CEU eTD Collection KING SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG'S TOWNPLEDGING OFLUXEMBURG'S KING SIGISMUND THECASESTUDIES OFSEGESD ANDBÁRTFA " MY KINGDOM IN PLEDGE IN KINGDOM MY MA Thesis in Medieval Studies in Medieval Thesis MA Central Central University European János Incze János POLICY May 2012 Budapest " CEU eTD Collection Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe KING SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG'S TOWNPLEDGING OFLUXEMBURG'S KING SIGISMUND THECASESTUDIES OFSEGESD ANDBÁRTFA Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. " MY KINGDOM IN PLEDGE IN KINGDOM MY Chair, Examination Committee Examination Chair, Thesis Supervisor János Incze János POLICY (Romania) May 2012 Examiner Examiner Budapest by ii " CEU eTD Collection Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe KING SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG'S TOWNPLEDGING OFLUXEMBURG'S KING SIGISMUND THECASESTUDIES OFSEGESD ANDBÁRTFA Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. " MY KINGDOM IN PLEDGE IN KINGDOM MY External Reader External János Incze János POLICY (Romania) Budapest May 2012 by iii " CEU eTD Collection Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe KING SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG'S TOWNPLEDGING OFLUXEMBURG'S KING SIGISMUND THECASESTUDIES OFSEGESD ANDBÁRTFA Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. " MY KINGDOM IN PLEDGE IN KINGDOM MY ______External Supervisor János Incze János POLICY Supervisor (Romania) Budapest May 2012 by iv " CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 14May 2012 forinstitution of an higher education academic degree. I any other form to in this submitted hasbeen of thesis the nopart that declarealso copyright. institution’s or person’s any on infringes thesis the of part no and others, of made work of the illegitimate usewas and nounidentified that bibliography. Ideclare my research and only such on information as external based properly innotes credited and work, own my is exclusively thesis present the that herewith declare I, the undersigned, I, the János Incze , candidate for the , candidate MA degreeinMedievalStudies, v ______Signature CEU eTD Collection texts. texts. Finally, Iwouldlikesay to thanks toJohannaTóth for her help and support. Slovak and Polish in translating help their for Pjecha Martin and Kozlowski Wojciech and Norbert inspiration; I also likemy she Judit wish supervisor. thankwas third to Majorossy to C. Tóth for orthography.their guidanceand style with her assistance for Rasson Judith to thank to like I would Also same. the Furthermore, been and have not would thesis this support and advice suggestions. their without help; their for Nagy I am also I am gratefuldeeply indebted to Márta toKondor for her advice and I want to express my gratitude to my supervisors Katalin Szende andBalázs Katalin Szende mysupervisors to expressmygratitude I wantto ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION CASE STUDIES CASE OF TWO IN THELIGHT PLEDGING CHAPTER TOWN V.THEPRACTICEOF CHAPTER III. SEGESD, PLEDGING A QUEEN’S ESTATE AQUEEN’S PLEDGING CHAPTER III.SEGESD, PLEDGING ROYAL CHAPTER II.DEFINING CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW OFKINGSIGISMUND’S PLEDGES INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS OF LIST LIST OFFIGURES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ROYAL TOWN ROYAL AFREE REVENUEOF PLEDGING THE OF BÁRTFA: CHAPTERIV. THETAX The resultsThe pledgingof ...... 84 The pledge transactions and themotivations behind them ...... 80 comparisonThe pledgeesof the ...... 77 Segesdand ...... 74 The differences between the conditions and terms of pledging Bártfa Sigismund’sdeath ...... 68 The consequences of pledging and the period in pledge after Bártfa during thepledge period ...... 58 Serving twoLords:The Balickifamily inPolandand Hungary ...... 54 The pledge transactionits backgroundand ...... 51 Bártfa’s HistoryLegaland Status ...... 49 death ...... 42 The consequences of pledging and the pledge period after Sigismund’s Segesd during the pledge ...... 38 The pledge transactionits backgroundand ...... 35 The career of Miklós Zámbó ...... 31 The history and legal status of Segesd before the pledging ...... 28 101 ...... 88 ...... 48 ...... 73 ...... 93 ...... 1 ...... viii ...... vi TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE ...... ix vii 15 ...... 26 ...... 6 CEU eTD Collection Fig.4. The domain of Újvár. Fig.3. Mapshowing region the of Segesd. Fig.2. Model of the medieval town of Bártfa (Bardejov). centuries. andfourteenth the thirteenth of estate Segesd between The Fig.1. LIST OFFIGURES LIST viii CEU eTD Collection Fejér - ZsO. - DF - DL - Diplomatic Photographs] Fényképgy Budapest: Magyar Országos Levéltár,1951-2009. Budapest: Magyar Országos I-XI oklevéltár1387-1424, TypisRegiae typogr. Universitatisvol. Ungaricae,1829-1844, I-XI. LevéltárMagyar National Országos Archives] [Hungarian –Diplomatikai Levéltár (Collectio Diplomatica Hungarica) [Archives of Diplomatics] of [Archives Hungarica) Diplomatica (Collectio Levéltár Magyar OrszágosLevéltár National [Hungarian Archives] – Diplomatikai Borsa, Iván, Norbert C. Tóth, Elemér Mályusz, Tibor Neumann, Tibor Mályusz, Elemér Tóth, C. Norbert Iván, Borsa, Fejér, Georgius. Ħ jtemény (Collectio Diplomatica Hungarica) [Collection of [Collection Hungarica) Diplomatica (Collectio jtemény Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [Cartulary Sigismundthe of period 1387-1424,I-XI]. ix Zsigmondkori Buda: CEU eTD Collection 4 516. 3 author]. by the http://www.akonyv.hu/klasszikus/krudy/krudy_valogatott_elbeszelesei.pdf (accessed 9May 2012) [translation válogatott elbeszélései the title of:“Tizenhat város tizenhat leánya” [Sixteen daughters of sixteen towns”], Gyula Krúdy, King Sigismund tothe Polish1412. in ruler Krúdy’s story touches pledging uponthe of Szepesség, bears and personalities. of the 2 character ethnic on the be based will spelling the then if not and them have ifthey names name and country of these localities. alternate by the In the casesparenthesis in of be followed personalwill These names, I willsources. the use in their names these commonly under usedappear they English frequently 1 an increase in imperial pledgingstown an to extentpreviously unknown. blamed by contemporaries. often was he which for policy financial athrifty initiate to had successor His insolvency. near heritage, financial adifficult with his successor to throne Bohemian the left he Bohemia amounts ofmoney pledged royal or As (imperial)his domains. a result pledging inof activity for hisbad finances;because hisof serious financial he problems various borrowed often crusaders at the battle of Nicopolis (1396). To his contemporaries Sigismund was also known defeatof and his the Constance nameislinkedtothe Papal endedSchism), the (which important of initiators is most Council the mainlyasone 1437). He the of known and EmpireHoly Roman (1433– the Bohemia (1419–1437), ruled Hungary (1387–1437), Sigismund (Charles IV,1355-1378), emperor Roman inhis ofaHoly As Europe son the age. These were mainly pledging the towns’ sources of revenue. Ibid., 510. Jörg K.Hoensch, ishow This Krúdy Gyulaimaginedhis book inpledging the of city of Késmárk(Kežmarok, the Slovakia) by WhenI will referto geographical names inthe thesis, I will first give theirHungarian forms because most King Sigismund of King of Sigismund politicalimportantLuxemburg wasone mostthe of figures of Kaiser Sigismund. Herrscher anderSchwellezur Neuzeit1368-1437 [GyulaKrúdy’s selected essays] (Szentendre: MercatorStúdió, 2005), 70, 3 In the Holy Roman Empire Sigismund’s pledging activity led to led activity pledging Sigismund’s Empire Roman Holy the In shouted.” All the senators sprang to theirfeet. “Us? In pledge?” they great danger. ruler The topledge wants itto Polishthe king. in is city “The silence. in solemn mayor the started “-Listen!” INTRODUCTION 2 1 1 4 (Munich:Beck 1996), Krúdy Gyula CEU eTD Collection Gondolat, 1984), 15-16. 7 Gyula Kristó], között. Történeti tanulmányok Kristó Gyula tiszteletére korban”[The transformationof Hungarianthe domain structure in theSigismund period], in because of the king’s unstable situation, Pál Engel, “A magyarországi birtokszerkezet átalakulása aZsigmond- properties were alienated; one is the first decades of Sigismund’s reign, whenmost of the alienation happened 6 5 singletransaction. than this As this thesis will demonstrate, Sigismund’s town pledgings in Hungary were much more towns in 1412, whichreturned Hungarian to the crown only in several after centuries, 1772. its of all with Slovakia) today region, (Spiš Szepesség the he pledged isthat pledgings town settlements’ rights and autonomy. What is mainly known about King the on Sigismund’s impact an have Hungariancould it because policy pledging royal the of case specific more pledgingCompared a the the domains of pledgingroyal andcastles, town with represents towns. the of pldeges namely, policy, pledging Sigismund’s of aspects interesting most the present This strivesa small to of thesis part hugeandcomplex this byanalyzingtopic oneof cousin –expressesJobst(Jodok) well importantthe role of inhis pledges Hungarian reign. Hungarian pledging through throne Margraviate –atthat the histime of Brandenburg to impact did it hadactivity inBohemiaand such consequences profound then German the territories, what have in the donated pledgedthe propertiestothe former Onecan pledgees. if pledgingask Sigismund’s case of Hungary. eventually ruler step;inmany the cases intermediate pledging asan through were carriedout The transformed, causedby king’spolicy his alienatingof the domains. fact that SigismundSigismund’s is reigninHungary knownas when was period the royal the domain structure even acquired the known known hewas that such involved inmany certainly transactions. Elemér Mályusz, Pál Engel, who studied the alienationpolicy of Sigismund, distinguished two mainperiods when royal In the literature review these will be discussed in detail. Sigismund’s pledgings in Hungary have not been researched thoroughly, itis although ed. László Koszta(Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász M Zsigmond király uralma Magyarországon 2 [ BetweenEast and West. Historical studies in honorof [King Sigismund’s reign inHungary] (Budapest: Ħ hely, 1995),141-159. 5 6 Not by Not coincidence, Often the alienations the Often Kelet és Nyugat 7 CEU eTD Collection towns. Bácskai, alienated royal towns at the time of King Sigismund’s reign. Her list contains 9 1447-1647] (Szombathely: VasMegyei Levéltár, 2007),120-123. Koronáért elzálogosított Nyugat [Hungarian market fifteenth townsthe century] in (Budapest: Akadémiai, 1965),18; István Bariska, pledgings) opportunitiestheir fordevelopment decreased.Vera Bácskai, Hungary, emphasized that withthe privatizationof the royal market towns (inwhich she also included the examples, support this assumption. Vera Bácskai, who studied the history of the market towns in medieval presented by Bariska inIstván about cases hiswork pledged the HungarianThe Western towns, although they later overlord. are new town’s the became he whether pledgee, ofthe authority the imposing in resulted 8 only these two cases of town pledging will be presented; I will attempt to answer above the to attempt I will cases pledging bepresented; will of town only two these picture. asimilar presents indeed Krúdy’sbut is can literary the of a argue that scarce information historical scholarship work, was asKrúdy towns the this or product imagination? only author’s of the One described the kingdom’sthe body. Wasthesituation so drastic? Did pledging representareal for danger the pledged town came under the authoritypledge? The reader ofof Krúdy’s work anotheris informed that from the day of pledging theruler, dwellers of in were they on day even that from that more,fact the with faced theymorning one up woke they were if been have ripped of inhabitants of a pledged royal town. What would the reaction of the dwellers of a royal town of question because of the extent, and because of the transactions’ complexity. thetransactions’ of because and theextent, of because of question Bardejov in andSlovakia) in Segesd Somogy County (southern Transdanubia). Sigismund’s pledging Hungarian two towns willbeBártfatown policy. now: (Bartfeld, The these cases through two questions different whichrepresentstudies two categoriesKing of answer be endeavorto In questionsthis thesis needanswered. I will important to which most the are and development self government town’s the itaffected How circumstances? were the if Whatdid mean? orjust What its What was itpledging? an tax? settlement pledged entire in of town stake at cases the was infact what is precisely when itunknown a statement How many towns were pledged by Sigismund has still not beencalculated. Vera Bácskai surveyed the The scarce information in the secondary literature does not help in finding out if the pledging of a royal town The quotation from Krúdy’s novel expresses well possiblethe reaction of the To analyze in detail all the royal towns pledged by Sigismund in a single study is out study single in a Sigismund by pledged towns royal the all in detail analyze To Magyar mez Ę városok - Magyarország, 1447-1647 , 18-19. 8 Do the scholarship and Krúdy have the right to make such make to right the have Krúdy and scholarship the Do 3 [WesternHungary pledged forthe Holy Crown, Magyar mez many many cases of pledged royal Ę városok a XV.században 9 Therefore, A Szent CEU eTD Collection Segesd’s case a number of charters shed light on various phases of andletone transaction phasesof the various light shedon number charters of Segesd’s casea in because interesting instances areevenmore of two pledging In addition,these for decades. the length of the pledging as well; while Segesd’s pledging was for ashort term, Bártfa’s was in differed cases pledging Thetwo place. took here studied transaction the before years a few started only had politics country’s in the involvement whose foreigner, a was Bártfa’s baron; have in was Segesd’spledgee their didnot much a Hungarian pledgees either. common towns with differentlegal statuses (Bártfa was a free royal town; Segesd wasmarket a town); in towns of parts were situated different medievalthe HungarianKingdom, they represented documents available in amongor print the archival inventories will also be consulted. such of (summaries) regestas occasionally books; from account anddata charters unpublished of such mainly beresearch will reading sources primary as published basedand close on the V), which will contrast followcomparison (Chapter Athorough will of transactions. andthe consequences economic the cases of the two stories,pledged and oftowns the pledge based transactions, descriptionshort of history on town’s the and privileges, apresentation of pledgees’life the the subchapters. an analysis of the a of consist will These subchapters periodsubchapters. same the into The divided and samecriteria the of pledging, and the socialthesis (Chapter III and IV); both chapters of the pledging cases will be studied on basisthe of Sigismund’s pledging about literature of secondary the important works mostthoroughly will the present practices in Hungary. I) Another (Chapter chapter II). (Chapter problems discussing these bedevoted will chapter The two case studiesdefinition, and characteristics, of legal the procedure royal pledging isstilllacking, an entire will be the pillars the literature Hungarian in the because Moreover, case studies. two these help of the of the methodology raised and suggesta studying questions for to history with the towns of pledged For comparison I have chosen the cases of the pledging of Bártfa and Segesd. The two 4 CEU eTD Collection period andperiod story therefore the is of a case ideal pledging for study. preserved inagoodcondition; they contain a numberof sources about town the pledging to follow the story in a relatively detailed way. On the other hand, Bártfa’s archives were 5 CEU eTD Collection 11 divided into two phases,dividedtwo into 1437. one between from 1420-1422, andthe Itwas other 1436 to be can activity pledging His policy. pledging his with strongly linked was activity political 10 Jaroslav by studied been have Bohemian The pledges he where wasruler. Bohemiaimpacton of all countries the greatest to pay theirservices by pledging imperial towns. imperial pledgings.town Ashe says, Sigismund Emperor gainednew officials and was able becauseof of frequency noteworthy the activity pledging Sigismund’s Hoensch considers Hoensch touches upon imperialthe pledgings inhis about Emperor Sigismund.work and provides charts containing data about the total pledgings of emperors. the total of the pledgings about containing data and charts provides of pledges,the andsoon. Additionally, givesLandwehr a framework theoretical of pledging, imperial towns in which he analyses them according tothe pledgees, the pledgors, the objects pledgedis Landwehr, monograph of about work in1967.Landwehr’s a work Götz published monumental imperial significant the instudiespledgings of town achievements thanks to made have scholars German policy. pledging Sigismund’s of significance the out pointed already have scholars Czech and German a century. almost for historians of curiosity the LITERATUREREVIEW OF KING SIGISMUND’S PLEDGES CHAPTER I. Hoensch, Götz Landwehr, Götz Sigismund of Sigismund of habit Luxemburg’s frequently of haspledging royal domains aroused Kaiser Sigismund DieVerpfändung der deutschen Reichsstädte imMittelalter ( , 510. ý echura and Milan Moravec; they emphasize that Sigismund’s that emphasize they Moravec; Milan and echura 6 11 Sigismund’s pledging praxis had the Köln:Böhlau, 1967 ), 10 396-457. Jörg K. CEU eTD Collection universities in Hungary. muchwider. She was the authorof various historical works and initiated the archivist specializationat 17 slovenskýchdejín UK FiF Bratislava 2009), 342-349. Middle the late Ages], in 16 Spiš pledged to Poland] (Makó: Gaál László Könyvnyomó intézet, 1907). intézet, 15 Könyvnyomó László Gaál (Makó: Poland] to pledged Spiš 14 (Budapest:Osiris, 2003), 430. Sigismund’s reign],in magyar királyság jövedelmei Zsigmond korában” [The royalrevenues of Hungary the at time of King Hungary Sigismund6. of Luxemburg’s reign 1387-1437] (Budapest:Kossuth, 2009), 107; Pál Engel,“A 13 territories between1420-1437] Lucemburského v ceskýchzemíchlet 1420-1437” z Ferdinand Seibt (Warendorf: FahlbuschVerlag, 1994), 128-129. Milan Moravec, “Zástavy Zikmunda Herrschaft Kaiser Sigismunds und der europäischen Geschichte um1400 Luxemburg” in 12 the pledgings to cover pledgingsthe to expensesthe his military campaigns. of common in both phases that he pledged mainly ecclesiastical domains and used themoney of domains were put in pledge, the magnitude of for reasons involved, and putin domains sums possible of the magnitude the were the pledge, the data about the king’s pledges; her main aim was to give an assessment of how many royal collecttransactionsin in tried scholar who 1932.Shewas first Hungary the published all to financial medieval about book her in issue this on light clear shed first that research Hungarianthe historiography economicuntil the historian Emma Lederer’s(1897-1977) research. The pledging of Szepesség was all that was known about Sigismund’s pledges in pledgeandinvolved indifferent transactions. was and Henryk Ruci by Chalupecký Ivan well-known historiography this was written transaction pledge about when theenough in Hungarianhistoriography; nothorough analysis hasbeen not written since 1907, workresearched well not is still it ruler of the pledge famous most is the this case that factthe of Lajos usuallyauthors mention famousthe Szepességact of the in putting in pledge 1412. Ilyefalvi EmmaLederer (1897-1977) earned a doctoral degree in economic buthistory, her interest in history was HenrykRuci IvanChalupecký, “DieZipserStädte im 13.-16. Jahrhundert,” Norbert C. Tóth, C. Norbert Jaroslav Lajos Ilyefalvi Lajos Syntheses of Hungarian history usually mention that Sigismund borrowed huge sums huge borrowed Sigismund that mention usually history Hungarian of Syntheses ý echura, “Die Säkularisationder kirchlichen Güter im hussitischenBöhmen und Sigismund von Ĕ ski, “Polityczne dzieje Spisza w pó , A Lengyelországnak, elzálogosított13 szepesi város története Sigismund Luxemburg,von Kaiser undKöniginMitteleuropa 1387-1437. Beiträgezur Ĕ Magyarország története 6.–Luxemburgi Zsigmonduralkodása (1387-1437) ski. Honor, vár, ispánság 16 Unfortunately these works mainly summarize the results of previous Historia Scepusii Folia historica Bohemica , ed. Martin Homza, Stanislaw A. Sroka (Bratislava: Katedra 14 , [Honor, castle, domain ( was published. The newest works of Slovak Ĩ nym 7 [Sigismund of Luxemburg’s pledges in theBohemian 9 Ğ (1985): 170-173. redniowieczu” [The political history of Scepusia in 13 Historia urbana Besides this general statement, the 12 ispánság , ed. Josef Ern , ed.Macek, [The history of thirteencities of 5(1997): 79-89. )], ed.Enik Ę In spite of Csukovics [History of Ę Marosi, 17 15 CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 22 (Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977), 207-223. korban (1387-1437) Engel, Pál pledging. through property private became 21 20 19 transactions in Hungary Middlein the Ages (1000-1458)] (Budapest: Kovács J. ny.,1932), 28. 18 domainspledges through werealienated theduring reign of Sigismund, Engel discredited several decades after Lederer’s book waspublished. book Lederer’s after decades several Engel discredited Sigismund’s. loans,Kingincludingis tostate dedicated Anentirechapter way, abundance of data. an with in adetailed Ages Middle in the Kingdom Hungarian the of life economic inthe property “Wedeclared: cannotdefine iteven approximately.” she which about rate, interest the of question the discussing Hungary, medieval in pledging of evolution custom of the the about anoverview she provides In herwork pledges.the royal royal as firststep to sellingtheproperties involved, the pledges formalities. justin about were possible pledges included sentences the redemption the of charters the the property,therefore private remained they redeemed, werenever pledgeddomains royal were no attempts to cover the expenses from income. the from theexpenses tocover attempts were no She argues thatin this period the balance of the state budget was not taken intoaccount; there from uppernobility,the his and priority gain was largeto as sums he as couldfrom them. taxing thenobility, by imposed ruler.Inherthe view, point of money Sigismund abstracted Ibid.,184. Ibid., 185. Ibid. Lederer, Engel’s charts about thealienationof royal domains demonstrate that only a limited numberof royal domains Ibid.,184. Ibid.,172-201. Emma Lederer, Emma bourgeois of loans, role andpledges, the of different history the Ledererpresents Lederer’s entire work is pervaded by the idea that pledges were actually a form aform of actually idea pledges is that were bythe pervaded work Lederer’s entire Középkori 23 19 In this important work, she firmly claims that a significant part of royal A középkori pénzüzletek története Magyarországon (1000-1458) [The [The relationbetween royalpower and aristocracy Sigismundthe in era (1387-1437)] pénzüzletek ,184. 8 Királyi hatalom ésarisztokrácia viszonya aZsigmond 18 25 22 arguing that most of the of most that arguing [The history financial of history [The 21 She perceived the 20 a claim that Pál 24 CEU eTD Collection Egyetemi Könyvkiadó, 1936). 30 29 28 27 26 pledging. contains thename pledged of the domain, sum the obtained by king,andthe theyearof pledges beginning atthe abouthis of achartkings’ rule.Lederercompiled the which pledges frequency Hungary; clearly period shows high of royal Sigismund of the the cartulary the Western of territories bypledging throne Hungarian the took research. Sigismund later placeintensive his activity atendof the pledging wastook again reign.This by disproved the importance of hiring a large number of mercenaries in Sigismund of Luxemburg’s time. Luxemburg’s of in Sigismund mercenaries of number large a hiring of importance the yearsmilitary policy four publication afterthe defense Léderer’s work. of king’s the about book short a wrote He pledges. Sigismund’s King to related mentioned always are not accurate. research ofher why framework, results the conceptual hernow-obsolete besides the This reason, was sources. of by accessibility the limited was hercentury last research part of and the first history the medievalof Hungarian royal the despite pledges, fact thatis was published in the in own is purposes, loansbook Lederer’s form the of and pledges. still basicthe workabout by forwas using ruler the forfinancialsupported king’s inthe term, their potential the short putting royal towns inboth sides, of the pledgorpledge. and the pledgees. The book contains several remarks on the case of of interests In the served they that Lederer’s claiming kingdom, the of history medieval in the transactions point of view, the development of royal towns idea asfictional pledges of defining transactions. József Deér, bepresented. will these thesis the in Later Ibid.,183. Ibid.,187-188. Ibid.,186. József Deér (1905-1972) is another author whose name should definitely be definitely should name whose author another is (1905-1972) Deér József the opposing transactions, hard cashinthe the of stressed role Lederer In her work 27 Lederer considered the king’s pledges as the most significant financial significant most the as pledges king’s the considered Lederer Zsigmond honvédelmikirály politikája 29 [King Sigismund’s military defense policy] (Pécs: Pécsi 9 26 In her opinion, Sigismund’s most Sigismund’s opinion, her In 30 Heemphasized 28 CEU eTD Collection fourteenth and fifteenth century], fifteenth and fourteenth the in Hungary in mercenaries of hiring types and preconditions social and economic [The században” 31 income) primary Sigismund’s considers he (which loans inSigismunditnot surprising,is inhistoriography. Deér’s theking’s that Therefore work of image negative the rehabilitate to intended who medievalists Hungarian first the country, in the balance of power between the king and the nobility, and so on. He was one of in consequences causedby structure in these of transactions the ownership property the of aspects pledgesthe various as the such were notanalyzed Hedisregarded separately. pledges the meant that also which military expenses, on werespent sums all these almost and pledges. In this waythis, about hecollected data Sigismund’sloans withoutmaking betweenloans any distinction he oversimplified domains. Deérthe tried calculateto all the possible revenues wholeof the king, including hisloans. For issue of theSigismund pledges, suggesting referred that to the decrees of the diet only when he wanted to seize someone’s 34 33 32 Hungary in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. fifteenth and fourteenth the in Hungary mercenaries a in study about he question wrote of Sigismund’s pledgesinthe1960s,when country, toprotect Hungary from its enemies. Romania), whichprohibited the kingfrom properties in pledging future. the (Timi Temesvár of diet of the legal dispositions the seriously took rulernever the that namely, pledges, concerning statement made a significant he loan. However, of type different make betweennot loans inhisview, acleardistinction justand pledges; were a pledges did He issue. this to relation in Sigismund of loans the studied also Deér king; the of reforms andtheishistory military period the military the of with This generally concerned work Deér, GyulaRázsó, zsoldosságés “A gazdasági társadalmi el Ibid.,89. Ibid., 80 Zsigmond honvédelmi politikája, Another military historian, Gyula Rázsó(1930-2007) returned to intriguing the Hadtörténeti Közlemények 81. 