Nicotine and Caffeine
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Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts")
Synthetic Cathinones ("Bath Salts") What are synthetic cathinones? Synthetic cathinones, more commonly known as "bath salts," are synthetic (human- made) drugs chemically related to cathinone, a stimulant found in the khat plant. Khat is a shrub grown in East Africa and southern Arabia, and people sometimes chew its leaves for their mild stimulant effects. Synthetic variants of cathinone can be much stronger than the natural product and, in some cases, very dangerous (Baumann, 2014). In Name Only Synthetic cathinone products Synthetic cathinones are marketed as cheap marketed as "bath salts" should substitutes for other stimulants such as not be confused with products methamphetamine and cocaine, and products such as Epsom salts that people sold as Molly (MDMA) often contain synthetic use during bathing. These cathinones instead (s ee "Synthetic Cathinones bathing products have no mind- and Molly" on page 3). altering ingredients. Synthetic cathinones usually take the form of a white or brown crystal-like powder and are sold in small plastic or foil packages labeled "not for human consumption." Also sometimes labeled as "plant food," "jewelry cleaner," or "phone screen cleaner," people can buy them online and in drug paraphernalia stores under a variety of brand names, which include: Flakka Bloom Cloud Nine Lunar Wave Vanilla Sky White Lightning Scarface Image courtesy of www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia- library/image-gallery/bath-salts/bath-salts04.jpg Synthetic Cathinones • January 2016 • Page 1 How do people use synthetic cathinones? People typically swallow, snort, smoke, or inject synthetic cathinones. How do synthetic cathinones affect the brain? Much is still unknown about how synthetic cathinones affect the human brain. -
Study of Adulterants and Diluents in Some Seized Captagon-Type Stimulants
MedDocs Publishers ISSN: 2638-1370 Annals of Clinical Nutrition Open Access | Mini Review Study of Adulterants and Diluents in Some Seized Captagon-Type Stimulants Ali Zaid A Alshehri1,2*; Mohammed saeed Al Qahtani1,3; Mohammed Aedh Al Qahtani1,4; Abdulhadi M Faeq1,5; Jawad Aljohani1,6; Ammar AL-Farga7 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Khammis Mushayte Maternity & Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 4Ahad Rufidah General, Hospital, Aseer, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 5Comprehensive Specialized Clinics of Security Forces in Jeddah, Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia 6Compliance Department, Yanbu Health Sector, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia 7Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding Author(s): Ali Zaid A Alshehri Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected] Received: Apr 27, 2020 Accepted: Jun 05, 2020 Published Online: Jun 10, 2020 Journal: Annals of Clinical Nutrition Publisher: MedDocs Publishers LLC Online edition: http://meddocsonline.org/ Copyright: © Alshehri AZA (2020). This Article is distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Introduction ATS are synthetic compounds belonging to the class of stimu- and heroin users combined [3,4]. Fenethylline, 7-(2-amethyl lants that excite the Central Nervous System (CNS) to produce phenyl-amino ethyl)-theophylline, is a theophylline derivative of adrenaline-like effects such as amphetamine, methamphet- amphetamine. It is a psychoactive drug which is similar to am- amine, fenethylline, methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine phetamine in many ways [5]. -
DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use . -
Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Analysis of Consumption of Energy Drinks by a Group of Adolescent Athletes Dariusz Nowak 1,* and Artur Jasionowski 2 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n,Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland 2 Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, D˛ebowa3, Bydgoszcz 85-626, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-525-855-401; Fax: +48-525-855-403 Academic Editor: María M. Morales Suárez-Varela Received: 28 April 2016; Accepted: 5 July 2016; Published: 29 July 2016 Abstract: Background: Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among young adults and, even more so, among adolescents. Increasingly, they are consumed by athletes, particularly those who have just begun their sporting career. Uncontrolled and high consumption of EDs, in addition to other sources of caffeine, may pose a threat to the health of young people. Hence, our objective was to analyze the consumption of EDs among teenagers engaged in sports, including quantity consumed, identification of factors influencing consumption, and risks associated with EDs and EDs mixed with alcohol (AmEDs). Methods: The study involved a specially designed questionnaire, which was completed by 707 students, 14.3 years of age on average, attending secondary sports schools. Results: EDs were consumed by 69% of the young athletes, 17% of whom drank EDs quite often: every day or 1–3 times a week. -
