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Erie C an Alw Ay a Water Route to National Unity and World Trade

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Erie C an Alw Ay a Water Route to National Unity and World Trade A Water Route to National Unity and World Trade The Erie Canal opened vast areas of Americans have always been a restless lot, with an An Engineering Marvel Originally 4 feet deep and Most continued on to New York City’s seaport, towed Continuing the Connection Success quickly spurred the upper Midwest to settlement and commercial agriculture because urge to move beyond their home territories. For many 40 feet wide, the Erie Canal cut through fields, forests, down the Hudson in fleets behind steam tugboats. Mid- expansion and enlargement of New York’s canal system to it was the first reliable, inexpensive at the beginning of the 19th century, the Erie Canal rocky cliffs, and swamps; crossed rivers on aqueducts; and western farmers, loggers, miners, and manufacturers found handle more and bigger boats. It triggered canal mania—a way to carry heavy, bulky cargo was the route to opportunity and prosperity in the overcame hills with 83 lift locks. The project engineers and new access to lucrative far-flung markets. rash of canal building across the eastern United States between the Great Lakes and the r e v i Atlantic Seaboard. R American interior. Long before railroads, interstate contractors had little experience building canals, so this and Canada in the mid-1800s, before railroads became the e c n NEW YORK e r highways, or jets the Erie Canal opened the interior of massive project served as the nation’s first practical school A Flow of People and Ideas The Erie Canal and a principal means of hauling freight and passengers. From w Lake Erie a L Connecting to New York City via the . t Erie Canal Hudson River at Albany, the canal S a continent and shaped the future of a young nation. of civil engineering. Some laborers were Irish immigrants, system of connecting waterways fulfilled DeWitt Clinton’s 1905 to 1918 New York State built the Barge Canal system, N I exploited the only low-elevation pas- but most were U.S.-born. For eight years of wet, heat, and prophecy that New York would be America’s preeminent a robust grandchild of the Erie, Champlain, Oswego, and A New York L sage through the eastern mountain City P Opening America The Erie Canal was North America’s cold, they felled trees and excavated, mostly by hand and state, populated from border to border and generating Cayuga-Seneca canals. M chains between Georgia and Canada. A River H National Park Service Park National Interior the of Department U.S. o C hi most successful and influential public works project. wealth for itself and the nation. Soon New York City was Alternative routes via the Ohio and O animal power, mile after mile. They devised equipment E Mississippi rivers or St. Lawrence K r Built between 1817 and 1825, this 363-mile-long canal was to uproot trees and pull stumps and developed hydraulic the nation’s busiest port, most populous city, and foremost Although commercial traffic declined after the St. Law- A e v L River (map at right) took longer to i R i Horses and mules powered New York’s canal p the first all-water link between the Atlantic seaboard and cement that hardened under water. With hand drills and seat of commerce and finance. Immigrants knew they rence Seaway opened in 1959, New York’s Canal System is navigate and were subject to delays p i s s i system until 1918. They walked on towpaths, s s from flood, drought, and ice. These i Great Lakes. New York Govenor DeWitt Clinton relent- black powder they blasted rocks. Their ingenuity and labor could find work there or in many new cities sprouting still in service. New York canals, both active and retired, connected to boats by a long towline. Animals M routes also reached tidewater far lessly promoted its construction. Skeptics just as force- made the Erie Canal the engineering and construction along the canal. As it opened the American interior to set- are now vibrant places to enjoy both water- and land- and crews usually worked in shifts around the from major population centers. clock: six hours on, six hours off, resting in fully derided it as “Clinton’s Ditch,” but Clinton would be triumph of its day. tlement, the canal brought a flow of people and new ideas. based recreation and to learn about and celebrate our stables and bunks on board between shifts. Other canals—in Pennsylvania, vindicated. The canal advanced Euro-American settlement Social reform movements like abolitionism and women’s nation’s heritage. Maryland, and Virginia—that sought to breach the mountain barrier and of the Northeast, Midwest, and Great Plains, sometimes Faster, Cheaper Canal packet boat passengers traveled suffrage, utopian communities, and various religious move- capture Erie Canal trade lacked such at the expense of Native populations. It fostered national in relative comfort from Albany