33 10 34 63, No. 1 (1962):160-217. His contribution to the research on loans Ę feltételei éstípusaiMagyarországon a14-15. 32 were used for the benefit of the 31 Furthermore, ú oara, CEU eTD Collection 38 37 36 domains paying inpledgefrom rulerthe their without value. real royal various took aristocrats the that namely, transactions, pledge in the underpayment whenperiod was his Concerningaboutconsolidated. Mályusz power period, the first wrote second the and by limited aristocracy, the was whenhispower period, first the parts: in two consideration. into be should taken pledges remarks on Sigismund, hiswhich was to views andhealwayssupported is withrelated data; his this why ruler, which was lucidly inexpressed his He work. had a clear opinion of almost everything onthis he imageof the had a experts period; well-defined one Mályusz greatest the of was to related pledgesthe of inhisSigismund monograph about king’sthe in rule Hungary. remarks major some made cartulary, Sigismundian the of initiator the period, Sigismund 35 an position, not situation only butcreated thethese pledges, realvalueof uneasy and gained hisstrong on capitalized Sigismund Mályusz, to according At time, that restricted. longer his wasno in partof his reign power second the when estates demand of these real price the beenin from domain. taxeswhich incomes various had ruler’s seized the the previously high nobility, high the to sums borrowed the repaid never king The revenues. sufficient have not he did because which he included taxingform nobility, pledges) were the by of imposed athe ruler the (in his view, borrowings Sigismund’s the In loans. about expand data goal Deér’s to was methods. Once werenotfrom research again, loans.distinguished primary pledges Rázsó’s continuationisby legacy, and same infactthe same using the Deér’s of questions raising Mályusz, 7. footnote See Ibid.,164. Rázsó, Following Mályusz’s argumentation, Sigismund’s pledging activity should be divided Elemér Mályusz most (1898-1989), the famous Hungarian researcher of the A zsoldosság Zsigmond király 35 who otherwise blamed forlack the were incomes becausethey of king’s , 166. , 27. 11 38 Sigismund was able to 36 37 CEU eTD Collection 42 155. Ibid., wanted. he whenever town the in taxes extraordinary 41 40 them. Ibid., 70-71. 39 his opinion through the example of Modor (Modra, Slovakia). pledgingMályusz as impedimentto their understood illustratingtowns royal an development, followed wayof presentation. this healso pledges intown royal and caseof examples, interests. momentary and he claimed that Sigismund was ready to pledge any royal towns at any time for was practiced, of pledging whattype century inwhich specify trying to arenot they information; general and theygenerallyin it was andhow Ages. These Middlethe however, worked works, provide only are not emphasizingmedieval dedicate history books describinga fewpledging. Legal pledging pagesto what considerable historians,attention resultsresearch legal in haveproduced on who of the the particularities cases concrete to turns discussion the when emerge problems among it inmeant historians general what topledgesomethinginterms Ages, of theMiddle but royal pledging.precise definition of inroyal pledging medieval is Kingdom.the Hungarian It well-known Their studiesthe of pledgings in Hungarian historiography.the be because omitted roleimportant namecannotplayed centuries). His in of hiswork of the (fifteen-seventeenth period in of a later he pledgings the interested wasmainly that factthe K of archivist town and historian Bariska, name István of pledgedkeep the domains. for pledgees the by for moreasking money hadthan they paidpreviously if to they wanted See footnote 8. footnote See Modorwas pledged by the ruler to Mihály OrszághGuti in1437,whenSigismund authorized to him collect Ibid.,155. for paid be to price/loan the of changes the in part significant a played settlements these of development The Mályusz thetowns’ studied political situationand economic Sigismund’s reign under Despite all historiography mentionedthe hasprovided results not Hungarian the still a 40 The statements in his book are always supported with arealways with in concrete supported Thehis book statements 39 12 42 Ę szeg (Western Hungary), despite Hungary), szeg (Western . 41 This topic has not escaped the One should mention here the here mention should One CEU eTD Collection 49 Campus, 1999), 109. Béli, stating that the pledging was considered as a sales contract, with maintaining the right of redemption. Gábor 48 Osiris, 2000) workThe firstly was in published 1946. 47 46 45 44 43 today at universities, despite the fact that it was written init 1946. was written that thefact despite universities, today at usually whathappenedif for, pledged time expired,this time after theÁrpadian dynasty, including Sigismund’s reign: how much time a property was small Ágoston’s units. mainpreoccupation is the question durationthe of pledgethe of atthe pledge, right to time of Sigismund’s reign should start with their presentation. arestillachievements mentioning, worth medieval and thedefinition of atthe pledge royal customs and laws, which permitted the inheritance andlaws,customs whichpermitted of the pledgedthe property. bydifferent thirdly and judicialdecision, through of secondly pledge, acontract through first sale. as atemporary wasknown pledge legal system the in medieval Hungarian the that claiming a property, saleof the and pledge between the similarities the draws attention to Eckhart historians, main whose the work, unspecified duedates of with redemption. contracts mentions pledge he also but redemption, fixed of with a time of pledges occurrence andpledgor pledgee the had. Eckhart, Eckhart, Ferenc Eckhart, Ferenc Ibid. Ágoston, Later inthe thesis such questions will be elaborated, having in that mind Ágoston’s work outdated. is Péter Ágoston, Péter 48 Magyar jogtörténet.A tradicionális jog Eckhart distinguishes three main variants for acquiring the right to pledge to object: an for acquiring right the mainvariants distinguishes three Eckhart Péter Ágoston (1874-1925)wrote Péter an book entireabout history the Hungarianthe of Ferenc Eckhart (1885-1957) was one of the most acknowledged Hungarian legal Hungarian acknowledged most the of one was (1885-1957) Eckhart Ferenc Magyar alkotmány- és jogtörténet A zálogjog tanai, Magyar alkotmány- ésjogtörténet, A zálogjog általános tanai 43 Magyar alkotmány- ésjogtörténet separating the differentperiods ofhistory, including the Middle Ages, into 39-40. 45 Based on his research, Ágoston accentuates frequentaccentuates the Basedonhis research,Ágoston Hungarian Constitutional andLegalHistory [The general rules of pledge (Nagyvárad:right] Politzer, 1906). , 313. [Hungarian legal history. The traditional law] (Budapest: Dialóg 312-313. GáborBéli (b. 1958)provides a similardefinition, 46 13 [Hungarianconstitutional and legal history] (Budapest: 44 what kind of legal possibilities the possibilities legal of kind what 47 In this fundamental In fundamental this work, 49 , is still used is, still CEU eTD Collection 52 51 pledging) was unknown in the Hungarian legal system, 50 town pledging activity. will be to re-evaluatethat the this evidence topic was not and the primaryclarify interest the mostof any ofsignificant these historians.pledgee. aspects The aim of theof thesisSigismund’s simply the property,selling itto renouncingthe or redemption, bythepledgor butalso redemption, whole the sumhad be to repaid atonce. Theright of pledge expired not only by particular obligation. pledge as an object’s informationcontains significant tothe history related Béli of book, this pledging.defines In temporary transfer of the right of ownership until the discharge of a Ibid., 86. He does not specify in which period was unknown. Béli, Magyar jogtörténet, As this short summary points out, manysummary out, As this factshort unansweredpoints questions remainduetothe In the most recent scholarly literature, Gábor Béli’s book on Hungarian legal history Béli’son Hungarian Gábor book literature, scholarly recent In themost 52 50 According to Béli, 85. hypotheca 14 (hypothecation, a particular form form of a particular (hypothecation, 51 and when the time came for CEU eTD Collection quoted). Consuetudinarii Inclyti Regni Hungari Renowned Kingdom of Hungary: A Work inThree Parts, the "Tripartitum" = Tripartitum Opus Iuris chapter eighty-one - Stephen Werb -Stephen eighty-one chapter 55 Cambridge, 2003). about Werb because he noted old customs and laws which probably were the same at the time of Sigismunds’s reign. More Werb Hungarianlaws customs. and Hiswork was Tripartitum, entitled firstly and was in1517 published 54 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 146. estate, and is redeemable at any time. at any redeemable is and estate, pledged ofthe rents and profits the takes creditor the when mortgage of type a as Welsh-mortgage defines dictionary English Oxford The term. ofthis usage the in advice their Rady for and Keene Derek Professors to guidance of Martyn Rady, I will use Welsh-mortgageconsistently is not exactly the same type of transactionthe inwhich Sigismundterm was involved,of so pledge,following the countries.which In the English isscholarly moreliterature itproper. is called Welsh mortgage. I Althoughexpress some features were common,my thanks 53 alteri concessio proprii necessitatecogentetemporalisadutendum view of … pledgee: viewthe of 1517, taken. various cases of Sigismund’sa simple pledge, pledges, how muchunder what conditions something was answeringpledged, what thethe differences were between a royal interestand these rate results, whatprecisely wasmeant by royal been not pledgingdomain defined; a hasstill was,questions and so on. are Before the presented above scholarship's the Despite legal information. essential containing charters basic starting steps to discussto be necessary the to discussnot toprovide ananalysis pledges from Sigismund’s of a legal butI perspective, thinkitis the most significant aspects of it. For this ROYALPLEDGING DEFINING work I read a number II. CHAPTER of “…pledging temporaryis the oftransfer own his property to right another’s use, outof necessity.”First part, StephenWerb The pledge transactionwas not a unique phenomenonfor Sigismund’s realms; it was practiced invarious Ę 54 czy’s work was published acentury after Sigismund’s death, Werb Stephen Werb Stephen In the Tripartitum, a compilation of Hungarian laws and customs first published in history One the shouldpledging start of Ę czy and his work:Rady, his Martin czy and ed. Ę czy czy (c.Hungarian 1458–1541)was statesman a and jurist,who made a compilationof the Ę impignoratio est juris alieni, cum fructuum perceptione est cumfructuum accapitalis impignoratio alieni, juris czy offers a short definition of … definition pledging: of ashort czy offers Ę czy, ed. János Bak, Martin Rady, Péter Banyó, Péter Rady, Martin Bak, János ed. czy, A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner S. E. Simpson, A. (Salt Lake City: Charles Schlacks, Jr.,2006.), 158-159 (translation Custom and Law Europe Law in Central Custom and 15 53 with the definition. In this thesis, my aim is my aim thesis, this In definition. the with ed. , The Oxford English dictionary Ę czy’s statements were still valid, 55 and from the point of point the from and The Customary Law The Customary Law of the (Cambridge: University of impignoratio estjuris . Evenif vol. 20, vol. CEU eTD Collection meanings wereusedin todefine thethese documents pledging as precisely aspossible,in similar with words Probably legal practice. inHungarian common aswas legal reasons by Latin the words pledging. to in relation were used that formulas and phrases, terms, specific contain They research. Hungary.Fortunately, the available charters contain further essential information for for everyone. of its value is indiscussed Tripartitum; Werb the legalvoid, without force. and considered were agreements their decadesexceeded several than older Pledge contracts usury. (this isadocument(this number). (Buda:Typis typogr.Regiae Universitatis Ungaricae, 1829—1844),vol. I—XI, (hereafter Fejér).X/4 CXLII Werb 61 pledged over valueits in the Sigismund period. Mályusz, 60 59 58 special attention to the case of royal pledges royal caseof the to attention special reclaim the initial sum for which the property had been pledged. The Tripartitum notdid give properties for a predetermined period, and in the case of redemption they were entitled to property According Werb someoneproperty else. to to overthepledged rights their transferred temporarily by necessity, forced pledgers, the that properties. Werb properties. 57 capital sum.” Ibid. 56 summae repetitione… impignorauimus etobligauimus, were properties royal probably when cases about examples concrete some brings Mályusz Elemér 163. Ibid. Ibid. 161. Ibid. 159. However, inthechapter twenty–three of first the part, the royalproperty is distinguished from other “…pledging is… the retentionof right of the gatheringanother, withthe of and fruits its demanding the Ę 58 czy considered pledging a dangerous activity, contrary to salvation, which is close to isclose salvation, which to contrary activity, dangerous a pledging czy considered In Sigismund’s preserved contracts of pledge, the notion of pledging was described was pledging of notion the of pledge, contracts preserved Sigismund’s In The Tripartitum contains valuable information about the expiry of letters of pledge. 60 Ę Even informationthese are notsufficient studying for pledging inmedieval czy, Tripartitum impignorare . 56 These statements define the pledging in general terms, and indicate in and general terms, pledging define These the statements 59 The problem of pledging property above the common estimation e.g., Georgius Fejér, , 81. and obligare 16 57 . Both words wereusually . Both together used Ę Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus accivilis Zsigmond király , but they are mentioned in different places. in different mentioned they are , but czy, the pledgees took revenuesthe took of czy, pledgees these the Ę czy claims all that forms the are prohibited , 70-71. 61 for CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 ( Neumann, completion of the transaction, meaning that starting from that point they legal point from they that were the starting meaning that of transaction, the completion into pledging wereinstituted waswhenthe pledgedthe pledgees the after domains stylistically the most elaborate, which shows the erudition of the scribe. The second phaseexpression: long of pledgee. to the object an over rights different transferred temporarily ruler the that meant pledgingis it tothepledgee. expressed that Here pledged clearly were transferred property were used, and was thelast word used formeaning bestowing, rights thatthe over the 63 Sigismund’s imperial charters pledging imperial properties was expressed by term.this 375-380. pledge.” frequentformula of pledging used inroyal which literallycharters, means “in titleof back hisdebtswith money with or pledgedthe property et presentium vigore vigore impignoramus time rightthe showingof that pledgeownership the did belong not holder to contract of pledge, emphasizing the temporary character of the possession, and at the same legal bond existed. was embodied bytheobjectuntilof pledge,andmeantthat the pledgewasthe redeemed this describebondused holder.pledgorbond and theemerging pledge This to between the the 62 order to avoid ambiguity, and to exclude the possibilities of excludeabuse. possibilities avoid of the and to ambiguity, to order Budapest:Magyar Országos Levéltár, 1951-2009), (hereafter DF 212 748. DL 100 237. DF 212 748. … Landwehr, impignoratam etvero titulo pignoris obligatam… Sometimes to express pledging the words the express pledging to Sometimes 63 Zsigmondkori oklevéltár1387-1424, I-XI Thepledgee acquired right the of of pledgedthe possession objectconveyed by the Die Verpfändung, pignori duximus obliganda et obligamus presentium pervigorem 62 referred to the document which registered the transaction of thetransaction pledge. which registered tothe document referred Furthermore, was another formula which occurred in the documents, the expression the documents, in the occurred which formula another was 384 . Obligare obligatio was used also Germanin the terminology of pledging, in [Cartulary of periodSigismund the 1387-1424, I-XI] 17 expressed theobligation topay of pledgor the Iván Borsa, Norbert C. Tóth, Elemér Mályusz, Tibor Mályusz, Elemér Tóth, C. Norbert Borsa, Iván impignoramus, obligamus et assignamus obligamus impignoramus, ZsO.)IX. 755. . In titulo pignoris The term The . was the most the was Et presentium obligare 66 64 was was The , 65 CEU eTD Collection 70 read in a charter from the same year. ZsO. III. 2661. 69 68 Slavonia.in Ibid., 770. Komárom County 1422.ZsO.in IX.609. In thesameyear János Maróti was instituted in pledged royaldomains transferability only by modifying the contract. sides hadtoobey them.Changes in conditions the of pledging could been out carried have provisions settled in the contract were valid for thelong term; all the heirs of both contractual death of pledgorthe didnotcause redemption orany kindchanges of The rights. of of rulerthe be as was automaticallypledgor supposed to inherited byhissuccessors; the inherit pledged the domain with all pertainingits of lands andinherentrights. Also debt the pledgee’sincluded were Usually thatlegal heirs the entitledwas to a provision documents. document is still worth mentioning because of the term of in: Werb in: collecting of not only about revenues the the of inincluded Pledgingwas pledge. the contract the transfer of pledge, the new possessor had the same obligations and rights which were pledge. charter’s content, whichfollowed all the domain acquisitions; only afterthe :á between with in aconflict pledgor; the relation was used expression the pledgingof read the case of pledging the pledgee) exercise its rights. its exercise pledgee) the pledging of case the 67 toKingrelated Sigismund. owners. This term occurs ZsO. III. 3028. in Introductio, adys vita et in morte commiteret in issueda document atSigismund’s commandin 1412. 69 The clause of inheritability of pledged possessions is another characteristic of of these characteristic is another pledgedpossessions inheritability of of The clause á Ę 67 aw II Jagie czy, Inaddition formula phrasings,another was these to pledgingused for whichcanbe instituting the owner into a property waslegal a act, practically the implementation of the Tripartitum 70 over these estates to transfer or to pledge further to anyone they wanted. By only in very few charters of pledge, for instance for ofpledge, few charters very in only áá o and the Teutonic Order. Even if this was not a charter of pledge, the , 449. For instance For , 449. , Fejér, X/V, XXII. Fejér, Nomine pignoris etvadiifuisse inpignoratam et obligatam Besides inheritability, the pledgees gained the right of Besides the right pledgeesgained the inheritability, , Miklós Garai was instituted inthe pledged royal domains of Béli, 18 Magyar jogtörténet vadium …vadia et pignora recepissent… 68 In this case Sigismund was not introductio , 83, or see the glossary of terms , which was rarely used for could the new holder (in holder new the could can be can can be can CEU eTD Collection easdem manutenere protegere defensareettueri easdem manutenereprotegere tempusredemptioniseiusdemet usque pertinentiarum eorundemcontraquoslibetinpetitores town of Segesd: by were usedinvarious ways, term accompanied the sometimes TheseLatin words properties. and if those appeared demanded estates pledgeda claimant expenses had beto covered by the ruler. This included proving the rights of the pledgee to the and 74 73 periodthe of pledging ruler the therights defends of pledgeethe over pledged the possessions protegere conservare etcontraquosuis pacificum posteros…in predictiscastro,etcivitate… written: was it where Balicki, theinDebrecen and castle of of theSzklabonya town (Sklabi pledge putting ( calledwarranty institution legal a lands, newly acquired heirsin their andtheir protect pledgees the as to well, successors which was already in pledge to somebody else. warranty was included in the charter of donation and sale as well. Lederer, well. as sale and of donation charter the in included was warranty 72 pledgee did not protect them from anyone. ZsO. I. 2069. 71 exercised this right, called right, this exercised pledgor also could further transfer the pledge in form the sale of pledging.or Sigismund often pledged domain; protect pledgeesthe wereobliged to inhabitants the of domain.the DL 100 237. Fejer, X/V, XXII. Bardejov’s charter of pledge has the same formula word by word. DF 212 748. Warranty wasspecial a not case royalof pledging butthe a general requirement pledgor. fromthe Aclause of The dwellers of the market town Szepsi (Abaúj County) complained to the ruler in 1391, because their defensare his of behalf on himself,but for only not responsibility the assumed king The . 73 The sameis warranty formulated in a different way pledgingin thecharter the in the sources. This means that if the pledgees were involved in a law suit the suit law in a involved were pledgees if the that means This sources. in the … promittimus… villarumprescriptarumetuniversarum …promittimus… oppidi ac subinpignoratio Promittentes eundem Andream Baliczky suosque heredes et AndreamBaliczkysuosqueheredes Promittentes eundem evictio ). 72 in legalHungarian pledge to usage, a property This is indicated by Thisis words Latin the 19 . 74 It is clearly formulated here that during formulatedherethat Itis clearly Középkori conservare pénzüzletek, , as in charter , as the Ė a) to Andrzej a) to 25, protegere 71 The CEU eTD Collection 80 79 78 77 76 of pledging. semper moneta qualibet estimatione seclusa unitasolutione possessions onlyif he orhis successors repaid the initial sum of pledging:the reparations carried out on thepledged possession. on out carried reparations and investments return the expenses the of to pledgorwasobliged the included that aliquali using almost completely different words: 75 on in of repay reparations the to contract costs the the find caseswhenheguaranteed indeed renitencia et recusa nobisremittere renitencia etrecusa defined formula; it was expressed invarious like:ways, compensated with another property of the same value. against any claimants. If the pledgor was not able to fulfill his warranty, the pledgee was crop sown by sown crop pledgee. the strictly clause wasadheredthis but to, in it could havetheory harvesting even included the how documents available the from be cannot clearly determined theprice. It they repaid Sigismund, but also his successors had the right to reclaim the pledged property at any time if any withouttime any ifopposition he repaid the original sum of pledge.Not the only ruler at to the the pledged return royal possessions heirs to andtheirpledgees wererequired Eckhart, ZsO. IV. 1944. Fejér, X/4 CXLII. Fejér, X/V, XXII. circumstances. unimportant butnot small these specify not do sources The Lederer, A clause on redemption was another characteristic of the charters of pledging. The 78 Magyar alkotmány- és jogtörténet Középkori having practically the same meaning. The ruler as pledgor could redeem his could redeem aspledgor meaning.The ruler having same the practically pénzüzletek, 76 25. This special clause of compensation does not appear in the royal charters royal the in appear not does ofcompensation clause special This 25. The redemption wasnot expressedclause bya well-single . 77 , 313. Béli, In another charter it was phrased in a different way, vel debeunt, absque difficultate etoccasione absquedifficultate vel debeunt, 20 Magyar jogtörténet 80 Among the pledges of Sigismund one can 75 . 79 absque aliqualicontradictione, The clause of redemption also , 110. ...in bona ...in CEU eTD Collection any any way the right of furtherpledging. Magyar alkotmány, 85 84 not in terms of years, but determined was until the ofpledging terms period of the the contract transactions werethese in satisfied show, cases these As 711. VI. ZsO. mercenaries. of Sigismund pledged domains to Stiborof Stiboricz untilthe revenues of pledged coveredthe domains payment … 1402. inminting pledgee The Buda’sheld income debtpledge the ruler’s was in until of8000florins repaid. pledged something until acondition was satisfied, for example, Sigismund pledged Buda’s income from gold but in this Sigismund’s contracts of pledge was not defined. Werb pénzüzletek 83 royaldomains which theking had donated to fromhim the kingdom’s body by ZsO.pledging. I. 1463. 82 qualities. ZsO. V. 1136. defensive its improved significantly castle ofthe refurbishing subsequent and pledging The function. defensive 81 fact were not redemption, not but fact were in cases These name. king’s in the men his of one but sum, borrowed the back paid who king a set number of years was unknown; the duration of the pledge was rarely specified, of royal pledging. In Sigismund’s transactions of pledge notionthe of pledging something for time period isdenoted rarely point the crucial Another asimple transaction. pledge through alienated; never were properties pledged was the right of the ruler to redeem his property at (Devín)shows. Dévény of castle example as the the any time. From a legal perspective, thepledgee. pledgedthe be away run-downroyal could castle This castles, refurbishing of to the to somebody else. known, are redemption afewcasesof his property. Only redeeming nosources redeemed becausetestify the king meaning word of the intheoriginal to pledge the only couldredemption period terminate that According toEckhart, time the period of further pledging was tothe limited initial pledge period. Eckhart ZsO. II. 996. Ibid. IV. 1944. Innon-royal there arepledgings examples when periodthe of pledgingwas determined, Lederer, a charterissued In 1390 in King Sigismund warned Friedrichof Scharfeneck itwas that prohibited to alienate significant a had country of the border western the at Slovakia) Theben, (Devín, ofDévény castle The vncz dassieder obgenant Sumegeltes genczlichen werdent ausgericht vnd bezalt… The main difference between a donated or sold royal possession and pledged domain and pledged sold or royalpossession a donated between The maindifference The preserved source materials suggest that the royal possessions were hardly ever were royal the possessions that suggest materials source The preserved 17. According to Werb to According 313. The charters are silent about this restriction; there are no mentions about restraining in restraining about mentions no are there restriction; this about silent are charters The 313. 