Adenosine Strongly Potentiates Pressor Responses to Nicotine in Rats (Caffeine/Blood Pressure/Sympathetic Nervous System) REID W
Proc. Nadl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 81, pp. 5599-5603, September 1984 Neurobiology Adenosine strongly potentiates pressor responses to nicotine in rats (caffeine/blood pressure/sympathetic nervous system) REID W. VON BORSTEL, ANDREW A. RENSHAW, AND RICHARD J. WURTMAN Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Regulation, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Communicated by Walle J. H. Nauta, May 14, 1984 ABSTRACT Intravenous infusion of subhypotensive doses epinephrine output during nerve stimulation is decreased (6). of adenosine strongly potentiates the pressor response of anes- Adenosine can be produced ubiquitously and is present in thetized rats to nicotine. A dose of nicotine (40 jpg/kg, i.v.), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (7, 8); the nucleoside can which, given alone, elicits a peak increase in diastolic pressure therefore potentially act at a number of different loci, both of -15 mm Hg, increases pressure by -70 mm Hg when arte- central and peripheral, within the complex neural circuitry rial plasma adenosine levels have been increased to 2 puM from involved in the regulation of a single physiological function, a basal concentration of =1 puM. The pressor response to ciga- such as maintenance of blood pressure or heart rate. Neither rette smoke applied to the lungs is also strongly potentiated normal plasma adenosine levels nor the relative and absolute during infusion of adenosine. Slightly higher adenosine con- sensitivities of neural and cellular processes to adenosine centrations (-4 jaM) attenuate pressor responses to electrical have been well characterized in intact animals. The studies stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves, or to injec- described below explore the effects of controlled measured tions of the a-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine, but continue alterations in arterial plasma adenosine concentrations on to potentiate pressor responses to nicotine. -
Narco-Terrorism Today: the Role of Fenethylline and Tramadol
Narco-terrorism today: the role of fenethylline and tramadol Introduction The relationship between psychoactive substances and violent crimes such as war acts and terrorism dates long back in history. Viking warriors famously fought in a trance-like state, probably as a result of taking agaric "magic" mushrooms and bog myrtle (McCarthy, 2016). More recently, under the German Nazis’ Third Reich, methamphetamine gained an extreme popularity, despite an official “drug-free” propaganda. Under the trademark Pervitin, it could be sold without prescription until 1939, and it was not regulated by the Reich Opium Law of 1941. Pervitin was commonly used in recreational and working settings, and, of course, the stimulant was shipped to German soldiers when the troops invaded France, allowing them to march sleepless for 36 to 50 hours (Ohler, 2016). On the other side, Benzedrine, a racemic mixture of amphetamine initially developed as a bronchodilator, was the stimulant of choice of the Allied forces during World War II (McCarthy, 2016). Vietnam War (1955-1975) is considered to be the first “pharmacological war” of modern history, so called due to an unprecedented high level of consumption of psychoactive substances by military personnel (Kamienski, 2016). In 1971, a report by the House Select Committee on Crime revealed that from 1966 to 1969, the US armed forces had used 225 million tablets of stimulants, mostly Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), an amphetamine derivative that is nearly twice as strong as the Benzedrine used in the Second World War (Kamienski, 2016). The use of illicit drugs such as stimulants or painkillers by terrorists or insurgents while undertaking their terrorist activities has been hypothesized but still needs further documentation. -
Neuronal Adenosine A2A Receptors Signal Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Neuronal adenosine A2A receptors signal ergogenic efects of cafeine Aderbal S. Aguiar Jr1,2*, Ana Elisa Speck1,2, Paula M. Canas1 & Rodrigo A. Cunha1,3 Cafeine is one of the most used ergogenic aid for physical exercise and sports. However, its mechanism of action is still controversial. The adenosinergic hypothesis is promising due to the pharmacology of cafeine, a nonselective antagonist of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. We now investigated A2AR as a possible ergogenic mechanism through pharmacological and genetic inactivation. Forty-two adult females (20.0 ± 0.2 g) and 40 male mice (23.9 ± 0.4 g) from a global and forebrain A2AR knockout (KO) colony ran an incremental exercise test with indirect calorimetry (V̇O2 and RER). We