DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political and Economic Relationship of American-Dutch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political and Economic Relationship of American-Dutch The Political and Economic Relationship of American-Dutch Colonial Administration in Southeast Asia: A Case Study of the Rivalry between Royal Dutch/Shell and Standard Oil in the Netherlands Indies (1907-1928) by Agus Setiawan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of History Approved Dissertation Committee Prof. Dr. Marc Frey Jacobs University Bremen Prof. Dr. Dominic Sachsenmaier Jacobs University Bremen Dr. J. Thomas Lindblad Leiden University Date of Thesis Defense: 14/07/2014 School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) Printed with support from the German Academic Exchange Service i Statutory Declaration (on Authorship of a Dissertation) I, Agus Setiawan, hereby declare that I have written this PhD thesis independently, unless where clearly stated otherwise. I have used only the sources, the data and the support that I have clearly mentioned. This PhD thesis has not been submitted for conferral of degree elsewhere. I confirm that no rights of third parties will be infringed by the publication of this thesis. Bremen, May 8, 2015 Signature ___________________________________________________________ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement v Abstract vii List of Illustration viii List of Maps ix List of Tables x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Oil in The Dutch Indies 1 2. The Temporal Scope 3 3. Previous Studies 4 4. Source Material 6 5. Organization of This Study 8 CHAPTER TWO: THE INDISCHE MIJNWET Introduction 11 1. Mining Activity in the Archipelago and the Arrival of VOC 11 2. The Dutch Colonial Administration and Mining Activities 16 3. The Discovery of Oil and The Urgency of The Dutch Indies Mining Act 31 4. The Enactment of the Dutch Indies Mining Act 38 5. The Indisch Mijnwet and The Local Rulers 44 6. Conclusion 51 CHAPTER THREE: THE BEGINNING OF THE ROYAL DUTCH/SHELL AND STANDARD OIL COMPANY RIVALRY Introduction 55 1. The American-Dutch Diplomatic and Economic Relationship 55 2. The Beginning of Oil Competition in Asia 61 3. The Revision of the Indische Mijnwet 84 4. Standard Oil and Royal Dutch/Shell During World War I 89 5. Conclusion 94 iii CHAPTER FOUR: THE FAILURE OF AMERICAN OIL DIPLOMACY IN THE CASE OF THE JAMBI OIL CONCESSION 1919-1921 Introduction 98 1. Oil and American National Interests 98 2. Jambi Oil Concession 104 3. The Efforts and Obstacles of The American Oil Diplomacy 107 4. The Failure of NKPM To Obtain Oil Concession in Jambi 111 5. Oil and Political Rivalry Between The United States and The British 117 6. Conclusion 120 CHAPTER FIVE: AMERICAN POLITICAL EFFORTS FOR OIL POLICY RECIPROCITY WITH THE DUTCH GOVERNMENT 1922 – 1928 Introduction 124 1. The International Oil Trade After World War I 124 2. The American-Dutch Relationship: Strain and Retaliation 128 3. American Challenges In Obtaining Oil Concessions In The Dutch Indies 136 4. The Dutch Indies Political Situation and Foreign Investment 139 5. The American Applications for oil concessions and Volksraad 144 6. The Change of Governor General and The Turning Point in The Dutch Government’s Attitude to the Granting of Potential Oil Concessions to American Oil Companies 152 7. The Reciprocal Policy Between The Netherlands and The United States of America 160 8. Compromises and Normalization Efforts 173 9. Conclusion 177 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION 181 Bibliography 187 iv Acknowledgements Completing a PhD is truly a marathon event. It is a long, and at times challenging journey and I would not have been able to complete this journey without the help and support of several people over the past three years. It is not possible to name everyone who has assisted me, but I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all those individuals and institutions that have played a role in helping me complete this dissertation. In particular I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to my principal supervisor, and Chairman of my Dissertation Committee, Prof. Dr. Marc Frey for sharing with me his expertise and knowledge on a range of subjects, especially in American, Dutch, and Indonesian history. His support, corrections, suggestions and feedback from the preparation to the implementation of this study have been essential to its success. My thanks also to Prof. Dr. Dominic Sachsenmaier, my second