Pakoon Springs 2015-2016 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Selected Large Springs Pakoon Springs 2015-2016 Benthic Macroinvertebrate data

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/MOJN/NRDS—2018/1147

ON THE COVER Photograph of Pakoon Springs at Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument Photograph courtesy of Jennifer Fox

Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Selected Large Springs Pakoon Springs 2015-2016 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/MOJN/NRDS—2018/1147

Michael H. Steiner

National Park Service Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Program 601 Nevada Highway Boulder City, NV 89005

January 2018

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring website and the Natural Resource Publications Management website. To receive this report in a format that is optimized to be accessible using screen readers for the visually or cognitively impaired, please email [email protected].

Please cite this publication as:

Steiner, M. H. 2018. Mojave Desert Network inventory and monitoring selected large springs: Pakoon Springs 2015-2016 benthic macroinvertebrate data. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/MOJN/NRDS—2018/1147. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 666/142199, January 2018 ii

Contents Page

Figures...... iv

Tables ...... iv

Abstract ...... v

Acknowledgments ...... vi

Overview ...... 1

Pakoon Springs ...... 1

Methods ...... 3

Results ...... 4

Water Quality ...... 4

BMI Samples ...... 4

Literature Cited ...... 14

iii

Figures

Page

Figure 1. Location of Pakoon Springs and Tassi Spring in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument...... 2

Tables

Page

Table 1. Water quality measured at the source of Pakoon Springs source pool during visits in 2015 and 2016...... 4

Table 2. 2015 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs...... 5

Table 3. Selected population metrics for 2015 BMI samples from Pakoon Springs...... 8

Table 4. 2016 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs...... 9

Table 5. Selected population metrics for 2016 BMI samples from Pakoon Springs...... 12

Abstract

As a part of the Selected Large Springs Protocol, Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Program (MOJN I&M), have collected samples of benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) and record springsnail populations from Pakoon Springs in Grand Canyon – Parashant National Monument. This data provides a general overview of the health of the aquatic ecosystem in Pakoon Springs.

The BMI sample collected from Pakoon Springs were processed by Utah State University National Aquatic Monitoring Center (NAMC) identified to the lowest resolute taxon, and enumerated by the Society for Freshwater. This identified a total of 52 unique taxon within three areas of Pakoon Springs with the black flies (Simulium sp.) as the most abundant.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of Jennifer Bailard, Rachel Fletcher, and Jennifer Fox in the field. The Utah State University National Aquatic Monitoring Center (NAMC) provided taxonomic analysis of the macroinvertebrate sample. The Freshwater Gastropods of North America Project provided snail identification.

Overview

The National Park Service (NPS) Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring Program (MOJN I&M) has developed a protocol to monitor the hydrology and ecology of large springs in the MOJN parks (Moret et al. 2016). The MOJN I&M Selected Large Springs (SLS) protocol covers springs in Death Valley National Park (DEVA), Great Basin National Park (GRBA), Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR), Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), and Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument (PARA). These springs have been selected in cooperation with park staff to address their resource management priorities.

As part of the SLS protocol, MOJN I&M will collect samples of benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) and record springsnail populations in several springs. The purpose of these actions is twofold: • to provide data regarding the overall health of the aquatic ecosystems in the springs, and • to monitor the endemic species present in the springs.

This data will be useful in determining the effects of any observed changes in hydrology or vegetation and will provide baseline information that can be used to evaluate management actions at the springs.

In April of 2015 and March of 2016, MOJN I&M visited Pakoon Springs in PARA as a part of the scheduled sampling for benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) sampling and springsnail monitoring. This report presents the results of the 2015 sampling.

Pakoon Springs Pakoon Springs is one of two springs in PARA that was included in the SLS protocol (Figure 1). It is the largest spring complex in PARA and one of the largest springs in the Arizona Strip. The spring complex was heavily modified and used by white settlers for cattle ranching, alfalfa production, and ostrich farming (Truini 2012).