85 Thenew pledgee paidthe sumof previousto the redemption pledge Ę czy the alienation of royal rights over a property last for one hundred years, hundred one for last property a over rights of royal alienation the czy subinpignoratio 82 the pledgee never gained the right of ownership 21 , when pledgedfurther ruler the his possession 81 . Ę czy, . Tripartitum , 81 84 when it was not the not was it when . Fejér, X/4,LIV. In 1417 In rare cases Sigismund cases In rare 83 Középkori usually , CEU eTD Collection name of the pledgor, and the sum of the transaction. Of course, in some parts there were there in parts some course, Of and transaction. sum the the of pledgor, the name of many regards; the charters had to contain an enumeration of the pledged possessions, the 89 muenchen.de/11012 (Last accessed January 29, 2012). Rentes (Annuities), Excise Taxes, and Income Transfers from the Poor to the Rich. Munro, H. John Theologians intheTwelfth andThirteenth Centuries ( MIT Press, 1988).JohnWesley Baldwin, 2009), 239.Jacques Le Goff, Búza’s seventiethbirthday], ed.József Bessenyei –IstvánDraskóczy, (Budapest –Miskolc: Mirio kulturális Bt., János 70. Születésnapjára usury and in Europe between15-16th. Centuries] in: prohibited. became loans of type any to 88 possible, to control the incomes of the pledged possessions for an extended period of time. as long in hold as something pledge wasto thepledgee’sinterest Infact, sum pledge. of carrying possibility the incomes the that from pledged property the could initial exceed the pledgedfor the anundetermined possessionscases were period, Sigismund’s pledges of royal domains as pledges in order to receive the incomes for the duration of the pledge. In the Church. Catholic the of prohibitions the circumvent to apracticedeveloped interest, of chargingcovered fields, and so on. These revenues were in fact the interest rate in the pledging. This was a 87 166. too strong a statement, but so far I have not been able86 to find any sources contradicting it. Rázsó, their holders revenues the mainly acquired royal royal pledge the of the and domains; domains owner revenues of the pledge until the redemption of of property. pledged revenues of the until pledge redemption the the way. this Landwehr, Béli, In this period usury and interest was not strictly separated, which meant that any kind of interest taking related In Gyula Rázsó’s opinion Sigismund never repaid his debts, including the pledges. For me this seems to be to seems this me For pledges. the including debts, his repaid never Sigismund opinion Rázsó’s Gyula In pertinentiae 86 Magyar jogtörténet Reading the charters it becomes clear that these contracts of pledge were similar in similar were of pledge contracts these that it clear becomes thecharters Reading Through the act of pledging the pledgee was entitled to enjoy and entitled to Through actof usufructs the pledging pledgee the was (who handed over the pledge contract) and gained all rights over the properties in Die Verpfändung, TheUsury Doctrineand Urban PublicFinances inLate-Medieval Flanders(1220 -1550): 88 through the transactions such as the incomes from from lakes, incomes the through meadows, transactions the such as woods, This extra financial gain explains the willingness of the pledgeesaccept to , [Monetary History – Economic History: an anniversary volume in honor of János of honor in volume anniversary an History: Economic – History [Monetary , , 110. Your or Money Life: andReligion Economy intheMiddle Ages 378-379. István Orosz, Kamat és uzsora a15-16. századi Európában [Money rate The Medieval of Just Price. Theories the Romanists, Canonists and Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1959). Society, Philosophical American The Philadelphia: 22 Pénztörténet– Gazdaságtörténet: Tanulmányok Buza 87 Sigismund pledged http://mpra.ub.uni- A zsoldosság A (New York,: 89 , CEU eTD Collection pledging see: Mályusz, 95 94 with in the sum of redemption. reckoned were possessions pledged ofthe value in changes possible the when of Dévény, castle the pledging taxes, pledgingvarious about are data there but domains, pledgedroyal [Some questions related to the fourteenth century Hungarian money history] money Hungarian century fourteenth the to related questions [Some 97 96 93 Transylvania currenti in be repaid would pledge the of sum initial the by when by himself or of his pledgethat pledgedredeemed the the were successors, domains holder the assured Sigismund Komárom, of of pledge charter the In by inflation. influenced was money the meanwhile if even pledged, was property the when as value same the have to supposed was money Theredemption of account. into weretaken currency changes of the golden florin. Mária Pakucs-Willcocks: Mária florin. golden the 92 91 90 itintact, pledge valueof the decreased, neither remained grewnor pledging redemption, Sigismund’s pledges, but there were cases when Bohemian copper was used for currency itshould bepaidback. The Hungarianflorin golden was frequentlyused mostin instating the in paid which currency pledge,and the theof thesum document, precise to properties, in others all the male membersFurthermore, of a family were pledgees. listed. villages were smallest the caseseven inother in documents; these specified in some cases were all of pledgedpossessions the appurtenances not the sometimes various differences; only a single person appears as pledgee of the given royal The yearly tax of Venice paid to Hungary. ZsO. II.76. About the pledging and the political motivations ZsO. of IX.the 608. ZsO. II. 808, Ibid., VIII.551. Landwehr, ZsO. IV. 1137. This type of currency was called the calculation florin, and was an unstable currency ZsO.opposite VIII. 563, Ibid. IV. 672. The case of pledged royal towns is the main theme of the thesis; these cases will be elaborated later. be elaborated will cases these thesis; of the theme main the is towns royal ofpledged case The DL 8 944. Concerning the of object pledging, aswas already mentioned, Sigismund usually . 94 (Cologne: Böhlau, 2007), 46.Pál Engel, “ Die Verpfändung, 91 or sum or the inbutpaid florins,was calculated in coppercoins. Zsigmond király 381. There were some exceptions, as I have already mentioned in the case of , 107. Sibiu –Hermannstadt.Sibiu 23 A 14. századi magyarA 14. pénztörténetnéhány kérdése pura et bona pecunia, tunc in regno nostro inregno etbonapecunia,tunc pura Oriental Trade in Sixteenth Century Századok 90 124 (1990): 87. 95 Great attention was towns, 93 however, the however, 92 96 During the During customs, 97 ” CEU eTD Collection domains, which was not raise the sum atof the pledge and lose the revenues for the durationall of the pledge. ordinary. forto himself than salt revenuesof important tokeepthe itfor thekingwasmore case, In this This pledge. the of conditions the theproperty determined of as theowner Sigismund clearly that person chamber. salt the of was revenues the over hand to not enough careful was Hermann II, 1410. Count of Celje,incomes regular itsof pledgedtown judiciary the whenherevenues itin took in pledge in for instance, wereindicated detail, rights transferred of pledge in some the contract In the pledgeddomains. cases were conveyedwhich with rights what specified always not charters royal the Usually pledge. the of rights adhering the totransfer all law the pledgor customwhich obliged more there or wasno complicated; were pledgee. the to prohibited was object alienation the pledged the of for Only of right the pledgeeownership. except repositorio salium nostrorum regalium reservata et deputata… 105 104 103 redemption. the until complement payment and assurance an as sumbecause whichcovered thepledgesserved borrowed valueof pledgingthe the something by unencumbered The pledgor became transferred. weretemporarily seigniorial rights specifying which are cautious about charters this the point at pledgee, the on conferred 102 101 100 99 98 rights, ZsO. II. 2022. ZsO. V. 449. …excepta unaintegra curiaindicta civitateDebrechen pro dominopertinente etpernos pro camera, seu involved. was Debrecen which in atransaction is It Béli, Landwehr, ZsO. II. 995. ZsO. VI. 976, Ibid., VII. 2048. 104 98 Magyar jogtörténet In theory, by pledging a property all the rights were temporary transferred to the to transferred temporary were rights the all property a pledging by theory, In In another instance, the pledgee even acquired the right of patronage over the pledged mint, In this case, Balciki was not able to gain complete ownership of the town; Sigismund town; the of ownership complete gain to able not was Balciki case, this In Die Verpfändung, 99 jewels, , 109. 100 103 and even counties. even and 383. However, in practice transferring the rights gained by pledging gained rights the in transferring practice However, 24 101 By pledging domains various rights were DF 212 748. Andrzej besidesBalicki also got, the 102 105 This example shows CEU eTD Collection ecclesiarum patronatibus 106 these possessions. these in priest parish the of election the in involved be to right the he obtained that meant which ý Sigismund’s father–in-law, who for an immense sum took in pledge the castles of Csáktornya the pledgeefrequentthe wasthemost outcome of pledgingthe process. could followed havebeen by one, butanother donating theformerly pledged possession to pledgingdonation andabout final represent the in documents a process, this further couldproperty pledging hints contain aboutthe about some Documents process. related to the pledged possession from documents the beextracted pledging the can information about concluded, pledge was or to the pledgee. of documents. First, contracts the pledge the starting of are process.After points this the The transactions of sale of the pledged ZsO. V. 449. János Kanizsai the archbishop of Esztergom, and his brother, István, got the same right: same the got István, brother, his and ofEsztergom, archbishop the Kanizsai János 449. V. ZsO. akovec, Slovakia) and Sztrigó (Štrigova, Slovakia) in 1415, with the right of of akovec,in(Štrigova, Slovakia)patronage, Sztrigó right the 1415,with andSlovakia) The legal process of pledging can be traced with the help of several official 106 whenSigismund pledged them possessions in 1410. ZsO. II.7792. 25 subinpignoratio CEU eTD Collection this town. of history examine earlier the is necessary to it pledging, of the conditions andthe changes the understand to order In transaction. apledge of result the property as private became 107 comitatus town in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Hungarian medieval inthe town SEGESD, PLEDGING A QUEEN’S ESTATE III. CHAPTER Segesd is in Somogy County, south of Lake Balaton. The year of 1389 was a turning point in the history of Segesd, a significant market in the history Segesd, asignificant of The yearwasaturning point of 1389 ( ispánság ) under the jurisdiction of jurisdiction the ) under Hungarian the it on22 of queens; June 1389 107 26 The town was previously part of the Segesd CEU eTD Collection Magyar, shows more settlements than those that were pledged). Map made by Kálmán Magyar. Fig. 1. The estate of Segesd between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (the map (the centuries fourteenth and thirteenth the between of Segesd The estate Fig. 1. Asegesdikirálynéi , 30. 27 CEU eTD Collection Sigismund’s pledging undoubtedly had thegreatest impact. Segesd it. couldhaveearly of history to estate’s even ahundredperiod the half pertained settlements define precisely how many settlements pertained to the estate, but it is estimated that in the 2082; BélaIV made another visit in 1263, Ibid., vol.1 3, no. 1371. vol. 1 no.2, 727 (regesta number). King Stephen Vissued charters from Segesd in1271, Ibid.,[Criticaledition of vol. chartersthe from 2no.1, the Árpádianperiod] (Budapest: 2081,Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1927), Árpád-házi királyok okleveleinek kritikai jegyzéke. Regesta regumstirpis Arpadianae critico diplomatica landowners. some to private of estate donated the parts 111 33. 110 1985), 31. [About the history queenlyof the is the result of calculationthis 109 queenly center in tenth toeighteenthcenturies] (Kaposvár:Segesdi Községi Tanács, 1988), 28. XVIII. században 108 a reconstruction. assumption-based on 1270s. of Segesd, arguedthatprobably a queenly bepossession should assumed only the after queens can only be inferred. Kálmán Magyar, an archaeologist, in his monograph on the town the history of to the related many uncertainties comitatus ( was Following estate theusually mentioned Mongol the onslaught a inthewritten sources as Mongol invasion (1241-42) of country,the KingBéla IVreorganized thedomainmanor. asa The history and legal status ofSegesd before the pledging comes 109 Some royal visits to Segesd (without being exhaustive) were: Béla IV in1424, see: Imre Szentpétery, Donating parts of manor startedthe from year the 1268, and continued tovarious extents until 1389, Ibid., KálmánMagyar, Kálmán Magyar reckoned withall the settlements whichwere mentioned in the documents, the numberfifty By the thirteenth century, however, the queens or the kings themselves hadalready kingsthemselves the queensor the however, century, thirteenth By the 108 When and how the how and When The estate of Segesd was initially the property of the Hungarian rulers. After the comitatus ( The queen’s court was held at the huge estate by itof was administered was heldSegesd and estate huge atthe Thequeen’scourt ispán or districtus) [The history and the archeological study of the medieval town and county of Segesd: A ) appointed directly by ) appointed and queen the bya A középkori Segesd város és megye története, régészeti kutatása: Egykirálynéi központ aX- , often , often visited by sometimes queens, by accompanied their kings, , led by a . comitatus Kálmán Magyar, ispánság comes of Segesd: of Segesd came under the jurisdiction of of Hungarian jurisdiction the the under came of Segesd . Because of the lack of sufficient sources there are A segesdi királynéi ispánság történetér 28 XI-XV centuries ] (Kaposvár: Segesdi Községi Tanács, Községi Segesdi (Kaposvár: ] centuries XI-XV comitatus, 110 Nevertheless, in the history of the of history in the Nevertheless, so vicecomes , scholars have often had to rely had to havescholars often ( alispán Ę l :XI-XV. század ). Itishard to 111 King Az CEU eTD Collection offices, andlegalwhich courts, citizensthe and of the inhabitants Segesd used and enjoyed Csurgólaws,customs,liberties, those legal gains,exemptions, privileges, authority, public market the town of to andinstitutionsrulerthe rights charter Inthis donates of Segesd. County) receivedthese in privileges 1405. The documentof donationthe is an of outline the had. This time King Sigismund was the donor, and the market town of Csurgó (Somogy and if so towhat extent, until the town was pledged to Miklós Zámbó. increased, had tax annual the whether known not isit but century, thirteenth in the obligations cows, andsixteen cows, bread,infeast Saint seven six hundredloaves addition day Michael’s (29 September),of to boues pascuales, centum panes, vinumsexaginta cubulos quatuor palmarum nobis constituto soluere teneantur; preterea racione victus annuatim nobis debentdare sexcentos panes, sex secundum magis minus,et sicutqualitas se temporis obtulerit, in festo Sancti Michaelis homini nostro ad hoc a 113 114 Arpadian period] (Pest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1861), vol.2, 128 (charter). Wenzel Gusztáv duximus ordinandam, quatenusSegusddebenignitatis hospites exRegie favorabiliter gracia obtinuerunt Tamás Szálkai (Debrecen: AlföldiNyomda Rt.Méliusz M tanulmányok [The beginning of kezdetei” granting privileges to Hungarianthe towns] kiváltságolásának városok magyar “A Szende Katalin see: country, the in privileges various enjoyed pay 40 to settlers the ordered The queen ruler. tothe payments tax settlers’ it legal information provides the contain useful but of about about the town, status the data 112 settlers Segesd’s as privileges same the Laskarina (1235–1270) donated to the settlers of of to thesettlers Ver donated Laskarina (1235–1270) Maria Queen when 1248, year the from is document such first The extant. is information were is unknown. Little is known about the legal status of the town; only scattered charter … … Settlers ( quod nos hospitibus nostris de Wereuchehospitibusnos nostrisde quod congregandiscongregatislibertatis eandemet condicionem singulis annis racione censusquadraginta marcas in monetis domini Regis cumeadem celebritate The next documentis similar; another ruler donated the same privileges which Segesd whatthese precisely but privileges, Segesd enjoyed certain As markettown, aroyal hospites [The city of Debrecen is 650 years old: studies of urban history], ed. Attila Bárány, Klára Papp, , Árpádkori újokmánytár.Codex diplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus ) were migrant orforeign manpower settled by rulers orlandowners ina region. Settlers cubulos of wine. 114 The settlers of Segesd must have had the same 112 had. 29 Ħ helye, 2011),29-30. 113 Unfortunately the document does notdoes document Unfortunately the Ę ce (Virovitica, Ver Croatia, in Debrecen város650 éves: Várostörténeti .…, Ibid. .…, [New cartulary of the [New cartulary marca Ę s yearly on yearly s ce County) …, CEU eTD Collection középkori Segesd Pest County’s history] (Budapest: Vallás-és KözoktatásügyiMinisztérium, 1938),211 (regesta). end untilend 1327 631 (regesta). bishopThe evenexcommunicated Segesd’s parishpriest,Fejér VIII/7, CVIII. conflictThe did not 1320 Kristó, bishop’s placed right and of the church the Segesdjurisdiction under ofarchbishop the of Esztergom, 120 Segesd Önkormányzata, 2001), 200-201. 119 conflict with the bishop because he refused to obey to the bishop’s authority. 118 Múzeum, 1987) vol. 3,87 (charter). Emlékei (1382 –1439) predecessores sui archiepiscopiStrigonienses supportandis contributionem debitam facere consueverant,quod et tam... fraternoster Iohannes quam procurationibus legatorum ac provisionibus nunciorum sedis apostolice persolvendis etaliisoneribus exhibereacad sinodum eiusdem..., quotiens illam per ipsum... celebrari contingeret, accedere et archiepiscopum in eorum superiorem habere... eteidem... tamquam eorum immediato superiori...obedientiam... was defined117 116 gubernantur, atque gaudentquibusuisin vocabulis exprimantur theSegusd vocatum, Comitatu praedicto in existens, ciuesque habitatores et eiusdem vtuntur, reguntur, et followingpriuilegiis, Jurisdictionibus, Judiciisgeneraliter et vniuersissingulis conditionibus, et quibus oppidum nostrum way: … jurisdiction tithe of Segesd’schurch; underthe 115 not bishop. the of archbishop, the believers’ Esztergom. archbishopof the pastoralcountry to be exemptfrom the authority bishopof of Veszprém; it was care;directly subordinate to the parish priest confirmingthus indirectly existencethe and functioningthe of town’sthe autonomy. of Segesd of town, judgesthe people, andjurors the ruler settlers, the thecharter citizens, addresses had to attend In informationthis legal on status. further Segesd’s Sigismund,March 1393,provides on 26 the synod autonomy. of had sort some town the that establish of the areenough to references Segesd had,butthese liberties, publicoffices etc. type of privileges, and through andwhich through they governed.were In 1319 In bishopthe of Veszprém complained about disobedience the of Segesd’swho priest, denied the Ger In a charter issued in Rome in 1389, Segesd … was listed among the exempt churches and its privileged status … See the footnote above footnote the See [Cartulary of Angevinthe period 1318-1320] (Budapest: József AttilaTudományegyetem, vol. 1998,) 5, fidelibus suis iudici iuratis ac universis civibus hospitibus etpopulis de Segesd omnibus Juribus, Consuetudinibus, gratiis,libertatibus, commoditatibus, exemptionibus, honoribus, Ę Anjou–kori Oklevéltár Documenta resHungaricas tempore regum Andegavensium illustrantia 1318- Pál Bozsóky, Pál Segesd enjoyed a privileged ecclesiastical status; it inwas the status; of fewchurches one the ecclesiastical Segesd enjoyeda privileged . László Szabó Bártfai, , 68. Királyok és királynék városa:Segesd . Magyar, [The [The ofcharters Budapest’s history 1382-1439] (Budapest: Budapesti Történeti A középkori Segesd 118 117 Pest megye történetének okleveles emlékei 1002-1599-ig. The bishop of Veszprém did not have the right to collect the The rights of the bishop of Veszprém bishop of of onlyto were limited Veszprém Therights the Segesdino …ecclesiarum predictarum nullum alium preter ipsum …., 115 Unfortunately the document does not specify Unfortunately does documentthe what Bernát L.Kumorovitz, 30 , 70. 119 the parish priest of Segesd even had a long …, Fejér X/4, CLXXXI. [Segesd, town the of kings queens]and (Segesd: Another charter issued byKing Budapest Történetének Okleveles …., DL 100 256. 120 [The charters of charters [The The parish Magyar, Gyula 116 A CEU eTD Collection plenius continetur subiecta videlicet:… Item Plebaniae: ….de Segesd, de Aranyas… in registro penes ipsum D. A. Episc. habito … 126 unfortunately he does not provide any reference, Bozsóky, reference, any provide not does he unfortunately 125 Sárkány NyomdaRészvénytársaság, 1933), 164. [Anniversary volume ofin honor KárolyiÁrpád birthday], eightieth Domanovszky ed.Sándor (Budapest: churches in124 the Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 2011),Middle 14. Önkormányzat Megyei Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (Nyíregyháza: Tóth C. Norbert Cabello, Juan ed. birthday], Ages], of inits strengthit is suitable forfortification: Anniversary volume in honorof NémethPéters’ seventieth reformation], in: reformation], 123 Stadtgeschichtsforschung 1995), 186. Eigenkirchen,” András Kubinyi, “Stadt und Kirche in Ungarn im Mittelalter,” in 122 121 Louis Great’s the government, but he lost his influence Kingduring Sigismund’s reign. The careerofMiklós Zámbó visitation of 1397. with churches archiepiscopal Segesd on the among along listed exempt country’s the well. exemption could also on. have extended to the parishes of the villages of the Segesd estate as Geschichte der Städte Mitteleuropas parish;the the authority period parish hadjudicial priestof exemptchurch territory of over theentire an reason the parish of Segesd was exempt. According to the unwritten custom of the age,in this ifcases a status onroyal itchurch hadexempt was situated territory; special chaplainashedecades hadheldthis before fortwo pledging.office the priestin hadheldsignificant heoffices the queen’s past; beenthe king’s hadoften or the extra dictam Ecclesiam Cathedralem infrascriptae sunt dignitates et beneficia Domino eorum Archiepiscopo This is the only source describing Aranyos as anexempt church; latersimilar sources omit mentioning this; According to Pál Bozsóky the exemption referred only to the Saint Michael parish church of the town, but Albert Gárdonyi,“Városi plébániák kiváltságos állása a középkorban” privileged[The statusof urban parish István Tringli, “Sátoraljaújhely egyházai “Sátoraljaújhely Tringli, István “DerUrsprung derExemption lag inder königlichen Gründung…sie waren meistfrühere königliche Ibid., 69. 124 125 In this case the territory meant probably that of the town; it is uncertain whether the The pledgee of MiklósSegesd, Zámbó, had been an important office holderin King From From villagesthe hadwhich been toZámbópledged only churchofAranyosthe was 123 he was the main authority for legal matters like marriages, testaments, and like so legal matters testaments, he for marriages, mainauthority was the Er …, Fejér X/2, CCLXXX;…, Gárdonyi, X/2, Fejér Ę sségénél fogva várépítésre való: tanulmányok a70 éves Németh Péter tiszteletére 126 Emlékkönyv Károlyi Árpád születése , ed. Franz-Heinz Hye Franz-Heinz ed. a reformáció el a reformáció 31 Városi plébániák Királyok és királynék, Ę tt” [The churches of Sátoraljaújhely before the before ofSátoraljaújhely churches [The tt” (Linz: ÖsterreichischerArbeitskreis für , 166. nyolcvanadik fordulójának ünnepére 201. Stadt und Kirche. 122 this probably was the was probably this 121 Beiträge zur Inmany , [Because CEU eTD Collection 140 master of treasury’s court oflaw] court of treasury’s master Although he held importantpublicseveral offices, heuse didnot his influenceacquire to Werb holder was a baron who, among other duties, was responsible for the king’s finances. For more detail see: treasury, exception ofÓbuda)in1385. of of followingthe castles: Óbuda from 1377 1367 to Komárom (1382-1384), 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1996), vol.1, 52 (hereafterArchontológia). to 1382; then he1382; appointed then was to 128 189-190. 1383, Sztrecsény (Stre 127 public offices. He first held the office of chief treasurer ( firstheld of treasurer office He the public offices.chief council. royal member of the a became Zámbó Thankshis tothis and inthe change philosophy of ownfinancial appointments expertise, to had military foreign he competence who needed campaigns) in persons fields. respective their composition instead royal the of council;militant of barons (whoweresupporting the king’s positionsAt end inthe King government. the Louis’ of reign, rulerchangedthe the nobility. Zámbó’s Zámbó’scareer familystarted background with serving was modest; the queen; he came fromfrom a therefamily heof ascendedthe lower stratato higher of the Engel, Ibid.,406. Ibid.,394. Ibid.,344. Ibid.,448. Ibid.,436. Ibid.,280 Ibid.,379. Ibid.,168. Ibid.,105. Ibid.,212. Pál Engel, Pál Engel, Pál Magister tavernicorum, Ę 136 czy, Pozsony Pozsony in(Bratislava) 1383, 139 Archontológia Tripartitum TheRealmofSt. Stephen.AHistory ofMedieval Hungary,895-1526 which he held first from whichfirstfrom heheld 1384andagainfrom 1388.1382 until 1385 until Magyarország világi archontológiája 1301-1457 þ no) in no) 1373, , 255. , 38. (master of the treasury) of the (master 130 Imre Szentpétery (Ifj.), Szentpétery Imre Pozsony Pozsony theother. after (1383-1384) one Századok 138 134 The most important royal office he held was as master of the of master as was held he office royal important most The comes Trencsén (Tren 68 (1934): 524. Mályusz, 137 of (1377-1380), Trencsén counties: following of the and Sask was one of the most important public offices, the office- 32 “A ítél tárnoki 127 þ ín) inín) 1377, Duringhe his heldanumber career of Ę [Secular archontology of Hungary 1301-1457] (Šášov, today all in Slovakia with the 132 summus thesaurarius Ę Zsigmond király Beszterce (Bystrica)in Beszterce 1373, szék kialakulása” [The emergence of the 135 Komárom (Komárno) in (London: 131 , He was the castellan Hewasthe 35. I. B. Tauris ) 128 from from 1377 , 2001), 140 129 133 CEU eTD Collection Magyarország történelmi földrajza domainsThe of andZiithke Indiia could not be identified. About settlements the in Somogy County see: Csánki, Nicolao...prefatus magister Frank vendidit,dedit, ettradiditiure perpetuo etirrevocabiliter Lepled vocatas incomitatu Simighiensis situatas … pro sexingenti auriplene ab eodem magistro 147 146 (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1985) vol.2 (reprint), 607. történelmi földrajza aHunyadiak korában 145 tradiderunt, etvendiderunt vtilitatibuspertinencys et vniuersis,…prefato Magistro Nicolao Zambo promille florenis… dederunt, 144 379. donated a domain to him in Somogy County. queen the merits his for and frequently, queen the served he that stated even Zámbó 1402 from charter a In 143 DL 42 256. 