supervisor and member of my Dissertation Committee for sharing his knowledge on Asian history, for his helpful discussions, and for allowing me to join his lectures. My gratitude also to Dr. J. Thomas Lindblad for being so generous with his time and for allowing me to benefit greatly from his knowledge during discussions in Leiden, and for agreeing to be my external reviewer. My deepest thanks also to Prof. Dr. Corinna R. Unger for her helpful insights and discussions and for allowing me to participate in her historiography class at Jacobs University Bremen. My deepest gratitude and particular thanks also to Craig Paul Taylor, a fellow Ph.D candidate, for diligently going through and correcting my English. This dissertation would never have been completed without his assistance, corrections, and suggestions. I am also indebted to Jacobs University Bremen for providing the excellent facilities, tuition waiver, and for the excellent staff from the Dean’s and Registrar’s office who provided assistance; special thanks must go to Peter Tsvetkov for all his help. To all the professors at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Jacobs for their direct, and indirect, contributions during the admission process, colloquiums, seminars and lectures during the past three years. I am truly thankful. And to my fellow Ph.D Candidates at Jacobs: Karin Hagen, Lisa Heindl, Stefan Hübner, Clara Kemme, Christoph Meyer, Boris Niclas-Tölle, and Craig Taylor for our informal discussions, for sharing their ideas and thoughts with me, and for their words of encouragement during our time together as Ph.D candidates. My gratitude also goes to the Roosevelt Student Center in Middelburg, The Netherlands, for the generous research grant. Special thanks goes to the Director, Prof. Dr. Cornelis A. van Minnen, Assistant Director Dr. Hans Krabbendam, and to the Management Assistant, Mrs. Leontien Joose, for their kind hospitality and assistance during my research at the Center. My thanks and appreciation to the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) for the financial support, and to the DAAD staff, especially Frau Schwarz-Bergmann and Frau Anne Schmitz for their administrative support. I also wish to thank Drs. H. OK. Ubaidullah Indra bin Datoek Mahidin Gelar Datoek Indra Perkasa, Zulkarnaen Idrus, and H.M. Zamroni for giving me their time and sharing their knowledge and expertise on the history of the oil mining industry in Langkat during interviews with me in Medan and Langkat, North Sumatra. My thanks also go to M. Suhaemi, S. Stp, M. Hidayat, S.Stp, M. Taufik, S. Stp, Razaq Arifin, and M. Ichsan Kurnia, S. Kom, who supported me during my research in Medan and Langkat. v I also wish to mention my colleagues in the History Department, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Indonesia: Prof. Dr. Susanto Zuhdi, Dr. M. Iskandar, Dr. Priyanto Wibowo, Dr. Nana Nurliana, Dr. Saleh As’ad Djamhari, Dr. Magdalia Alfian, Dr. Wardiningsih, Dr. Linda Sunarti, Dr. Abdurakhman, Dr. Yuda B. Tangkilisan, Dr. Bondan Kanumoyoso, Kasijanto, M. Hum, Dra. M.P.B. Manus, Triwahyuningsih M. Irsyam M. Hum, Dwi Mulyatari, MA, Didik Pradjoko, M. Hum, Siswantari, M. Hum, Mohammad Wasith, M. Hum for their tremendous moral support and assistance during all stages of my research. To my friends, Dr. Ing. Agus Arif Munawar, Pak Lun Pujianto and his family, Pak Gerry and his family, Pak Chandra Perpatih and his family, Ariandy Yoga Benggolo, Yudi Nurul Ihsan, Riza Setiawan, Rima Rachmayani and all the members of the Indonesian Student Association and Community in Bremen for their friendship, support, suggestions, and assistance during my stay in Bremen. And finally, I am indebted to my family whose love I shall always cherish, and who have provided me with so much in order to enable me to complete this journey. To my beloved parents, Hj. Maruning and H. M. Chozin, and to my mother and father-in-law, H. Faisal Idrus and Hj. Rosmiaty, who have supported me and prayed for me during my time in Bremen. To my wife Fitriaty Sylvia without whom none of this would have been possible. Her patience in accompanying me to Bremen, her support and unwavering love were instrumental in making this work a reality. To all those who have helped and assisted me, I wish you all the best, and may God reward you for your sincerity. Lastly, it of course goes without saying, that any errors in this work are my sole responsibility. vi Abstract Competition for control over the exploration, exploitation, distribution and marketing of the