DOCSLIB.ORG

Variations in Collectivism and Individualism by Ingroup and Culture: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variations in Collectivism and Individualism by Ingroup and Culture: Confirmatory Factor Analyses Journal of Personality and Social Psychology CopYright 1996 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1996, Vol. 71, No. 5, 1037-1054 0022-3514/96/$3.00 Variations in Collectivism and Individualism by Ingroup and Culture: Confirmatory Factor Analyses Eun Rhee and James S. Uleman Hoon Koo Lee New York University Yonsei University Five models of collectivism and individualism, which varied by ingroup and measurement specifi- cation, were tested with confirmatory factor analyses. The sample consisted of 493 college students from South Korea and the United States, with U.S. students divided between Asian Americans and European Americans. Results indicated that collectivism and individualism are best represented by a 4-factor model with the latent variables Kin Collectivism (KC), Kin Individualism ( KI ), Nonkin Collectivism (NC), and Nonkin Individualism (NI). KC and KI were strongly inversely related, but NC and NI were only moderately so. Whereas KC and NC were moderately related within each of the 3 student groups, KI and NI were moderately related only among Koreans and Asian Americans, and not among European Americans. Thus, the meanings of collectivism and individualism vary with ingroup and culture. Measurement, methodological, and conceptual implications are discussed. Research suggests that there are cultural differences in social andis, 1989a, 1989b; Triandis, McCusker, & Hui, 1990). These behavior (K~itqiba~i & Berry, 1989). However, finding the best constructs potentially clarify and elaborate the "fuzzy" con- ways to represent or organize cross-cultural data is a difficult struct of culture, not only providing a more "concise, coherent, task. Collectivism and individualism have been proposed as integrated, and empirically testable dimension of cultural vari- possible underlying variables (Triandis, 1995 ). Various concep- ation" but also linking psychological phenomena to a cultural tions of collectivism and individualism have been the focus of dimension (Kim, Triandis, K~itgiba~i, Choi, & Yoon, 1994, extensive research in the 15 years since Hofstede (1980) identi- p. 2). l fied these constructs as opposite poles of a value dimension that Collectivism and individualism have been conceptualized as differentiates world cultures. Features associated with collectiv- syndromes that include beliefs, attitudes, norms, roles, values, ism include being concerned with the ingroup's fate and giving and behaviors in different cultures (Triandis, 1989a, 1995). its goals priority over one's own; maintaining harmony, inter- This multidimensional conceptualization has led researchers to dependence, and cooperation and avoiding open conflict within measure these two constructs in various domains, such as those the ingroup; reciprocity among ingroup members, who are re- of values (Bond, 1988; Hofstede & Bond, 1984; Schwartz, 1990, lated in a network of interlocking responsibilities and obliga- 1994; Schwartz & Bilsky, 1987, 1990), morality (Miller, 1994; tions; self-definition in terms of one's ingroups; and distinguish- Miller, Bersoff, & Harwood, 1990), self-construals (Bochner, ing sharply between ingroups and outgroups. In contrast, fea- 1994; Bond & Cheung, 1983; Cousins, 1989; Markus & Kita- tures associated with individualism include having greater yama, 1991; Rhee, Uleman, Lee, & Roman, 1995; Shweder & concern with personal than ingroup fate and giving personal Bourne, 1982; Singelis, 1994; Triandis, 1989b), attitudes (Hui, goals priority over ingroup goals; feeling independent and emo- 1988; Hui & Triandis, 1986; Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, tionally detached from one's ingroups; accepting confrontations Asai, & Lucca, 1988 ), and reports of behaviors (Hui, 1988; Ya- within ingroups; and defining the self independently of one's maguchi, 1990, 1994; and see Wheeler, Reis, & Bond, 1989, ingroups (Ho & Chiu, 1994; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Tri- for systematic observations of behavior). Research with such measures suggests that the cultures of Africa, Asia, and Latin America tend to be collectivistic;those of Western Europe, Can- Eun Rhee and James S. Uleman, Department of Psychology, New ada, and some ethnic groups in the United States tend to be York University; Hoon Koo Lee, Department of Psychology, Yonsei individualistic (Bond, 1988; Hofstede, 1980; Triandis, 1989a, University, Seoul, Korea. 