Extensive rehabilitation efforts were made in 2008 and 2015 to restore the natural character of the spring and improve visitor safety (GCWC 2010) (Fox 2016).. These efforts included re-grading and re-contouring the landscape, diverting flow from the reservoir into a nearby wash, establishing a riparian corridor in that wash, excavating and removing all diversion structures, eradicating invasive species, and re-establishing wetlands at outflows (Moret et al. 2015).

Pakoon Springs currently consist of a large (~1 hectare) marshy area, which includes a reed- dominated pool and a riparian corridor in the wash bottom approximately 1 kilometer long (Moret et al. 2015). The spring complex has a relatively low collective drainage (< 545 cubic meters per day), and many individual sites cannot prevent overgrowth of wetland and riparian vegetation because of insufficient flow and natural disturbance. Pakoon Springs does support limnocrene (pool-dominated) habitats, which are important for waterfowl, bats, and species that require open water (Fox 2016).

Figure 1. Location of Pakoon Springs and Tassi Spring in Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.

Methods

Water quality was measured at the source areas of Pakoon Springs. Temperature, pH, specific conductivity and dissolved oxygen were measured using a YSI 556 multi-probe water quality system. The reported value is the median of three measurements.

BMI sampling occurred on April 1, 2015 and March 24, 2016. One sample was collected from three areas: the source area, springbrook, and wash. At each area, material was collected by disturbing a 30 cm x 30 cm quadrat of substrate upstream of a kicknet for 30 seconds. The submerged vegetation in the quadrat was then jabbed three times with the kicknet. Five quadrats were sampled in each area and the material collected was combined into a single composite reach-wide sample.

The BMI samples collected from Pakoon Springs were preserved in alcohol and shipped to the Utah State University National Aquatic Monitoring Center (NAMC) for processing. There, the samples were sorted, identified to the lowest resolute taxon, and enumerated. Identifications were made by taxonomists certified by the Society for Freshwater Science using the taxonomic keys recommended by the Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists (Richards and Rogers 2011). The NAMC’s procedures can be reviewed on their website

(http://www.usu.edu/buglab/SampleProcessing/, accessed 23 January 2015).

Results

Water Quality Water quality parameters were measured at the source pool in 2015 and 2016. The values of these measurements are provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Water quality measured at the source of Pakoon Springs source pool during visits in 2015 and 2016.

Parameter April 1, 2015 June, 1, 2016 Temperature (°C) 31.29 31.21 pH 7.55 – Specific Conductivity (µS/cm) 253 477 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 5.71 5.70 Dissolved Oxygen (%) 77.5 76.6

BMI Samples The results of the 2015 sample analyses (BMI abundance per square meter) are shown in Table 2. Black flies (Simulium sp.) comprised the most dominant taxon for all three areas sampled in 2015. In total, the samples contained 493 specimens per square meter in the source, 164 specimens per square meter in the springbrook, and 2,740 specimens per square meter in the wash. No other taxa had densities greater than 1,000 specimens per square meter. In the source area, insect taxon greater than 100 specimens per square meter included non-biting midges (Larsia sp., Tanytarus sp., and Apedilum sp.) and biting midges (Bezzia sp.). In the wash area, only one genus of non-biting midges (Parametriocnemus sp.) had greater than 100 specimens per square meter. The springbrook area did not contain any taxon other than black flies with more than 100 specimens per square meter. Selected populations metrics for 2015 BMI samples are shown in Table 3.