world’s oil sources has been a key feature of 20th century history. Competition was usually fierce; oil is a highly sought after commodity and was an essential part to industrialization efforts. In Southeast Asia, in particular in the Dutch Indies in the late 19th and early 20th century, competition for oil was fought between three companies: the oil companies Standard Oil and Royal Dutch, and the transportation company – Shell Transport and Trading Company. The latter two companies would merge into one of the biggest oil companies in the world, and become Royal Dutch Shell. Competition between Standard Oil and Royal Dutch Shell would eventually involve not only the two companies but also the governments of the two countries they were headquartered in: that is the United States of America and The Netherlands. Washington and The Hague became involved once it was clear that the Dutch were attempting to prevent Standard Oil from operating in the Dutch Indies by refusing to grant oil concessions to the American company.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gevallen Op Het Binnenhof
    CHARLOTTE BRAND Gevallen op het Binnenhof Afgetreden ministers en staatssecretarissen 1918-1966 Boom – Amsterdam Gevallen op het Binnenhof Afgetreden ministers en staatssecretarissen 1918-1966 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus, volgens het besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 8 januari 2016 om 14.30 uur precies door Charlotte Josephina Maria Brand geboren op 4 februari 1982 te Roermond Inhoud Inleiding 11 hoofdstuk 1 Ministers Geslachtofferd door de kaMer 27 Een katholiek aan het roer 27 Invulling Oorlog en Marine baart zorgen 29 ‘Daar zien ze me nooit meer terug!’: minister van Marine Naudin ten Cate (1919) 31 Na aarzeling toch bewindsman 31 De kruisers als pijnpunt 35 Een fataal parlementair debuut 36 Ten val gebracht door zijn eigen staf: minister van Marine Bijleveld (1920) 40 Een burger op Marine 40 De kruisers zorgen opnieuw voor problemen 42 ‘Draaitol’ geslachtofferd 44 Napraten over de streek van Olivier 48 Begroting uitgekleed: minister van Oorlog Alting von Geusau (1920) 50 Slecht materieel en muitende soldaten 50 Bezuinigingen en hervormingen 51 Niemand blijft ‘voor zijn pleizier Minister van Oorlog’ 54 De begroting getorpedeerd 56 Gestrand in het zicht van het Poppenleger: minister van Oorlog en Marine Pop (1921) 59 ‘Men moet het aandurven van het defensie-departement te maken een politiek departement’ 59 Een nieuwe minister met ‘militaire snorrebaard’ 63 Naar een ‘poppenleger’? 64 De nieuwe Dienstplichtwet
    [Show full text]
  • Jurnal IAFMI 03 09 Lowres.Pdf
    << 1 JURNAL IAFMI 03 DESEMBER 2015 ISSN 2442 8515 JURNAL IAFMI 03 DESEMBER 2015 >> 2 Membangun knowledge database yang kedepannya diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi utama ilmu dan teknologi dibidang fasilitas produksi migas di Indonesia, serta referensi kondisi lokal untuk International Codes. Mendorong para professional dan akademisi dibidang fasilitas produksi migas untuk menerbitkan karya dan pemikirannya sehingga kompetensi dan keahliannya terangkat ke permukaan dunia industri migas. Menjalin jaringan keilmuan dan teknologi untuk mengembangkan industri nasional dibidang fasilitas produksi migas. JURNAL IAFMI Mengangkat aktifitas sumberdaya Misi pendukung industri infrastruktur migas ke permukaan. NEXT EDITION << 3 JURNAL IAFMI 03 DESEMBER 2015 TEMA Pengajuan makalah: 1 Januari 2016 - 31 Maret 2016 melalui email ke: [email protected] BERALIH KE ENERGI TERBARUKAN STRATEGI, PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN 1. Isi makalah dibuat dengan kategori sebagai berikut: a. Ringkasan Thesis / Skripsi S1/S2/S3, min 500 kata, maks 1500 kata atau maksimum 5 halaman termasuk gambar. b. Paparan / Analisa / Review Teknologi/Metoda/Teori/Aturan yang diterapkan dalam sebuah proyek/program yang sudah atau sedang dilaksanakan di Indonesia, min 1000 kata, maks 2500 kata atau maksimum 8 halaman termasuk gambar c. Paparan / Analisa / Review atas teknologi/Metoda/Teori/Aturan baru yang belum diterapkan di Indonesia (mungkin sudah diterapkan di luar negeri), min 1000 kata, maks 2500 kata atau maksimum 8 halaman termasuk gambar 2. Persyaratan jumlah kata di atas dihitung dalam ukurun kertas A4 dengan margin standar dengan font Calibri ukuran 12 dan spasi exact 17pt. 3. Tema makalah adalah Fasilitas Produksi Migas, Fasilitas Produksi Migas, Beralih ke Energi Terbarukan - Strategi, Peluang dan Tantangan. 4. Makalah dapat dibuat sendiri atau secara berkelompok.