1989b). Portions of this research were supported by Grant SBR-9319611 Although conceptions of collectivism and individualism have from the National Science Foundation. We wish to thank Niall Bolger been elaborated, and possible antecedents and consequences and Patrick Shrout for their support in using LISREL and Serena Chen, noted, several empirical questions need to be addressed if fu- Michele Gelfand, Stacey Lutz, Leonard Newman, and Robert Roman for their helpful and insightful comments on an earlier version of this article. We use the terms collectivism and individualism for consistency Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Eun with the literature. However, Kfi~itqiba~i(1987) and others have noted Rhee or James S. Uleman, Department of Psychology, New York Uni- that collectivism has a negative connotation in the West and that labels versity, 6 Washington Place, 7th Floor, New York, New York 10003. such as "culture of relatedness and separateness" or "relational and Electronic mail may be sent via the Internet to [email protected] or individual orientation" may be more appropriate labels for these con- [email protected]. structs (Ho, 1993). 1037 1038 RHEE, ULEMAN, AND LEE ture research is to be systematic and cumulative (Berry, Poor- minants of social behavior may involve "social conformity, tinga, Segall, & Dasen, 1992). In this article, we focus on two nonoffensive strategy, submission to social expectations, and issues. The first issue concerns whether collectivistic and indi- worry about external opinions" so that individuals can "achieve vidualistic orientations generalize across various ingroups. The one or more of the purposes of reward attainment, harmony second issue concerns the dimensionality of these orientations, maintenance, impression management, face protection, social specifically, whether or not they are best represented as one, bi- acceptance, and avoidance of punishment, embarrassment, polar, dimension or as two dimensions. conflict, rejection, ridicule, and retaliation in a social situation" One of the crucial distinctions in this literature is the differ- (Yang, 1981, p. 159 ). In sum, ifingroups differ in influence and entiation between ingroups and outgroups, because behavior elicit qualitatively different behaviors because the goals, needs, may differ toward ingroup and outgroup members in different and motives of individuals differ across various interactions, cultures. Triandis (1989a) defined an ingroup as "a group then collectivistic and individualistic orientations may not gen- whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of its mem- eralize across all ingroups. bers" (p. 53) or as a group of individuals with whom a person The second issue concerns the dimensionality of these con- feels "similar" because of a common fate (Triandis, 1994). Peo- structs. Are collectivism and individualism bipolar opposites ple may also identify their ingroups on the basis of similar de- (unidimensional) or distinct constructs (two dimensions)? Re- mographic attributes and attitudes or as a result of sharing time, searchers have conceptualized these constructs as either bipolar, place, language, and experience (Hui, 1988). Just as the defi- with collectivism and individualism on opposite ends of a single nition of ingroups varies, the predominant bases for ingroup dimension, or as distinct, multidimensional constructs, each categorization also vary across cultures. Whereas ingroups tend with a constellation of component features. Some have sug- to be ascribed (e.g., kin, religion, village, and nation) and de- gested that individuals can possess both orientations (Kashima, fined through tradition in collectivistic cultures, they tend to be 1987; K~it~iba§i, 1987; Mishra, 1994; Sinha & Tripathi, achieved (through similar beliefs, attitudes, values, and 1994). Because of these differences in conceptualization, re- occupations) in individualistic cultures (Hsu, 1971; Triandis, searchers have developed a variety of measures that tap different 1989a, 1994). Thus, for example, coworkers may be considered components of these constructs, and have placed differential an ingroup in one culture or context and an outgroup in an- emphasis on various components. Most of the conceptual elab- other. Research indicates that the ingroup/outgroup distinction oration, and much empirical work at the individual level, sup- is particularly important in collectivistic cultures, where social ports the multidimensional conception of collectivism and in- behavior varies more strongly as a function of whether the dividualism (Kim et al., 1994; Triandis, Bontempo, et al., targets are members of one's ingroup or outgroup. For instance, 1986). However, there has been a tendency to treat them (or in collectivistic cultures outgroup members are treated in a their features) as bipolar opposites ( see Ho & Chiu, 1994; Kft~it- more individualistic manner than ingroup members (Triandis ~iba§i, 1987; Triandis et al., 1990, for elaboration). Schwartz et al., 1988). In addition, research on the ingroup bias indicates (1990) noted that viewing collectivism and individualism as bi- that virtually any basis for common categorization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cultural Distance, Perception of Emotional Display Rules, And
    CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Nicole L. Gullekson August 2007 2 This thesis titled CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT by NICOLE L. GULLEKSON has been approved for the Department of Psychology and the College of Arts and Sciences by ________________________________________________ Jeffrey B. Vancouver Associate Professor of Psychology ________________________________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract GULLEKSON, NICOLE L., M.S., August 2007, Experimental Psychology CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT (109 pp.) With increased globalization, more individuals temporarily leave home to work and study in foreign countries. These sojourners are confronted with societal norms different from their home cultures. The present study investigated the extent to which international student sojourners perceive differences in emotional display norms between their home and host cultures, as well as the influence of such perception on adjustment. Although accurate perception of the host culture’s emotional display rules was not related to adjustment, a “guest” effect existed. Specifically, international student participants reported that one should
    [Show full text]
  • Culture-Specific Patterns in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction: Roles of Emotion, Relationship Quality, and Self-Esteem
    10.1177/0146167203255986PERSONALITYKang et al. / CULTURE, AND SOCIAL EMOTION, PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE BULLETIN SATISFACTION Culture-Specific Patterns in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction: Roles of Emotion, Relationship Quality, and Self-Esteem Sun-Mee Kang Phillip R. Shaver Stanley Sue University of California, Davis Kyung-Hwan Min Seoul National University Hauibin Jing Sun Yet–Sen University This study was conducted to explore the culture-specific roles of Smith, & Shao, 1995), such as differences in resources to emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem in determining meet basic needs, upward or downward comparison life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that maintaining good among societies, and cultural differences in valuing per- interpersonal relationships would make individuals in sonal happiness. However, less attention has been paid collectivistic cultures not only feel good about their lives but also to another kind of cross-cultural difference: relative feel better about themselves. Furthermore, two emotion vari- importance of predictors that contribute to life ables—emotional expression and emotion differentiation—were satisfaction. proposed as possible determinants of relationship quality. It was Life satisfaction is a multifaceted construct that refers hypothesized that emotional expressiveness would be more impor- to one’s overall evaluation of life domains such as health, tant for maintaining good interpersonal relationships in indi- finances, job, self-esteem, and interpersonal relation- vidualistic societies but emotion differentiation would be more ships (Michalos, 1991). Societies differ in the emphasis important in collectivistic cultures. These hypotheses were tested they place on certain values and resources, so it seems with Euro-American, Asian American, Korean, and Chinese likely that the life satisfaction levels of members in vari- groups using multigroup analyses in a structural equation ous societies are influenced to different degrees by model.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Values Moderate Gender Stereotype Content
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology © 2015 American Psychological Association 2015, Vol. 109, No. 4, 622–635 0022-3514/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000027 Men as Cultural Ideals: Cultural Values Moderate Gender Stereotype Content Amy J. C. Cuddy and Elizabeth Baily Wolf Peter Glick Harvard Business School Lawrence University Susan Crotty Jihye Chong Zayed University Asian Center for Theological Studies and Mission, Korea Michael I. Norton Harvard Business School Four studies tested whether cultural values moderate the content of gender stereotypes, such that male stereotypes more closely align with core cultural values (specifically, individualism vs. collectivism) than do female stereotypes. In Studies 1 and 2, using different measures, Americans rated men as less collectivistic than women, whereas Koreans rated men as more collectivistic than women. In Study 3, bicultural Korean Americans who completed a survey in English about American targets rated men as less collectivistic than women, whereas those who completed the survey in Korean about Korean targets did not, demonstrating how cultural frames influence gender stereotype content. Study 4 established generalizability by reanalyzing Williams and Best’s (1990) cross-national gender stereotype data across 26 nations. National individualism–collectivism scores predicted viewing collectivistic traits as more— and individualistic traits as less—stereotypically masculine. Taken together, these data offer support for the cultural moderation of gender stereotypes hypothesis, qualifying past conclusions about the univer- sality of gender stereotype content. Keywords: gender stereotypes, stereotype content, culture, individualism, collectivism Men are stereotyped as self-oriented and women as other- cultures and individualistic (i.e., self-oriented) in individualistic oriented.