Table 2. 2015 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Annelida Clitellata – – – – – 0 0 4 Arthropoda Arachnida Trombidiformes – – – – 0 0 9 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Dryopidae – Postelichus – 0 9 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae – Microcylloepus – 0 2 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae – – 32 0 9 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Hydrophilinae Enochrus – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Hydrophilinae Helochares – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae – – – 65 2 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae Bezzia – 110 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae Probezzia – 16 2 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea – 55 0 53

5 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae – – – 0 0 22

Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Apedilum – 133 7 40 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Chironomus – 55 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Cladotanytarsus – 0 2 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Dicrotendipes – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Endotribelos – 6 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Micropsectra – 0 4 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Paratanytarsus – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Paratendipes – 55 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Polypedilum – 16 4 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Pseudochironomus – 3 2 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Rheotanytarsus – 65 24 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Tanytarsus – 152 16 67

Table 2 (continued). 2015 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae – – 0 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cricotopus – 23 49 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cricotopus – 3 11 9 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Hydrosmittia – 10 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Parametriocnemus – 32 4 364 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Paraphaenocladius – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Rheocricotopus – 3 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Larsia – 310 7 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Paramerina – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pentaneura – 0 2 9 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Tanypus – 0 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Thienemannimyia – 0 0 4 6

group Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Culicidae – – – 81 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Culicidae – Culex – 41 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ephydridae – Ephydra – 9 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Muscidae – – – 0 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae – – – 0 0 31 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simuliinae Simulium – 493 164 2740 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae – Nemotelus – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tabanidae Chrysopsinae Chrysops – 12 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae – Fallceon – 0 42 36 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae – – – 3 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae – Tricorythodes – 0 4 4 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae – – – 0 0 4 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae – Argia – 0 4 0

Table 2 (continued). 2015 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Chordata Actinopterygii – – – – – 0 0 2 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physinae Physa – 16 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Hydrobiidae – – – 6 0 4

Table 3. Selected population metrics for 2015 BMI samples from Pakoon Springs.

Population Metric Source Springbrook Wash # of Taxa* 11 10 9 Abundance 1828 364 3516 Dominant Family Chironomidae Simuliidae Simuliidae % Dominant Family 48.1% 45.1% 78.8% # of EPT Taxa* 0 2 2 EPT Abundance 3 47 40 # of Shredder Taxa* 0 0 0 Shredder Abundance 25 4 0 # of Scraper Taxa* 1 0 0 Scraper Abundance 6 0 4 # of Collector-Filterer Taxa* 2 1 1 Collector-Filterer Abundance 831 204 2873 # of Collector-Gatherer Taxa* 4 5 4 Collector-Gather Abundance 401 129 578 # of Predator Taxa* 3 3 3 Predator Abundance 548 18 56 # of Long-Lived Taxa* 2 3 0 * Values for richness (diversity) based metrics are standardized to operational taxonomic units and a fixed count of 300. Density (abundance) metrics are presented as the estimated number of individuals per square meter. Standardized metrics are indicated with an asterisk. EPT stands for the insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies).

Neither Hydrobiidae nor Physa had been previously observed at Pakoon Springs but did appear in the most recent samples collected at Pakoon Springs in 2015. The Physa was identified by the Freshwater Gastropods of North America Project as Physa acuta, a globally invasive snail (Albrecht et al. 2008).

The EPT taxa include the orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). EPT taxa are particularly sensitive to water quality and pollution in springs, so the abundance and diversity of these taxa are often used as proxies for spring ecosystem health. Only mayflies were present at Pakoon Springs in 2015, and the most abundant genus (Fallceon sp.) was sampled at a relatively low density of 36 specimens per square meter in the springbrook and 42 specimens per square meter in the wash.

The results of the 2016 sample analyses (BMI abundance per square meter) are shown in Table 4. Mayflies (Tricorythodes sp.) comprised the most dominant taxon for the springbrook and wash while Microcylloepus pusillus was most dominant in the source pool. The source sample contained 149 Microcylloepus pusillus specimens per square meter in the source, 1,505 Tricorythodes sp. specimens per square meter in the springbrook, and 3,182 Tricorythodes sp. specimens per square meter in the wash. In the wash area, insect taxa greater than 1,000 specimens per square meter included non- biting midges (Paratendipes sp.) and craneflies (family Tipulidae). 8