106, DL 94 County, Tolna in Felpinc Péter deceased ofthe domains the acquired he conditions, same the under 142 141 smaller domains to Zámbó for his merits. his for Zámbó to domains smaller large domains duringKing Louis’ reign. domain from Zámbó, he asked for the estate for in of domain estate from Zámbó,the heasked exchange. Segesd it can be inferred that when the ruler decidedof Zámbó’s policy extendto his influence toand acquire moretake domains in the county. Thereforeback the castle of Somló and From in this takingperspective, Segesd in1389can pledge be perceivedas the continuation the Pápa from in ruler. the as adonation samecounty the Egyházasgamás domain of received the for of Atád in 1000florins Somogy asearly County as 1377, thesettlement init. Zámbópurchased he domains knewthe inas relations county the power the with familiar already he was pledging the before even that beclaimed can it is uncertain, withacquainted of havemay queen. Segesd whileservingthe estate the gotten in evenbefore formerthe Zámbópledge. situated, where estate hetook queen’s Segesdwas purchased domains other in for county the 600 florins. he pledgetransaction, the ayearafter Only domains.further Zámbópledge, acquired domain of him,domainlast property of to was thelastinBélcz which acquired county the Zámbó These were Merke, Kerektó, Ziithke, Indiia and Lepled, and Indiia Ziithke, Kerektó, Merke, were These This transaction will be discussed later in detail. The charter uses the form Eghazasgamas (DL 8 780). About the settlement see: Dezsõ Csánki, Dezsõ see: settlement the About 8780). (DL Eghazasgamas form the uses charter The … Since the castle of Óbuda was a possession of the queens, Zámbó as its castellan knew the queen personally. In1381heobtained theVas County ofdomains PéterMakuai, who died without heirs; inthe year,next Engel, possessionem eorumAthad nuncupatam, Comitatu in Symighiensi existentem, cum omnibus suis The Realm of St. Stephen …., Fejér IX/7, LXIII. , 629, 619, 625. , 190. [The historical geography of Hungary age in the of Hunyadis the DL 7 798. About the Castle of Óbuda see: Engel, 141 142 King Louis, however, did donate a number of 33 He had some properties in Somogy in Hehadsome Somogy properties County, …possessiones Merke, Kerektow, Ziithke, Indiia, Ziithke, Kerektow, Merke, …possessiones 147 In1392 queen the the donated 144 and then two years later he later years two then and 146 After taking Segesdin 143 …, Archontológia, Even ifthis Even Magyarország DL 236 513. 145 ] CEU eTD Collection 156 Baranya County, ZsO. I. 2272, 4126, 5409; ZsO. II. 7. DL 78 071. Elizabeth igitur 155 999, ZsO.I. 3950. seized, he was alive, but in April154 of the next year a document153 mentions his widow152 and him as 239 (charter).deceased, DL 7 branch ofcount the Zichy family Vásonkeof Zich and 157 7. Dezs pertinentem succidi demactari et preterhocterras arabilesipsius ville occupari 151 150 of mowing the hay on their estate of Vány in Pest County, Bártfai, 149 148 seizein domains VasCounty. Zámbóseizing someone’s property. murder taking and else’s someone hay; violent behavior.often In 1379his accused of weredenouncedfor attempted tenantpeasants death. his before lawsuit. Zámbó’s rise was followed by a miserable fall. miserable by a followed was rise Zámbó’s lawsuit. seized, were his domains by command, ruler’s the prosecuted Queen Mary,had ZámbóinMiklós even asuccessful though years his career final hewas knowing personally and servingKingLouis Kingand Sigismund, QueenElizabeth and lost other domainsSegesd andthewidow aswell. while. of domains, but thepledgedcouldkeep them for Theruler estate only ashort revoked his death, Zámbó’s after domains; his in lands wereCsallóköz seizedby ruler.the Thisincident in first wasjustthe step losing again seizing againsomeoneit. property else’s and damaging In 1400 her and her relatives’ lands in Tolna and Baranya County were seized by the bishop of Pécs, of bishop by the seized were County Baranya and Tolna in lands relatives’ her and her 1400 In In acharter issued in 1391, the brothers of Zámbó’s wife (Erzsébet) were called Zuhareka., … He died betweenDecember April1394 and 1395.on16 December 1394, when the domain of Segesd was ZsO. I. 3477. Zámbó wanted to acquire the estates of Mézadó and Geren in Vas County, DL 91 923. The prosecution and the reason for seizing his lands will be presented in detail below. detail in bepresented will lands his seizing for the reason and prosecution The Zámbó occupied Zámbó seized the domains of Emely, Szemely, in Baranya County, DL 87 869. László Töttös’ domain in Baranya county … The aggrieved party was convinced that the serfs were acting with Zámbó’s consent. They accused the serfs the accused They consent. Zámbó’s with acting were serfs the that convinced was party aggrieved The ZsO. I. 2549. Ę Véghely, The identificationof the family is difficult, only a few documents mentionit, related to domains in consorti Egidio acLadislaofiliis Nicolai et Zuhareka fratribus…ipsius de domineElizabeth… A zichi ésvásonke A 148 Miklós Zámbó as a baron and an office-holder of important positions, was 152 Ę i grófi Zichy-család id Shortly before his death he was involved in a law suit 150 154 A year later Queen Mary was informed about Zámbó Ayear later about informed Queen Mary was his widow, Erzsébet Szuharékai, Erzsébet his widow, 149 in bishop the complained of 1383, Pécs about 34 Ę ] (Budapest: Magyar Történelmi Társulat, 1878)vol.8, Ę sb ágánakokmánytára 156 Pest megye történetének Ahigh dignitary kingdom,the of ad possessionem suam Krakou vocatam 151 157 In 1386 he In wasforbidden 1386 to and he involvedwas in a …, Nagy, Imre Nagy, Iván [The cartulary of the older the of cartulary [The , 427.DL 98 075. 155 inherited the nobili domine 153 ZsO. II. and CEU eTD Collection baronum nostrorum exinde maturo prehabito consilio 162 castrorum rehabre volumus ZamboNicolao aliquibus cautelis pretensis in concambium veipermutationem aliarum possessionum vel 161 condicionibus sub quibus apud manus nostras regias hactenus extiterunt 160 Csánki, barons, and prelates does not occur frequently in pledging charters, butinfact frequently doesnot reasonfor the pledging in charters, occur barons, prelates and needed. were also consent and advice prelates’ the rule of the sovereign. of Segesd all mentionedand villagesthe above thesameunder terms and privileges under the transferred through an act of pledging; ( patronage of right The transaction. by the Zámbó was entitled to exercise this right in the town pledge. be sum of the would themby ifheredeemed pledgee;repaying exception the only the hesecurity; rulerthe that promised wouldnot backtake and town thepledged villages from Another significant in documentcoversof passage in authority as Segesd. the the town of willZámbó’s not character helpdeterminea resultthe document pledge,sothis of the County. got twoother theirZámbó villagesalso with Somogy County. About Somodor see: Csánki, see: Somodor About County. Somogy 159 (Csokonyavisonta),DL 100 237; Csánki, Gesstenye to (today pertaining the townof Segesd), Wthwes (Ötvöskónyi),Sabass (Szabás), andVisoncha Boorch(Barcs), Belchew (Belcsa,today nonexistent, near Barcs ),Bolhass (Bolhás), Csakany (Csákány), I include their present-dayI include their Aranyasnames: (Aranyospuszta), Achad (Magyaratád),(Gy Barath 158 Segesd ( of treasury, master former The thetransaction. of details anditsbackground transaction The pledge … … … Dalmad today is Dalmand in Tolna County, Somodor’s name has remained unchanged and it isstill in All these settlements are in Somogy County today, besides the names indicated in the charter, in parentheses in charter, the in indicated names the besides today, County Somogy in are settlements these All serenissime principis domine Mariedicti regniHungariae regine consortis nostri precare prelatorumque sub taliconditione quodipsum opidum cumpremissis ullocumque villis tempore abeodem domino ius patronatus quarumlibet ecclesiarum in ipsisopido villis et habitarum sub eisdem libertatibus et Magyarország történelmi földrajza 161 The charter does not provide further details about what other rights came to Zámbó as The charter pledging Segesd and its estates, issuedThe pledgingand itsinthe estates, charter Segesd 22June Buda,presents 1389 159 oppidum nostrum Segesdoppidum nostrum It is also worth mentioning thatfor issuing the charter the queen’s, the barons’, and The document mentions the rights which Zámbó acquired over these settlements these over acquired Zámbó which rights the mentions document The 160 …, Ibid. ) with 11 associated settlements in settlements pledge. 11 associated ) with Magyarország történelmi földrajza, , vol. 3, 408. 3, vol. Magyarország történelmi földrajza …, Ibid. 35 pertinentiae ius patronatus) 162 This formula of mentioningformula This the queen, of Miklós Zámbó, received the town of : Dalmad andSomodor …,DL 100 237. was one of the rarest rights 566-707. , 640, and about Dalmad see: Dalmad about and 640, 158 Furthermore, in Somogy Ę rújbarát), CEU eTD Collection 165 Egyházmegyei könyvnyomda, 1923). castle see: Pál Lukcsics, Pál see: castle credibilis) direct jurisdictionof the archbishop of Esztergom. The nunnery functioned as a place of authentication( 164 163 later Garai, byMiklós bewould estimated cost of the reparation reveals that document the previously for 8200florins,in and 1389charterthe itwas valued atthesame sum). Vas hadCounty which been formerly tohimby pledged kingand the queen the Veszprém County) from Zámbó and also some villages from the same county and some from (Apácasomlyó) of castle Somló backthe The ruler took major significance. pledgeof transaction and domain change was theresultof a complicated because the value of itsvalueand of Somlóbecause the can be supposed that specify charter includednot does pledge,butthe the how inthesumof muchthiswas.It the sum of 2571 florins were castle Somló of expensesrepair the for the charter, the Accordingto florins. 771 was the cost foratotal villages rulerSigismund,of the above-mentioned the him pledged Segesd and 10 of the restorationto lent Zámbó florins 2571 further a and possessions these for exchange In forints. of the castle unstable, and his decisions were stronglyinfluenced by barons. the still was hispower when reign Sigismund’s yearsof in early the wasconcluded contract the be addedthat to needs It also inroyal charters. formula repeated frequently wasa their advice is to according and theruler acting that thebarons and prelates The reference to her consent. queen, therefore the king could notmake any decision that had an effect on the estate without is itsitmentioned, case simple. usein as was wastheproperty Segesd, Hungarian this of the … The The castle served asprotectionfor the important nunnery of (Somló/Apáca)Vásárhely,whichstood the under 6. footnote See per nostram et reginalem maiestates Regarding the cost of repair, first, the sum of 2571is mentioned as a loan, and second, Segesd endedin masterThe fact former that up of of dominion treasury the the the –almost the only one among the nunneries of the country – and as a convent. About the nunnery and A vásárhelyi apácák története …, DL 100 237. pertinentiae 36 [The history of the Vásárhely nuns] (Veszprém: nuns] Vásárhely ofthe history [The remained intact (it had been(it had remainedintact pledged 164 with the domain of Pápa (both in (both Pápa of domain the with 163 165 for 8200 locus CEU eTD Collection 167 168 (banus): viceroy of Croatia and Dalmatia, for further details see: Werb see: details forfurther Dalmatia, and Croatia of viceroy (banus): Gara banusMachoviensis fidelis noster oretenusper vel certas suas litteras informabit kingdom, Mályusz, the southern to the inner parts 169 of the countrywere to be estimatedbecause later. of the Ottoman incursions on the southern borders of the 166 same year. the castle of Somlóby the pledge transaction, and donated it toMiklós and János Garai in the to repay the deed of Garai’sfather; the ruler could notrefuse his wish. with its lands.ispertaining behind This exchange reason the the of properties; hadSigismund lost hisformer who palatine life thequeen’slife, protecting the son of the Garai, Miklós hispossessions. all preserve further he not could consequence from his office in favor of Miklósinfluence Kanizsai, and with it his office as his well. lost Aswhich Elemér official, high Mályusz important an been was pointed having despite out,a who, lossZámbóbarons the hadamong first to resign the was of power for Zámbó and as a more precisely to the changes which the coronationrepairing the castle was not counted in the sum of redemption. of Sigismund beflorinsredeem sum this properties hadtorepaid; these of unknown 10771 the of the cost brought. Miklós Zámbó to if ruler wanted the of pledge, contract in the As canberead is unknown. precise sum the ban He was killed on 25 June 1386 near Gara settlement, Mályusz, settlement, Gara near 1386 June on 25 Hewas killed Ibid., Engel, “ … of Macsó. reformatione etrecuperatione ipsius castriAppachasomlow nobis magnificusvir dominusNicolaus… de The reason for exchanging these possessions was probably related to royal politics, 35. It is still unclear, however, how the costs of the castle’s repair could have been included if they if included been have could repair castle’s of the costs the how however, unclear, still is It 35. Archontológia, 169 166 Zsigmond király Thus, thefinal sum covered transaction the moreof than 10 771florins, but 415. The Garai brothers probably wanted to transfer the center of their domains from domains of their center the transfer to wanted probably brothers Garai The 415. , 36. 37 Zsigmond király Ę 167 czy, sought to acquire SomlóCastle Tripartitum , 19. 168 , 249. Sigismund regained Sigismund …, DL100237.Ban CEU eTD Collection Segesd estate in Segesd estate any documents. the of 1389 also calls Segesdamarkettown; about mention whatsoever of a castle on the estate. The written sources at the time usually talk pledged further the town of further pledged the of town Segesd, says issuedThe charter misinterpreted. by rulerthe on3 Novemberwhen 1404, Sigismund castle. the not but market town larger,another,was apartof speakaboutthe why and is sources reason this the estate, the of of Segesd. oppidum királynéi this had happened in 1389when the town and above-listed the villages were pledged to him, Magyar, 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 nostrum Segösd from becauseyear mentions in acharter estate 1404 of the center existed the In hadKálmánhas been Segesd was debated. Magyar’s acastle probably pledged opinion, destroyed centuries. during the control period militaryof this hadroad been secured with a fortification had which been pledge the Segesd during the pledge Magyar’s information about the town of Segesd having been pledged to Zámbó in 1393 should be corrected; should 1393 in Zámbó to pledged been having of Segesd town the about information Magyar’s ZsO. I. 3950. DF286 391, DL 9 094,or as DF 200 390, György Fejéralso read the same, FejérX/4. CXLII. Ibid., 86. Ibid.,107. Ger from charter ofthe (mis)reading this over Hetook Magyar, oppidum Segesd Magyar also supposed that there was amanor-house there ( that supposed also Magyar Segesd was situated alongSegesd was situated animportant medieval military Zámbó, by road. intaking , 34. in this in and afterperiod 1526usethe this only charters the terms A középkori Segesd 172 comitatus Magyar argues that this discrepancy can be explained by the fact that Segesd fact that by the be explained can this discrepancy Magyar arguesthat . 171 Magyar also notes that in the written documents the city is called of Segesd, gained authority over this route as well. In the Árpádian , 175 or about or , 86,107. civitas Segusd 170 173 The existence of a castle on the estate at the time when In my view, however, the sources have been misread and misread been have sources the however, view, my In oppidum seudistrictum Segusd vocatum. DL 7 996. 177 oppidum nostrum Segusd vocatum there is no trace of mentioning a castle on the on castle a mentioning of trace no is there 38 Ę Bozsóky and Gábor Kiss. Ibid. Kiss. Gábor and Bozsóky curtis ) in the town owned by the by owned town in the ) castellum et 174 176 and there is no is there and The charter of Thecharter fortalitium castrum A segesdi A CEU eTD Collection portu 184 of town. the thepledging after itbefore or acquired coming he or soldfor reasons it other remainsmystery, a just asthe question hewhether them in 1394, 183 Magyar, excavations, archeological the during manorhouse the found probably they that reported Magyar Kálmán and thus he did not have the right to sell it,that iswhy I think that he acquired the manor house by other means. 182 181 new owner took overthe property at the beginning of the following year, ZsO. I.pro ducentiflorenis auriper3782. ipsumGeorgium… persolutis dedisset donassetcontulisset… et in of detail pledge. charter the described study. presentthe lands hadbeen. aseasily its with Castle pertaining revoked as Somló includedin contract the of namely,pledge, avoid to even possibilitythe hisof being town fact lived in the town, and that was why he wanted to have the passage about security 180 guest. ashis residence Zámbó’s in accommodated been have even could proof of the queen dwelling179 41. in Ibid., thehouse. manor curia; she could also 178 have been on a visit, DL 230 695. ZsO. I. Belcs of settlement in the station toll a Indicating in pledge. took Zámbó which settlements in the living were descendants if their is obscure also it precisely, and settled they manor house and a plot ( clear isnot from document. the orelsewhere,which house which toMagyarindicatesaccording thatshe was in dwelling in Segesd, supposedmanor the queen the as hisQueen residence. In 1391, Mary in issued acharter the of town Segesd, owned by Zámbó. Otherwise, I presume that the pledgee would have used the manor house of queen until the until queen … For more information about these settlements see: Csánki, He couldnot getproperty rights to the manor house through pledging, asIindicated in a previous chapter, Adocument from 1395 mentions the late Miklós Zámbó and his widow, ZsO. I. 3950. … In the charter it stands as: … Magyar based his argumentation on early data from 1284, and he uses analogies to prove the existence of the …,DL 100 237. ac unum fundum curiae suae in civitate Segesdiensis vocata in loco fori habitum…Georgio filio Antimi… opidum nostrum Segesd apellatum cum universis suis pertinentiis et presertim villis…Belchew cum Little is known about the villages pledged as part of the estate from the perspective of from perspective the estate of the aspart pledged villages the about is Little known A középkori Segesd 180 comitatus only only year his before death. one 183 After 1241 settlers moved to the estate, but it is impossible to tell where , 162. fundus curiefundus of Segesd became private property, becameprivate Segesd of datum in Segesd in datum ) were situated in the town center because Zámbó sold … meaning that the documentwas issuedwhich there, is not 184 Besides Belcs Besides 39 181 Magyarország történelmi földrajza, 182 Whether Zámbó felt that his endwas felt that Whether Zámbó What seems plausible is that Zámbó in Zámbó is that plausible seems What Ę 179 , a toll station also existed in existed also station a toll , As is known, Zámbó’s own 178 which, however, was not was however, which, , DL 7 996.The Ę 566-707. is the only isthe 1944. She 1944. CEU eTD Collection pertained to that person on whose land the church was built. was church the land whose on person that to pertained wealthy.of Michael church Segesd rightof medieval patronage the Accordinga principle, to were priests) pay obliged to tax the only thearchbishop, to of Segesd as an exempt one had the privilege of independent tithe collection; they (i.e., its and 1464 still mention it as an exempt church. exempt an as it mention still 1464 and 190 (Budapest:Pytheas, 2000), 68. társaskáptalanok aközépkori Magyarországon him. for astheirchurches and patron rightthe even tobeburiedin of one churches wasreserved these the office of in priestparish churches.Hewasobligedthese toprotect andsupport the and all village churches which he acquired by hadpledge, rightthe todecide whowould hold of the exempt churches pledged to him. Zámbó, as the new pledging.He, on through basisthe right, patronage of the wasentitled tointervene in life the patron of Saint Michael’s church Segesd’s pertained theroyalZámbó right coupleand of patronage to to wastransferred 185 two domains of Atád to György K by from is This year supported the the a documentassumption ruler the 1395,when donated Probably Zámbópurchased one in settlement and 1377 the took in one other in pledge 1389. Atád. County),which founded,he had Magyar, 189 medievalHungary] (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1906), 175. domains, Ferencz Kollányi, 188 187 186 211. tributo possesionis Athad exigi solitoomnium in comitatu Simigiensis… titulo pignoris possidendas Magyar, DL 100 270. The toll stationis mentioned later aswell, for instance, in1452, Zámbó did notuse this right, washe buried not inSegesd but Pauline inthe monastery of Told (Somogy of these landowner the became he that demonstrated pledgee the to of patronage right the Transferring Gárdonyi, DL 100 270. 185 Pledging the estate of aswell.of estate on Segesd affected thechurches estates Pledgingthe the Thechurch Speaking of should itAtád, beit wasmade clarifiedthat upof settlements.two 189 A segesdi királynéi Pledging church the didof changenot Segesd its legalstatus; from sources 1449 Városi plébániák A magánkegyúri hazánkban jog aközépkorban. ,165. , 36,38. Ę vágó Aközépkori Segesd Ę [Monasteries Collegiate and Chapters inmedieval Hungary] rsi. 186 40 190 Even if pledgingthe did affect not legal the , 77; Beatrix F. Romhányi, 187 which probably made the Saint 188 [The private patronage in right Following this principle, this Following … similiter portionis eisdem in Kolostorok és …, DL 93 CEU eTD Collection Zámbó’s own tenant peasants. tenant own Zámbó’s punishment appropriate on inhabitants the of Segesd, totreatas if themjust they were inhabitants. the of detriment the to town, the over rights his extending for confirmation royal he gained 1393, March 194 informed about the whole conflict in this year. 193 192 Magyar, the Marcali family overtook the estate, also through pledging, they fullacquired indulgence forthe church, 191 death. andviolated pledgee the judicial heldfull in power town; hethe became lord the lifeof and severely was town the of self-government The town. the of inhabitants the to presented contradiction. which imposedZámbó on citizensthe as he pleased, without any resistance or Segesd to assist in the enforcementZámbó’sto andhis men’sMoreover, judgment. Sigismund also inhabitantsthe ordered of of these judgments, all 26 March1393, inhabitants ruler of the ordered town the to obey besubmissivethe and to and to pay the taxesin thecity’s changeson the causewas, Whatever pledge. the accept lifecausedby the readily and payments long period. a for autonomy town’s the on impact an had which issued was document a Zámbó Miklós of and itsdeeply rights the settlement inhabitants. the affected inpremissis nullatenus facere presumatis dampnificare etpenisdebitis plectere valeat atque possit premissa auctoritate nostra mediante, aliud agere punishment, … 195 debeatis renitentia etcontradictione absque omni vos inposuerint iuxta libitum voluntatis prefati dominiNicolai Zambo extradareetplenarie amministrare omnibus obedire obtemperare iudicioque eorundem astare datio collectas ac alias solutiones quas iidem super status of the church, it was still affected, as the patron really intervened. as it patron was still the affected, church, of status the … Perhaps before 1393 he tried to impose his authority on the inhabitants of Segesd, and the ruler DL 100 256. was only was There are no sources about Miklós Zámbó’s relation to the Saint Michael church of Segesd, but later, when However, the punishment should be understood inafigurative sense, whichdid not mean only physical Nicolaum Zambo vel homines suosharum latores investrimedium benigne acceptantes sibique in Aközépkori Segesd The transaction of The transaction 1389 wasthe change precursor of a for whichgreater the town 192 194 vos etquemlibet vestrum iuxta suum velle iimotanquam iobagiones suos proprios punire, Four years after Zámbó became years Four Zámbó after The ruler also authorized the former master of the treasury any impose to of master treasury the former authorized the The ruler also , 75. 193 195 Probably citizensthe Zámbó’s opposed authority and didnot The charter came into force just after the content the ofitwas cameintoafter forcejust The charter , Ibid. …, Ibid. …, 41 the pledgeethe of the During to period the of pledge comitatus 191 of Segesd, on 26 CEU eTD Collection (2010): 1441. 197 magistro Nicolao dampnum retulerat in 196 damage in levy and in harvesting the crops. Mikcs 1394 relateshow seized thedomain Prodavizi of andSegesd from Zámbó caused types ofincome Zámbómighthave enjoyed. A documentissued by Zagreb the inchapter what other areknown about details Only small pledged from the estate. yearly earned Zámbó tax paidby its settlementthe to new overlod,be soitmuch determinedcannot money how amount about of the nosources There are incomes of town. the from various benefited also death The consequences ofpledging and thepledgeperiod after Sigismund’s the settlement without restriction. body; the inhabitants became the tenant peasants of the supreme owner of the town who ruled town’s parishchurch. lost In 1393, the town therighttobe governed by an elected governing of the by much rights than morethe wasaffected pledge the of settlement autonomy the The parish. the on impact major a have not did hands private into patronage of transfer Segesd, attested already inSegesd, attested 1374. from Zámbó Segesdestate.Besidesthe customsfrom andtaxes, alsomarket benefited the of collected Zámbó whattaxes about specification any without taxes to which referred here, is atBelcs one known estate; Segesd of the on territory existed the more onetoll than station source this to according … … Segesdino in vestre maiestatis presentiam in comitatibus foris conprovincialibus publicemanifeste… et feria segunda et in exactioneet tributorum collectarum frugum et aliorum proventuum dicte possessionis Segesd eidem The former Master of Treasury, besides having full judiciary rights in the settlement, inthe rights judiciary full having besides Treasury, of Master former The The pledging did not modify the exemption of the Church of Saint Michael. The Michael. Saint of Church the of exemption the modify not did pledging The …,DL 6 190; Boglárka Weisz,“Vásárok aközépkorban”[Fairs in theMiddle Ages], Ę …, DL 7 999. village and another at another and Atád. village 197 The sources do not specify what type of market Segesd marketspecifytype of what donot The sources 196 42 The term tributum Collecta referred customs; tothe and was another word used Századok 144 CEU eTD Collection 200 199 202 quibus de dicto lucro camere sibi tenetur, titulo veri pignoris obligavimus eodem Challowkuzhabitas ubique et existentes…prelibato domino Johanni archiepiscopo proipsius debitis, possessionarias portiones annotatiNicolai Zamboultra fluvium Danubiiparte a Challowkuzin districtu et 201 Serbiaand 1198-1526] (Budapest: MagyarTudományos Akadémia, 1907), LXXXI (charter). Szerbia köztiösszeköttetések oklevéltára 1198-1526 & Rare Books, Ms. 5001/2.of Manuscripts I would like Department the to in thank Sciences of NorbertAcademy C. Hungarian of the Tóth for Library the thisin reference.be accessed can it today fromcharters theSigismund period been had transcribed byLászló Fejérpataky, document; them this among Archives, but the building and collectionwere damaged during the war. Fortunately a significant numberof debitor remanisset 198 The document, estate. thepledgedSegesd ruler case; the confiscated same asin other the Kanizsai. rulerthat seizedcertain the first andthen Zámbó’spledged in toJános lands Csallóköz the kingdom’s southern frontier. Whether Zámbówas really guilty or not is uncertain, but itis eidem Nicolao Zambo iniuncta satisfacere recusavit archiepiscopo provenire debentibus debitorie obligatur,de quibus sibi ad plurima nostra litteratoria edicta, ( incomes tax treasury’s the of funds of misuse fraudulent namely, same, the was charge The inherited by his wife. She,after losing the domains of alsoCsallóköz, lost Segesdthe estate. Treasury.the of Master as administered owing Kanizsai florins1200 from the action. A archbishop of Esztergom, accusedhim his Kanizsai,of year before János death, similar a to victim fallen have to seems he land; more by acquiring domains his expand alone to in Zámbó was not that seeking suggests fate. Thestory confiscation of the similar Zámbó’s ruler death the his lands confiscated in and Csallóköz, estate the of Segesd had a how hebut exercised this hisremains authority until death anunansweredquestion. After personality. In thisit contextis nosurprising thathe wanted to gain full inauthority the town, had; lucrum camere … It was held onMondays. … … In the age, three types of fairs existed: daily, weekly, and yearly, Weisz, 198 condam magister Nicolaus Zambo dominus et maritus suus ratione conductionis lucri camere regie eisdem pretextu iamdicti debiti mille et ducentorum florenorum auri,universas possessiones etquaslibet in milleetducentis florenis auride lucro camere nostre proannoiam preterito eidemdomino Johanni the only known detail is about when the market was held. was market the when is about detail known only the As was presented above, aggressive behavior was not alien to Miklós Zámbó’s Miklós to alien not was behavior aggressive above, presented was As 201 The former Master of the Treasury died without heirs; his domains were ), for which), her deceased husband remained in debt. …. original The charter was destroyed World War during Two.was the National kept It in lucrum camere 200 The archbishop needed this sumfor thedefense of [A cartulary to the history of connections between Hungary between connections of history the to [Acartulary …, Lajos Thallóczy, Antal Áldásy, 43 incomes of previousthe year, whichhe , Ibid. , Vásárok, 199 202 1397. The procedure wasthe The procedure A Magyarország és CEU eTD Collection losses were less than 10 771 florins because during the pledge Zámbó benefited from the incomes. the from benefited Zámbó pledge the during because florins 771 10 than less were losses family, Mályusz, 207 florins. 