    [Show full text]
  • Individualism and Collectivism in a Korean Population Diana D
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Scripps Senior Theses Scripps Student Scholarship 2011 Individualism and Collectivism in a Korean Population Diana D. Ahn Scripps College Recommended Citation Ahn, Diana D., "Individualism and Collectivism in a Korean Population" (2011). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 107. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/107 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Scripps Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scripps Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Individualism and Collectivism 1 INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM IN A KOREAN POPULATION by DIANA D. AHN SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS PROFESSOR WALKER PROFESSOR ABDULLATIF DECEMBER 9, 2011 Individualism and Collectivism 2 Table of Contents APA Title Page ……..…………………………………………………..….………..………………… 3 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….…..…….……… …….. 4 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..…..……….…………… 5 - Korean Culture……………………………………………………………..…...…………... 5 - Asian Americans: Korean Americans …………………………..…….…………….. 6 - Individualism-Collectivism and the INDCOL Measure…………....…………. 7 Method …………………………………………………………..………………………………… …...… 10 - Participants …...…………..……………………………………………………..…………... 10 Individualism and Collectivism 3 - Test Instrument…………………………………………………….…………….…...…….. 10 - Procedure……………………………………………………....…………………….…..
    [Show full text]
  • Individualist Collectivist Values
    Intercultural Communication Studies IX-1 Fall 99-00 Konsky, Eguchi, Blue & Kapoor Individualist-Collectivist Values: American, Indian and Japanese Cross-Cultural Study Catherine Konsky Mariko Eguchi Illinois State University Kanto Gakuin Women's College Janet Blue Suraj Kapoor Illinois State University Illinois State University Abstract The current study investigates the universality of Schwartz and Bilsky’s theory pertaining to value types and ascertains whether the value preferences of American, Indian and Japanese students adhere to Triandis individualist-collectivist value types. The current study employs Schwartz and Bilsky's 56-value scale to obtain a measure of preference for traditionally individualistic, collectivist and mixed value types. Schwartz and Bilsky's (1987) theory of a universal psychological structure of human values has been tested in several cultures. However, the proponents of this theory admit that theories such as theirs which “aspire to universality… must be tested in numerous culturally diverse samples” (1990, p. 878). Our study, using data from the United States, an individualistic culture, and from India and Japan, collectivist cultures, attempts to test the universality of Schwartz and Bilsky's theory, to verify empirically the conceptual value linkages proposed in the Schwartz and Bilsky study, and to ascertain whether the value preferences of American, Indian and Japanese students follow the individualist-collectivist distinction proposed by Triandis (1990). The ensuing discussion is aimed at providing a conceptual framework for the empirical investigation. Universalitv of Value Structure: The theory of a universal structure of human values was proposed by Schwartz and Bilsky in their earlier studies (1987; 1990), with a revised version presented in a recent study (Schwartz, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Intercultural Communication in Local Organization Sabghatullah G* School of Journalism and Communication, Hebei University, Baoding, China
    rism & Sabghatullah, J Tourism Hospit 2018, 7:5 ou H f T o o s l p DOI: 10.4172/2167-0269.1000386 a i t n a r l i u t y o J Journal of Tourism & Hospitality ISSN: 2167-0269 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Successful Intercultural Communication in Local Organization Sabghatullah G* School of Journalism and Communication, Hebei University, Baoding, China Abstract Labour force differences in most of countries will continue to be increased, as the baby-boom generation gets older, the median age of the labour force will rise to record levels. In a work sitting, we now experience differences in terms of gender, nationalities, cultures, sexual orientation, age, at the individual level, collectivistic level. Also, the differences has been increasing at the organizational level, business units, and regions and even operating simultaneously in different countries or cultures. With this rapid expansion and growth, managing diversity and intercultural issues are not only important, but necessary for co-workers and managers. Therefore, effective communication plays an important role in an organization. Communication has been recognized as a fundamental tool of sharing information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The purpose of this study is to discuss the most relevant and effective ways of communication in order to improve intercultural management. It will help to treat all employees’ equality and create a healthy environment, which will not only increase job satisfaction; it will also improve overall performance of an organization. At the end of this paper, the researcher has discussed the effects of individualistic and collectivistic cultures on intercultural communication in organization, and the key factors that support intercultural communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Subcultures of the United States
