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Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Access to History for the IB Diploma Civil rights and social movements in the Americas Vivienne Sanders _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 1 05/12/2012 12:40 The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits: p10 © 2012 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./DACS. The Art Archive/ National Palace Mexico City/Gianni Dagli Orti; p20 Reuters/Corbis; p23 Credit: ‘So That All Shall Know’. Photo: Daniel Hernández-Salazar © 1992. www.danielhernandezsalazar.blogspot.com; p25 AFP/Getty Images; p60 John E. Phay Collection, Southern Media Archives; p71 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; p74 Bettmann/Corbis; p106 Topfoto/AP; p113 Yanker Poster Collection/Library of Congress; p124 akg-images; p130 AFP/Getty Images; p152 Reproduced with the kind permission of Kevin Siers and Kind Features Syndicate; p166 AFP/Getty Images; p179 Bettmann/Corbis; p183 Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images; p210 Bettmann/Corbis; p214 From the private collection of Marjorie Agosin; p229 Yanker Poster Collection/Library of Congress. Acknowledgements are listed on page 252. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.–5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk © Vivienne Sanders 2013 First published in 2013 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK company 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover image © George Gardner/The Image Works/TopFoto Illustrations by Gray Publishing Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino and produced by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1444 156621 _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 2 05/12/2012 12:40 Contents Dedication 1 Introduction 2 1 What you will study 2 2 How you will be assessed 3 3 About this book 6 Chapter 1 Native Americans and civil rights in the Americas 9 1 The indigenous population in Latin America 9 2 Native Americans in the USA 27 3 First Peoples in Canada 38 Examination advice 51 Examination practice 52 Chapter 2 African Americans and the Civil Rights Movement 53 1 African Americans to 1945 53 2 Short-term causes of the Civil Rights Movement 1945–55 57 3 Key debate: When did the Civil Rights Movement begin? 67 4 The end of segregation in the South 1955–65 68 Examination advice 86 Examination practice 89 Chapter 3 Martin, Malcolm and Black Power 90 1 The role of Martin Luther King Jr in the Civil Rights Movement 90 2 Key debate: Who or what played the most important role in the Civil Rights Movement? 100 3 The Nation of Islam and Malcolm X 101 4 The rise of Black Power in the 1960s 108 5 Key debate: How new and successful was the Black Power movement? 117 Examination advice 121 Examination practice 122 _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 3 05/12/2012 12:40 Chapter 4 Afro-Latin Americans 123 1 Afro-Latin Americans in the nineteenth century 123 2 Afro-Latin Americans in the twentieth century 124 3 The impact of the Afro-Latin American Civil Rights Movement 133 4 Key debate: Have Afro-Latin Americans attained equality through agency and racial democracy? 138 Examination advice 140 Examination practice 141 Chapter 5 Role of governments in Civil Rights Movements in the Americas 142 1 The US government and civil rights 143 2 The Bolivian government and civil rights 154 3 Key debate: Were Latin American constitutional guarantees of indigenous rights due to activism? 169 Examination advice 171 Examination practice 173 Chapter 6 Youth culture and protests of the 1960s and 1970s 174 1 Youth culture and protests in the USA 174 2 Key debate: How ‘new’, effective and widespread was 1960s’ US student radicalism? 185 3 Youth culture and protests in Canada 186 4 Youth culture and protests in Latin America 188 Examination advice 194 Examination practice 195 Chapter 7 Feminist movements in the Americas 196 1 Women’s movements in Canada 196 2 Women’s movements in Latin America 202 3 Women’s movements in the USA 221 4 Key debate: When and why did the modern women’s movement start? 234 Examination advice 235 Examination practice 238 Timeline 239 Glossary 241 Further reading 245 Internal assessment 248 Index 249 iv _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 4 05/12/2012 12:40 Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. 1 _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 1 05/12/2012 12:40 Introduction This book has been written to support your study of HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas of the IB History Diploma Route 2. This introduction gives you an overview of: � the content you will study for Civil rights and social movements in the Americas � how you will be assessed for Paper 3 � the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study After 1945 and the end of the Second World War, growing political and social movements had an effect on every country of the Americas. Groups that had been ignored for centuries began to organize and push for greater inclusion in their respective countries. These included native peoples, African Americans, Afro-Latin Americans and women. These groups challenged traditional power élites and sought rights that others possessed and took for granted. How they were able to make progress and to overcome enormous obstacles is the focus of this book. In many cases, advancement was slow. Civil disobedience, violence, mass marches and the use of the courts all marked this process of change. This book covers the civil rights and social movement post-1945. l Chapter 1 examines the situation of the native or indigenous peoples in North and South America and how they organized themselves to win greater rights. l The origins, tactics and organization of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA is examined in Chapter 2. The fight against segregation, particularly in the South, is explored, as are the various organizations that pushed for change both in the courts and at grass roots level. l Chapter 3 traces the various strategies employed by Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X and the Black Power Movement as they challenged the status quo. l Afro-Latin American movements are investigated in Chapter 4 and compared and contrasted with African American movements in the USA. l The role of governments in assisting or holding back change in the Americas is considered in Chapter 5. 2 _156621_AHIB_Civil Rights.indb 2 05/12/2012 12:40 Introduction l Chapter 6 looks in detail at the youth movements in the 1960s and 1970s in the region. l Finally, Chapter 7 analyses the growth of feminist movements in the Americas. 2 How you will be assessed The IB History Diploma Higher Level has three papers in total: Papers 1 and 2 for Standard Level and a further Paper 3 for Higher Level. It also has an internal assessment which all students must do. l For Paper 1 you need to answer four source-based questions on a prescribed subject. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks. l For Paper 2 you need to answer two essay questions on two different topics. This counts for 25 per cent of your overall marks. l For Paper 3 you need to answer three essay questions on two or three sections. This counts for 35 per cent of your overall marks. For the Internal Assessment you need to carry out a historical investigation.
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