    [Show full text]
  • The Institutionalisation of Discrimination in Indonesia
    In the Name of Regional Autonomy: The Institutionalisation of Discrimination in Indonesia A Monitoring Report by The National Commission on Violence Against Women on The Status of Women’s Constitutional Rights in 16 Districts/Municipalities in 7 Provinces Komnas Perempuan, 2010 In the Name of Regional Autonomy | i In The Name of Regional Autonomy: Institutionalization of Discrimination in Indonesia A Monitoring Report by the National Commission on Violence Against Women on the Status of Women’s Constitutional Rights in 16 Districts/Municipalities in 7 Provinces ISBN 978-979-26-7552-8 Reporting Team: Andy Yentriyani Azriana Ismail Hasani Kamala Chandrakirana Taty Krisnawaty Discussion Team: Deliana Sayuti Ismudjoko K.H. Husein Muhammad Sawitri Soraya Ramli Virlian Nurkristi Yenny Widjaya Monitoring Team: Abu Darda (Indramayu) Atang Setiawan (Tasikmalaya) Budi Khairon Noor (Banjar) Daden Sukendar (Sukabumi) Enik Maslahah (Yogyakarta) Ernawati (Bireuen) Fajriani Langgeng (Makasar) Irma Suryani (Banjarmasin) Lalu Husni Ansyori (East Lombok) Marzuki Rais (Cirebon) Mieke Yulia (Tangerang) Miftahul Rezeki (Hulu Sungai Utara) Muhammad Riza (Yogyakarta) Munawiyah (Banda Aceh) Musawar (Mataram) Nikmatullah (Mataram) Nur’aini (Cianjur) Syukriathi (Makasar) Wanti Maulidar (Banda Aceh) Yusuf HAD (Dompu) Zubair Umam (Makasar) Translator Samsudin Berlian Editor Inez Frances Mahony This report was written in Indonesian language an firstly published in earlu 2009. Komnas Perempuan is the sole owner of this report’s copy right. However, reproducing part of or the entire document is allowed for the purpose of public education or policy advocacy in order to promote the fulfillment of the rights of women victims of violence. The report was printed with the support of the Norwegian Embassy.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Asian Collections at the International Institute of Social History
    Guide to the Asian Collections at the International Institute of Social History Emile Schwidder & Eef Vermeij (eds) Guide to the Asian Collections at the International Institute of Social History Emile Schwidder Eef Vermeij (eds) Guide to the Asian Collections at the International Institute of Social History Stichting beheer IISG Amsterdam 2012 2012 Stichting beheer IISG, Amsterdam. Creative Commons License: The texts in this guide are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 license. This means, everyone is free to use, share, or remix the pages so licensed, under certain conditions. The conditions are: you must attribute the International Institute of Social History for the used material and mention the source url. You may not use it for commercial purposes. Exceptions: All audiovisual material. Use is subjected to copyright law. Typesetting: Eef Vermeij All photos & illustrations from the Collections of IISH. Photos on front/backcover, page 6, 20, 94, 120, 92, 139, 185 by Eef Vermeij. Coverphoto: Informal labour in the streets of Bangkok (2011). Contents Introduction 7 Survey of the Asian archives and collections at the IISH 1. Persons 19 2. Organizations 93 3. Documentation Collections 171 4. Image and Sound Section 177 Index 203 Office of the Socialist Party (Lahore, Pakistan) GUIDE TO THE ASIAN COLLECTIONS AT THE IISH / 7 Introduction Which Asian collections are at the International Institute of Social History (IISH) in Amsterdam? This guide offers a preliminary answer to that question. It presents a rough survey of all collections with a substantial Asian interest and aims to direct researchers toward historical material on Asia, both in ostensibly Asian collections and in many others.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Indonesia: the Unlikely Nation?