    Cleveland State University EngagedScholarship@CSU Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science Department 11-1993 Regional Subcultures of the United States Joel A. Lieske Cleveland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clpolsci_facpub Part of the Political Science Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Publisher's Statement Copyright 1993 Cambridge University Press. Available on publisher's site at http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0022381600076234. Original Citation Lieske, Joel. 1993. "Regional Subcultures of the United States." Journal of Politics 55:888-913. Repository Citation Lieske, Joel A., "Regional Subcultures of the United States" (1993). Political Science Faculty Publications. 11. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clpolsci_facpub/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science Department at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RegionalSubcultures of the UnitedStates Joel Lieske ClevelandState University This study develops the case, theory, and statisticalmethodology for a new measureof American regional subcultures.Using principalcomponent and cluster analysis on some 45 measuresof racial origin, ethnic ancestry,religious affiliation,and social structure,I show how the entire populationof U.S. counties can be partitionedinto 10 distinctive, regionalsubcultures that are relativelyhomoge- neous and contiguous. Next, I identify the cultural characteristicsof each subcultureand relate my new classificationscheme to the work of Elazar,Gastil, Garreau,and Fischer. Finally, I comparethe relative utility of this new measurewith Elazar'stypology in explainingthe variationin a number of social, political,and policy indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Emotional Labor Across Cultures: a Comparison of Chinese and U.S
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Psychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology 3-2014 Differences in Emotional Labor Across Cultures: A Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Service Workers Joseph A. Allen University of Nebraska at Omaha, [email protected] James M. Diefendorff University of Akron Main Campus Yufeng Ma Sinopec Management Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/psychfacpub Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Allen, Joseph A.; Diefendorff, James M.; and Ma, Yufeng, "Differences in Emotional Labor Across Cultures: A Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Service Workers" (2014). Psychology Faculty Publications. 109. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/psychfacpub/109 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Psychology at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Differences in Emotional Labor Across Cultures: A Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Service Workers Joseph A. Allen Department of Psychology, Creighton University James M. Diefendorff Department of Psychology, University of Akron Yufeng Ma Sinopec Management Institute, Beijing, China Abstract Purpose In the global economy, the need for understanding cross-cultural differences and the customer service-related processes involved in emotional labor is evident. The current study attempts to examine this issue by developing and testing hypotheses pertaining to cross-cultural differences between U.S. and Chinese service workers on the levels of display rule perceptions, emotion regulation, and burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization) as well as the relationships among these variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Individualism-Collectivism and Conflict Resolution Styles: a Cross-Cultural Study of Managers in Singapore
