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Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes Dariusz Nowak 1,* and Artur Jasionowski 2 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n,Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland 2 Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-525-855-401; Fax: +48-525-855-403 Academic Editor: María M. Morales Suárez-Varela Received: 28 April 2016; Accepted: 5 July 2016; Published: 29 July 2016 Abstract: Background: Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). Methods: The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. Results: EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1–3 times a week. -
Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease
DkYb[_Y7Y_ZiWdZCeb[YkbWh8_ebe]o 23 I[h_[i;Z_jeh >$@$=heii Institut für Biochemie Biozentrum Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany Dieter B. Wildenauer (Ed.) Molecular Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders With 15 Figures and 8 Tables Editor Dieter B. Wildenauer Graylands Hospital Center for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry (CCRN) Claremont WA 6910 Australia ISBN 978-3-540-85382-4 e-ISBN 978-3-540-85383-1 ISSN 0933-1891 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933566 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Boekhorst Design BV, The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface The intention of this book is to give an overview about ongoing research into molecular causes for disorders that affect the human brain. These disorders afflict mainly human behavior and are, since borders between “normal” and “abnormal” behaviors are continuous and hard to define, not always easy to diagnose. -
Past Life Regression
Past Life Regression Past life regression is a technique that uses hypnosis to recover the memories of past lives or incarnations. Past-life regression is typically undertaken either in pursuit of a spiritual experience, or in a psychotherapeutic setting. Most advocates loosely adhere to beliefs about reincarnation, though religious traditions that incorporate reincarnation generally do not include the idea of repressed memories of past lives. The technique used during past-life regression involves the subject answering a series of questions while hypnotized to reveal identity and events of their past lives. The use of hypnosis and suggestive questions can tend to help the subject to recall his past memories. The source of the memories is more likely that of combine experiences, knowledge, imagination and suggestion or guidance from the hypnotist or regression therapist. Once created, those memories are indistinguishable from memories based on events that occurred during the subject's life. Experiments with subjects undergoing past-life regression indicate that a belief in reincarnation and suggestions by the hypnotist are the two most important factors regarding the contents of memories reported. In the 2nd century BC, Sage Patanjali, in his Yoga Sutras, discussed the idea of the soul becoming burdened with an accumulation of impressions as part of the karma from previous lives. Patanjali called the process of past-life regression “prati- prasav”or "reverse birthing" and saw it as addressing current problems through memories of past lives. Past life regression can be found in Jainism. The seven truths of Jainism deal with the soul and its attachment to karma and Moksha. -
List of Phobias and Simple Cures.Pdf
Phobia This article is about the clinical psychology. For other uses, see Phobia (disambiguation). A phobia (from the Greek: φόβος, Phóbos, meaning "fear" or "morbid fear") is, when used in the context of clinical psychology, a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often being recognized as irrational. In the event the phobia cannot be avoided entirely the sufferer will endure the situation or object with marked distress and significant interference in social or occupational activities.[1] The terms distress and impairment as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR) should also take into account the context of the sufferer's environment if attempting a diagnosis. The DSM-IV-TR states that if a phobic stimulus, whether it be an object or a social situation, is absent entirely in an environment - a diagnosis cannot be made. An example of this situation would be an individual who has a fear of mice (Suriphobia) but lives in an area devoid of mice. Even though the concept of mice causes marked distress and impairment within the individual, because the individual does not encounter mice in the environment no actual distress or impairment is ever experienced. Proximity and the degree to which escape from the phobic stimulus should also be considered. As the sufferer approaches a phobic stimulus, anxiety levels increase (e.g. as one gets closer to a snake, fear increases in ophidiophobia), and the degree to which escape of the phobic stimulus is limited and has the effect of varying the intensity of fear in instances such as riding an elevator (e.g. -
Psychopathology-Madjirova.Pdf
NADEJDA PETROVA MADJIROVA PSYCHOPATHOLOGY psychophysiological and clinical aspects PLOVDIV 2005 I devote this book to all my patients that shared with me their intimate problems. © Nadejda Petrova Madjirova, 2015 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS Prof. Dr. Nadejda Petrova Madjirova, MD, PhD, DMSs Reviewer: Prof. Rumen Ivandv Stamatov, PhD, DPS Prof. Drozdstoj Stoyanov Stoyanov, PhD, MD Design: Nadejda P. Madjirova, MD, PhD, DMSc. Prepress: Galya Gerasimova Printed by ISBN I. COMMON ASPECTS IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY “A wise man ought to realize that health is his most valuable possession” Hippocrates C O N T E N T S I. Common aspects in psychophysiology. ..................................................1 1. Some aspects on brain structure. ....................................................5 2. Lateralisation of the brain hemispheres. ..........................................7 II. Experimental Psychology. ..................................................................... 11 1. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. .................................................................... 11 2. John Watson’s experiments with little Albert. .................................15 III. Psychic spheres. ...................................................................................20 1. Perception – disturbances..............................................................21 2. Disturbances of Will .......................................................................40 3. Emotions ........................................................................................49 -