    History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page i A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page ii Short History of Asia Series Series Editor: Milton Osborne Milton Osborne has had an association with the Asian region for over 40 years as an academic, public servant and independent writer. He is the author of eight books on Asian topics, including Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, first published in 1979 and now in its eighth edition, and, most recently, The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, published in 2000. History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iii A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA THE UNLIKELY NATION? Colin Brown History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iv First published in 2003 Copyright © Colin Brown 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100 Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 Email: [email protected] Web: www.allenandunwin.com National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Brown, Colin, A short history of Indonesia : the unlikely nation? Bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Nederlandse Politieke Houding Ten Aanzien Van VN-Vredesoperaties Een Casestudy Van De Nederlandse Deelname Aan De Vredesoperatie in Korea
    Nederlandse politieke houding ten aanzien van VN-vredesoperaties Een casestudy van de Nederlandse deelname aan de vredesoperatie in Korea 1 Geschiedenis-Bachelor Eindwerkstuk (GE3V14054) Isa Verwaal 5910803 Frank Gerits 1 A.R.J. ten Velde, de Nederlandse deelname aan de Korea-Oorlog (Utrecht: Rijksuniversiteit, Instituut voor Geschiedenis, 1983). 1 2 Inhoudsopgave Samenvatting 5 Inleiding 6 Hoofdstuk 1: Nederlandse doelen tijdens de missie 11 1.1 Geen betere keuze 12 1.2 VS te vriend houden 13 Hoofdstuk 2: Samenwerking met andere landen 16 2.1 Nederland kon niet achterblijven 17 2.2 Militaire samenwerking 19 Hoofdstuk 3: Economische impact 21 3.1 Nasleep Tweede Wereldoorlog 22 3.2 Nederlands beleid tijdens de missie 23 3.3 Gevolgen van deelname aan de missie 24 Conclusie 26 Literatuurlijst 27 Plagiaatverklaring 29 3 4 Samenvatting Het doel van deze bachelor scriptie is om het antwoord op de onderzoeksvraag: “Wat is de politieke houding van Nederland ten aanzien van VN-vredesoperaties?” te vinden. Dit wordt gedaan middels een casestudie, namelijk de vredesoperatie in Korea (1950-1954): het Nederlands Detachement Verenigde Naties (NDVN), en door middel van drie hoofdstukken. Het eerste hoofdstuk onderzoekt de doelen van Nederland tijdens de missie in Korea. Hieruit blijkt dat het doel van Nederland hetzelfde was als dat van de VN, namelijk de wereldvrede waarborgen. Echter, daarachter hield zich het werkelijk doel van Nederland schuil; het behouden van een goede relatie van de VS. Het tweede hoofdstuk gaat vervolgens in op de samenwerkingsverbanden van Nederland met andere landen. Uit dit hoofdstuk wordt duidelijk dat Nederland voornamelijk samenwerkte met de VS, maar dat het samenwerkingsverband niet evenredig was.