to Buffalo in five days—not ments thrived in the canal corridor. The Erie Canal carried topographical advantage. Most were unity and economic power. It made New York the Empire two weeks in crowded stagecoaches. Freight rates fell 90 more westbound immigrants than any other trans-Appa- not completed, and none proved a financial success. State and New York City the nation’s prime seaport and percent compared to shipping by ox-drawn wagon. Freight lachian canal. These newcomers infused the nation with seat of world trade. boats carried Midwestern produce from Buffalo to Albany. different languages, customs, practices, and religions. Black Whitehall River Canal ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS LAKE ONTARIO Oswego Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor Heritage National Canalway Erie York New Canal A R A E S Rome Path of Least Resistance A G C A Oneida I R P Rochester N M E Lake Lockport N T Canal engineers chose the path of least resistance across Utica Niagara Erie Lyons anal Champlain Falls C New York State’s complex topography, but the route was Little Falls Canal CANADA Syracuse Mohawk not always easy. The map at right shows mid 19th-century Cayuga- Ri ve Seneca r New York at the peak of its canal era when a system of Cohoes Buffalo Genesee Canal Falls artificial waterways reached throughout the state. Several Valley L A K E E R I E FINGER LAKES Canal Cayuga Schenectady canals were abandoned in the face of competition from Lake Crooked railroads, but the Erie, Champlain, Oswego, and Cayuga- Lake Albany Canal N E W Y O R K Seneca canals are still operating today. Seneca r e Lake Chenango v i Keyuka Canal R Lake n o CATSKILL s d MOUNTAINS u H Chemung Profile in Locks and Levels Canal Canals conquer space with succes- Canal Topography Profile sions of lift locks and levels. Lake The heavy brown line atop the Erie Canal Profile Erie is 570 feet higher than the historic map at right shows the Hudson River at Albany. On the changes in elevation overcome original Erie Canal, 83 stone-walled by the Erie Canal’s locks between locks lifted and lowered boats in an Albany and Buffalo. irregular staircase. E r i e C a n a l Sixteen locks were required to climb out of the deep Hudson Valley past Cohoes Falls near the mouth of the Mohawk River. The canal climbed steadily along the Mohawk from Schenectady to another steep rise at Little Falls. From there the long level—a 58-mile stretch of flat wa- ter requiring no lock—carried boats over a drainage divide at Rome and on to relatively flat terrain south of Oneida Lake and north of the Finger Lakes. The final barrier westward was at At Buffalo, Midwest products were transferred from lake Syracuse’s Clinton Square made it clear why people called Connecting the Hudson River to Lake Lockport where twin, five-lock stair- steamers and schooners to canal boats. Rochester was America’s first inland boom town. The the canal “New York’s Main Street.” Champlain at Whitehall, the Champ- stone aqueduct carried the enlarged Erie Canal over the cases, called “the Lockport Flight,” lain Canal opened markets for forests, Genesee River. It now supports the Broad Street bridge. climbed the steep Niagara escarp- farms, mines, and mills in New York’s ment. A deep rock cut then opened Adirondack region and in Vermont. a watery path on to Lake Erie and the upper Great Lakes. Paintings, songs, illustrations, stories, furniture, dec- orative pottery, and photographs celebrated the New York canal system. Late 19th- and early 20th-century postcards show structures, settlements, scenery, and canal boats from one end of the state to the other. Twinned sets of five locks at Lockport let boats overcome Lyons typifies how communities’ grocery stores, taverns, New York State Barge Canal Lock 17 replaced four locks the steep Niagara escarpment that gives rise to Niagara factories, and warehouses edged the canal to supply of the Enlarged Erie Canal in 1916. The world’s highest Falls. These canal structures remain landmarks today. goods and services to canal boaters and to villagers. single lift lock at the time, it raised boats over 40 feet. New York State Canals ����s ����−���� ����−���� ����−���� ����−���� ����−���� ���� ���� Mohawk River canals and locks built New York State builds Erie and Fueled by its Erie Canal success, Success-choked Erie, Champlain, Chemung, Chenango, Crooked Lake, New York State Barge Canal System St. Lawrence Seaway opens, al- Congress establishes Erie Canalway by the Western Inland Lock Naviga- Champlain canals. Erie connects New York State builds the Oswego, and Oswego canals are enlarged: Oneida Lake, and Genesee Valley supersedes Erie, Champlain, Os- lowing ships to go from the Great National Heritage Corridor to help This 1862 painting by William Wall tion Company allow freight boats to Hudson River with Great Lakes: 363 Cayuga–Seneca, Chemung, Crooked 7 feet deep; locks 110 feet long, canals abandoned, late 1870s.
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