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Strasbourg, 2 April 2004 MIN-LANG/PR (2004) 1 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Second Periodical Report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter GERMANY SECOND REPORT submitted by the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY under Article 15, paragraph 1, of the EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES 2003 SECOND REPORT submitted by the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY under Article 15, paragraph 1, of the EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES 2003 2nd State Report Germany: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Table of Contents Nos. Part A General Situation and General Framework 1 - 104 Part B Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers 105 - 117 Part C Protection of Regional or Minority Languages under 118 - 207 Part II (Article 7) of the Charter Part D Implementation of the obligations undertaken with 208 - 1385 regard to the various languages D.2.1 Danish Danish in the Danish speech area in Schleswig- 252 - 357 Holstein Art. 8 252 - 278 Art. 9 279 - 282 Art. 10 283 - 302 Art. 11 303 - 337 Art. 12 338 - 347 Art. 13 348 - 353 Art. 14 354 - 357 D.2.2 Sorbian Sorbian (Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian 358 - 514 (Wendish)) in the Sorbian speech area in the Länder of Brandenburg and Saxony Art. 8 358 - 424 Art. 9 425 - 432 Art. 10 433 - 457 Art. 11 458 - 482 Art. 12 483 - 505 Art. 13 506 - 514 D.2.3 North North Frisian in the North Frisian speech area in 515 - 625 Frisian Schleswig-Holstein Art. 8 515 - 551 Art. 9 552 - 555 Art. 10 556 - 570 Art. 11 571 - 594 Art. 12 595 - 616 Art. 13 617 - 620 Art. 14 621 - 625 D.2.4 Saterland Saterland Frisian in the Sater Frisian speech area 626 - 702 Frisian in Lower Saxony Art. 8 626 - 642 Art. 9 643 - 646 Art. 10 647 - 664 Art. 11 665 - 679 Art. 12 680 - 696 Art. 13 697 - 702 - 1 - 2nd State Report Germany: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages D.2.5 Romany The Romany language in the speech area of the 703 - 847 Federal Republic and the various Länder Art. 8 703 - 770 Art. 9 771 - 775 Art. 10 776 - 786 Art. 11 787 - 812 Art. 12 813 - 844 Art. 13 845 - 846 Art. 14 847 - 847 D.2.6 Low Low German in the various Länder 848 - 1385 German Art. 8 848 - 1006 Art. 9 1007- 1010 Art. 10 1011 - 1090 Art. 11 1091 - 1184 Art. 12 1185 - 1355 Art. 13 1356 - 1378 Art. 14 1379 - 1385 Part E Comments by the minorities/language groups page: Comments by the Danish minority ............................................... E-1 Comments by the Frisian Council (Frasche Rädj) ...................... E-7 Comments by Domowina - Bund Lausitzer Sorben e.V. ............ E-13 Comments by the Zentralrat deutscher Sinti und Roma ............ E-19 Comments by the Sinti Allianz Deutschland e.V. ........................ E-28 Comments by the Low German speakers' group ........................ E-33 Annex 1 Acts to implement the Charter, and Declarations notified by the Federal Republic of Germany Act of 9 July 1998 Declarations of 23 and 26 January 1998; Additional Declaration Act of 11 September 2002, and Declaration Annex 2 Text of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (Regional/Minority Language Charter; the Charter) Annex 3 List of minority/language group organizations - 2 - 2nd State Report Germany: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Part A Part A General Situation and General Framework A.1 General Situation 1. The Federal Republic of Germany attaches great importance to the protec- tion of regional or minority languages. On 5 November 1992, it signed the European Charter of Regional or Minority Languages (in the following: "the Charter"). By the Act (to implement the Charter) of 9 July 1998 (Annex 1), the German Bundestag, with the consent of the Bundesrat ["Federal Council": Chamber of the Länder], approved the Charter. That Act was promulgated in the Federal Law Gazette on 16 July 1998, and the instrument of ratification was deposited with the Council of Europe on 16 Septem- ber 1998. The Charter entered into force in Germany on 1 January 1999 and was amended by the Second Act on the Charter which entered into force on 19 Septem- ber 2002. Under the Federal Act ratifying the Charter, the latter ranks in Germany as a federal law which takes precedence over subordinate law - including Land laws - and, as a matter of principle, is to be applied as the more specific law overriding other federal laws. National compliance with the Charter is legally ensured on a compre- hensive scale. 2. In ratifying the Charter, the Federal Republic of Germany was guided by the following considerations: In many countries of Europe, there is a large number of traditionally spoken lan- guages which differ from the respective official language or from the language of the majority population, and - in relation to the entire national territory - are used by a small portion of the population. This diversity of languages as an essential basis of culture has shaped the cultural history of Europe. To this day, the cultural wealth of Europe has found, and still finds, expression in its regional or minority languages. Notwithstanding the great cultural value of regional or minority languages, however, the insignificance of many of these languages increases to the benefit of the lan- guage of the majority population. In public life, especially in the media, and as a legal language and as the official language, regional or minority languages are used only on a limited scale. Many languages lose their scope of use as a result of a re-orienta- tion of their traditional users, voluntary assimilation or the linguistic assimilation policy of the state. Use of these languages in the private sphere is not sufficient to durably ensure their continued existence. Throughout Europe, regional or minority languages are, to a varying extent, threatened by