    [Show full text]
  • Gouverneur-Generaals Van Nederlands-Indië in Beeld
    JIM VAN DER MEER MOHR Gouverneur-generaals van Nederlands-Indië in beeld In dit artikel worden de penningen beschreven die de afgelo- pen eeuwen zijn geproduceerd over de gouverneur-generaals van Nederlands-Indië. Maar liefs acht penningen zijn er geslagen over Bij het samenstellen van het overzicht heb ik de nu zo verguisde gouverneur-generaal (GG) voor de volledigheid een lijst gemaakt van alle Jan Pieterszoon Coen. In zijn tijd kreeg hij geen GG’s en daarin aangegeven met wie er penningen erepenning of eremedaille, maar wel zes in de in relatie gebracht kunnen worden. Het zijn vorige eeuw en al in 1893 werd er een penning uiteindelijk 24 van de 67 GG’s (niet meegeteld zijn uitgegeven ter gelegenheid van de onthulling van de luitenant-generaals uit de Engelse tijd), die in het standbeeld in Hoorn. In hetzelfde jaar prijkte hun tijd of ervoor of erna met één of meerdere zijn beeltenis op de keerzijde van een prijspen- penningen zijn geëerd. Bij de samenstelling van ning die is geslagen voor schietwedstrijden in dit overzicht heb ik ervoor gekozen ook pennin- Den Haag. Hoe kan het beeld dat wij van iemand gen op te nemen waarin GG’s worden genoemd, hebben kantelen. Maar tegelijkertijd is het goed zoals overlijdenspenningen van echtgenotes en erbij stil te staan dat er in andere tijden anders penningen die ter gelegenheid van een andere naar personen en functionarissen werd gekeken. functie of gelegenheid dan het GG-schap zijn Ik wil hier geen oordeel uitspreken over het al dan geslagen, zoals die over Dirck Fock. In dit artikel niet juiste perspectief dat iedere tijd op een voor- zal ik aan de hand van het overzicht stilstaan bij val of iemand kan hebben.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Civilization in Javanese Vernacular
    WESTERN CIVILIZATION IN JAVANESE VERNACULAR Colonial education policy Java 1800-1867 Sebastiaan Coops Sebastiaan Coops Student number: 1472720 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J.J.L. Gommans Preface The picture on the cover is a Javanese civil servant, employed by the Dutch colonial government as a teacher - mantri goeroe. He is seated together with a pupil on the left and a servant on the right. The servant and the sirih-box for betel nuts imply his high social status. Both the title and this picture refer to Dutch colonial education policy where western and Javanese normative culture created an amalgamation from which the Inlandsche school developed. 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 5 CHAPTER I: EDUCATION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT ERA 15 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 15 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE METROPOLIS 16 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE COLONY 21 JAVANESE EDUCATION TRADITION 26 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 32 CHAPTER II: EDUCATION POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS-INDIES 33 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 33 BEFORE 1830 34 1830-1852 42 1852-1867 48 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 64 CHAPTER III: BRITISH-INDIA AND COLONIAL EDUCATION POLICY IN THE NETHERLANDS INDIES 67 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 67 BEFORE 1835 67 1835-1854 68 1854-1867 70 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 73 CONCLUSION 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY 78 3 4 Introduction No! It is our sacred duty, our calling, to give that poor brother, who had lived in the wastelands of misery and poverty, the means with which he, the sooner the better, could share in our happier fate completely equal to us!1 The Age of Enlightenment and revolution had shaken the world at the end of the 18th century to its core.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Language Is a System of Communication Used by Human Being Which Consist of A
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study Language is a system of communication used by human being which consist of a set of sounds, symbols, gestures, and signal to desire to others. Language is very important in people daily life because they use language every time in their daily activity to communicate with each other. To communicate means to understand and to express any information, thought, feelings, culture and technology. Thousand of language is spoken in this world one of that is English language, English language important to be learn especially to students because English can improve the quality of social life. English is considered as a foreign language in Indonesia. As students, learn English from the very beginning from their schooling. As a foreign language learner it is not possible to speak English with a proper sound. But Indonesian people always try to learn about English language because Indonesian people realize that how important English in their life. One of the problems for a foreign language learner is that how to accurately utter the speech sound of language main purpose of speaking a language is to communicate with others. Caused demand of technology in this era and we have been free trade in ASEAN economic community since in the beginning 2015, they have to master and develop English especially four skills in English : speaking, listening, writing, reading. Beside to know the four skills of language the students also should master speaking because it is one of important element that has a position in the four language skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Panglima Laot in Aceh: from Punggawa to Customary Institution