Roland R. Griffiths CV
June 2020 CURRICULUM VITAE ROLAND R. GRIFFITHS EDUCATION: B.S. Occidental College 1968 Los Angeles, California Psychology (Honors) Ph.D. University of Minnesota 1972 Minneapolis, Minnesota Psychology (Major) Pharmacology (Minor) PUBLICATIONS BY AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION: Psychedelics Caffeine self-administration, withdrawal, subjective effects, and addiction Sedative self-administration and sedative effects Cigarette smoking and nicotine self-administration Alcohol self-administration Baboon drug self-administration and drug discrimination Miscellaneous All Publications ACADEMIC POSITIONS: 2019-present Director, Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research 1987-present Professor of Behavioral Biology Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 1987-present Professor of Neuroscience Department of Neuroscience The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 1983-1986 Associate Professor of Neuroscience Department of Neuroscience The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 2 Back to Areas of Specialization Baltimore, Maryland 1978-1986 Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 1972-1978 Assistant Professor of Behavioral Biology Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland POSITIONS HELD: 1975-1984 Research Chief Department of Psychiatry Baltimore City Hospitals Baltimore, Maryland 1972-1975 Research Associate Department of Psychiatry Baltimore City Hospitals Baltimore, Maryland 1969-1972 Consultant in Behavior Modification Faribault State Hospital Faribault, Minnesota 1968-1972 USPHS Pre-doctoral Research Fellow, Psychopharmacology University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 3 Back to Areas of Specialization POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS SUPERVISED: L. DiAnne Bradford, 1976-1978; Jack E. Henningfield, 1978-1980; Nancy A. Ator, 1978-1982; Scott E. -
Intravenous and Oral Caffeine Self-Administration in Rats
Drug and Alcohol Dependence 203 (2019) 72–82 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Drug and Alcohol Dependence journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugalcdep Intravenous and oral caffeine self-administration in rats T ⁎ Curtis A. Bradley, Matthew I. Palmatier Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN, 37614, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Caffeine is widely consumed for its psychoactive effects worldwide. No pre-clinical study has established reliable Caffeine caffeine self-administration, but we found that caffeine can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-drug rewards. Reinforcement The goal of the present studies was to determine if this effect of caffeine could result in reliable caffeine self- Operant administration. In 2 experiments rats could make an operant response for caffeine delivered in conjunction with Self-administration an oral ‘vehicle’ including saccharin (0.2% w/v) as a primary reinforcer. In Experiment 1, intravenous (IV) Oral caffeine infusions were delivered in conjunction with oral saccharin for meeting the schedule of reinforcement. Intravenous In control conditions, oral saccharin alone or presentations of IV caffeine alone served as the reinforcer. In Experiment 2, access to caffeine was provided in an oral vehicle containing water, decaffeinated instant coffee (0.5% w/v), or decaffeinated coffee and saccharin (0.2%). The concentration of oral caffeine was then ma- nipulated across testing sessions. Oral and IV caffeine robustly increased responding for saccharin in a manner that was repeatable, reliable, and systematically related to unit IV dose. However, the relationship between oral caffeine dose and operant behavior was less systematic; the rats appeared to titrate their caffeine intake by reducing the consummatory response (drinking) rather than the appetitive response (lever pressing). -
WO 2008/073257 Al
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (43) International Publication Date PCT (10) International Publication Number 19 June 2008 (19.06.2008) WO 2008/073257 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agent: GARRETT, Arthur S.; Finnegan, Henderson, A61K 31/195 (2006.01) A61P 43/00 (2006.01) Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, 901 New York Avenue, A61K 31/197 (2006.01) NW, Washington, District Of Columbia 20001-4413 (US). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/US2007/024944 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT,AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, (22) International Filing Date: CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, 6 December 2007 (06.12.2007) ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, (25) Filing Language: English LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, SV, SY, (26) Publication Language: English TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW (30) Priority Data: 60/873,561 8 December 2006 (08.12.2006) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): XENO- GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, PORT, INC. -
Sex Differences in the Neural Mechanisms Mediating Addiction: a New Synthesis and Hypothesis Jill B Becker1,2,3,4*, Adam N Perry1 and Christel Westenbroek1
Becker et al. Biology of Sex Differences 2012, 3:14 http://www.bsd-journal.com/content/3/1/14 REVIEW Open Access Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis Jill B Becker1,2,3,4*, Adam N Perry1 and Christel Westenbroek1 Abstract In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky behaviors that include experimenting with drugs of abuse, and in susceptible individuals, they are drawn into the spiral that can eventually lead to addiction. Women and girls are more likely to begin taking drugs as self-medication to reduce stress or alleviate depression. For this reason women enter into the downward spiral further along the path to addiction, and so transition to addiction more rapidly. We propose that this sex difference is due, at least in part, to sex differences in the organization of the neural systems responsible for motivation and addiction. Additionally, we suggest that sex differences in these systems and their functioning are accentuated with addiction. In the current review we discuss historical, cultural, social and biological bases for sex differences in addiction with an emphasis on sex differences in the neurotransmitter systems that are implicated. Keywords: Addiction, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dynorphin, Cocaine, Heroin Introduction condition (i.e. negative reinforcement), such as depres- The path from initial drug use to addiction is often sion, anxiety, chronic pain or post-traumatic stress dis- described as a downward spiral [1]. -