500 was tax annual 206 205 there. kept were 204 203 the Segesd estate Segesdestate the kingto the queen. andthe indebt wascleared for that return confiscating estates. the The widow wasordered to return issuedin by 1395 Buda the chapter, doesnotgive anyinformation about amountthe of the entire transaction was unprofitable for the Zámbó family, Zámbó the for was unprofitable entire transaction amountthe of loanthe florins).(2571 didtogether exceed not sumforthe which property the had been andnorpledged, probably be period cannotthis determined short precisely, itcan befirmly that revenues these stated him anything. Inspite of factthe that the annual incomes of Segesd which Zámbóenjoyed for to Miklós Zámbó was a short sad episode in the town’s history. clearly state rights new what the It seems pledgee gained. unlikely story of the pledgingthat in sacristy the leave documents the told to she was archbishop, the contact not John If Baptist’sshe couldthe feast. Saint week before to five items) pledging (four the to connected or transaction JánosArchbishop Kanizsai a pledged again inpledged again Marcalibrothers, the 1404 to after Zámbó’s death, when the town returned to royal authority for ashortperiod. Segesd was estate. of the parts any other or Segesd of town the obtained archbishop the that claiming sources no are there though even she had hand to documents overthe to samethe archbishop whowasbehind accusation, the Mályusz goes even further. In his view the entire Even inthe case of witha towngreater importance than Segesd, Bártfa like (Bardejov),transactionin thisperiod the ended Fejér X/4, CXLII.with a 10 771 florin loss for the Zámbó In the Middle Ages the … sacristy served as the archives of the church, that why why the pledging documents eisdem dominis regi et regine pacifice remisisset et resignasset After sixyears of pledging the rulerregainedof theestate Segesd itcostand didnot Even if this looks like a sinister picture, there are no signs that the situation situation that arenosigns the likethere looks Even if picture, changed asinister this Zsigmond király , 36. Although the transaction was a financial failure for Zámbó, I think the 206 Consequently, the from a financial perspective, 204 203 44 of the Esztergom chapter. It is noteworthy of is Esztergom that chapter.the It noteworthy Shedeliver hadtopromise to all charters the 205 but the document of the pledge does not … Ibid. 207 mainly due to the charges of CEU eTD Collection 212 pertinentiis eiusdem universis demptis tamen possessionibus Totaiid, Szabancs et Wthues vocatis 211 sequestratis et per alias literas nostras magistro Georgio parvo de Kuwago-Urrs collatis 210 de studii were not pledged to Zámbó,were notpledged to manor; in 1401 they acquired pledgeethe itsand of town several the became family Marcali the time This settlements exchange. domain in acomplicated involved again from the part of the Segesd estate which from him, from and the market town of Keszthely (both in Zala County). The castle and the town had initially had town the and castle The County). in Zala (both Keszthely of town market the and for castle the Tátika of by pledge. ruler exchangedSegesd the thetransaction, According to .Ę Segesd and three villages. The villages are the same ones which were in the possession of Romania) in exchange. Romania) Alexandu Avram, “Fortifica hadlent1333 florins to king,the whopledged tohim castlethe of K Losonci, István of widow the of possession the in was Segesd 209 208 .Ę (afterperiod 1395)most of estate the was returned royal to although Györgyownership, only beginningof the a long seriesfrom another. person transfer of oneto private Forashort impact on town’sthe and self-government history. Pledging manor the of Segesd in 1389 was lost the most from the pledging. therulerwill bediscussedbelow. for transaction was Itis that of town the Segesd apparent These events in a misusefraudulent funds of thatwerebroughtagainst profitable pledgee. the How this period of less than six years had a great ZsO. II. 883. … The István Losonci acquired the castle in 1390, Engel, 1390, in castle the acquired Losonci István The ruler donated these domains of Segesdthe estate inDL 1395, 100 270; Magyar vágó vágó oppidum nostrum Segesd vocatum incomitatu Simighiensi habitum simul cum tributiset ceteris charterunfortunately does not give information about thecause of the sequestration: … On 3 November 1404,further pledging continued; Segesdthe of estate itwas once ú Ę Ę i materiale de etnografie art rsi. As the charter states, the ruler held back the settlements with the town of thetown Segesd with settlements the back ruler the rsi. held states, As charter the rsi acquired the villages of of rsi villages Szabás, the acquired andÖtvös. Atád, 210 then gave all of it with their customs and Ġ 209 ii medievale dinCri Before 1404, Sigismund exchanged the castle for the town of town the for castle the exchanged Sigismund 1404, Before 212 pertinentiae and three years later they succeeded in acquiring the rest of itin restof the years andacquiring later theysucceeded three ă 1 (1973): 191-227. . The family had shown interest in purchasing the in purchasing interest shown had family . The ú ana” [Medieval fortifications inCri 45 Archontológia pertinentiae , 349. About the history of the castle see: 208 ban By market 1404 the town of to Losonci. of Macsó. István Losonci István Macsó. of ú A segesdi királynéi, ana], Ę …, DL 286 391. rösszeg (Cheresig,rösszeg Biharea. Culegere 211 ab eodem oppido …, Ibid. …, 35. CEU eTD Collection 215 Friderico de Scharfeneck ratione fidelium servitiorum et salarii sui in quo sibi obligabamur… 214 216 difficultate etoccasione aliquali nobis velnostris successoribus regibus Hungariae, remittere etresignare debebit, vel debebunt, absque ille aut illi, cui vel quibus ipsa fieret, aut impenderetur, praedictum oppidum cum suis pertinentiis vniuersis solutione, ipsi Nicolaus, Dionysius, Georgius, NicolausLadislaus, et ipsorum haeredes vel aut successores sui auri per nos vel nostros successores, RegesHungariae, data fuerit et totaliter persoluta.Factaautem huiusmodi tamdiu pignoris titulo tenendum et possidendum,quovsque noneadem summa octo millium et viginti florenorum charter it says: … 213 theMarcalis. to and incomes of andthe Tátika castle the Sigismund revoked comes tothepoint charter Segesd. pledging the of transaction, their nephews: György, László, and Miklós. the of formerTransylvania, Dénes, the voivode Miklós, Marcalis: ruler pledged Tátika and Keszthely further, with their with further, Keszthely and Tátika pledged ruler salary, been pledged toFrigyes of Sárfenék (Friedrich von Scharfeneck)for his services andfor his 217 pertinentiis suis fructibus redditibus pro praedictis octo millibus et viginti florenis auri puri rivulis aquarumquedecursibus pratis fenetis campis pascuis montibus vallibus vinetis vineis opidum Segesd pertinentes… terris arabilibus cultis et incultis silvis… tributis vadis portibus item aquis fluviis Gezthwnye, Barcz, Bolhas, Bwlchow, vocatas Aranyas in comitatu et Simigiensi adiacentes et habitas adidem inhappened lifethe of town the during pledgings the nor whether the town’s self government only information.general help This not documentdoes in what discoveringchanges out is but etc.), this streams customs, fields, arable andnon-cultivated (cultivated are specified domain. the to pertaining settlements pledging From transactions. initiallythe pledgedeleven villages, only five remained as Marcalithe family in 1417. The number of pertainingthe villages decreased during the of Segesd with its with Segesd of membersfamily of for kingdom’sthe the concluding ruler benefit, the that town the donates … … the in because character amilitary had these probably services, Frigyes’s specify does not document The … …castrum nostrum Thadika cumoppido Gesztelacaliis etvillis pertinentiis suis nobiliacstrenuomiliti quoddam opidum nostrum regale Segesdnuncupatum, necnon quasdam possessiones nostras regales pro praedictis octomillibus et vigintiflorenis auripuri,imo impignoramus etobligamus, pereosdem 213 et obligamusoppidum nostrum, Segusdvocatum in Comitatu Simeghiensi habitum cum vniuersis Finally, after all these transactions, the ruler donated Segesd with its Segesdwith Finally, rulerdonated the transactions, all these after which rulerthe probably him.owed strenuo militi Friderico de Scharfenek oppidum pertinentiae of Keszthely inand heexchange pledged Segesd with its usufruct . … Ibid. … . 216 to the family for these merits. The 217 The document lists the brave deeds of the male 215 214 46 Finally, presenting background the of after the …, Fejér, X/4, CXLII. Later (the document does (thenotwhen)does document Later state the pertinentiae comes pertinentiae , for the 8020florins,, to of and of Szeklers, the …, Ibid. …, DL 10 618. pertinentiae FejérX/4 CXLII of the domain to CEU eTD Collection couple, private persons became the overlords of the domain. of instead royal the and wereviolated, forever, town’s rights the Segesd wasdissolved at queens of formerlarge estate the for for him.The the was as it town disadvantageous However, not only Zámbóas losthe on expected;the affair at Segesdinit did out was his seems that turn take events to not choice The pledge. conscious the end, in but thethe transaction it Moreover, of estate. value the hemust known the have matters; in financial end experienced the was atentire least as aformer of Zámbó, Master hecould Treasury, was wanted. which regain asdomains transactionhe money, some and The ruler received contract. the to sides for both decision reasonable was a failure for ornot. was restored him and his family. Pledging the estate of Segesd in for political1389 andeconomic reasons wasa 47 CEU eTD Collection archive in Hungary archive in has been Hungary areavailable. charters well andnumerous preserved medieval town a when case rare the of example arean Bártfa of archives city the Fortunately, needed of which privilegesinenjoyedthe andvariousrights settlement the this period. do this anddeduced indirectly from ageneral is city.overview the rights the of To privileges be can the settlement of as pledgee authority Balikci’s of Thecharacter town. the of territory not contain information1412, Sigismund aPolish city does pledged Andrzej nobleman, Balicki.to the charter The about the rights transferredposition.military Thecity played animportant in role kingdom’sthe defense. August On 29 to him which itsalsobut from becauseof strategic kingdom the only perspective, not economic the he could exercise riches flourishing tothe in commerce between Hungary and Poland.forwas important Bártfa the few free royal towns. Situated on the northeastern border of the kingdom,PLEDGING THE REVENUE OF A FREEROYAL TOWN Bártfa owed itsTHE TAXOF BÁRTFA: CHAPTER IV. Bártfa was one of the most important cities of the Kingdom of Hungary, one of the 48 CEU eTD Collection FejérIX/2, LVI. ciuitatis nostre, Bardfa quammuro et turribus aMaiestate nostraregia muniriet roborari mandauimus 221 [ the the fourteenth 220 Bártfa 1319-1526] (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1910), 17 (regesta). 218 granted itwhen King (1342-1382) of privileges Louis the Buda andKassa(Košice). Bártfa’s HistoryandLegalStatus 1998) (on (Košice:inside SášaAgentúra, the cover). Kirche Church in Bardejov inBardejov.St.Egidius' DieSt.Aegidien Egídia vBardejove. Gaspar the (in Šarišin Alexander Gabriel Museum Bardejov). Drobniak, Jiroušek, Fig.2. Model of the medieval town of Bártfa, made by J. Milly based on the plans of G. years. Béla Iványi, 219 data about the history of the free royaltownof Bártfa] (Budapest:Franklin, 1903), 7. 1376 the charterwas reissued, see: AlajosRhody, quibus cives nostri fideles Cassovienses etBudenses gaudent potissime et fruuntur the of burghers, the possession in the was town the of territory entire The affairs. internal city’s the in intervene No could one magistrates. electtheir own to of Bártfa citizens the authorized charter privilege Mendicants, Burghers,Nobles. Studies about the Hungarian Middle Ages King Louis King granted the privilege of surrounding the townwallswith before 1352. Erik Fügedi, Erik “Mez … Bártfa granted wasfirst privileges 1320, in whenKing Charles I (1301-1342)freed town the of taxes for10 comes libertatibus, gratiis, concessionibus etpraerogativis perpetuis temporibus utantur gratulentur etpotiantur, Bártfa became a free royal town, that is, a town subject directly theking, directly to subject is,atown that town, afree royal became Bártfa ( ispán century] in Bártfa szabad királyi városlevéltára 1319-1526 220 ), the administrative leader administrative the ), the settlement was surrounded by walls; Ę városaink kialakulása aXIV. században” emergence [The ofHungarian market towns in Kolduló barátok,polgárok, nemesek. Tanulmányok amagyar középkorról Érdekes adatokÉrdekes Bártfa múltjából szab.kir.város 49 of the county the of [The city archives of the free royal town of 221 none of the landowners or even or landowners the of none ] (Budapest: Magvet appointed by king,had the appointed , Fejér, IX/4, CXXXI. In …edificationem nouam Ę , 1981),347. 218 Chrám Sv. [Interesting in 1370, 219 The …, CEU eTD Collection 232 1440. participate inlong-distance trade, Fügedi, 233 231 place where fairs were held even before it became a town, Fügedi, atown, became it before even held were fairs where place 230 have had privileges granting them autonomy from before, Ibid., 6. Ibid., before, 229 from autonomy them granting privileges had have 228 Középkori Magyar 227 in theMiddle Ages] (Cracow: Societas Vistulana, 2010), 32. Sroka, free royal towns ingeneral), but this meant only a court of appeal and not direct intervention. Stanis they were not in the settlement,226 Ibid., 286. The master of the treasury was the highest judge in the city (in all 225 regiam persolvere teneantur… annuali annissingulis in festo sancti Georgiimartiris, quingentos florenos aureos nobis etadcameram nostram 222 224 223 nemesek, “Középkori magyarvárosprivilégiumok” [MedievalHungarian townprivileges] in Bártfa; the Polish kings also donated exemption from customs on the territory of Poland. on the entire territory of the kingdom. later an annual fair as well; involvingpenalty. death in sum. yearly one tax the ofpaying privilege city the council could city’s decideaboutthe real Freeroyalestate. enjoyedtowns the walls. city the inside jurisdiction gladii granted full jurisdictionyearly. in the settlement, determinedpay in 1378,whenKingLouis theburghers Bártfa of to ordered 500 florins including the so-called “right of the sword” ( Iványi, Ibid., 52. Iványi, On Saint Giles’ feast day (September 1). Iványi, Fügedi, The towngained this significant privilege in1365 from the same ruler. This also indicates that they must The city council was at the same time the court of law and the center of the administration. Fügedi, Thejudge’s authority extended furtherthan city’sthe boundaries; he authorityhad over burghersthe evenif … The privileges exempted the medieval towns from the jurisdictionof the county’s Fügedi, Ibid., 260. ut dicti fideles cives nostri de dicta Bardfa inrecognitionem dominii nostri naturalis pro eorum collecta ), Sredniowieczny Bardiow jego kontaktyz i Ma 225 228 261. Bártfa Bártfa The town judge The town Mez Mez which authorized the town lawsuits, which make authorized the judgmentscouncil inimportant to even town Ę Ę városaink városaink , 37. , 45.Granting the privilege of holding an annualfair made it possible townthe forto , 280. , , 348. 340. 229 Rhody, Furthermore, Bártfa was entitled to hold market, Bártfa to aweekly was entitled Furthermore, 231 226 the town’s traders were exempted from exempted the town’s from were paying royal customs traders and the council, the and 222 Érdekes adatok, The town exercised ownership rights over its own land; own its over rights ownership exercised town The Középkori magyar 232 Not only the Hungarian kings granted privileges kings grantedprivileges to NotonlytheHungarian á Bártfa opolska 50 224 7. The yearly tax of the town had already been already had town the of tax yearly The 227 , 20.ErikIn, Fügedi’sopinion, Bártfa been had a , 238. About the city’s fairs see: Weisz, [The relations between Bardejov and Little Poland Little and Bardejov between relations [The elected annualy by the burghers, were burghers, the by annualy elected Középkori magyar Kolduló barátok, polgárok, , 243-244. comes . Erik Fügedi, Erik . Vásárok, 230 á 233 aw A. and ius 223 CEU eTD Collection History: an Anniversary volume in honor of János Búza’s seventieth birthday.] ed. József Bessenyei, István Bessenyei, József ed. Draskóczy (Miskolc:birthday.] Mirio Kulturális Bt., 2009), 141-152. seventieth Búza’s of János honor in volume Anniversary an History: Pénztörténet- gazdaságtörténet: tanulmányokszületésnapjára BuzaJános 70. akés haszna kamara “A Márton, Gyöngyössy 241 (Budapest:Akadémia, 1986), 113. new fortresses where the crown lacked them, Erik Fügedi, Erik them, lacked crown the where fortresses new 240 239 Sredniowieczny Bardiow 238 (Budapest:Akadémia, 1990). 237 Slovakia] (Bratislava:Prodama, 2010), 93. 236 235 FejérIX/III, CLVII. nostri karissimi, piememorie, super libertatibus metiset eiusdem ciuitatis nostreper eundem eis concessis sigillo nostro consignatas,litteras quondam Serenissimi Principis,Domini Karoli,regis Hungarie, Genitoris nominibus adnostre Maiestatis accedendo presenciam, exhibuitnobis quasdam litteras nostras patentes, maiori … supreme overlord, Fügedi, their was ruler the all after privileges, many enjoyed towns royal free the though even that idea the supports case theirown parish priest, afterthe deathof the previous priest the rulerimposed hisowncandidate, Ibid., 30. This 234 ( castle The settlement. of the walls church. the of tithe the electing their own parish priest, (Sklabi town became the property of the anditsbackground transaction The pledge settlement. Sigismund pledged the castleauthority, but Sigismund donated itof to the city with the tower and the gate Szklabonya the thirtieth ( The The castle of Szklabonyawas probably built atKing Charles I command to extend his powerby building Luka see: privileges Bártfa’s the about more For … About thethirtiethsee: Zsigmond Pál Pach, Luka Ján Iványi, tithe. the lease in take to decided council city the a solution, As Iacobus Plebanus deBardfa, suonec non vniuersorum ciuiumet hospitum nostrorum de eadem vice et This information is known from an interesting case when, despite the fact that the town’s burghers elected burghers town’s the that fact the despite when, case interesting an from known is information This Lucrum camerae praetactam portam, simul cum turri et toto castro super eadem constructis… 236 Ė As to the ecclesiastical administration, the burghers of Bártfa acquired the right of The charter pledging Bártfa was issued in the same year as the fortification in the fortification year asthe in same the wasissued Bártfa pledging The charter was probably only a tower or a fortified building, which later became the building of a) 240 þ ka, Martin Štefánik, ed., Štefánik, Martin ka, and the so-called tricesima or “profit of the Chamber” was a direct tax, paid by each household. For further details see: , 35. , customs office). , customs 235 Középkori magyar The fortification in the town expressed the important military role military important the expressed town the in fortification The castrum 234 Lexikon stredovekých miest na Slovensku lucrum camerae but they were not authorized to administer the incomes of the administer to authorized not butwere they ) mentioned in fifteenth-century sources inside the city the inside sources in fifteenth-century mentioned ) Ę középkorban.” [The lucrum camerae in the late Middle Ages] in Ages] Middle late the in camerae lucrum [The középkorban.” , 258. The ecclesiastical privileges were granted by Charles I. by Charles granted were privileges ecclesiastical The 258. , 237 A harmincadvám eredete The not undercity buildinginitially was council’s þ ka, 51 Lexikon stredovekýchI, Castle andSocietyHungary inMedieval tax 241 on its pertaining lands, onits pertaining with Turóc Bártfa [The origins of the thirtiethcustoms] [Monetary History – Economic 97-98. [Lexicon of medieval towns in towns of medieval [Lexicon , 79,, 145, 210. Fejér, X/5, CXVIII. Sroka, CXVIII. X/5, Fejér, 238 in 1412. (1000-1437) 239 … CEU eTD Collection 1639] (Debrecen:Alföldi, 1984 ), 175-176. pledged, because from the year 1411 until 1470 the members of the Balicki family held this office for Túróc for office this held County, family Engel, Balicki of the members the 1470 until 1411 year the from because pledged, 246 town tofree royal town], in about County the of Trencsén. Engel, Méliusz M years old. Studies of urban history meant to have. There are data about pledging the Croatian county of Busán of county Croatian the pledging about data are There have. to meant other counties pledged by Sigismund, but it is still unknown what kind of rights over the countyformulaappears: the pledgee was not a misreading of charter,the in the documents of pledging from1410 both and 1412, respectively, same the 245 Sylburh ex nostra provisione hactenus habuit, tenuit et possedit quibuslibet suis pertinentiis, iuribus, et obuentionibus, quibus idem castrum strenuous miles Wenceslaus de 244 in detail, ZsO. V. 1136. Miklós Garai took thedomainof Dévény pledgein partially forhis merits. The charterelaborates on hismerits 243 regie in pertinentiis dicti castri dumtaxat dicari et exigi consueto … 242 County and the town of Bártfa, to Andrzej Balicki. were exemptfrom paying customs in the country; the management rights over the territory of lawsuit. any wereinof chargejurors of type the townjudgeand the burghers; by the elected were council town the of members The privileges. of numberhad a ruler for only five yearsbefore hepledged it.freewas not Thetown a royal although ittown the of possession the in was Debrecen ruler. the to devolved Debrecen of estate the family, the of member male last the of death the after year, this in 1405; until family Debreceni situated. was castle wherethe (Turóc), for 13000 the florins heloaned the The king. castle its with 1410 was financial,purely Balickireceived the in properties for his pledgenot merits, of transaction The nobleman. Polish same the to Debrecen of town the with along county continuation a previous hadinitially in1410theruler pledge; of pledgedthe samecastle and de Sylburg, possessed it. de Sylburg,possessed Wenceslas knight, of castle,the the owner previous the waspledgedsame basis as on rights István Orosz, “Debrecen útja a mez útja “Debrecen Orosz, István It exceeds the goal of the present paper to discuss the phenomena of pledging counties in detail. Surely is it Surely detail. in counties of pledging phenomena the discuss to paper present of the goal the exceeds It … Palatine instance, For ofperson. a merits the for property a royal pledged Sigismund when cases were There …castrumnostrumSklabonya incomittatu deTuroch existens dicto cum comitatu itemlucro camere nostre castrum nostrum Sklabonya inComitatude Thurocz existens cumdicto Comitatu,nec nonuniversis et Ħ helye,116-117. 2011), IstvánSzendrei, Archontológia cum dictocomitatu Debrecen város Várostörténeti650 éves: tanulmányok , 216. 244 In addition to the castle, Balicki gained the county well as county the gained Balicki castle, the to addition In ], ed. Attila Bárány, Klára Papp, Tamás Szálkai (Debrecen: Alföldi Nyomda , DF 212742,, DF. 212748.unique is This not acase isdata there about Ę Királyi hatalom várostól a szabad királyi városig” [The way of Debrecen from market from Debrecen of way [The városig” királyi szabad a várostól 245 The town of Debrecen was in the possession of the of possession the in was Debrecen of town The Debrecen története 1693-ig 52 , 58. Probably the office of the county’s the of office the Probably 58. , … Fejér X/V … X/V FejérXXII. DF 212 748. 242 This pledge transaction was a Thistransaction pledge pertinentiae comitatus Busaan [The history of Debrecen until ofDebrecen history [The [ The city ofDebrecen is650 246 Debrecen’s traders Debrecen’s and with the same the with and , ZsO. II. 996, and comes 243 was but CEU eTD Collection nemora, et alias quaslibet vtilitates, et fructuositates seu repositoriosalium nostrorum regalium reseruatadeputata, et cuius quidem Curiae terras, prata,syluas, territoriesthe towards beyond Tisza infrom the arriving salt distributing Transylvania 252 eorumdem, pignori duximus obliganda et obligamus praesentium per vigorem fructuositates idem Andreas Baliczky durante ipsa obligationehabebit ettenebit, vsque tempusredempcionis deputata,reseruata et cuius quidem prata, Curiae terras, syluas,nemora, et quaslibet alias vtilitates, et Debrechen proDomino pertinente,per nospro Camera, et seurepositorio saliumnostrorum regalium vniuersis solitis consuetisque et ordinatis, dempta solummodoexcepta etvnaintegra Curia, dicta Ciuitate in Ciuitate exigisolito, necnonomnibus quibusuis iuribus, iurisdictionibus, prouentibus, etobuentionibus 251 with itspledgedhim. territory)not was to 250 249 248 and incomes. authority, legal laws, its of all tax, its with Debrecen pledged Sigismund Debrecen. from of and muchfrom he more get lands there, than could yearly of family’stax the Bártfa Balicki Andrzej Balicki. The town of Bártfa was situatedpaid 500florins. much closer to the florins Debrecenpaidonly between difference Bártfa yearly, andDebrecen. Bártfa 300 while Polish border, to thethe annual paid towns Both barbican. with fortified also was settlement the and walls city impressive taxby in one lump privilegethe be by to surrounded butwalls, walls the werenotbuilt. sum, but earned Debrecen of settlements. the importance military the and yearly tax of amount the the the amounts differed, which shows the economic 247 wasgrantedtothe in sword” 1365. town the of “right the right; patronage the also and annually fairs three hold to permission granted affairs. internal town’s in the intervene to right any have not did overlord the town were in the possession of the settlement. the of possession the in were town the … … Orosz, Ibid. 224-227. Szendrei, Orosz, excepta vna integra Curia, indicta Ciuitate Debrechen pro Domino pertinente, etpernospro Camera, item Ciutatem nostram Debrecen vocatam,Comitatu in Byhoriensis existentem, cumtributo ineadem It is difficult to tell what kind of bargain changing Debrecen for Bártfa was for were andDebrecen Bártfa between major the differences status, legal their Besides Debrecen útja Debrecen útja Debrecen története 251 Only the salt chamber ( ,117. , 129; Szendrei, , 205. Debrecen története 249 curia 252 …, Ibid. The saltoffice of Debrecen had the primary role 53 , the office for salt distribution - the building , 220-221. 