derived from Germanic languages for chief magistrate or execute of a city or town. In some cases, ‘burgomaster’ was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign. According to Merriam Webster ‘burgomaster’ is the chief magistrate of a town in some European countries, sometimes can be mayor. Because ‘burgomaster’ is a type of positions in a politic therefore according to Newmark’s cultural categories, ‘burgomaster’ is a type of social organizations.

From the definition above ‘burgomaster’ can be translated into many political position. However in the stories the job of ‘burgomaster’ is not clearly described. Therefore I still maintain the word ‘burgomaster’, the type of European political position and add a little descriptions about it as the head of a town. Therefore I use Couplet by combining transference procedures and additional information within the text to translate ‘burgomaster’.

61 I still maintain ‘burgomaster’ that is derived from Germanic language because in this chapter of the story, the setting of place of it is in German and I want to maintain the culture about the type of their political positions.

62