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Hydro-Meteorological Characteristics for Sustainable Land Management in the Singkarak Basin, West Sumatra

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Hydro-Meteorological Characteristics for Sustainable Land Management in the Singkarak Basin, West Sumatra HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SINGKARAK BASIN, WEST SUMATRA Kasdi Subagyono1, B. Kartiwa2, H. Sosiawan2, E. Surmaini2, and E. Susanti2 1Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Barat, Lembang-Bandung 2Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi, Bogor Abstract Hydro-meteorological processes of the Singkarak basin has been studied involving participatory of local community in 2006-2007. Automatic weather station (AWS) and automatic water level recorder (AWLR) were installed to record meteorological and hydrological data within the Singkarak Basin. Meteorological data was analyzed to understand the meteorological characteristic surrounding the Basin area. Model of GR4J and H2U were used to simulated discharge and to understand the hydrological processes within the basin. The validation of simulated discharge was done in the wet season. Best bet menu of land management options was formulated based on hydro- meteorological characteristics of the catchments surrounding Singkarak basin. The results showed that the catchments have high response to rainfall producing runoff that is discharged to the lake. The hydrograph data shows that the discharge sharply increased immediately after rainfall started then decreased quite slowly when rainfall ended. For sustainable land management in the Singkarak basin, land and water conservation have to be a priority options. Agro-forestry may be a better cropping system that has to be applied by local community. Since potential water scarcity during dry spell period may occur, water harvesting and water conservation are better options to be associated into the land management system. Keywords: Hydro-meteorology; Land management; Land use change; Singkarak basin Abstrak Study tentang karakteristik hidro-meteorologi telah dilakukan di wilayah danau Singkarak pada 2006-2007 dengan melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat. Stasion iklim otomatis dan pengukur tinggi muka air otomatis dipasang untuk memonitor data hidrologi dan meteorologi di wilayah cekungan Singkarak. Data meteorologi dianalisa untuk mengetahui karakteristik iklim di wilayah sekitar danau. Model hidrologi GR4J dan H2U diaplikasikan untuk simulasi discharge dan untuk mengkarakterisasi proses hidrologi di wilayah danau. Simulasi model aliran divalidasi pada musim hujan. Alternaf pengelolaan lahan diformulasikan berdasarkan karakteristik hidrologi daerah aliran sungai di sekitar cekungan Singkarak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah tangkapan di sekitar danau Singkarak memiliki respon yang tinggi terhadap jumlah dan intensitas hujan. Hidrograp menunjukkan peningkatan yang tajam dari discharge segera setelah curah hujan mulai dan menurun relative lamban ketika curah hujan berhenti. Untuk pengelolaan lahan secara berkelanjutan di wilayah danau Singkarak, konservasi lahan dan air harus menjadi prioritas utama. Wanatani dapat diimplementasikan sebagai alternatif sistem pertanaman oleh penduduk lokal. Karena potensi kelangkaan air bisa terjadi pada periode kering, panen air dan konservasi air dapat diterapkan sebagai opsi yang dapat dikombinasikan dalam sistem pengelolaan lahan. Kata kunci: Hidro-meteorologi; Pengelolaan lahan; Perubahan penggunaan lahan; Cekungan Singkarak 1 | HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SINGKARAK BASIN, WEST SUMATRA Kasdi Subagyono, B. Kartiwa, H. Sosiawan, E. Surmaini, and E. Susanti ISSN 1411-3082 1. INTRODUCTION gardens. Re-development of this area is their The Singkarak basin in West Sumatra main opportunity for economic development, (Figure 1) is an important rice producing area, as the area available for paddy rice fields at the basis of a large hydro-electric plant the lake side is fully utilized. Intensifying (power supply to West Sumatra and Riau), these coffee gardens, however, will require home to the cultural heritage of the Minang careful management of soil cover, to avoid Kabau, the second largest inland lake of negative effects on the quality of the Sumatra with endemic fish and an area of Paninggahan stream that passes by their landscape beauty and potential ecotourism village on the way to the lake. interest. Given these multiple stakeholders, To control streams flowing into the lake intensification of agriculture, both in the of Singkarak, it is urgent to monitor and irrigated rice fields and in the uplands for understand the hydro-meteorological vegetables and agro-forestry (coffee and other characteristics of the catchments surrounding tree crops) requires careful management of the Singkarak basin. Many authors have studied land and water resources, to avoid negative on rainfall-run off