247 The comes …, XXII. X/V Fejér 250 of the county thecounty of and the Bártfa was surrounded 248 The town was CEU eTD Collection 257 Wydawnictwo Historyczna, 2009), 6. 256 Umiej 255 from Balice. The family, which was known in Poland as Ossolin and in Hungary as Balicki (a he was that indicating simply Balicki, Andreas as him mention inHungary charters the why pledgee) Jan,and Miko despot’s loyalty, Mályusz, Go Balice, and Morawica, Klimontów, Ossolin, received several domainsof fromOssolin, the king. where At his hedeath, built the a woodenfamily possessedresidence. the Asdomains a loyal of servant to the Polish ruler, Jan 254 Wi and the relations of city-countryside in Debrecen in the 1430’s] In 1430’s] the in Debrecen in of city-countryside relations the and 253 (in Ossolin near Serving twoLords:TheBalickifamilyinPolandandHungary forDebrecen. exchange Lazarevi Stefan despot, it Serbian the and to donate redeem Debrecen to he wanted exchange; of the initiator the was Sigismund Probably reasons. political had Bártfa for Debrecen Exchanging only his domain collection restricted the exchangeof was authority in taxes to Bártfa. gift). Through pledgingthe Andrzej gained extendedin authority Debrecen,butwith the NewYear’s andthe tax yearly (the taxes for Bártfa’s was exchanged later which Andrzej, kingdom.the Consequently, entire the almost settlementof Debrecen was initially to pledged River. Ibid.,7. Andrzej Przybyszewski, King Sigismund donated various domains in Hungary to Lazarevi István Draskóczy István PolskiS Ğ lica, Ċ tno 253 The Balicki family, a Polish noble family from the Topór kindred, Topór the from family noble a Polish family, Balicki The 256 ü The ruler did not want to privatize such an important office as the salt chamber in Ğ á ci, 1935)ci, vol. 1,232. (1374-1427). ownikBiograficzny was progenitorthe of kindred.the Ashis nameindicates, Jan thevillagepossessed Lesser Poland, Ma , “Sókamara és város-vidék kapcsolata Debrecenben az 1430-as években.” [Salt chamber [Salt években.” 1430-as az Debrecenben kapcsolata és város-vidék “Sókamara Zsigmond király á 254 Ossoli aj.Andrzej his got secondname from domain the whichof Balice, is [Polish Biographical [Polish Lexicon], ed.Grodecki Roman (Cracow: Akademia Polska Balicki used the opportunity to ask for Bártfa in Sáros County in Ĕ scy herbu Topór , á 112. opolska). Andrzej’s father, Jan of Ossolin, castellan of [Ossolinscy of the 54 Ĩ lice. 257 Debrecen város650 éves Jan had three sons, Andrzej (Bártfa’s Janhad Andrzej sons, three ü ; he probably wanted to win the Serbian “Topór” Kindred] (Radomy 255 , 162. hadits estates Ğ l Wielki: CEU eTD Collection 265 264 Sztropkó (Stropkov) was the among domains that pertained castle.to the About the history castleof andthe the 263 262 Bak, of the Dragon. 261 Sztropkó and its castle on thebasis of original charters and other sources] (Sátoraljaújhely: Zemplén, 1912). court] Daniela Dvo servitiorum suroum maiestatinostre exhibitorum obligabamus pignoris titulo assignaveramus 259 1994). EdeUnghváry, 260 Andrzej Przybyszewski, which he later became which helater County,of county same the Sáros against incursion led an Andrzej decapitation, uncle’s town see: Ján town 258 the envoy of W king, the envoy the of a joust during summit the inroyal Buda. imprisoned, when even cause king’s the for fighting loyally, Sigismund served Prokop country. in the offices Polish aristocrat, one of King Sigismund’s most trusted men, who earned several public probably Hungary. anotherStibor country the to of Stiboriczcame with (1347-1414), Prokop Radna. of castellan became he the Hungary; came to who member family of the first wasthe Prokop, his cousin, Sigismund Luxemburg. of of age in the success later their for foundation the laid kindred), Ossolin the of branch County in 1398. Zemplén in domains several and castle its with County in Sáros Slovakia) (Hanigovce, Újvár (as hissalary), toProkop florins pledged payment of of Sigismund of domain the 6000 owed Sroka, Ibid. ZsO.II. 2602. The About cause the of the imprisonment and political events see: Mályusz, Engel, … The Ossoli Polski S Königtum und Stände in Ungarn im 14.-16. Jahrhundert Századok fideli nostro nobili viro Procopio Balyczky pro sex milia florenis auri quibus sibi ratione fidelium Andrzej Balicki was a knightin Sigismund’s royal court; Sredniowieczny Bardiow Archontológia á ownikBiograficzny Ĝ áková,“Lengyelek Luxemburgi Zsigmond udvarában,” [PolesSigismund in of Luxemburg’s Ĕ Be Polski S sky family 136 (2002):404; Engel, Ė ko 260 261 , 259 Polish Biographical Lexicon Stropkov: Monografia mesta á Sztropkó ésvárának története: Eredeti okiratoks más kútf This was the first property acquired by a member of the family in ownikBiograficzny Ossoli and died after such a battle. and such died after , 397. Prokop soon extended his influence further. In order to redeem his debt laterbecame an influential and famous Polish aristocratic family. Formore detail see comes á , 232. Ĕ adys 258 scy herbu Topór , 33. . Although Andrzej earned ina reputation not he,but Hungary, 265 á aw II Jagie aw II He assumed the risk of leading a private expedition against a Archontológia , 232. About the order see: Mályusz, . 263 áá suggests that Andrzej was probably a member of the Order of the member a probably was Andrzej that suggests Heserved thePolish inhe ruler, too; was 1418, [Stropkov: monograph the on thetown] (Martin: Gradus, o, when he came to Hungary. to he came when o, 55 , 453;Engel, (Wiesbaden: Franz SteinerVerlag, 1973), 32-36. Királyi hatalom 262 Zsigmond király, Zsigmond király in 1412 hein participated Ę k nyomán , 40. The market town of town market The 40. , 264 Revenginghis 47-55. János M. [The [The history of , 60-61. … DL 8 944. CEU eTD Collection 405; About the office of the secret chancellor, see: Werb see: chancellor, secret the of office the About 405; Imre Perényi, but only entered in the possession of the domain in 1410, ZsO. II. 6078; Dvo 271 272 3034; 270 269 268 moments and stories from the life of a medieval Hungarian nobleman] (Bratislava: Kalligram, 2009), 430.középkori magyar életéb nemes puri…pro duodecim millibus florenis auris puris obligandam 267 Stanis Dvo dawnego Królestwa W …scientes,quod quidquid Baliczky vobis dampnifecit,sine scitu nostrofecit… charter issued in 1410 states that the ruler pledged all these for 13 000 florins borrowed by thattherulerinflorins issued all charter borrowed for these 13000 pledged 1410 states County Turóc and Debrecen, Szklabonya, of castle the got they Újvár, of someone else. to domain grant heldbrothers for the sixyearsbecause only to of Újvár the domain rulerthe wanted 266 Balicki de by new isshown career.Újvár. signature, Hungarian his This florins altogether. 1404 rulerthe pledged the samedomains to them for another 6000florins, for thus, 12000 Prokop’s death andman’s determination of the deceased the togain cousins in his properties; Jan,here), protagonist andMiko Andrzej (the back. city the conquered county)the lands in thevicinity Bártfaof until the Rozgonyi brothers (one of them, Simon, was borderlandto incursions; captured thearound year 1403Polishit. troops incursion,damaged notduringescape could the or falling fate the but not town of victim Hungarian county without the Polish ruler’s consent. ruler’s Polish the without county Hungarian … As early as 1408 Sigismund already donated Újvár with its … … ZsO. II. 7633. Daniela Dvo The rulerof Poland, W Ĝ dilecti Andree similiter Baliczky apellati fratris dilectis patruelis dicti condam Procopii áková, pro quibus sibi et per ipsamJanNicolao proquibussibiet et fratribus etiam insexsuis uterinis millibusfloreni auri á Endre Balicky de Wjvar Ben aw A. Sroka (Cracow: Societas Vistulana, 1998), No. 30(regesta). The acquisition of the domain of Újvár was an important step in Andrzej Balicki’s ko, Lengyelek Ĝ Stropkov áková, “A lovag és királya: Stiborici Stiborés Luxemburgi Zsigmond: képek és történetek egy 270 , 405. Ċ gier , 31. á adys [Polish documents [Polish preserved old inthe archives Hungarian of Kingdom],the ed. 272 … DF 258 983. Ę á l” [The knight[The l” and his king: Stiborof Stiboriczi andSigismund of Luxemburg: The new transaction was not unprofitable for them all;instead for them at unprofitable was not Thenewtransaction aw II Jagie áá o, wrote in aletterto 268 Prokop’s domains wereinherited byhiscousins: 56 á Ę aj. czy, 269 …, DL 8944; Dvo 8944; DL …, Tripartitum King Sigismundusedthe opportunity of 266 universis pertinentiis It is uncertain was Bártfa iswhether It uncertain Comes , 250. Simon Rozgonyi of Sáros County: of Sáros Rozgonyi Simon , Ĝ áková, Dokumenty polskiezarchiwów to the secret chancellor, secret the to Lengyelek 267 They looted the looted They 271 Ĝ . áková, Although the Although The Balicki The …, DL8944; , 405;ZsO.II. comes Lengyelek of , CEU eTD Collection Andrzej’s death, Sroka, Athenaeum, 1885), 188. For more detail, see: Dvo Fejérpataky, dead. was husband her that be assumed can it time, this at tax city’s the collecting was she Because not. or widow 1423. She was mentioned inBártfa’s account book asearly butas 1421, without noting whether she was a 278 Biograficzny BiographicalLexicon 277 small market town. Debrecen was more 276 important;32. ZsO. II. 6078. it was on the way to becoming a free royal town. Sztropkó meanwhile was a of Turóc County. of Turóc vicinity in the territories huge over ruled who baron Polish influential the Stiboricz, of Stibor county domainfor in Szklabonya, wasexchanged addition, they also office acquired of the the Poland than Sztropkó, its yearly tax was surely more than that of Sztropkó. his widow Rachna, was the pledgee of Rachna,wasthepledgeehis her isherBártfa of until date The widow of death. death siege in atthe rising1420. careerprobably of ended Vyšehrad Debrecen. town, important more much a acquired they Sztropkó brothers had every reason what these 1000 florins were precisely,if wasaloanthis to somethingor else.The Balicki be satisfied with the newwere worth moredeal; than the domain of Újvár.instead The document of the transaction of does thenot clarify market newthe increased by pledgetransaction probably florins; newly the domains1000 pledged town of 275 Archontológia other domains, ZsO.II. 7713,7655. Pál Engel and Daniela the Dvo pledge to was Újvár redeeming for condition the Probably clear. is events two the between connection The yearstwo later,22 June 1410. Twenty earlierdays pledged he had Szklabonya,Debrecen, and Turóc County. 274 assignauit requisitionem nobis tredecim millia florenorum puri auri inpromptis dedit, mutuauit et effectualiter 273 Andrzej Balicki, Andrzej Dvo At1405Andrzej was already married, Dvo Even though the tax of Sztropkó is unknown, it can be argued that it was probably less than that of Debrecen. Sigismund managed to redeem the townof Sztropkó two years earlier than castle Újvár, Sigismund donated Újvár Castle as early as 1408, but in fact he as only able to redeem it from the Balickis … Item dedimus domino Andreae capellano dominae Rachne mitram pro 8 fl. Cassoviensibus Ĝ fidelis fidelis noster dilectus Andreas de Baliczky, veluti accepti beneficii memor, adnostri specialem áková, comes …, Fejér X/5, XXII. , 232. Magyarországi városokrégiszámadáskönyvei , 453; Dvo 453; , A lovag és királya . Andrzej built his career by other means as well; he married the daughter of his built means aswell;hemarriedby Andrzej the daughter career other . 273 277 should be which corrected, claims thatAndrzej died unmarried, it is almost certain that in fact this was a domain exchange. Sredniowieczny Bardiow Andrzej lords,Balicki livedintwocountries buthis andserved two Ĝ áková, Lengyelek , 377. The date of his death is disputed; the first mention of his widow is from , 405. , 38. Ĝ áková, Ĝ áková, 57 Lengyelek Lengyelek [Old account booksof Hungarian towns] (Budapest: , 405. Here the information of the , 406. Sroka supported 1420 as theyearof Ĝ áková samethe had opinion. Engel, 278 Following Andrzej’s death, Andrzej’s Following 275 Although farther from Ben 274 276 Polski S TheÚjvár The sum of ko, Stropkov , László á Polish ownik , CEU eTD Collection also noteworthy that this type of tax is mentioned here as 287 Werb castrum nostrum Barthfa vocatam prohonore tenuisset 286 Szendrei, duodecim marcis argenti ratione encenneorum more solito castle inside the city walls. For more see: Luka see: For more walls. city the inside castle 285 284 283 arrears. Balicki. to settlement the he only before a fewmonths pledged exempted the citizens from paying it the to town castellan of the city’s castle (fortification) besides the tax and theelse being pledged. gift. The New Year’smarks silver).of gift had an interesting detail; SigismundBártfa during the pledgeperiod had Bártfa or the 282 who was either his brother or his nephew. or brother his who waseither 281 post corporis Christi 1429. 280 its tax. collect and to tried settlement death. before shortly her from Stibor in brother herÁrva castle (Orava) pledge Hungary, taking she died inorbefore 1430,because by Miko 1430 279 uncertain; uncertain; Daniela Dvo … Simon Rozgonyi judge royal ( Although below. be elaborated will remark ofthis importance The … Because of the lack of sources this problem cannot be solved; Dvo be solved; cannot problem this of sources lack the of Because Engel, Iványi, Dvo Ę singulis annis persolvere noncurasset eadem demptis tamen muneribus strennalibus civitatem nostram Barthffa vocatam cum collectis consuetis quiengentos florenos auri facientibus necnon czy, Item familiares dominae Rachne exposuerunt den. 624 pro expensis aput Johannem Bütner in ebdomada 281 Ĝ áková, Bártfa was pledged with its yearly tax and with the so-called New Year’s gift (12 287 Debrecen története Királyi hatalom Andrzej was followed in the office in office of the Andrzej was followed Bártfa Tripartitum castrum Lengyelek capetaneus , 222. She was also mentioned for the last time by her name in the town’s account book in 283 , Fejérpataky, stands in the charters it is probable that this word referred to the city’s fortification not to a , 254. 284 The charter makes no mention of the of mention no makes charter The , 406. , 56; Dvo , 56; According to the charter, Balicki did not get any authority in the town Ĝ , 139. áková puts itbeforeáková puts 1431. of Bártfa, as he called himself in a document. Magyarországi városok, iudex curiaeregis Ĝ áková, Lengyelek 280 þ Rachnaexpand continued to the family’sin territory ka, Lexikon stredovekýchI, 282 , 406. ) was in possessionof the castle: … After Rachna’s death he became the pledgee of pledgee hethe became death After Rachna’s 58 … DF 212 746.About office the ofjudge royal see: strennalia comes … DF212748.Debrecen also aNew had tax, Year’s 290. 279 á aj aj Balicki was already pledgee the the of One be instatingthat more can precise of Turóc County County of Turóc by Miko , and in the charterof pledge as Ĝ áková, pertinentiae 97. 286 Lengyelek The citizenspay hadto the of Bártfa or anything Bártfa or of , 406. … DF212746.It is comes Simon ipsum á encenneus aj aj Balicki, 285 . CEU eTD Collection this year (1424) the city thecity thisAndrzejcomplained rulerto the year(1424) government that widow Balicki’s florins tothepledgee;florins 1433, too,the pay town didnot in tax the one sum, town paid4 Juneof yearthe this on 300 In yearsatonce. several paying for yearly tax, or of the paying a part town about the data shouldhave paidin way,this butas it did always not work this way. 1433there Before is also Bártfa so sum, one in tax yearly its paid town royal free each theory In tax. the pay not meandid town the not butthis that from does before period 1433, the survive sporadic data year sixyears 1433until entire 1439. Inthese sumoftheyearly the tax was paid. the pledgee. In the account book the payments of the tax are registered continuously from the 292 were registered andcan be found inthe account book. information about the date of the payment. Only the dates of the previous transactions and the census payments direximus domino N. Baliczky ratione annui census flor. auri 500 florenos pro censibus civitatis, sicuti tenemur sibi solvere singulis annis 381.Ibid., After12 December 1438: 293 from year1419. from the starting town the and thepledgee between contact the about information relevant itcontains 294 money as the as money auri 500 Baliczky censumfl. auri500 289 necnon iurati de Bartpha persolverint quadringentos floreni admunere…de collecta 288 domino Baliczki hab wir beczalt stat czins 500 rot fl the town. the from florins 400 collected master his of name in the Michalko, Szklabonya, of castellan The 290 291 town was called upon to pay 48 florins to a man pay a ofMiko town to was called 48 florins to upon Iványi, Iványi, He the signed document as For more details see: Fejérpataky, see: details more For After3 July 1433: Item dedimus extra 200 fl. minus sedecim domino nostro Andreae Nos Michalko castellanus de Sklabina… comissione magnifici viri etdomini domni Andree Baliczky iudex The paidsettlement 184florins to pledgeethe in 1419 The first data about data The first city theyearly the pledgee the paying is from tax to yearthe 1414. , Ibid., 370. After6 December 1437: Bártfa Bártfa 288 The next document about Bártfa paying the Balickis is from Bártfafrom isnext1418, when Balickis documentthe The the about paying comes , 256. , 257. Item censum domino Baliczky flor. auri 500 of Turóc county. 290 292 The most important information is about paying the yearly the paying about is information important most The ten ten days laterthey paid 112florins more. , Ibid.,360. After30 November 1436: Nicolaus de Blaicze, Comes of Thurocz Magyarországi városok, Item dedimus magnifico viro domino Nicolao Osolynsky quingentos 289 Bártfa’s account book was fortunately and bookwasfortunately Bártfa’s account preserved Item solvimus domino Baliczky censum annuum… fl.auri 500 59 , Ibid., 348. After 30December1435: 8-11. , Ibid., 492. In these cases there is no precise no is there cases Inthese 492. , Ibid., , Ibid., 321. After 24December1434: , Fejérpataky, , Item Item solvimus domino Baliczky censum fl. , DF 212 759. á , Ibid.,, 403. After2 October 1439: aj Balicki.Miko aj 294 and 1000florins in 1424. In 293 Magyarországi városok … DF 212 755. á aj foraj the asked Item solvimus census 291 Only 181. Item Item to , CEU eTD Collection 300 299 295 296 deputatis ratione et pretextu annui census et collecte solvere soluti et consueti extitissent et demum eodem domino et marito vestro de medio sublato vestre fidelitati ac vestris officialibus per vos ad hoc Barthffacivitatis gravi querela quod cum quamvis ipsiolim domino etmarito vestromille florenos novemonete 298 Nicolaus de Balice. 297 florins. 1000 paid conservare debeatis exegisseet asseritur ampluis deet inceps recipientes eosdem ineorumantiquis libertatibus et consuetudinibus when the town paid the tax for six years. six for tax the paid town the when town paid the tax for two years.mayyear.inyear havebeen paidit withIt the current and tax that together 1424 the of the As a supporting argument from previous for theyearly tax indebted had the city years. remained for two but Perhaps another case can be solve this ismentioned problem.these possiblethatflorins It 1000 in werefact notonly one year’s tax, indoubled details1424. The can provide some charter of the information that serve help to itwas why florins, canwonder soone 500 only town’s yearly was the tax that pledge stated bewith 1000florins. laws city respect the content upon and widowto the demanded more than 1000 florins under pretext the of yearlythe tax. There isThere abouthow many nodata denarii were equal florin one ingolden but is there to 1424, florin. golden one wereworth denarii issued132 newwas time currency first the this after the of Probably the Balicki family was called Balicai in Hungary. Inthis document Miko debitis singulis adictis annis sex, prefati cives solutionem intergram nobis fecerunt cum effectu new coin new pledge changenot did transaction instead1000 of 500 florins yearly for along The while. 500 florin yearly includedtax inthe claims that the yearly butit(in support1446), can beused The fact this the to document argument. that of 1424 tax had a value of 1000 florins Dvo … … … … … annui census et collecte dictos mille florenos pretacti annui census et collecte dictos mille floreni nove monete quosipse Balicki singulis annis recepisse fidelium nostrorum dilectorum judicis et juratorum ac universorum civium hospitum et incolarum nostre dictos mille florenos nove monete quos ipse Baliczki singulis annis recepisse et exegisse pro omnibus debitis census annui nostri per ipsos cives ab annissexnobis retenti fecimus,pro quibus Ĝ nova moneta áková, Another particularity of this case is the currency in which the town paid the tax. The tax. the paid town the which in currency is the case this of particularity Another (novamoneta A lovag és királya …, Ibid. The other sources contradict the statement in this charter that each year the town the year each that charter this in statement the contradict sources other The Ibid. …, were worth 1 golden florin. This currency devalued over time; ten years florin. ten 1 overtime; This currency devalued golden were worth ) was a currency introduced introduced ) wasacurrency by KingSigismundin100 denarii 1392. , 377. , as later sources attest. sources as later 297 …, DF 212 795. Thishappenedyears death after Sigismund’s nine 60 298 299 does not mean that the town paid á 295 aj Balicki calls himself: …,DF 212 795. 296 Sigismund called Sigismund The contract of …, Ibid. DL …, 44 416. 300 CEU eTD Collection gelde, und I c. rote gülden am weyn, anzwen kuffen, dy ich gegeben habe Gregern vonCrocaw,zampt mitden seynen jerlichen czinse empfangen hab von den erbern hern Richter und Burgern II ½ c. rote gülden am cleynen Gleybicz bekenne öffentlich mit diesem briffe, das ich von meynes hern wegen, hern Niclus von Balicz, an 302 301 305 304 argued itwas not that profitable for him get to the sum in oldthe currency. asked the towntopay taxin the currencya different itthan had used tobe paidbefore. He importance of the currency; in 1499 the pledgee of the town, a member of the Balicki the shows instance Another currency. the of devaluation family, great the of a consequence in paying because important is detail small from data and 1426.In1422 1422 denariia florin was 225 inand 320denarii 1426. Martyris 303 to Rachna, widow. to Andrzej’s marks (alsopaid incash). forforfor awagon,and horses, twenty 32 Polish three 2 (or malmsey,wine), 16 atypeof “Gregern 12for infor250 florins wine, vonCrocaw,” cash, 100 were paid 20for Miko of man mighttax. Another source support this assumption; in 1433 thetown paidflorins 412 toa yearly into the calculated been andhad up summed were pledgee the to over handed items the and money in payments smaller the Supposedly, indicated. always was items the of value quantities of data about smaller payments to the Balickisin various objects. In these cases the citizens of the out, wasalready sum,pointed in always paid was not a single as tax the because be that Bártfa did information found aboutcan be intheaccountbook paid may it tax until 1427. Moreover, not pay the yearlythe may back until tax be 1423 with sum.this This an whyonlysporadicexplanation tax always in money. In the account book there are Iványi, Ibid. The 20 florins paid This case was already todiscussed above; the source also lists the previous payment of 300 florins. Item Item dominae Rachnesolvimus pro censu anni praesentis 2250kam.florenos inoctavabeati Georgii , Fejérpataky, , The yearly book notes continued;tax inpayment 2250 florins 1427the account paid Bártfa á aj Balicki, aj , 45 Magyarországi városok Gregern vonCrocaw 304 305 and in his receipt the composition of the sum is listed in detail. listed is sum the of composition the receipt in his and Besides this areotherthere similardocument In sources. 1430 303 Thisfour years’ wasmore than tax; probably townpaidthe , 233. were not counted in the sum for unknown reasons. unknown for sum the in counted not were nova moneta nova 61 was disadvantageous for the town as 302 malvasia Ich Michel Ich 301 This CEU eTD Collection Baliczki . . 40 den. Item 100 den. pro expensis notarii etnunctio Baliczky 57 den. aput Pan Nickel 316 2 fl. et ort 315 Ibid., 226. 311 Ibid.,188. 314 Cassoviensibus 313 tertia proxima notabene ipso die beati Barnabae 312 subsoleatione ocrearum sextaferia proxima post visitationis Mariae 310 309 308 soexpensive. was for tax the Balickis. the collected Andreas 1421 achaplaincalled representative of the town visited the pledgees, or the pledgees sent their own servants. Until Baliczki mention by sentcouriers but pledgee,the they unidentified.remain information lutenistsabout for paid their totheBalickis. services were demandedby for pledgees.OnceRachna the aheadband, asked fecit in solutione lozungis 307 212 914. defalcare id quodqumque pro ipsospadone dabitis si vos non potest spadonem… velduos poledres Balikcis. to the beer times wastransported to thepledgees. Several various goods Bártfa gave 306 Summa macht IIII c. XII rote gülden und IIrotgulden vor eyn wagen,und roteXII gülden anmalmasien,und XX mark polnisch vor XXXII rot gülden. XX roten gülden,dysy mir hab in bereit gegeben und XVI rote gülden vor IIIpferde,dy ichselber gekaufft habe, for ahorse asked widow Andrzej’s case when thethe horses (or the foals) wouldbe included in the sum pledgeeof the yearly tax. This was not the only asked for horses; the account book registers another case when them, then two foals. have did not town of the or,if horses citizens the castrated for two asked samepledgee the January 1420, 5July 1426, I 14 June 1426. After19 January 1421, I “11 June 1426 After12 January 1420, 30January 1419 … Item pro 2 frenis pro equis solvimus den. 100 eadem feriasexta superiore Item emimus dominae Rachnae unum equum pro 40 flor. camerae, quem dedimus ei, ut relaxationem nobis Item Baliczky famuli circa festum beati Georgii expenderunt super civitatem . fl. 55. Item nunctio domino ad sefestusancte Georgiimartiris etnospromittimus vobismediantepresenti littera in censupredicto , Ibid., 181. After13 May It1440, There was continuous contact between the town and the pledgees. Either the Either pledgees. the and town the between contact continuous was There . Ibid., 188. Nothing more is known about this chaplain. 