Table 4. 2016 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Annelida Clitellata – – – – – 2 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Dryopidae – Postelichus – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Dytiscidae – – – 9 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Dytiscidae Hydroporinae Hygrotus – 2 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae – Microcylloepus pusillus 149 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae – – – 2 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae – – – 42 142 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae Probezzia – 0 12 196 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Dasyheleinae Dasyhelea – 9 24 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Forcipomyiinae Atrichopogon – 2 12 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae – – – 29 0 0

9 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Apedilum – 9 0 0

Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Chironomus – 2 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Endotribelos – 0 24 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Micropsectra – 38 960 604 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Microtendipes – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Nilothauma – 0 12 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Paratendipes – 9 320 1298 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Polypedilum – 2 12 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Pseudochironomus – 7 12 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Rheotanytarsus – 118 841 747 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Tanytarsus – 2 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Corynoneura – 0 119 142 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cricotopus – 0 0 409 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Heleniella – 0 47 373

Table 4 (continued). 2016 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Limnophyes – 2 12 36 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Parametriocnemus – 2 142 89 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Alotanypus – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Larsia – 2 391 53 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Nilotanypus – 0 12 160 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pentaneura – 9 237 107 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Thienemannimyia – 20 521 551 group Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Zavrelimyia – 13 190 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Dixidae – Dixella – 0 12 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Dolichopodidae – – – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Psychodidae – Pericoma – 4 0 0 10

Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simuliinae Simulium – 0 107 178 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae – – – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae – Caloparyphus – 4 0 22 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae – Euparyphus – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tabanidae – – – 0 12 0 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tipulidae – – – 2 0 1013 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae – Fallceon – 24 284 338 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae – Tricorythodes – 53 1505 3182 Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera Mesoveliidae Microveliinae Mesovelia – 0 12 0 Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera Veliidae Microveliinae Microvelia – 0 0 89 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae – – – 20 0 0 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae – Argia – 27 130 198 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Gomphidae – – – 0 0 18 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Libellulidae – – – 4 12 18

Table 4 (continued). 2016 BMI abundance per square meter in Pakoon Springs.

Source Phylum Class Order Family SubFamily Genus Species Pool Springbrook Wash Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae Hydroptila – 0 178 551 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae Ochrotrichia – 0 36 18 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae Oxyethira – 0 178 0 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Leptoceridae Leptocerinae Triaenodes – 0 24 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physinae Physa – 51 11 71

In the source area, only one genus of non-biting midges (Rheotanytarus sp.) had greater than 100 specimens per square meter. In the springbrook area, there were 15 taxon that had greater than 100 specimens per square meter. These included biting midges (family Ceratopogonidae) non-biting midges (Micropsectra sp., Paratendipes sp., Rheotanytarsus sp., Corynoneura sp., Parametriocnemus sp., Larsia sp., Pentaneura sp., Thienemannimyia sp. Zavrelimyia sp.), black flies (Simulium sp.), mayflies (Fallceon sp.), damselflies (Argia sp.), and microcaddisflies (Hydroptila sp., Oxyethira sp.).

The wash area had 13 taxa with more than 100 specimens per square meter. These included biting midges (Probrzzia sp.), non-biting midges (Micropsectra sp., Rheotanytarsus sp., Corynoneura sp., Cricotopus sp., Heleniella sp., Nilotanypus sp., Pentaneura sp., Thienemannimyia sp.), black flies (Simulium sp.), mayflies (Fallceon sp.), damselflies (Argia sp.), and microcaddisflies (Hydroptila sp.). Selected populations metrics for 2016 BMI samples are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Selected population metrics for 2016 BMI samples from Pakoon Springs.