    Individualism-collectivism and Conflict Resolution Styles: A cross-cultural study of managers in Singapore. February 2001 WU Wei* Edith YUEN** and Jonathan Jianhua ZHU*** * Assistant Professor, Department of Management & Organization, Faculty of Business Administration, National University of Singapore, 17 Law Link, Singapore 119260. Email: [email protected] ** Associate Professor, Department of Management & Organization, Faculty of Business Administration, National University of Singapore, Email: [email protected] *** Associate Professor, Department of English, City University of Hong Kong, Kowlong, Hong Kong, Email: [email protected] The study is supported by a grant from the Academic Research Fund, NUS, #R-317-000-022-112. The authors wish to thank the Research Office of the Faculty of Business Administration, NUS for its kind support of this project. Individualism-collectivism and Conflict Resolution Styles: A cross-cultural study of managers in Singapore. Abstract Key words: Culture, conflict resolution, Singapore The trend of global economy and Singapore’ efforts to become a regional hub of business have together brought in many MNCs and expatriate managers into Singapore. Due to cultural and managerial style differences, these managers and their local colleagues have encountered various conflicts. Building on the theory of Hofstede's Individualism-Collectivism (I-C) cultural dimension as well as Rahim and Bonoma’s conflict management model, the current study examines how national culture, organisational culture, and managerial factors influence may these managers’ conflict resolution styles through an empirical study of 600 managers in Singapore. The respondents were equally divided into four groups: Americans, Japanese, Chinese Singaporeans in MNCs and Singaporeans in local companies. The results show that although the I-C dimension did overall differentiate American managers from their Asian counterparts in their use of conflict resolution styles, the patterns of the relationship were often cursory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Cultural Orientations on Job Satisfaction
    Running head: CROSS CULTURAL RESEARCH ON EI AND JS 1 The Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Cultural Orientations on Job Satisfaction: A Comparison of Vietnamese and the U.S. Manufacturing Workers Linh M. Nguyen Wittenberg University Author Note Linh M. Nguyen, Business Department, Wittenberg University. The author gratefully acknowledges the guidance and support for this research project from Wendy C. Gradwohl, Eugene A. Pierce, Lauren S. Crane, Jeffrey B. Brookings, Clifford E. Brown, Chris Flood, Perry A. Payne, Brad Rechel, Tom Gilmore, Shelsa Mcentee-Smith, Walt Henderson, Khoi D. Vo, Quyet T. Nguyen, Mai T. Le. Correspondence concerning this research should be addressed Linh M. Nguyen, 639 Faculty Ct., Springfield, OH 45504. [email protected] CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON EI AND JS 2 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Job Satisfaction ........................................................................................................................... 4 Emotional Intelligence ................................................................................................................ 4 Individualism-Collectivism......................................................................................................... 7 Manufacturing Workers
    [Show full text]
  • Who Chooses My Future?The Role of Personality and Acculturation In
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Honors College Theses Pforzheimer Honors College Spring 5-2015 Who chooses my future?The Role of Personality and Acculturation in First and Later Generation Immigrant College Students’ Career Decision Making Gema Gutierrez Alcivar Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses Part of the Counseling Commons, Educational Sociology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Recommended Citation Gutierrez Alcivar, Gema, "Who chooses my future?The Role of Personality and Acculturation in First and Later Generation Immigrant College Students’ Career Decision Making" (2015). Honors College Theses. Paper 146. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/146 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pforzheimer Honors College at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Personality, Acculturation, and Majors 1 Who chooses my future? The Role of Personality and Acculturation in First and Later Generation Immigrant College Students’ Career Decision Making Gema Gutierrez Alcivar Psychology Advisor: Dr. Christopher Godfrey Personality, Acculturation, and Majors 2 Table of Content Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Personality: Extraversion and Introversion………………………………………..6
    [Show full text]
  • Acculturation Effects on Culture and Conflict Style
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2007 Acculturation effects on culture and conflict style Mae-Li Amick Allison University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Allison, Mae-Li Amick, "Acculturation effects on culture and conflict style" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/zkhi-hv44 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCULTURATION EFFECTS ON CULTURE AND CONFLICT STYLE by Mac-Li Amick Allison Bachelor of Science United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 2000 Master of Arts University of Oklahoma, Norman 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Communication Studies Department of Communication Studies Greenspun College of Urban Affairs Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1452220 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]