309 There were cases when sheep skins, sheep when cases were There , Ibid., 188. Item dedimus domino Andreae capellano domini ...8flor. Capellano domini Andreaededimus Item lautenistis qui hofisarunt ante dominam den. 100 eadem feria sexta ante Viti et Modesti tem Longus Georgius exposuit addominam Rachnam den. 300 et 28 den. solvimus pro Item pro parvis rebus ad coquinam dominae Waliczky hincinde exposuimus den.500 feria Filiis Pacz Peter dedimus 6 fl. et 11 den. pro vectura cervisiae ad dominum Andream 306 Fejérpataky, Item excepimus domino nostro duas mastrucas wlpinas pro 20flor. novae monetae The pledgee assured the representatives of the town that the value of value thatthe thetown of representatives the assured Thepledgee tem dedimustem domino Andreae capellano dominae Rachne mitram pro 8 fl. … Iványi, Magyarországi városok em pro cervisia quam direximus domino Baliczkv den. 650 307 Bártfa and two bridles. , Ibid.,226. , 257. 62 310 greaves, 213. This must have been a special horse since it since horse special a been have must This 213. , Ibid., 212. 308 311 Besides horses, the burghers of and small things for cooking , Ibid.,, 212. 314 315 316 Afterwards, the sources the Afterwards, When the envoys of the 313 and there is andalso there , Ibid., 502. , Ibid., 314, …, DF …, 312 , , CEU eTD Collection was sent to the pledgees at the castle in castle 1432. atthe pledgees the was sentto 319 300 ad dominam sabbato ante Prothei et Jacincti martyrum 318 400 den Szklabonya in 1426, inAn Rachna visited movedenvoy there. castlefamily the inpledge,the took of Szklabonya 324 323 321 Sklabina… Nicolaus de Balicz alias comes deThurcz Rachnain came 1426, 317 488, 491. castle. from this pledgees. the regularly sentto town, of the representative He wasthe 320 325 expendit fl. 2 322 inpresent settlementthe in 1435. envoy. town. the by covered were accommodation) Theredrink, (food, expenses their town, the to went Balickis is also information about the pledgee paying the expenses of the town’s In 1430 Miko April day; George’s (Saintday thefeast saint’s was often in celebrated April).Hungary on 24 other sources as well collecta indicating that thefor the asked Michalko Castellan tax, the paying town about the data first very the In tax. town’sthe yearly tax in for paying duedate aconcrete was there that however, suggest, theory sources The be submitted. to was paid on 23 or 24 Iványi, Probably wasname his Lang Jorg, as entry this of the account book suggests: ,Ibid., 226. … I … … Item quod Baliczky exposuit quando hic fuit, quod prius non est scriptum fl. 14 Item Lang Item Jorgen sicudexpendit adcastrumSkawona directis cumequis Baliczky super expensassibi datas tem Langtem Jorgen alsher verczert hatdas ym Baliczky hat geschankt 200 vor den. itemfl. 2Summahuius Miikola Balickii de Zklabonna datum incastro nostroSklabina… Nicolaus heresde Balicz et hoc decollecta Sancti Georgii martiry ., Ibid., 301. 317 The residences of the Balicki family in Hungary are rather well known. After they In Bártfa’s contract of pledge there is nothing about the date when the yearly tax had tax yearly the when date the about nothing is there pledge of contract Bártfa’s In of Saint George, namely, the tax which was paid on the saint’s feast day. Bártfa Longus Georgius was the most frequently mentioned envoy in the account book. account inthe envoy mentioned frequently most the was Georgius Longus , Fejérpataky, , 171. á aj asked the twon for two horses and promised that the value of the horses 320 Miko 319 323 Magyarországi városok and the members of the Balicki family often wrote letters to the town and there is information about another member of the family being family the of member another about information is there and á aj aj signed asMiko …, DF 212 940. 324 ..., DF 212 755. , 301. …, DF 212 917. á aj Balicki aj Balicki de Szklabonya. 63 322 , Ibid., 212. Sometimes the pledgees visited Bártfa. Sometimes thepledgees …, DF212 911; … , Ibid., 360. 318 Item LangItem Jorg exposuit den. 321 datumin castronostro Longus Georgius 325 Thereare CEU eTD Collection the royalthe household. of steward the to by burghers paid tax another the Balickis with tothe giftpaid New Year’s ( gifts, but high dignitaries like the master of treasury or the steward of the royal household Moreover, it does not seem probable that the town paid the New Year’s gift twice a year to a twice gift Year’s theNew paid town the that notseem itprobable does Moreover, were differentfrom andother each shouldbe keptseparate by historiansthe as well. of expression century. half fourteenth second the of in the royal starting to the couple by towns free given NewYears’gift the the royal denote 332 331 appellations: time could have caused problems for the town, as happened with the New Year’s gift. paying the tax was registered for each year. Only in 1433 was it paid in June. end of the at date yearsof the paidgenerally the yearly year,when the tax was 1433-39the between book, account the to According cases. in all kept not was payment the of day fixed the that this show and contradict sources the sometimes However, pledging. before the was it dayas same itpaidonthe change ofpayment; was thenot date did pledging yearly tax the remained inhad asKing thesame theletter Louis set of inprivilege 1378. yearly tax the of date due the because pledge of contract from the wasomitted detail 330 329 328 327 326 Rachna more thanfouryears tax, sum the florins2250 of waspaid on April 23. would be counted in the yearly be in would counted yearly the tax magister curiae regiae Ibid. Thefirst is from 1412, second the from 1440,DF 213 044, DF 212 744. Ibid., 175. Béla Iványi, “ See page 59. See footnote 225. See footnote 304. ... censum quem debetis nobis dare ad festum Sancti Georgii In the sources, the New Year’s giftpaid by the town to the pledgee appears under two munera strennalia munera Munera strennalia munera strennalia 331 ). Béla Iványi,studied). the useof who expression,this confounded the The two charters used by Iványi as references do not contain the contain not do references as Iványi by used charters two The ,” Südost-Forschungen in any of its forms, its of inany or census encenia 330 It was often not the royal couple that received these that couple royal the not was often It of St. George’s. . The expression 64 4 (1939): 173. ..., DF 212 907. 332 that is why I think that the two taxes 326 In the case when the town paid munera strennalia 329 328 Notpaying in It seems that 327 was used to This small This CEU eTD Collection Circumcision). shows that source of have another was specified; payment date the not of apassagewhere Bártfa does indeed it was paid on the first day of the New Year (on the Feast of the 337 facienda obligare debere agnoveritis Year’s gift, usually paid on the Feast of the Circumcision (the first day of January). prohibition. Miko abuses. pledgee’s the of him years because to burghers the were complaining four again of Bártfa lasting later effect; giftin 1426, pay itin werenotobligedYear’s gift.stands to burghers NewYear’s the As the charter, this of King pretext the New the collecting Rachna prohibited anything from under Sigismund informationfrom to theBalickis. pledgingis the thegift first after 1426, when The about but Sigismundwhy,from theobligation exempted citizens New gift the payingof the Year’s and when is unknown It it. demanded pledgees the least at or it, paid town the that suggest gift. 336 predictum argentum dare abnegatis arcas argenti quodnobisteneminidare singulisanniscircumcisio dominiet nescimus quospiritu ducti nobis 335 dictionary of medievalLatin], ed. János Harmatta (Budapest: Argumentum-Akadémiai Kiadó, 1992) vol.3, 331. 334 333 one. Bártfa’s yearly tax with the New Year’s gift, Year’s New the with tax yearly Bártfa’s Sigismund pledged that reports of transaction pledging the charter The persons. different Iványi, … Ina letterprobably writtenby Miko See footnote 284. Lexicon Latinitatis medii aevi Hungariae 334 pro totalis censu eorum anuali etnonprescriptorum encenneorum seu munerum strenalium solucionem The giftwas not incidentally called a New Year’s gift, although the pledge transaction The New Year’s gift does not appear in the account book, but other documents other but book, account in the appear not does gift Year’s New The Encenia Bártfa 337 336 He went even further, he started to threaten the citizens thatif they did notpay , 222. 335 (or but the pledgee still demanded it. The ruler’s intervention did not have a have not did intervention ruler’s The it. demanded still pledgee the but encaenia ) means ‘gift’ or ‘present,’ often used to denote NewYear’s the denote to used often ‘present,’ or ) means‘gift’ … DF 212 917. …, DF 212 836. á aj Balicki himself, he demanded that the burghers of Bártfa pay the New á aj Balicki still demanded the gift despite the ruler’s the despite gift the demanded still Balicki aj . A . magyarországiközépkori latinság szótára [The Hungarian 333 65 not one of the New Year’s gifts, but the only … vos amonendo deXIIm CEU eTD Collection Year’s gift), had other authority insidehadYear’s gift), authority city the other of pledge document walls.the The transaction important because it suggests that Miko suggests that because it important Miko destination. impede of him at their on from conferred merchants the Bártfa arriving to authority the and the arrested people held in captivity until the debt was paid off. was paid debtthe in until captivity held people arrested andthe he was also entitled toseize their properties. Moreover the seized properties could be pledged of right the exercising arrest) used arrest) by Miko his community. to force him pay to the creditor was entitled arrestto the indebted person or anyone elsefrom 341 2008), 284-285. Aspects of Cross-cultural Communication 343 342 Asg, V. Bliznyuk, “DiplomaticSvetlana see: relationsdetails betweenfurther For world. Cyprus and Mediterranean Genoathe in known in the also was light right the of system; the Genoese legal juridicalHungarian documents: 339 et persoluere quatenus dictum censum cum argento nobis dare etsolvere non negligatis encionalibus videlicet argento quod serenissimus princeps rex noster et dominus gratiosus mandavit nobis dare 338 of abuse the citizens’ rights, but in fact he was referring toa specific right, to the so called “right first glance may look like that he went beyond the authority of the pledgee and wanted to medieval Hungary] medieval 340 tamdiu donec praedictus census et cum argento nobis plenarie non fuerit persolutus Hungarie etPolonie in viiscivitatibus Cracoviain veiubicunque potuerimus reciperearestare et captivare yearly marks hedemandedthe plus twelvethe silver arrest any arrest citizen in leadingHungary and on roads the Poland. to Tringli, DF 212 911. Ibid., 1325. … … István Tringli, “Vásártér és vásári jog a középkori Magyarországon,” [Marketplace and market law law in market and [Marketplace Magyarországon,” jog aközépkori vásári és “Vásártér Tringli, István repressalia.” Diversorum Communis Ianue quod si nonfeceritis firmiter scitote quod volumus quemlibetvos et vestrum ubi poterimus in regno presentibus admonemus ita ut personaliter locuti sumus vobis etmonuimus quatenus censum cum á aj signed the letter as captain of ( ascaptain Bártfa of letter the signed aj The document threatening the burghers of Bártfa has another interesting detail, that is, interesting that detail, hasanother of Bártfa burghers the threatening The document Vásártér és vásári jog 342 One could exercise 340 Századok In this case the citizens of Bártfa were indebted to Miko á aj inaj had his another letter meaning inaddition. Theright of repressalia 144 (2010): 144 1326. The of right , 1326. , 1375–1480,” in , could have captured any member of any memberhave captured community; , couldBártfa’s of , ed. A. D. Beihammer, M. G. Parani, C. D. Schabel (Leiden: Brill, repressalia á aj, besides collecting the town’s taxes ( taxes town’s collectingthe besides aj, Diplomatics in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000 - 1500: 66 capetaneus inBartffa ifsomeonetohim wasindebted in order and repressalia census was not a peculiarity of the medieval , 338 he would take hostages and hostages he take would 339 ). 341 343 …, Ibid. Miko The word The use of this title is …, DF212 911. á aj’s threat at the census á arestare aj, who by arestatio , New (to CEU eTD Collection anymore; probably the Balickis renounced their claim collectto it. town achieved its since goal, 1433 after islonger giftthe noin the mentioned records the means, by unknown end,the At threat. from ruler’s the apart consequences any other collecting it. He even opposed the ruler’s will, and as the sources reveal, his act did not havemakeMiko it that clear cases New Year’sgift, these the from Bártfa of burghers the exempted ruler the when and why is unknown it though Even again. ruler the to complained citizens the year same the of in November and will, ruler’s once again prohibited Miko demanding the New Year’s gift. hewasstill letter his after months several histhreats; with result desired the achieve this is the only source in which Miko in which source only the is this 212 940; Iványi, 346 title of captain does not appear in these documents: DF 212 759, 212923, 212914, 212917. 345 344 Miko to attesting sources written no are paying There money. the into burghersintimidateBártfa of the to in order his power 348 347 annis customs. thirtieth the holder theoffice of denotes is it have from misleading, Thetitle of else. because hadsomewhere captain to originated (1412) entitles the pledgee only collectto the town’s taxes, so his power as the town’s captain military rights in the town. In fact, it looks like Miko like looks it fact, In town. in the rights military In 17 December In wrote:1430 he He had several public offices, the most frequently occurring in the charters is the Luka Iványi, … …, DF 212 917. ipsos muneraseu encenia strennarumseuanni diei extorquere noviexigere et niteremini etvelletis þ The story continued in a similar way, three years later, in March 1433, Sigismund ka, Bártfa Lexikon stredovekýchI, Bártfa , 258. , 253. á aj from from aj thedemanding gift. … vosamonendode XII marcas argentiquod nobis tenemini daresingulis 82. 346 á aj as the office holder of the thirtieth customs, moreover, customs, thirtieth the holder of office the as aj á aj calls himself captain of Bártfa. of captain himself calls aj 67 344 Consequently he could not have had any had have not could he Consequently á aj only claimed this title to emphasize to title this claimed only aj á aj tried and probably succeeded in succeeded probably aj tried and 347 Miko á aj again did not obey the comes 345 of Túróc County;the Miko á aj aj not did …,DF 348 CEU eTD Collection 350 same Balicki complained because the citizens refused topay tax,the Ibid., 1631. Ibid., 550.InIbid., 1464anotherAndrzej Balicki yearlyreceived the was indeed in Körmöcbánya around this time communitas Hungariepredeccesoris nostri felicis reminiscentie sigillo suoduppliciquo utebatur impendentis de Twurocz obtulit nobis quasdam litteras privilegiales illustrissimi principis olim domini Sigismundi regis census, Ibid., 444. In 1450 Miko349 Twrocz existentibus ac lucrum camere inpertinentiis eiusdem castri exigi solitum, necnon civitatem Bartpha 351 90-91. 1458-(1476)-1490 Körmöcbányaon12 April, Richárd Horváth, pledgees. Sigismund’s death The consequences ofpledging and theperiodin pledge after the initial contract of pledge. of contract initial the him. Balycza, Andreasde Slovakia), (Kremnica, in Körmöcbánya when hewas that king the relates source and contractmorefor advantageous himself, didnothappen things as he In expected. the rulerthe raises possibility Although document pledgeethe aswell. anew wanted the that the amuch The new for more termsthey created advantageous. favorable position were certainly this understand change. to can inference only rely on One town. newterms anotherAndrzejBalicki April,of pledging the kingagreedwith on the the terms. On reformulated 24 King (1458-1490) late Matthias as as occurred 1470, when familyBalicki the of possession the in until remained tax yearly town’s the contract, the to According it was redeemed.why death the pledgorthe of not didcause any change of inthepledged status Bártfa. A major change in the contract terms of pledging Bártfa … A charter from 1446 tells about a conflict between the pledgee and the town because of the unpaid yearly tax … 350 in civitate nostra Crempniciensiin civitate constitutifuissemus magnificus Andreas alias deBalycza comes comitatus idem idem dominus Sigismundus rexcastrumSklabyna vocatum suispertinenciis cum indictocomitatu de It is noteworthy that in this document the New Year’s tax does not appear asapart notof taxdoes NewYear’s the in document is this that It noteworthy After King Sigismund’s death the town continued to pay the yearly tax to the to tax yearly the pay to continued town the death Sigismund’s King After If the new terms of the contract were disadvantageous for the pledgee, for thetown for thepledgee, were disadvantageous of contract newthe If terms the 349 comes …, DF214490. charter The does not misinform;according to the itinerary of Matthias,King he The contract of pledge for the year 1412 included no temporal restriction; that is restriction; notemporal includedthat year1412 of the for pledge Thecontract (Budapest:MagyarTudományos AkadémiaTörténettudományi Intézete, História ,2011), of Turóc County, visited him and presented Bártfa’s contract of County,of Bártfa’s contract to himandpresented pledge visited of Turóc á aj bought two horses from a citizen of the town; he paid from the yearly tax, 351 By this time the pledgee had certainly renounced collecting it. collecting renounced certainly had pledgee the time this By ItinerariaCorvini regis Matthiae et reginae Beatricis deAragonia . The charterThe was issued24 April, on Matthiasand visited had 68 census of 500 florins, Ibid., 1552.In1466 the CEU eTD Collection persolvere teneantur et cogantur suboriantur,prescriptos quingentos florenos auri in festobeatiGeorgii martiris parata inpecunia semper 355 quinque milibus florenis auri eidem satisfactum fuerit impignoravimus omni eoiurequoprius tenuit,… pro eorum solitis censibus…tamdiu donecprescriptis de illis quinquemilibus florenis auri,qui sibiadhuc solvendi restabunt, eidemdenuo inscripsimus et 353 who took inpledge Bártfa. person. It is unknown if it was a scribal mistake or a conscious act by Andrzej to present himself as the person 354 auri redemimus auri nobisrelaxavit,nos dictum castrum Sklabyna cumsuis pertinenciis abeodem proquinque milibusflorenis 352 Baliczky in tredecim milibus florenorum auri impignorasse cum solitissuis adquingentos censibus florenos aurimoneteCrempniciensis seextendentibus prefato Andree Balycza florenorum auri impignorasse privilegiales illustrissimi principis olim domini Sigismundi regis … prefato Andree Baliczky intredecim milibus of the town was hisobligedpreviously butin to fact ancestor, his was much moreagreementlimited. community The to pay thereceived tax even thein years. inten redeem themselves turbulent achanceto got of Bártfa community city in pledgetimes, had the restriction; this a temporal pledgingof words, town the redeemed. time the other In with the 5 000florins,same which sum was the newpledgetransaction,the of then and would town the be terms andchange. Theconditions town was expected to pay the its 500 yearly tax with pledgedtheMatthias town florins as of tax ituntil thehad payment addedbeen castle Szklabonya 5000florins, for finally and was upBártfa pledged againundernew terms. to pledged of debt(from the initialthe sum of of 13 000florins pledge),the Matthias then redeemed the florins off 3 000 Andrzej First, wrote them. atleast of some or properties, regain pledged the Bártfa inpledge1412. took seems bethesamepersonwho to latter the charter Inthe King Matthias. had contacted Andrzej who other the confused with was (Andrzej) Bártfa pledgee first of the in charter the Tobeprecise, original document. the even in wereconfusing terms copiedor whether the ithad factthat been to the unclear due itis whetheritis but uncertain archives, town inthe was preserved A copy document the of … … … … ipse Andreas adnostramregiam peticionem de predictis tredecim milibus florenis auri triamilia florenos civitatem Bartpham predictam quam Andreasidem Balicky civitatem per tenuitius tenet, acdefacto in in regnonostroHungarie, quod absit, tempore intermedio exquacumquegwerre parte disturbia et magnificus Andreas de Balycza alias comes comitatus deTwurocz nobisquasdam obtulit litteras , and Andreas Baliczky …, Ibid. …, Ibid. Even though the two persons are distinguished by name ( ) the little word …, Ibid. …, prefato …, Ibid. 69 clearly connects them and presents them as the same the as them presents and them connects clearly census …, DF 214 490. for 5000florins, butwith a major 352 King Matthias wanted to wanted Matthias King 355 and the ruler assured and ruler the 354 Andrzej seemingly Andreas de 353 CEU eTD Collection the town’s tax at least until 1500, they could have gotten yearsleastgotten pledginghave of 44 000florins 1500,they at town’s the (88 until could tax much Hungarian lost more.yearly familyhad throne in If Balicki the succeeded collecting King Sigismundhad easily 6000florins,buthegained andlater successors on his the Balicki family last mentioned in 1500. archives because in city the the Matthias’, successful morethan attempt was II’s Wladislas florins,remains bewould It 2000 King settlement the amystery redeemed. whether 357 civies nostros recipere non posset, nos reddereid assumpsimus 356 citizenshad paid a total of 2000 florins. Iványi, 358 nostram ad rationem de censu ordinario nobis debito persolvere festivitatibus beati Georgiimartiris… prescipta summa duodecim milium floreni integraliter complebatur yearly whole the time This redeem 1516) triedof with town pledgethe to that of Matthiasa contract in similar to 1470. longer. forWladislas II(1490- in decades In 1498 pledge unknown Bártfaremained reasons. desirefunds, ruler the and the regain wasableto his pledged properties. Matthias had a different King As results in thissingleexamplesuggests, thepledgedconcrete redeeming properties. pledging policymoneyhehis achieved had factthatdisposal, Matthias at due to the or regain properties the than Sigismund.an entirely It also differentshows was Matthias rulers. two the between that pledging to approach in the is acleardifference There party if heto hadthe thepledge contractroyal properties under such conditions was unknown in thanSigismund’s custom of pledging.SigismundAndrzej if that town the ablewas not topay the rulerthen himselfso. would do was. Due to his desire to … The very last data referring to the Balicki family in this context is also about thetownpaying the family, Item inquocumqueItem anno dictus Andreas conscriptam summam quingentorum florenorum auri super dictos dictorum duorum milium censufloreni de ordinario dicte nostrecivitatis Barthffa trecentifloreni singulis Bártfa leastIn 1412 recover not Bártfa’s Hungary 1500. did The kingsof at tax annual until Matthias’ attempt to regain the town, however, was unsuccessful in the end for , 3494. census wasnot pledged, but only 300 florins from ituntil the 358 357 When the payment of the yearly the of payment the When 70 …, Ibid. …, DF 216 199; Iványi, Bártfa census , 3407. , 356 Pledging reached CEU eTD Collection hostages, he called them his subjects, expressing his wish to treat them treatthem so. his wishto expressing hissubjects, he called them hostages, 364 363 question. seized one of his relatives’ domains. relatives’ his of one seized ruler. In thefamily when they documentwere forced to pay the New Year’s gift even if it was not prescribed by the in which Miko illegally. from taxes them collected Balicki,because Prokop (Turany, complained Slovakia) Rachna andAndrzej, son of from from 1406 presentedhim as pillaging the region. in country the Bártfaor before region.the took in Even Andrzej in1412,adocumentpledge in reputation a good have always not did family Balicki The tax. the privatized who persons 362 et bonis eorum spoliari fecisset et faceret incessanter Cohospites ipsorum rationein villa suitributi Ujfalu exigi,consueti circa villas Syroka, etHedrech rebus dictis negociationis inlibera via transire voluissent, tunc Endre de Baliczky deUjvár per suos homines eosdem quod dumquidam cohospites ipsorum cum eorum rebus mercimonialibus terramin Scepsiensem causa Scybinio de medioaliorum exsurgendo, insua et ceterorum cohospitum suorum personis proposuit eomodo: 361 (Orava, Slovakia) in pledge. 360 359 County, which helped transactionthem acquire evenof themore capital they that bybeing gained incontrol year of a royal Through town’s taxes. pledgingthe power 1412, and newthe landsBalicki theyin thealso family region. benefited also from received florins at 500florinsyear) invested. of per only with 6000 tax the the New Year’s the gifttitle besides of the tax, not to speak of the symbolic pledging of of tax the pledging the perspective this From yearly pay tax. hadto the they whom for importance limited was of needs, consequences butthe of hadpledging amuchlongerlasting For effect. townitthe short term perspective Sigismund gainedmoney which andfast, easily his probably satisfied Ibid., 407. He was collecting customs illegally from the people of Kisszeben (Sabinov, Slovakia). … They were interested It is difficult to estimate howin profitable gainingit was forthem to take the castle of Szklabonyamore inpledge. power in the region, which is why they also took the castle of Árva Paratam conplacencie voluntatem subditum nostrorum Dvo Ĝ áková, Lengyelek census , 406.Why, Miko waslike privatizing it. In much these transactions, depended on the á 362 aj and aj and not Prokop inherited statusthe of unansweredpledgee isan 363 Miko The town of Bártfa experienced aggression from the from aggression experienced Bártfa of town The á aj threatened the burghers of Bártfa with taking …, Fejér,X/4, CCLXII. 71 á aj aj involvedwas also in a lawsuitbecause he …, DF 212 911. 361 In1429the inhabitants of Nagyturány 359 Moreover, for decades Moreover, 364 comes Nicolaus Judex de Even if it was of Turóc 360 In a CEU eTD Collection avoidable. always not was this that meant Balickis the to in pledge being collector; the by abuse of kind any avoid to wanted certainly they tax, yearly the collecting was who town the for irrelevant 72 CEU eTD Collection Sigismund of Luxemburg,” “Political and Social Situation in PéterSlovakiaKatolikus Egyetem,467, 2009), 484.Formore about the conflict Bártfa’s and role init see: JuliusBartl, at the Turning Point of the Honorof 14thPál Engel], ed. TiborNeumann, György andRácz (Budapest: Magyar15th Tudományos Akadémia, Pázmány Centuries and in the relations] Reign Hungarian of lengyel-magyarkapcsolatok egy epizódja” [The Polish incursionof the in1395: Achapter history of Polish- role the townplayed the in Polish-Hungarianconflict in1395. 