relationship (Pearce et al., effects on the quality of the stream that passes 1986; Tanaka et al., 1988; Burt, 1989; these areas on the way to the lake. However, Tanaka, 1992; DeWalle and Pionke, 1994; existing hydrometeorological data are Scanlon et al., 2000; Sidle et al., 2000). insufficient to parameterize existing models at Estimation of meteorological data for the the scale of refinement required. long-term water balance of a sparse vine crop A rapid hydrological appraisal (RHA) growing under semiarid conditions has also has been carried out that reviewed the various been studied by Sene (1996). Yet, those stakeholder perceptions and existing data sets, studies involving areas with lakes basin and explored the likely hydrological system are limited. consequences of a number of scenarios for The objectives of the study were to future land use in the catchment (Farida et al., analyze hydro-meteorological characteristic of 2005). To the surprise of many involved, the Singkarak basin and to conceptualize best scenarios as widely different as ‘whole bet menu of land management option for catchment covered by natural forest’ and supporting sustainable lake basin-based land ‘whole catchment degraded to grassland’ management systems. made little difference on the predicted water availability for the hydroelectric company. In 2. METHODOLOGY the model used, the additional interception Study site and water use by tree canopies balanced out The study has been conducted in the against a less buffered delivery of water to the Paninggahan sub-catchment situated in the lake which leads to overflow when the storage Singkarak basin, West Sumatra (Figure 1). capacity is reached. The model analysis, The study site lies within the upper reaches of however, was based on only scarce local data Kuantan/Indragiri river basin. The site has sets and did not differentiate between the been selected by considering there was trends areas on limestone, granite or recent volcanic of loosing natural forest cover, and associated soils. with land and water management issues. A better understanding of the quantities The upper forested Paninggahan sub- of water flowing into the lake from the catchment, in particular, contain a ‘jungle different sources and the way the regularity of coffee’ enclave of several hundred hectares flow is influenced by local land use, is extent. With this site currently in process of important in enhancing the transparency of the being ‘opened up’ and ‘reclaimed’ by the allocation to the various communities of the local community via the development of an funds derived from the tax paid by the hydro- improved motorcycle track. The area was also electric company (PLTA). treated by agroforestry, with aim to explore The Paninggahan community has the dynamics of the impact of subsequent historical rights to an ‘enclave’ in the forest follow-up ‘improved’ agro-forestry reserve where the main village was located management and agricultural expansion upon before and where they still have coffee watershed functions. The catchment 2 | JURNAL METEOROLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA, Vol. 9 No.1 Juli 2008 : 65 - 77 representing the currently most hydrologically Methods stable and least degraded catchments within Hydro-meteorological data measurement the surrounding 1,130 km2 Singkarak basin The hydro-meteorological condition has been and broader Singkarak-Ombilin river basin. monitoring within the Paninggahan sub- Paninggahan sub-catchment has an area of catchment to create minimum data sets for 58.14 km2, for a primeter of 34.31 km. The sustainable land management. Since the study value of compactness index (Kc= 1.27) site has lack with hydro-meteorological indicates that the form of watershed is equipment, the catchment has been relatively rectangular, with length and width instrumented with set of automatic weather of equivalent rectangular of 12.70 and 4.58 station (AWS) and automatic water level km respectively. The drainage density of the recorder (AWLR) respectively upper (Aro Paninggahan sub-catchments is 15.08 m/ha AWS Station) and lower (Sabarang AWLR with length and width of equivalent Station) catchment. rectangular of 12.61 and 2.49 km respectively. Geological Substrate Soil Types Slope Figure 1. Digital elevation model, geological substrate, soil types and slope classes of the Singkarak basin and its 12 subcatchments as identified by Farida et al. (2005); the Paninggahan sub-catchment correspond with the northern part of subcatchment 8 3 | HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SINGKARAK BASIN, WEST SUMATRA Kasdi Subagyono, B. Kartiwa, H. Sosiawan, E. Surmaini, and E. Susanti ISSN 1411-3082 One automatic rainfall recorders was instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) installed in the upper catchment and one concept by Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes manual recorder was installed in the lower (1979). H2U model
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