DOCSLIB.ORG

Democracy As Word and As Concepts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Democracy As Word and As Concepts East and West. Philosophy, ethics, politics and human rights Band 7 ed. by H.-C. Günther Advisory Committee: Anwar Alam, Ram Adhar Mall, Sebastian Scheerer Ethics, Politics and Law: East and West Ed. H.-C. Günther Verlag Traugott Bautz GmbH Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Coverabbildung: Timuridic Representation of Mohammed from the Mi`rajnama, 1436 Confucius, Gouache on Papier, ca. 1710 Raffaello, Plato, The School of Athens, 510-11 Verlag Traugott Bautz GmbH 99734 Nordhausen 2018 ISBN 978-3-95948-387-2 Harro von Senger Democracy as word and as concepts Abbreviations: CCP Chinese Communist Party PRC People's Republic of China UN United Nations "Democracy is a word with a diverse history and many meanings."2 In most Western publications on democracy, however, only the Western history of this word and its Western meanings are discussed. The Western word "Democracy" is a combination of the Greek words "demos = people" and "kratos = rule". From a purely linguistic point of view, "democracy" (in German: "Volksherrschaft") could be interpreted as "rule of the people" (Herrschaft des Volkes, also Herrschaft, die durch das 1 I would like to thank Prof em. Rafael Ferber, University of Luzern/Switzerland, for his help in writing the section about Realism and Nominalism, and Ms Elena Hinshaw, Einsiedeln, as well as Mr. Daniel Boyer, Montreal, for their competent language advice. 2 „Demokratie ist ein Wort mit einer vielfältigen Geschichte und vielen Bedeutungen ", Daniel Thürer: Direkte Demokratie - mehr als nur Mehrheitsentscheid, in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 26 June 2012, p. 51, https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton /direkte-demokratie--mehr-als- nur-mehrheitsentscheid-1.17279765, date of access: 6 August 2017. Von Senger Volk ausgeübt wird), but also as "rule over the people" (Herrschaft über das Volk, also Herrschaft, die ein Herrscher über das Volk ausübt). In this second meaning, the oldest Chinese word for today's "democracy" was originally understood as will be seen later. In Western countries there are differing understandings of the essence of democracy. For instance, because of Swiss direct democracy, Swiss people have another understanding of "democracy" than citizens in France or in Germany who live in a representative democracy. When the word "democracy" is used in non-European languages, even greater conceptual differences arise. In my contribution, translation issues and conceptual problems concerning "democracy" are discussed, while focusing on Chinese vocabulary. In language lessons, we usually learn "words". The attention is not so much put on the concepts carried by words, that is to say on the implicit meaning or set of meanings of the words or expressions. We use "dictionaries" and not "conceptionaries". It is easy to find in English-Chinese or Chinese-English dictionaries the equivalent Chinese word for the English word "democracy": 32 Democracy as Word and Concept democracy; democratic ri is democratic_ 4, f1 - He has a democratic wry- style. As one can see, only two words are juxtaposed. Nothing is said about the meaning of the English and of the Chinese word. A Westerner takes it normally for granted that the word "democracy" has the same meaning in both languages, that it harbours the same concept. If somebody learns Chinese based on ordinary language teaching material and dictionaries, he or she easily falls into the trap to believe that words such as "democracy" would have the same meaning in Western and Chinese languages. Many people believe that word equivalence is synonymous with conceptual equivalence. This is a big error that leads to major intercultural misunderstandings. Word equivalence in different languages does not always imply conceptual equivalence. With respect to technical and natural science terminology, there exists such an equivalence, but much less with respect to legal, political and philosophical terms. If a European has only learned Chinese grammar and Chinese words but not the concepts which the Chinese words contain, despite fluently speaking Chinese with a Chinese person, he or she will not realize that certain words, especially important words like "democracy" and "human rights", are understood in the 33 Von Senger mind of the Chinese quite differently, as the European understands them. The European and the Chinese might discuss for hours, but they talk over each other. The Chinese word .