    E3S Web of Conferences 202, 07031 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207031 ICENIS 2020 Transformation of Panglima Laot in Aceh: From Punggawa to Customary Institution Mahendra Pudji Utama*, Yety Rochwulaningsih, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, and Mujiburrahman Departement of History, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. Abstract. This paper discusses how Panglima Laot transformed into the republic from kingdom era. During the kingdom era, Panglima Laot had an important role in the maritime sector, particularly in collecting vessel excise. However, during the Dutch Colonial military penetration, Panglima Laot had adapted to the war situation. After the independence, it adapted to the different situation where kingdoms were no longer exist. This political change transformed Panglima Laot in terms of function, value and position as a form of adaptation. This study uses historical method, especially analyzing local as well as the colonial sources. It also included journal as the reference. This study shows that Panglima Laot gradually transformed based on certain phase. During the war phase, Panglima Laot transformed into the war force to face the Dutch military penetration. After the independence, Panglima Laot had to adapt once again, it transforms into a customary institution serving for the fishermen within the traditional corridor. Panglima Laot eventually becomes the maritime culture of the Kingdom of Aceh for Indonesia. The existence of Panglima Laot as a customary institution managing the coastal area is recognized by the Country in the law. Keywords: Panglima Laot; Transformation; Kingdom of Aceh; Indonesian Republic. 1 Introduction As a maritime country, Indonesia has a long history and diverse maritime cultural heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Onderwijs Als Wapen Tegen Opkomend Nationalisme? Onderwijsbeleid in Nederlands-Indië, 1901-1942
    Onderwijs als wapen tegen opkomend nationalisme? Onderwijsbeleid in Nederlands-Indië, 1901-1942 Masterscriptie Geschiedenis van Politiek en Maatschappij Student Rachel Disse Studentnummer 9704906 Begeleider Liesbeth Rosen Jacobson Aantal woorden 11.700 Datum 21 juni 2021 Voor mijn bonus-oma, Marijke Bongers -Mingelen Mijkie * Jakarta, † Waalre, 28 augustus 1931 10 december 2020 2 Samenvatting In dit onderzoek staat het onderwijsbeleid in Nederlands-Indië van 1901 - 1942 centraal. Binnen dit kader zocht ik een antwoord op de vraag hoe de verschuiving van het onderwijsbeleid van Nederlands-Indië van de Ethische Politiek (1901-1920) naar de nationaliseringspolitiek (1920-1942) kan worden verklaard. In de analyse van primaire bronnen en de raadpleging van secundaire literatuur heb ik mij toegelegd op drie mogelijke verklaringen voor de verschuiving van het onderwijsbeleid, die naar voren kwamen in een eerste verkennende studie van het primaire bronmateriaal, namelijk: de verdeeldheid onder bestuurders en koloniale autoriteiten, de economische situatie waarin Nederlands- Indië zich bevond en de opkomende nationale bewegingen. Dit onderzoek laat zien dat de ‘Ethische Politiek’ en de nationaliseringspolitiek twee kanten van dezelfde medaille zijn. Ook laat het onderzoek zien dat de koloniale overheid onderwijs gebruikte als wapen tegen opkomend nationalisme. En daarmee als middel om de ‘informele apartheid’ in de samenleving in stand te houden. 3 Inhoudsopgave 1 Inleiding 5 Oriëntatie 5 Theoretisch kader 8 Historiografie 10 Onderzoeksmethodiek
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar, Steam and Steel: the Industrial Project in Colonial Java, 1830-1850
    Welcome to the electronic edition of Sugar, Steam and Steel: The Industrial Project in Colonial Java, 1830-1885. The book opens with the bookmark panel and you will see the contents page. Click on this anytime to return to the contents. You can also add your own bookmarks. Each chapter heading in the contents table is clickable and will take you direct to the chapter. Return using the contents link in the bookmarks. The whole document is fully searchable. Enjoy. G Roger Knight Born in deeply rural Shropshire (UK), G Roger Knight has been living and teaching in Adelaide since the late 1960s. He gained his PhD from London University's School of Oriental and African Studies, where his mentors included John Bastin and CD Cowan. He is an internationally recognised authority on the sugar industry of colonial Indonesia, with many publications to his name. Among the latest is Commodities and Colonialism: The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia, 1880-1940, published by Brill in Leiden and Boston in 2013. He is currently working on a 'business biography' — based on scores of his newly discovered letters back home — of Gillian Maclaine, a young Scot who was active as a planter and merchant in colonial Java during the 1820s and 1830s. For a change, it has almost nothing to do with sugar. The high-quality paperback edition of this book is available for purchase online: https://shop.adelaide.edu.au/ Sugar, Steam and Steel: The Industrial Project in Colonial Java, 1830-18 by G Roger Knight School of History and Politics The University of Adelaide Published in Adelaide by University of Adelaide Press The University of Adelaide Level 14, 115 Grenfell Street South Australia 5005 [email protected] www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide.
    [Show full text]