administered cafeine (15 mg/kg, i.p., nonselective) and SCH 58261 (1 mg/kg, i.p., selective A2AR antagonist) 15 min before the open feld and exercise tests. We also evaluated the estrous cycle and infrared temperature immediately at the end of the exercise test. Cafeine and SCH 58621 were psychostimulant. Moreover, Cafeine and SCH 58621 were ergogenic, that is, they increased V̇O2max, running power, and critical power, showing that A2AR antagonism is ergogenic. Furthermore, the ergogenic efects of cafeine were abrogated in global and forebrain A2AR KO mice, showing that the antagonism of A2AR in forebrain neurons is responsible for the ergogenic action of cafeine. Furthermore, cafeine modifed the exercising metabolism in an A2AR-dependent manner, and A2AR was paramount for exercise thermoregulation. Te natural plant alkaloid cafeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine) is one of the most common ergogenic substances for physical activity practitioners and athletes 1–10. -
Do You Know... Caffeine
Do You Know... What is it? Caffeine is a stimulant that speeds up your central nervous system. It is the world’s most Caffeine popular drug. Caffeine occurs naturally in products such as coffee, tea, chocolate and cola soft drinks, and is added to a variety of prescription and over-the-counter medications, including cough, cold and pain remedies. Energy drinks may contain both naturally occurring and added caffeine. The following are typical amounts of caffeine in products you may use regularly. (A cup refers to a small take-out cup size of 237 mL [8 oz]. Keep in mind that coffee and tea are often served in much larger cups.) · cup of brewed coffee: 135 mg · cup of instant coffee: 76–106 mg · cup of decaffeinated coffee: about 3 mg · cup of tea: 43 mg · can of regular cola soft drink containing caffeine (355 ml): 36–50 mg · can of energy drink (250 ml): 80 mg · dark chocolate (28 g): 19 mg · milk chocolate (28 g): 7 mg · packet of hot chocolate mix: 7 mg · stay-awake pills: 100 mg 1/4 © 2003, 2011 CAMH | www.camh.ca To find out the amount of caffeine in headache and cold Who uses caffeine? medicines, check the label of over-the-counter medication, Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance or ask your pharmacist about caffeine in prescription drugs. in the world. In North America, more than 80 per cent of adults regularly consume caffeine. The average amount In Canada, manufacturers of products that contain of caffeine consumed per person in Canada (from all naturally occurring caffeine are not required by law to sources) is estimated to be 210 to 238 mg per day. -
Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use, Plus Caffeine - Dr
MHE-110 – Chapter Nine – Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use, plus Caffeine - Dr. Dave Shrock Chapter Nine Alcohol - an overview Alcohol and ending Tobacco Use 13th pp. 239-240; 12th pp. 232-223 • alcohol is the most widely used drug in the United (including caffeine) States • 86% of Americans consume alcohol 13th edition, pp. • 10% are heavy drinkers…who consume half of all the 241-269 alcohol produced 12th edition: • no other form of addiction or disability costs the US pp. 231-261 more than alcohol use/abuse annually Excessive alcohol use causes 88,000 deaths annually (chapter eight) twice as many as illicit drugs • lost work time, illness, insurance, accidents, medical costs take a toll on all of us…25% of all medical costs in the US are alcohol related Alcohol: The world’s most what is alcohol? dangerous drug? 13th, pp. 239-240; 12th pp. 232-233 The Lancet Medical Journal - 1 November, 2016 • alcohol is a byproduct of fermentation • In a recent article published in of vegetable or fruit pulp or ‘mash’ the British medical journal The this produces a concentration of Lancet, when considering the alcohol up to 14% drug’s damage to: • distillation is a further process by •one’s self capturing the vapors from heating • one’s family the mash, and mix this with water • the environment • proof is the measure of % of alcohol, which means the % • economic cost of alcohol is half of the ‘proof rating’ • Alcohol is the world’s most • some alcohol is 152 proof, or 71% alcohol most beers are damaging drug to individuals 8 proof, or 4% alcohol. -
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information No