± "minzhu", dates back to the classical Confucian "Book of History 5 Shujing" which was composed over 2000 years ago. Ba. XVIII. Pp. 6, 7. NI MERODTS REQION& 497 )6 it It 0 T Wi Aç )›..1 itafi Ti 0 tv &or,* X* El 'It 301 If 71-4 T h g4), L.4*telit/filic*Tit. Kb A: IA 75 ILO tt4 "Minzhu" in the classical Confucian "Book of History (0 -3 Shujing)", Book XVIII, Duo Fang 75- (Numerous Regions) 3 min" can be translated as "people", and "± zhu" can be translated as "ruler" or "to rule" 4. So theoretically the term could 3 The Chinese Classics with a translation, critical and exegetical notes, prolegomena, and copious indexes by James Legge in five volumes. [Volume] III. The Shoo King or The Book of Historical Documents, repritnt Taibei 1971, p. 497., 2 34 Democracy as Word and Concept mean "the people rules". But in the Confucian "Book of History", the word.R± "minzhu" means "ruler of the people". The great British sinologist James Legge translates it as "Lord of the people". Originally, "R± minzhu" does not mean that the people are ruling themselves. With regard to the political system, there had never been democracy of any kind in the Chinese history before the 20th century. Therefore, at the beginning of a more intensive Sino-western contact, when news of the Western democracy spread into China in the 19 th century, ordinary people did not understand the concept. They felt very surprised and puzzled, and they had no word for it. They commented on the democratic system of the U.S.A. in the following way: "The American emperor passed down his position to the worthy, not to his son." "The former emperor Pierce Franklin [...] died today." "The American monarch changes every four years, and he is chosen by the public." "The American ruler of the people has changed." Apparently, in these Chinese texts, the ruler of the people, the emperor and the monarch have the same meaning. With further understanding of western democracy, people came to know that the heads of state in weste rn countries were elected by 4 Hanyu Da Cidian (Great Dictionary of the Chinese Language), vol. 1, Sh anghai 1986, p. 693; Werner Rüdenberg; Hans O. H. Stange: Chinesisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch, Dritte erweiterte, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage, Hamburg 1963, p. 580. 35 Von Senger the people and whether to keep them in office or not was up to the people to decide. In a sense, the president was not a ruler or master of the people, instead, the people themselves were the masters or rulers. Thus the term R± "minzhu" was kept, but its meaning changed from a person ruling the people to a kind of condition of being ruled by the people, originally from a translation for President to a term for the entire democratic system. It became the special term for the English word "democracy" translated into Chinese. 5 Now at the beginning of the 21st century, in Europe and in the USA, the word "democracy" means a liberal democracy. According to common opinion in Europe and in the USA, democracy is characterized by a multiparty system, periodic free elections and separation of powers. If for instance a State in Africa conducts elections, Western states will often send observers of the elections or send troops to ensure the implementation of reasonably fair elections by Western standards. What happens after the elections is not a matter of concern to the Western protagonists of "democracy". Are the elections considered to be free and 5 Xiong Yuzhi: A Summary of the Historical Development of the Chinese Democratic Thought, SASS [Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences] Papers, 1988, p. 273. 36 Democracy as Word and Concept correct by Western standards, then the Western states consider the state as "democratic". They send no observers to inspect the "rule of law" or the separation of power, and even less in order to investigate the effectiveness of the elected parliament or president with respect to economic progress, fight against corruption and so on. If only the elections were correct, it is sufficient for Western states to acknowledge the state as to be democratic. Multiparty system and free elections together with the separation of powers form, from the contemporary Western point of view, that kind of democracy which is the only true democracy deserving this name. However, there is the case of No rth Korea which is not considered a democracy in the West but which calls itself Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The People's Republic of China which also is not considered a democracy by Western countries, is according to Article 1, sub-section 1 of its Constitution of December 4, 1982, a "socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants." 6 In the General Program of the Statute of the CCP of 14 November 2012 7, the 6Verfassung der Volksrepublik China, http://www.verfassungen.net/rc/verf82.htm, date of access: 6 August 2017. 7 ` IllA1 A. J(Statute oft he CCP, General Programme), http://news.xinhuanet.com/18cpcnc/2012-11/18/c 113714762.htm, date of access: 6 August 2017. 37 Von Senger word "democracy" appears 24 times, whereas the Cha rter 08 of the Peace Nobel Prize winner Liu Xiaobo (1955-2017) which is about the same length as the General Programme of the CCP, states the word democracy only 17 times.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • China's Transformation from Rickshaws to Aircraft Is Partly Due to S 12TH Its Ability to Plan Ahead and the New Five Year Plan Exemplifies This