The Development of the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ) and Its Relationship with Gender, Age and the Types of Caffeinated Beverages
Int J Ment Health Addiction https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9822-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Why Do You Drink Caffeine? The Development of the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ) and Its Relationship with Gender, Age and the Types of Caffeinated Beverages Csilla Ágoston1,2 & Róbert Urbán1 & Orsolya Király 1 & Mark D. Griffiths3 & Peter J. Rogers 4 & Zsolt Demetrovics 1 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive substance that is consumed worldwide. As motives influence behavior, investigation of the motivational background of caffeine consumption should help provide a better understanding of the popularity of caffeinated products. The present study aimed (i) to explore and operationalize the motives of caffeine consumption and (ii) to reveal possible differences in the motives regarding gender, age and the type of caffeinated products consumed. Motives for caffeine consumption were collected from regular caffeine consumers (N = 26) and were informed by a review of the relevant literature. Following this, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of Hungarian university students and working adults (N = 598). The participants completed the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire and the Caffeine Consumption Question- naire. Six motivational factors were identified: Alertness, Habit, Mood, Social, Taste and Symptom Management. Women had higher scores on Habit, Social, Taste and Symptom Management. Younger participants had higher scores on Alertness than the older group, and the older group had higher scores on Habit and Symptom Management. Five types of caffeine Peter J. Rogers and Zsolt Demetrovics shared senior authorship. * Mark D. -
Nicotine and Caffeine
7 Nicotine and Caffeine CHAPTER OUTLINE distribute • Nicotine: Key Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco • Discovery of Tobacco or • Tobacco Use and Pharmacokinetic Properties • Nicotine and Nervous System Functioning • Nicotine’s Potent Pharmacological Effects • Environmental, Genetic, and Receptor Differences Between Light and Heavy Tobacco Users • From Actions to Effects: Why People Smoke and How They Quit • Caffeine • Caffeine Absorption, Duration, and Interactionpost, With Other Psychoactive Drugs • Caffeine: Antagonist for Adenosine Receptors • Caffeine: Mild Psychostimulant Effects • Tolerance and Dependence During Sustained Caffeine Use • From Actions to Effects: Why People Consume Caffeinated Products • Chapter Summary copy, IS NICOTINE NOT ADDICTIVE? not On April 14, 1994, a House subcommittee met companies. In his opening remarks, the sub- to discuss the health concerns of tobacco use. committee chair reviewed the risks of tobacco Before the committee were seven corporate use: high mortality rate, cancer, heart dis- Do executive officers of large U.S.-based tobacco ease, and lung disease. Then Rep. Ron Wyden (Continued) 203 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 204 Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior (Continued) (D–Oregon) asked the first question: “Yes or a clear, simple answer to Wyden’s answer: no, do you believe nicotine is not addictive?” Nicotine is not addictive. Did these CEOs have a defensible position? The executives’ responses made this hear- As presented later in this chapter, the CEOs’ ing famous. Down the line, every CEO made answers depend on how addiction is defined. n Chapter 6, we considered the most powerful psychostimulants: amphetamines, cathinones, and cocaine. -
Neuropsychological Effects of Caffeine: Is Caffeine Addictive? Md
logy Uddin et al., J Psychol Psychother 2017, 7:2 ho & P yc s s y P c h DOI: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000295 f o o l t h a e n r r a u p o y J Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy ISSN: 2161-0487 ReviewResearch Article Article OMICSOpen International Access Neuropsychological Effects of Caffeine: Is Caffeine Addictive? Md. Sahab Uddin1#*, Mohammad Abu Sufian1#, Md. Farhad Hossain2, Md. Tanvir Kabir3, Md. Tanjir Islam1, Md. Mosiqur Rahman1 and Md. Rajdoula Rafe1 1Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea 3Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh #Equal contributors Abstract Caffeine is the most widely used psychotropic drug in the world. Most of the caffeine consumed comes from coffee bean (i.e., a misnomer for the seed of Coffea plants), beverages (i.e., coffee, tea, soft drinks), in products containing cocoa or chocolate and in medications (i.e., analgesics, stimulants, weight-loss products, sports nutrition). The most prominent behavioral effects of caffeine take place over low to moderate doses are amplified alertness and attention. Moderate caffeine consumption leads very rarely to health risks. Higher doses of caffeine encourage negative effects such as anxiety, insomnia, restlessness and tachycardia. The habitual use of caffeine causes physical dependence that displays as caffeine withdrawal symptoms that harm normal functioning. Contrariwise, rarely high doses of caffeine can encourage psychotic and manic symptoms usually, sleep disturbances and anxiety. Even though caffeine does not engender life-threatening health difficulties frequently related to the utilization of drugs of addiction, for example amphetamine, cocaine and heroin, an incrementing number of clinical studies are exhibiting that some caffeine users become dependent on the drug and are unable to reduce consumption despite knowledge of recurrent health complications linked to constant use.