extinction or by a drastic loss of their vitality. - 3 - 2nd State Report Germany: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Part A 3. For the groups among whom these languages are spoken, their use forges identity. Also, especially for national minorities and traditionally resident ethnic groups, the preservation of the given language and its further development are the basis required for preserving their culture, tradition and identity. Failure to preserve their independent languages entails the risk of loss of the cultural identity of the speakers of regional or minority languages. But the decline of regional or minority languages will imply, also for the majority population, that an important traditional cultural element of their country's society will be lost. 4. However, preservation of this linguistic and cultural diversity does not only mean maintenance of identity and conservation of a cultural heritage but it also serves communication within the country and the integration of all citizens into their country since such preservation is dependent on, and calls for, tolerance and open- ness for other languages and cultures. Therefore, ensuring the diversity of languages has a mediatory function, facilitates community life and prevents ethnic exclusion. In particular, the protection and promotion of the regional or minority languages in a given country also provide a better starting position for an intensified dialogue with the users of these languages in neighbouring countries. This is particularly true as regards transborder use of languages. A widening Europe needs tolerance, accept- ance and understanding for each other. The protection and the promotion of the re- gional or minority languages in Europe have a peacemaking function and reinforce democratic developments. A.2 The Charter's scope of application in Germany, and reporting require- ments 5. The Charter contains the criteria for regional or minority languages. It refers to the languages traditionally spoken in a Contracting State. In Germany, a regional language within the meaning of the Charter is Low German. Protected minority lan- guages are the languages of national minorities and of other ethnic groups tradi- tionally resident in Germany, who in the FRG come under the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: i.e. the Danish minority, the Sorbian people, Frisians in Germany, and the German Sinti and Roma. These languages are Danish, Upper Sorbian [of Upper Lusatia] and Lower Sorbian [Wendish] (of Lower Lusatia), North Frisian and Saterland Frisian [East Frisian spoken in the Saterland], and the Romany language of the German Sinti and Roma. 6. The Federal Republic of Germany has laid down the Charter's scope of appli- cation in Germany in Declarations made by the Federal Government to the Council of - 4 - 2nd State Report Germany: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Part A Europe in order to ensure the admissibility of a territorially differentiating implementa- tion of the Charter in keeping with the federal structure of Germany (cf. Annexes 2 and 1 - texts of the Charter and Declarations). Since dialects and the languages spoken by incoming migrants are excluded from the Charter's scope of application, the aforementioned languages cover all of those languages used in Germany which are eligible for the protection provided under the Charter. 7. The facilities provided by the Charter within its scope of application in Ger- many are open to all speakers of the listed regional or minority languages. 8. In compliance with its reporting obligations under international law and in ac- cordance with Article 15, para. 1, of the Charter, the Federal Republic of Germany on 7 December 2000 submitted its First State Report on the implementation measures in Germany to the Council of Europe. 9. The Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe in October 2001 visited Germany and during this one-week stay had talks with representatives of the Bund [Federation], the Länder and local governments, and representatives of the language groups.
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  • Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy

    Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy

    Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy How do democracies form and what makes them die? Daniel Ziblatt revisits this timely and classic question in a wide-ranging historical narrative that traces the evolution of modern political democracy in Europe from its modest beginnings in 1830s Britain to Adolf Hitler’s 1933 seizure of power in Weimar Germany. Based on rich historical and quantitative evidence, the book offers a major reinterpretation of European history and the question of how stable political democracy is achieved. The barriers to inclusive political rule, Ziblatt finds, were not inevitably overcome by unstoppable tides of socioeconomic change, a simple triumph of a growing middle class, or even by working class collective action. Instead, political democracy’s fate surprisingly hinged on how conservative political parties – the historical defenders of power, wealth, and privilege – recast themselves and coped with the rise of their own radical right. With striking modern parallels, the book has vital implications for today’s new and old democracies under siege. Daniel Ziblatt is Professor of Government at Harvard University where he is also a resident fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. He is also currently Fernand Braudel Senior Fellow at the European University Institute. His first book, Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism (2006) received several prizes from the American Political Science Association. He has written extensively on the emergence of democracy in European political history, publishing in journals such as American Political Science Review, Journal of Economic History, and World Politics.