    CATALOG 2014 CHINA BOOKS sinomedia international group 书 www.chinabooks.com 2 GENERAL INTEREST GENERAL INTEREST 3 Education / Asian Studies / Biography G o n FOSTER g “The China Law Reader fills an important gap in currently available textbooks for the Chinese language. The rapidly Gaokao: A Personal Journey Behind China’s Examination Culture developing field of Chinese law makes its language as important China Law Reader "Gaokao" (pronounced “gow cow”) otherwise known as the as business or newspaper Chinese, for which there are currently National College Entrance Examination, is the modern several textbooks available. Copious vocabulary and grammar notes make the book accessible to students at the upper and Chinese version of an examination system that has intermediate levels, and are repeated in each chapter so they can CHI be studied in any order, as one chooses between different types of law, including contract, labor, real and intellectual property, YANNA GONG banking, corporation, and so forth.” LAWRENCE FOSTER, TIFFANY YAJIMA, YAN LIN way to social advancement in the civil service system Gloria Bien, Professor of Chinese, Colgate University depended on the results of rigorous national N CHINA “As any student or practitioner knows, legal writing is very much examinations. A its own language. Words take on special meaning whenever they appear in any legal publication or related writing, and This book offers a revealing look at how the high-achieving academic understanding legal language is one of fundamental tasks of an L Today, the meaning of “gaokao” has extended to describe Using the China Law Reader, I was able to see how this A specialized language works in Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Attempt to Become the "World's Largest Democracy"
    Focus | ASIA Prof. Dr. Heike Holbig Heike Holbig and Günter Schucher Senior Research Fellow Professor of political science, “He who says C must say D” — China’s Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main [email protected] Attempt to Become the “World’s Largest Democracy” GIGA Focus | Asia | Number 2 | June 2016 | ISSN 1862-359X For more than a decade the People’s Republic of China has been perceived Dr. Günter Schucher Senior Research Fellow as a competitor governance model to Western democracy. Since the new [email protected] leadership under Xi Jinping started to internationally position China as the GIGA German Institute of Global “world’s largest democracy,” it has been challenging the West’s prerogative and Area Studies Leibniz-Institut für Globale of interpretation of political order. und Regionale Studien Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 20354 Hamburg • As its international significance has grown, China’s demands for an equal posi- www.giga-hamburg.de/giga-focus tion in the global competition over values and discourse have increased. In pur- suing interpretation aspirations with regard to sociocultural values and political order, China has started to challenge the perceived discourse hegemony of the United States and the West. • China’s claim to be the “world’s largest democracy” is linked to its belief that the Chinese political system should not simply be another democratic system, tailored to its national conditions; rather, in comparison to India, which in the West is con- sidered the biggest democracy, China should be the “truest” and most economi- cally successful democracy thanks to numerous participation mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Public Diplomacy: the Rise of the Confucius Institute / Falk Hartig
    Chinese Public Diplomacy This book presents the first comprehensive analysis of Confucius Institutes (CIs), situating them as a tool of public diplomacy in the broader context of China’s foreign affairs. The study establishes the concept of public diplomacy as the theoretical framework for analysing CIs. By applying this frame to in- depth case studies of CIs in Europe and Oceania, it provides in-depth knowledge of the structure and organisation of CIs, their activities and audiences, as well as problems, chal- lenges and potentials. In addition to examining CIs as the most prominent and most controversial tool of China’s charm offensive, this book also explains what the structural configuration of these Institutes can tell us about China’s under- standing of and approaches towards public diplomacy. The study demonstrates that, in contrast to their international counterparts, CIs are normally organised as joint ventures between international and Chinese partners in the field of educa- tion or cultural exchange. From this unique setting a more fundamental observa- tion can be made, namely China’s willingness to engage and cooperate with foreigners in the context of public diplomacy. Overall, the author argues that by utilising the current global fascination with Chinese language and culture, the Chinese government has found interested and willing international partners to co- finance the CIs and thus partially fund China’s international charm offensive. This book will be of much interest to students of public diplomacy, Chinese politics, foreign policy and international relations in general. Falk Hartig is a post-doctoral researcher at Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, and has a PhD in Media & Communication from Queensland Univer- sity of Technology, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Music-Based TV Talent Shows in China: Celebrity and Meritocracy in the Post-Reform Society