Population Metric Source Springbrook Wash # of Taxa* 15 15 16 Abundance 673 6541 10744 Dominant Family Chironomidae Chironomidae Chironomidae % Dominant Family 39.2% 58.9% 43.7% # of EPT Taxa* 2 6 4 EPT Abundance 78 2204 4089 # of Shredder Taxa* 0 1 0 Shredder Abundance 4 36 1049 # of Scraper Taxa* 0 1 1 Scraper Abundance 0 0 0 # of Collector-Filterer Taxa* 0 1 1 Collector-Filterer Abundance 120 948 924 # of Collector-Gatherer Taxa* 8 5 7 Collector-Gather Abundance 247 3519 6724 # of Predator Taxa* 7 6 6 Predator Abundance 151 1671 1460 # of Long-Lived Taxa* 4 2 2 * Values for richness (diversity) based metrics are standardized to operational taxonomic units and a fixed count of 300. Density (abundance) metrics are presented as the estimated number of individuals per square meter. Standardized metrics are indicated with an asterisk. EPT stands for the insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies).

In 2016 the EPT taxa remained relatively low in the source pool, with only mayflies found at a density of 77 specimens per square meter (Tricorythodes sp. and Fallceon sp.). EPT increased in the springbrook and wash, with mayfly densities of 1,789 specimens per square meter in the spring brook and 3,520 specimens per square meter in the wash (Tricorythodes sp. and Fallceon sp.). There were no caddisflies found in the source pool, but there were 416 specimens per square meter in the 12

springbrook from four genera (Hydroptila sp., Ochrotrichia sp., Oxyethira sp., and Triaenodes sp.) and 42 specimens per square meter in the wash from two genera (Hydroptila sp., and Ochrotrichia sp.).

Literature Cited

Albrecht, C., O. Kroll, E. M. Terrazas, and T. Wilke. 2009. Invasion of ancient Lake Titicaca by the globally invasive Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygrophila). Biological invasions 11(8):1821-1826.

Burke, K. J., K. A. Harcksen, L. E. Stevens, R. J. Andress, and R. J. Johnson. 2015. Collaborative rehabilitation of Pakoon Springs in Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument, Arizona. Pages 312-328 in: L. F. Huenneke, C. van Riper III, and K. A. Hayes-Gilpin, editors. The Colorado Plateau VI: Science and Management at the Landscape Scale.

Fox, J. 2016. Pakoon Wash and Pakoon Springs restoration and enhancement project final report. Prepared for Arizona Water Protections Fund. Available from http://www.azwpf.gov/Grant_Project_Reports/documents/11- 180WPFPakoonWashandPakoonSpringsRestorationandEnhancementProj..pdf (accessed 13 January 2018).

Grand Canyon Wildlands Council, Inc. (GCWC). 2010. Pakoon Springs Rehabilitation Final Report. Prepared for Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument and Arizona Department of Water Resources. Available from http://www.azwpf.gov/Grant_Project_Reports/documents/06- 137WPFFinalReport.pdf (accessed 13 January 2018).

Moret, G. J. M., C. C. Caudill, N. Tallent, M. Lehman, and, L. A. Starcevich. 2016. Mojave Desert Network Inventory and Monitoring selected large springs protocol: Standard operating procedures. Natural Resource Report NPS/MOJN/NRR—2016/1108.1. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Provencher, S., and L. Warner. 2003. National Park Service Tassi Ranch: Cultural landscape inventory, Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, National Park Service. Cultural Landscape Inventories. 725387. NPS Pacific West Regional Office. Pacific West Regional Office/CLI Database. Available from: https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2184954/.

Richards, A. B., and D. C. Rogers. 2011. Southwest Association of Freshwater Invertebrate Taxonomists list of freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa from California and adjacent states including standard taxonomic effort levels. Unpublished report. Available from http://www.safit.org/Docs/STE_1_March_2011_7MB.pdf (accessed 23 January 2015).

Truini, M. 2012. Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment near Tassi and Pakoon Springs, western part of Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, Arizona. Scientific Investigations Report 2012– 5276. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Available from http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5276/sir2012-5276.pdf (accessed 13 January 2018).

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