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information No. 296 November 2012 Executive Summary Published by Translated by Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Office of Safety I For full text version of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Safety Information (PMDSI) No. 296, interested readers are advised to consult the PMDA website for upcoming information. The contents of this month's PMDSI are outlined below. 1. Summary of Payment/Non-payment of Adverse Drug Reaction Relief Benefits and Drugs with Many Cases of Improper Use Under the Relief System for Sufferers from Adverse Drug Reactions, relief benefits have not been approved in some cases due to improper use of drugs. MHLW/PMDA presents here drugs with many cases of improper use and encourages proper use of drugs. 2. Important Safety Information Regarding the revision of the Precautions section of package inserts of drugs in accordance with the Notification dated October 30, 2012, the contents of important revisions and case summaries that served as the basis for these revisions will be provided in section 2 of the full text. 1. Imatinib Mesilate 2. Ceftriaxone Sodium Hydrate 3. Mexiletine Hydrochloride 3. Revision of Precautions (No. 241) Revisions of Precautions etc. for the following pharmaceuticals: Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine, Acetaminophen, Isopropylantipyrine/Acetaminophen/Allylisopropylacetylurea/Anhydrous Caffeine, Tramadol Hydrochloride/Acetaminophen, Salicylamide/Acetaminophen/Anhydrous Caffeine/Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Diprophylline/Dihydrocodeine Phosphate/dl-Methylephedrine Hydrochloride/Diphenhydramine Salicylate/Acetaminophen/Bromovalerylurea, Spironolactone, Dabigatran Etexilate Methanesulfonate, Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent 4. List of Products Subject to Early Post- marketing Phase Vigilance (as of November 2012) A list of products subject to Early Post-marketing Phase Vigilance as of November 1, 2012 will be provided in section 4 of the full text. -
Psychostimulants Tobacco and Nicotine
Psychostimulants Psychostimulants produce: • Increases in alertness. • Behavioral arousal. • Activation of sympathetic nervous system. • Sympathomimetic Effects Tobacco and Nicotine 1 Tobacco • Native Americans were the first to utilize tobacco. • Columbus discovered tobacco in the new world. • Tobacco use spread rapidly through Europe. Tobacco Preparations • Smoking Tobacco • Chewing Tobacco • Snuff Active ingredient is nicotine. • Named after Nicotiana. • Found only in tobacco. Behavioral / Physiological Effects of Nicotine • Pleasure/Euphoria • Sympathomimetic effects. • Increases in alertness. • Maybe overestimated? • Appetite Suppressant/Nausea • Muscle Tremor • Nesbitt’s Paradox 2 Pharmacokinetics Inhalation Absorption • Very rapid absorption. • One cigarette contains 1-5 mg nicotine. • A smoker utilizes ≈1 mg of this nicotine. • Dose control is important. • Low tar/nicotine cigarettes? Oral/Nasal Absorption • Nicotine is basic, so G.I. tract absorption is poor. • Cigarette smoke makes the saliva acidic. • Nicotine poorly absorbed in mouth. • Pipe and cigar smoke isn’t acidic. • Nicotine easily absorbed in mouth. • Nicotine from chewed tobacco and snuff absorbed through oral/nasal membranes. Nicotine easily crosses the blood brain barrier. Metabolism • 80-90% metabolized by the liver. • Remainder secreted in urine. • Half-life of ≈1 hour. 3 Pharmacodynamics - Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors. • In the PNS, nicotine: • Causes adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine. • Sympathomimetic Effects • Activates receptors at the neuromuscular junction. • Muscle Tremor In the CNS, nicotine activates presynaptic axo-axonic receptors. A x o n 2 N T N T N T NT NT Axon 1 Dendrite NT Increases NT release from Axon 1. • Presynaptic Facilitation Many different NTs can be facilitated. • DA in the Nucleus Accumbens • Catecholamines in brainstem arousal centers. -
The Effects of Adenosine Antagonists on Distinct Aspects of Motivated Behavior: Interaction with Ethanol and Dopamine Depletion
Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia The effects of adenosine antagonists on distinct aspects of motivated behavior: interaction with ethanol and dopamine depletion. PhD Candidate Laura López Cruz Advisor Dr. Mercè Correa Sanz Co-advisor Dr. John D.Salamone Castelló, May 2016 Als meus pares i germà A Carlos AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by two competitive grants awarded to Mercè Correa and John D. Salamone: Chapters 1-4: The experiments in the first chapters were supported by Plan Nacional de Drogas. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Spain. Project: “Impacto de la dosis de cafeína en las bebidas energéticas sobre las conductas implicadas en el abuso y la adicción al alcohol: interacción de los sistemas de neuromodulación adenosinérgicos y dopaminérgicos”. (2010I024). Chapters 5 and 6: The last 2 chapters contain experiments financed by Fundació Bancaixa-Universitat Jaume I. Spain. Project: “Efecto del ejercicio físico y el consumo de xantinas sobre la realización del esfuerzo en las conductas motivadas: Modulación del sistema mesolímbico dopaminérgico y su regulación por adenosina”. (P1.1B2010-43). Laura López Cruz was awarded a 4-year predoctoral scholarship “Fornación de Profesorado Universitario-FPU” (AP2010-3793) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. (2012/2016). TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................1 RESUMEN .....................................................................................................................3