    Music-Based TV Talent Shows in China: Celebrity and Meritocracy in the Post-Reform Society by Wei Huang B. A., Huaqiao University, 2013 Extended Essays Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the School of Communication (Dual Degree in Global Communication) Faculty of Communication, Art & Technology © Wei Huang 2015 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2015 Approval Name: Wei Huang Degree: Master of Arts (Communication) Title: Music-Based TV Talent Shows in China: Celebrity and Meritocracy in the Post-Reform Society Examining Committee: Program Director: Yuezhi Zhao Professor Frederik Lesage Senior Supervisor Assistant Professor School of Communication Simon Fraser University Baohua Wang Supervisor Professor School of Communication Communication University of China Date Defended/Approved: August 31, 2015 ii Abstract Meritocracy refers to the idea that whatever our social position at birth, society should offer the means for those with the right “talent” to “rise to top.” In context of celebrity culture, it could refer to the idea that society should allow all of us to have an equal chance to become celebrities. This article argues that as a result of globalization and consumerism in the post-reform market economy, the genre of music-based TV talent shows has become one of the most popular TV genres in China and has at the same time become a vehicle of a neoliberal meritocratic ideology. The rise of the ideology of meritocracy accompanied the pace of market reform in post-1980s China and is influenced by the loss of social safety nets during China’s transition from a socialist to a market economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX A 7–8 ; “Sputnik moment” Academic burden: Chinese response to Chinese PISA Ministry of Education results by, 21 ; tragedy of attempts to reduce, 151–154 ; continued support for Cultural Revolution ’ s high-stakes testing, 3–4 ; reduction of, 151, 154 ; tragedy of loss of values prisoner ’ s dilemma of traditionally celebrated by, 5 ; reforming, 156 ; ten actions why we must not emulate for Chinese schools to take Shanghai, 184–189 . S ee also to reduce, 152–153 Education systems Acta Crystallographica Section E American Educational Research journal, 101–102 Association, 1 Airbus, 65 American Federation of Teachers, American education: cheating 4 scandals of the, 1–3 ; cultural American Heritage Dictionaryy, assumption that achievement 108 comes from innate ability, America ’ s National 180 ; COPYRIGHTEDemulating Chinese MATERIALSuperintendent of the Year education as potential (2009), 1 disaster for, 167 ; high-stakes Amherst College, 77 testing and accountability Annapolis Naval Academy, 76 system driving cheating in, 3 ; Anti-Spiritual Pollution campaign mistaken commitment to (1983) [PRC], 86 authoritarian education by, Apple, 65 225 226 INDEX Arouet, François-Marie (Voltaire), Obama administration 30, 34 as under the spell of, 6–7 ; Atlanta Public Schools test tendency to shift blame scandal, 1–2, 4 of failure from authority, Authoritarian culture: as barrier 9 ; warning about the to technological innovation, dangerous consequences of, 111–112 ; student self-blame 9–10 . See alsoo Chinese levels related to PISA country education rankings and, 175–178 ; Authoritarian government: as tendency to shift blame from attractive alternative to authority, 9 ; uniform and Western democracy, 165 ; quantifi able standard barrier evolution of People ’ s to innovation, 115–116 ; Republic of China ’ s, 13–15 ; upward accountability barrier Goodnow ’ s ideal of Chinese, to innovation, 113–115 ; 14, 15 ; publications on wishful thinking barrier to economic success of China ’ s, innovation, 112–113 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Re-Imagining of China Under President Xi Jinping De Burgh, H
    WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch The Re-imagining of China under President Xi Jinping de Burgh, H. This is an author's accepted manuscript of an article to be published in China Media Research 14 (1), pp. 104-110, 2018. The final definitive version will be available online at: http://www.chinamediaresearch.net/ The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] China Media Research, 14(1), 2018 http://www.chinamediaresearch.net The Re-imagining of China under President Xi Jinping HUGO de BURGH University of Westminster Abstract: This article explains how Xi Jinping is consolidating an identity for China, at home and abroad, which draws upon the country’s past more than upon its recent revolutionary history. In so doing, he appears to be acknowledging the desire of many, perhaps the majority, of Chinese people, to defend their culture against conversion; he is also providing an ideology to inspire the young and the servants of the state, offering an alternative to ‘westernisation’ and, in effect, replacing the now discredited Marxism-Leninism of his predecessors. Rather than rejecting China’s past as they did, Xi speaks of a renaissance of it.
    [Show full text]
  • ZHANG Weiwei
    International Herald Tribune 2 November 2006 The allure of the Chinese model ZHANG Weiwei Many of the African leaders coming here for the Chinese-African summit meeting are attracted not only by opportunities for aid and trade, but also by the Chinese model of development. They know that only three decades ago, China was as poor as Malawi. But while the latter remains among the world's poorest, China's economy has expanded nine-fold. Indeed, the Chinese model has in many ways challenged the conventional wisdom in the West on how to fight poverty and ensure good governance. Its key features are: People matter. Since 1978, China has pursued a down-to-earth strategy for modernization, and has focused on meeting the most pressing needs of the people. The architect of China's reform, Deng Xiaoping, argued that China could only "seek truth from facts," not from dogmas, and all reforms must take account of local conditions and deliver tangible benefits. Constant experimentation. All changes in China first go through a process of trial and error on a small scale, and only when they are shown to work are they are applied elsewhere. Gradual reform, not big bang. China rejected "shock therapy" and worked through the existing, imperfect institutions while gradually reforming them and reorienting them to serve modernization. A developmental state. China's change has been led by a strong and pro-development state that is capable of shaping national consensus on modernization and ensuring overall political and macroeconomic stability in which to pursue wide-ranging domestic reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • Long Georgetown 0076M 14672
    LEGITIMACY AND THE MARITIME BORDER: CHINA'S LEGITIMATION STRATEGY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Conflict Resolution By Drake M. Long, B.A. Washington, DC April 22, 2020 Copyright 2020 by Drake M. Long All Rights Reserved ii LEGITIMACY AND THE MARITIME BORDER: CHINA'S LEGITIMATION STRATEGY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA Drake M. Long, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Matthew Kroenig, Ph.D ABSTRACT Legitimacy, in constructivist international relations theory, is an asymmetric concept that can restrain or embolden rising powers. Sticking to foreign policy that is seen as illegitimate in the eyes of established norms will invite ‘hedging’ behavior and potentially the ire of the enforcers who maintain the current order, whereas acting with legitimacy eases the concern of established powers by convincing them a rising power does not plan to alter the world or regional order. However, legitimacy requires justifications for actions abroad as well as arguments tailored for a domestic audience at home. In the South China Sea, China has employed legal warfare alongside provocative military maneuvers and paramilitary activity within disputed waters. China has expansive claims with little basis in international law that threaten the security and territorial integrity of other states in Southeast Asia. However, rather than make it clear it plans on replacing the regional order governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China employs a host of legal scholars, institutions, and actors to continually refine arguments couched in international law that legitimize its actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews on Global Economy and Geopolitical Readings
    Book reviews on global economy and geopolitical readings ESADEgeo, under the supervision of Professor Javier Solana and Professor Javier Santiso. 1 The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State Weiwei, Zhang (2011). World Century Publishing Corporation. “According to the estimate of Angus Maddison in March 2009, the economic growth gap between China and the United States narrowed from 4.4 times in 1978 to 1.17 times in 2006.” “China has entered the “Golden age” in the growth of its middle class, which has reached 23% of the total population, about 300 million people, and is still expanding at 1% per year. It is generally held that 40% of the population in Beijing and Shanghai should be considered as middle‐class.” “The current crisis is a penalty for those who believe in market fundamentalism and democratic fundamentalism.” Basic Idea and Opinion With one fifth of the world’s population and an annual growth rate of 7.7%, China is set to become the world’s largest economy within ten to twenty years. This prospect, together with economic and political crisis in the West, makes it vital to re‐examine our ideas of the Asian colossus. Zhang Weiwei sets the book’s point of departure with the contention that China’s rise is not that of a run‐of‐the‐mill nation but is rather that of one that is unique in the world. This is because China is a ‘Civilizational State’ rather than a Nation State. China is a very large, populous country whose cultural traditions and history have marked its economic and political development.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Xi Jinping's
    Click here for Full Issue of EIR Volume 48, Number 20, May 14, 2021 III. The China Wave BOOK REVIEW Ten Years Later: Why Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ of Modern China Is Here to Stay by Robert Wesser hard not to conclude that we are witnessing its final The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational phase. The CCP is the world’s second-longest ruling State regime … and no party can rule forever.” That was six by Zhang Weiwei years ago. Horizon Media Co., Ltd., 2011 World Century Publishing Corp., Hackensack, Of course, not only have none of these predictions NJ, 2012 been correct, but the exact opposite has happened. The Hardback, 205 pages question is, why have these so-called China experts been so wrong? Aside from those who simply spin false narratives for propagandistic pur- “With decades of hard work, social- poses, one of the main reasons for ism with Chinese characteristics has such glaring errors in analysis is that crossed the threshold into a new era. they absolutely insist on imposing This is a new historic juncture in Chi- relatively recent Western neo-lib- na’s development....” eral ideological prejudices upon — Xi Jinping, what is in reality a long and com- “Report to the 19th Na- plex Chinese historic process span- tional Congress of the ning over four millennia. The fact is Communist Party of that the current course charted by China,” 2017 Chinese President Xi Jinping can Aside from those who have been only be understood when viewed in closely following the work of Helga the context of China’s long, rich his- Zepp-LaRouche and EIR over the tory of development, rather than as past decade, most Western so-called some transient episode in the rocky analyses about the current trajectory history of post-1839 modern China.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Vision for a New World Order
    the national bureau of asian research nbr special report #83 | january 2020 china’s vision for a new world order By Nadège Rolland cover 2 NBR Board of Directors John V. Rindlaub Mark Jones Matt Salmon (Chairman) Co-head of Macro, Corporate & Vice President of Government Affairs Senior Managing Director and Investment Bank, Wells Fargo Securities Arizona State University Head of Pacific Northwest Market Wells Fargo & Company East West Bank Scott Stoll Roy D. Kamphausen (Treasurer) Thomas W. Albrecht President Partner (Ret.) Partner (Ret.) NBR Ernst & Young LLP Sidley Austin LLP Ryo Kubota Mitchell B. Waldman Dennis Blair Chairman, President, and CEO Executive Vice President, Government Chairman Acucela Inc. and Customer Relations Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. U.S. Navy (Ret.) Quentin W. Kuhrau CEO Maria Livanos Cattaui Unico Properties LLC Honorary Directors Secretary General (Ret.) Lawrence W. Clarkson Melody Meyer International Chamber of Commerce Senior Vice President (Ret.) President The Boeing Company George Davidson Melody Meyer Energy LLC (Vice Chairman) Thomas E. Fisher Long Nguyen Vice Chairman, M&A, Asia-Pacific (Ret.) Senior Vice President (Ret.) Chairman, President, and CEO HSBC Holdings plc Unocal Corporation Pragmatics, Inc. Norman D. Dicks Joachim Kempin Kenneth B. Pyle Senior Policy Advisor Senior Vice President (Ret.) Professor, University of Washington Van Ness Feldman LLP Microsoft Corporation Founding President, NBR Richard J. Ellings Clark S. Kinlin Jonathan Roberts President Emeritus and Counselor President and CEO Founder and Partner NBR Corning Cable Systems Ignition Partners Corning Incorporated Kurt Glaubitz Tom Robertson Global Media Relations Manager George F. Russell Jr. Corporate Vice President and Chevron Corporation (Chairman Emeritus) Deputy General Counsel Chairman Emeritus Microsoft Corporation Russell Investments NBR Counselors Charles W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World
    The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World • Lynn A. Struve University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 2019 University of Hawai‘i Press This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that it may be freely downloaded and shared in digital format for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Commercial uses and the publication of any derivative works require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Creative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. The open-access version of this book was made possible in part by an award from the James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation. Cover art: Woodblock illustration by Chen Hongshou from the 1639 edition of Story of the Western Wing. Student Zhang lies asleep in an inn, reclining against a bed frame. His anxious dream of Oriole in the wilds, being confronted by a military commander, completely fills the balloon to the right. In memory of Professor Liu Wenying (1939–2005), an open-minded, visionary scholar and open-hearted, generous man Contents Acknowledgments • ix Introduction • 1 Chapter 1 Continuities in the Dream Lives of Ming Intellectuals • 15 Chapter 2 Sources of Special Dream Salience in Late Ming • 81 Chapter 3 Crisis Dreaming • 165 Chapter 4 Dream-Coping in the Aftermath • 199 Epilogue: Beyond the Arc • 243 Works Cited • 259 Glossary-Index • 305 vii Acknowledgments I AM MOST GRATEFUL, as ever, to Diana Wenling Liu, head of the East Asian Col- lection at Indiana University, who, over many years, has never failed to cheerfully, courteously, and diligently respond to my innumerable requests for problematic materials, puzzlements over illegible or unfindable characters, frustrations with dig- ital databases, communications with publishers and repositories in China, etcetera ad infinitum.
    [Show full text]