365 as well; yearly Bártfa’s much moretax than was arguably by ruler sum the to paid Segesd granted the right toelect their parish priest. The amount of tax paid by the two towns differed its burgherswere but ecclesiastical haveprivilege, not significant Bártfa’s this did church authority. Esztergom’s of tothearchbishop subordinate itwas directly status; exempt hadan Segesd’s church parish estate. the of intheadministration hadamajoralso role A numbervillages pertained town,which tothe supplied of the of needs andit queens, the queens. Hungarian the of authority underthe large estate of a center the of Segesd was town was minor, its and neither involvementin can tradebecompared Bártfa’s. marketwith The for military military reasons. for various and economic privileges, its itbecause of geographical was alsoimportantposition was granted town The byitspotentials. military and economic wasconstituted importance Its privileges. royal of a number and autonomy extended with towns, royal free seven the of one was Bártfa other. each from significantly differed status legal and importance country, first the in innerpartof the second kingdom,the the intheborderlands. Their Luxemburg’s of Bártfa in town pledging activity. weresituated parts andthe different Segesd STUDIES THE PRACTICE OFTOWNPLEDGINGINTHELIGHT OFTWOCASE CHAPTER V. Bártfa’s military importance in defending the kingdom’s borders is well expressed by the significant military The twocase studies of extremes paperthis represent two ofKing Sigismund of 365 Honoris causa: tanulmányokPál Engel tiszteletére Segesd’s importance had a different character; the town’s military military town’s the role character; had adifferent importance Segesd’s Studia Historica Slovaca 9 (1979): 75; and Dvo and 75; (1979): 9 73 Norbert C. Tóth, C. Norbert Ĝ áková, , [Honoris causa: Studies to the “Az 1395. évi lengyel betörés: a betörés: lengyel évi 1395. “Az A lovag és királya , 286. CEU eTD Collection probably the result of limited knowledge about pledged medieval towns in the scholarship. example writesand about pledging Bártfa provided, which caneasily lead to misunderstanding. Daniela Dvo 366 Bártfa, was pledged almost entirely; only the salt chamber was not pledged.Aschamber not entirely;Bártfa, itin was salt was only the almost stands pledged with in contrast Debrecen, of town The pledges. in Sigismund’s involvement Balickis’ in step the wasthe previous pledging, Bártfa’s dealing chapter with as described inthe gained more extended jurisdiction in Debrecen by taking in the town This pledge. transaction, Balicki Andrzej pledging, Bártfa’s with gift. In comparison Year’s marks asaNew twelve and astax florins yearly 500 collect to Andrzej only entitled of pledge The contract matters. ecclesiastical town’s in the rights special any nor town, in the rights judicial no acquired Balickis The affairs. internal and self-government town’s the in intervene to entitled not were family ofthe members gift. The the and tax the collecting thepledgebesides through gain Andrzej chapter not dealingthe Bárta’s pledging, rights with any Balicki did other in the resistanceAshavefor of aruler, it waspresented provoked would and burghers. the Pledging entire would the of settlement Bártfa probably beenamore have difficult even task even claiming anything if becorrected, should else it onlymentionedwas ina regesta. literature in secondary the information Theerroneous settlement. entire the not were pledged, should be emphasized that in the case of Bártfa,and Segesd only the town’sThe differences between theconditions and termsof pledging Bártfa tax and New Year’s gift outcomes. anddifferent character dissimilar hada pledging them it that is nowonder differences of these As year. aconsequence each In Béla Iványi’s regesta ( The conditions and terms differed in Segesd’s and Bártfa’s contracts of It pledge. contracts andBártfa’s in Segesd’s differed terms and The conditions Bártfa , 68) one , 68)one can that read Bártfawas without pledged, any furtherinformation with its yearly tax and New Year’s gift. These misunderstandings are misunderstandings These gift. New Year’s and tax yearly its 74 Ĝ áková ( Lengyelek , 405)follows Iványi’s 366 CEU eTD Collection pledged the town of pledgedof town Marcalis the Segesd tothe in its all sameyear,besides the pertaining of which the former owner possessed were also pledged. In another case, when Sigismund that besides these listed items all of the associated meadows, pastures, fishponds, forests, mills, flowing waters. mills, flowing forests, fishponds, pastures, meadows, pledged taxes,mountains,villages, profits,vineyards, with all growths, of their valleys, All were from king.these the of castle Újvár and domain Pazdics, the of of Sztropkó, beingsome In damagedat documenttheBalicikis inthis point. market thepledge took town pledging containsof the town formula,Sztropkó this and is inspite readable havingquite of understood under understood theterm “ of was usually what suggest can which examples areother there but wereprecisely, and rights was formula similar. the meaning of the terms in general case, ineachparticular thereweredifferences though term of “ domain which was the subject of the contract. By using thisformula nothing was omitted; the particular pertaining the etc. to rights, comprise –lands, properties allvarious it to served the had apracticalin term reason; the charters Theuseof various pledging domains. donating or “ alias priores habitum et tente fuerunt… aquis aquarumque decursibus et aliis pertinentiis universis quibus…per annotatum magistrum Ladislaum et quibuscumque vocabulis vocitatis nemoribus, montibus, vineis,vallibus,pratis, pascuis, piscinis molendinis 368 367 Segesd was pledged with itsSegesd was with pledged rights, jurisdiction, tax, profits, and incomes. issued charter the noble its all in in was byPolish with 1410, Debrecen taken pledge the of pertinentiae See footnote: 252. …opidum Stropko etpossessionem Pazdich simulcum portionibusvillis fuctibus proventibus tributis Segesd’s contract of pledge (1389) did not elaborate what the associated properties what associated the elaborate not did (1389) pledge of Segesd’s contract Segesd was pledged in a similar way to Debrecen. The charter of 1389 claims that of 1389 claims Debrecen. charter The way to in asimilar Segesd waspledged pertinentiae ” used in the charter is infrequent in one in period ” usedtheacases charter selling, of this the ” included everything (domains, rights) from from Even ” includedeverything(domains,legal the rights) perspective. pertinentiae pertinentiae DL 8944. (cum universis suis pertinentiis) suis universis (cum .” The issued charter in 1404 byKing Sigismund 367 75 pertinentiae 368 Moreover the scribe added the Moreover of the pledged settlements . The expression of expression The . CEU eTD Collection reaffirmation of an already-existingcommand inhabitants the to of Segesd toobey pledgee’sthe will becan perceivedasa Sigismund’s date. this before authority extended an such had not had situation. Zámbó that mean not Probably after Zámbó only yearsextended pledge to four the after this authority transaction (in does 1393), the dategave Sigismund though ofEven domains. theassociated its and town the of pledgelandowner the became Zámbó same privileges and conditions as kingthe itbefore, owned then Zámbó meansthatthis ifpledge,possess Zámbó therefore to right pledgingthrough gained the town the the under privileges as he it.had previously possessed 100 237. its Segesdwith all where pledged of Sigismund estate of isSegesd. This confirmed bytheinformation assumption in contract, the pledge probably this asimilarcomprised or list incomes of and rights, properties pertaining to the these donation; however,is it highlylikely in Segesd 1389Miklós that Zámbó in took pledge with woods. and vineyards, valleys, mountains, pastures, plains, meadows, brooks, rivers, waters, landsprofits, arable customs, forests, and –cultivated flowing streams,uncultivated, ports, 371 limitibus, quibusipsum et eadem abolim rite tentae etseruatae fuerunt… nominis vocabulo vocitatis, adipsumet spectantibus, iure easdem subipsiusetearumdemveris metisantiquis et campis,pascuis,montibus, vallibus, vinetis,vineis, nemoribus, etearumdem vtilitatum integritatibus,quouis theloneis seutributis, vadis,portubus, item aquis,fluuiis, riuulis aquarumque decursibus,pratis foenetis, possessionum vtilitatibus et pertinentiis signanter terris arabilibus cultis et incultis, syluis, praesertim vero 370 obligamus… fructibus, redditibus, propredictis octomillibus etviginti florenorum auri puri imoimpignoramus et 369 Segesd’s of all in detail contains donation the of charter the fortunately, and, Marcalis, the to Segesd lands the ruler also pledged thetown’s income andprofits. …oppidum nostrum Segesd vocatum, in Comitatu Simeghiensi habitum, cumuniversis pertinentiis suis, …sub eisdem libertatibus…sub eisdem etcondicionibus subquibus apud manusnostras regiashactenus extiterunt… …ad idemoppidum Segesdpertinentes, simul omnibus cum etsingulis eiusdem oppidi etipsarum pertinentiae 370 It should be taken into account that this is not a pledging contract, butadeedof contract, a pledging isnot this that account into shouldbe taken It pertinentiae FejérX/4, CXLII. . The word “ . According to this. According Sigismund source, to pledged Segesdwith its all pertinentiae 371 ” in the pledging contract of year pledgingthe in of the ” contract 1389 76 The king was Segesd’s landowner before the before landowner Segesd’s was king The pertinentiae under the same conditions and conditions same the under FejérX/5, CCCLXVI. 369 In1417theruler donated DL CEU eTD Collection Mályusz, wanted, he whenever taxes extraordinary collect to pledgee the entitled even ruler the There of Segesd. that than pledging of Modor, another market town, hadasimilarcharacter; it was evenmore detrimental forthe town 372 Sigismund’s both in royal pledgingactivity Hungarian to Hungary. Hepledged properties kind of business partners they were. Thetwopledgees symbolize well a specificity Kingof Sigismund with asaresult, what knew ruler; hadthe pledge, transactions pledge hadalready but and his predecessor theirpledgees, aswell.Both taking in before queens these towns was a baron,member a of royalthe council, knew who personallynotonlyKing Sigismund on contrary, hadalreadythe been therulersof kingdom the serving loyally for decades.He while. Zámbó, for only a short theHungarian kings been serving had who were newcomers get involved afewin started to internal affairs pledging. the decadesbefore They Hungarian publicimportantmoreearned foreigners, andmore The who offices. Balickis were hadonly he him, favored that period the in events political the to and talent his to thanks However, nobility. lower the of ranks the from came family whose nobleman Hungarian a was Zámbó The comparison of thepledgees jurisdictions. and income its of all with settlement entire In Bártfa’s case only the transferredtown’s to him. Compared with the case of pledging Bártfa, one can see twoa huge difference. typeswas Aranyos) and Segesd of of (those churches tax exempt the of right were patronage the even pledged; in the case of Segesd, extended authority Zámbó through this gained ispledge eloquently expressed by factthat the the tried to express opposition. The charter of 1393 is the result of this opposition.is resultof the of express charter 1393 tried opposition. The to had tried tobring the dwellers of Segesd under his authority, but they refused toacceptit and Segesd’swas only notthe towngainedwhichmarket anew landlord througha pledgetransaction. The The pledgees of Bártfa and Segesd represented two different social Miklós two categories. The pledgees of and Segesdrepresented Bártfa Zsigmond király ,155. 77 372 How much How CEU eTD Collection Hungarian barons lost their influence: Mályusz, influence: their lost barons Hungarian 375 foreigners in the first part of the fourteenth century, among them the Balickies: Engel, 374 held the royal castle and market townof Dévény in pledge until 1417: ZsO. VI. 178.pledge the castle and the market townof Ludány in 1421: ZsO. VIII. 563. LesselHering, an Austrian nobleman, were otherPoles serving the ruler and taking in pledge royal properties. Forexample, Donin Skrzyni took in 373 ROM). database],and (Budapest: Térinfo Bt.- Magyar TudományosAkadémia Történettudományi2001. Intézete, CD- 376 areaof Segesd. the from of is Segesd. WhichvillageZámbópurchased in the both were immaterial,two because transaction. As theimage (Fig. 3) founded a Pauline nearby in monastery at thatis,fiveTold 1384, pledging yearsbefore the estate the of the Segesd in one in settlements Atád two of purchased pledge, 1377; he also asked to take Segesd and, respectively, Bártfa’s taxes in pledge. Miklós Zámbó, before taking assumed that when the rulerit becan moreover, even choice; conscious were their pledgedproperties pledge. The came up with the idea of swapping domains, they themselves himself foreignwith retainers entirefor thisIn fact, the of whooften King wascharacteristic surrounded reign Sigismund, in pledging. involved family foreign only the not were Balickis the foreigners; and nobles térkép és adatbázistérkép és aközépkori Magyar Királyság településeir This caused This serious problems the inof reign king the because by publicgranting offices toforeigners the According to Pál Engel, There well. as examples other are there but already, the mentioned was of Scharfeneck ofFriedrich instance The important public offices in five counties of the kingdom were all held by The images were made with the Mindmap software. Pál Engel, Pál software. Mindmap the with made were images The Miklós Zámbó, like Andrzej Balicki, already knew the domain he planned to take in take to he planned domain the knew already Balicki, Andrzej like Zámbó, Miklós 374 and relied on their services and advice in many cases. shows, Zsigmond király 376 the two Atád settlements were close to the estate the to wereclose settlements Atád two the 78 Ę 47-54. l [Hungary the in late middle ages: Digital map Magyarország a középkor végén: digitális Királyi hatalom , 53-58. 375 373 CEU eTD Collection hatching) near the northern border of medieval northern the of hatching)border near Hungary. Fig.4. The domain of Újvár (cross-hatched) and Bártfa its with pertaininglands (redcross- holdings. family Balickis’ the to of Poland, border the consequently both to were close lands. Moreover, its and pertaining of Aspledge. imagebelowthe (Fig.4) in taxes town’s the taking before times several town the visited even he that is possible all and blackthe dots squares are marking settlements. different andmarkedsqaures, Kisatád, with Nagyatádare red cross-hatching; Segesd ismarked with Fig.3. Map showing the region of Segesd, each domain has a different color. The estate of Andrzej Balicki, the pledgees of the Újvár domain, also knew the city of Bártfa, so it shows, the domain of Újvár was in the vicinity of Bártfa 79 CEU eTD Collection king king stayed inthe capital between22 July and 16 September: Ibid., 94-95. 379 MagyarTudományos Akadémia TörténettudományiIntézete, 2005), 61-62. Tóth, 378 Zeitalters Kaiser Sigmunds of WormsMainz, and Speyer: burghers Wilhelm Altmann, the to transactions similar offer to ordered personally was he when well, as case another mentions sloß…von Schoffhusen gon anbiß Basel… und Matis Lunel vonBasel un ließ sie do versuchen und werben, obedie stat vonBaselwolte verpfenden diestet 377 bearers andnoblemen with domains orby pledging domains tothem because of his serious transactions. conclude the cameto thecapital future in in pledgees negotiations; the involved to personally the order the pledgesthe visit the rulernot dideither Segesd years of the In transactions. the the concluding in time of Buda at ruler resided the because pledgeissued22 June (Segesd’son were there 1389,Bártfa’s and on 1412) 29 August of charters both because in Buda, concluded were transactions both is probably that assumed can Whatbebe determined. cannot initiator transactions of was the the who precisely which Windecke speaks inhis Much story. haspassedtime andsources are lacking, thus about itis them hepledgedthetowns Segesd Bártfa Sigismundpledged that unlikely as and in case of the However, someone royal inpledge. domains that take suggest ruler could The with soundsconvincing. shouldof Windecke still story care,this be transmitted treated the that account into Taking towns and castles between Schaffhausen Basel which and kingthe pledge.”to wanted Clum, and Matis Lunel to Basel to offer and persuade the town of Basel to take in pledge the KingRoman Heinrich Lantzenbach of Sigismund count Lord sentGunther, Swarzenburg, of Thepledge transactions and the motivations behind them Sigismund Sigismund 1412residedBuda in whenthe charter in about the pledging ofBártfa’s taxeswas issued. The The king spent almost the entire month of June, 1389, in Buda (from 6June until 24): Pál Engel, Norberth C. … santder Romsch konig Sigemont grofe Gunthern von Swarzenburg,her Heinrich Lantzenbach von Clum Királyok és királynék itineráriumai From From beginningofhisthe reignSigismund paid often the services various officeof Eberhard Windecke writes inEberhard Windeckewrites his (Berlin: R. Gaertners Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1893), 85-86. Memoires , 1382-1438 Windecke does not specify to which settlement he refers to. He to. refers he settlement which to specify not does Windecke is a narrative source and therefore the information the is and anarrativesource therefore Memoires Eberhard Windeckes Denkwürdigkeiten zur Geschichte des [Itineraries and queens,of 1382-1438]kings (Budapest: 80 378 orBártfa, that after Sigismund’s coronation: “the 379 which means that he was not he was that means which 377 CEU eTD Collection 381 See page: 57. 380 transaction, was valued at8 200 florins.According to the data in the charter, sum included aloan 2 571florins;of Somló which castle, back Sigismund through took the must carefully.for 10771florins; waspledged in1389 accepted but this betreated Segesd this optimistic approach seemsbe to unrealistic. For the pledging of Segesd this theory can be transaction in kingdom can in domains valueof the period. the reveal However, this time the studying pledge Onesome the may that extent. assume value pledgedthe to of domains results. had different Marcali family took Segesdin the between 8020 florinsMarcali familyfor indifference pledge took 1404. The because membersof the the problem,the furtherflorins. complicated pledging 771 Segesd’s Following Segesd’s this line bethought, valueof hadto aroundthe sum transaction,10 the of loan. of of valueinfavour the the former amount wasonly the andSomló’s Segesd’s between services. for Prokop’s as payment transaction sum the of loaned him 6 000florins (when Újvárthey took in andpledge), the restwascounted in the sum of the transaction (10Zámbó 771 florins)lent at least was in2 571fact florins lend In both hadto money cases in kingthe to to pledgees taking the pledge. the response a loan. Into Kingthe case Sigismund, of the financial his needspledged and the in royal with the political domains situation. accordance Balickis, and it is eventhey possible castlethat the entireof Somló), the for of ispledgingexchanging (Segesd the result domains case. It that certain Segesdwas just as happenedpledged the castle of Somló pay to Miklósin Zámbó’s services as happened in Prokop Balicki’sthe case of is ruler the whether his It unknown Bártfa.cousins. to taxes pledgingBártfa’s to which contributed King Sigismund Balickifinancial domain the in inthis way, Initially,took pledge problems. Újvár Prokop of exchanged and DL 100 237. Whether 1000 florins from the entire sum were part of the loan or not is debated. This was discussed above. One can presume that the sums includedpledgeOne sums real transactions inthe the that reflect can the presume 81 380 These investments of These pledgees investments the 381 the difference the CEU eTD Collection mainly the withchanging values ofthe estates, butcouldhave it simply beenSigismund’s increasing need for 385 them for the money Prokop the loaned king? of why Prokop’s cousins hadto forpay taking Újvár pledgein unanswered; remains why was pledged itnot to not pay back this sum, resulting in adoubling of his debt. If this version is accepted, however, then the question 384 6078. are listed. The list contains the market townof Sztropkó, many villages, some of them with toll stations, ZsO. II. 383 dealing with pledging of Segesd. chapter the in above presented was as pledged, were villages eleven than fewer that seems It fewer. or pledged pledged with thetownto the Marcalis. Consequently is unknownit if the same numberof villages (11) had been two pledgingsisthe fact thecharter that of furtherpledgingthe Segesd doesnotenumerate which between villages were difference significant Another transaction. the from omitted were villages other two the Marcalis, the to Segesd pledged further ruler the When situated. was estate the where county same the from villages 382 the pledged domains. pledged the of value real the in defining with care be treated should transactions thepledge sumsof the entire settlement of Debrecen was worth as much as Bártfa’s taxes. As these examples show, the that meant Bártfa of taxes the for Debrecen exchanging then domains, the of value real the reflect pledges of transaction in the included sums the If chamber. salt the of exception the only with pledge in Debrecen of settlement entire the held Andrzej above, presented pledge as a resultdomains basedon sumsthe of pledge.In the Andrzej 1412, Balicki tookBártfa’s in taxes of exchanging themflorins? for the can pledge.muchbe It askedthen, how domainthe worth,of 6000or12 Újvár was taxes of the the sumof the florins, which 6000doubled forit another pledged pledge, then ruler the town of Debrecen. Újvár castle. on centered As Újvárinwas pledge for 6000florins, which means this sum that was of value the hugeestate the analysis of the other case suggests quite a different fewerstory.villages. in fact was the with that 1404 Segesd pledged Prokop Balicki took the domain of two sums is 2 751 florins. One can argue that this difference in the value of the town is due to Mályusz also writes about some estates being pledged for increasing amounts of money.He explains this It can be argued that 6 000 florins was the real value of the domain and it was doubled because the ruler did Inthe document of donating the domainof Újvár to Imre Perényi all the associated settlements of the domain Sigismund pledged the estate to Miklós Zámbó with11 associated villages Another example can show how complicated it is to determine the value of pledged determine valueof the isit to showhowcomplicated exampleAnother can 384 385 This is because in these transactions political and other factors other and political transactions in because these Thisis 383 After Prokop’sdeath, when his cousins tookthesame domainin 82 ( 382 pertinentiae It seems plausible, but plausible, seems It ) and with two other CEU eTD Collection the second part of his reign, when his political position stabilized: Mályusz, money. Moreover, Mályusz argues that King Sigismund pledged the royal domains for their real value only in loyalty. even or king, the role. The amount of money could overruleimportant the most importance the played of borrowed origins, money the the motivation, period political of the servicebesides to transactions, 22 June 1389: Engel, mentioned for the last time as masterthe of treasury on 9 April 1388,transaction and the pledge transaction388 was concluded on 387 was386 about compensation, then why did the ruler want to take back Somló? Zámbó was him. to of Segesd estate the pledged king the compensation a as and of treasury master the office of the he hadlost because Zámbó for recompense someoneof itseems purpose donating pledgeto else. Itservedunlikely that as this Segesd could have had the familythe could its strengthen case, the same innorthern position Hungary. In other pledging political motivation,using that and thepledging possibilities theadvantagesof by in lands their provided Poland to regain the castle of Somló for the pledgeethe unite to pledgedthe his property with domains. neighboring domainthe mostimportantissue,was notthe butthe geographical position, whichenabled of the value cases In some always exchanged. not samevaluewere the with where properties played important roles besides the economic factor, just as in the case of exchanging domains the request of the secret chancellor, Imre Perényi. chancellor, secret the of request the to in response Újvár of domain the regain to intention ruler’s the been have may one Another pledge. the for motivations political the of one been have could family noble foreign a not seem havemany to hidden aruler, motivations.political For strengthening theloyalty of The facts contradict this assumption; Zámbó lost his officeyear a earlier, before the pledging. Moreover, if ZsO. II. 6078. Béli, Magyar jogtörténet Pledging taxes of a free royal town close to the Polish border to a Polish family does Archontológia , 103. , 38. 83 387 Pledginghad potential dangers aswell, 388 Consequently, inpledge both Zsigmond király 386 , 70-71. CEU eTD Collection which were difficult to purchase through resources. through to purchase theirwhich weredifficult own necessary which or they considered goods for purchasing connections town’s commercial the used pledgees the that show examples These on. so and head-bands, lutenists, greaves, bridles, malmsey,for asked pledgees the caseswhen were there shows, book account developing andmaintaining the standard living of of nobility.the As the in data Bártfathe they needed insteadsatisfy to isneeds. whichtheiractual why often That demanded Balickis the various goods of money from the paid in one sum,citizens. the town’sirregular tax payment served tocover the pledgees’ expenses and Secondly, not yearly was the tax Because circumstances. from or other any conditions weather harvest, the taxes served income they yearly of of was the First, had astable source significance. which independent as a tool for and the town, which often had to seek justice from the ruler. the pledgees between conflicts generated pledgedtaxes the Furthermore, ofthetax. pretext the under demand could they goods of variety a what and taxes collecting in be could family the pretext of the tax. As a result of the pledge, the burghers of Bártfa realized howinsistent a instances whenthepledgees themselves cameto town the demanding goodsunder various other cases, the pledgee’s envoys visited andmen sometimesoften the town, even town’sthe at town In expense. sent its envoyslong The linkedfor a period. were history family’s year andthe Balicki town’s From the that to dochanged. Andrzej with itsrapport town’s the strengthened, was dutyneighbor the with contact the of paying the taxes.1500. Bártfa first aneighbor became toits future pledgeeinyears 1404,and when later, eight There were least Augusttown from dateof and until 29 pledgees, startingthe 1412(the pledging) at also The results ofpledging For the Balickis,having thetaxof free a Hungarian hadmajor royal town between the in contact constant resulted inpledge taxes Bártfa’s taking Andrzej’s 84 CEU eTD Collection same year: ZsO. I. 3753; Antal Áldásy, the former master 389 of the treasury in Csallóköz in April 1394, and Zámbó sold his house in December of the of funds),of which him public/royal lose caused histo inCsallóköz. domain manor in house was themisuse town chargeshim to the probably against related (fraudulent concluding transaction future would whatthe the pledge his forhim. bring Selling own atknow time the of not of Hedid transaction. the insecurity charter the include the Zámbówas inlongthinking when hetooktheestate term in is that pledge, whyhe wanted to treasury that he even moved to the town, as is shown by the manor house he owned. Probably formermaster of forimportant the soof Segesd was estate pledged in The region. the influence and authority his extended Zámbó transaction this By Balickis. the for advantages this opportunity this opportunity and the turned entire his transaction pledge to ownbenefit. Regaining the used Sigismund since Zámbó, against allegations the were however, ruler, for the element money and from Themost exchange the advantageous quickly further gained pledges. of regaining castlefrom the of ZámbóGarai. itSomlóand giving to Secondly, king easily the by loyalty Garai’s Miklós improve and maintain he could First, ruler. the for favorable was of Thisevents course course. adifferent taken have would pledging entirethe of story have probablytransaction couldZámbó beingcharged,then wasconcluded.If avoided the The other transaction also seems to have been profitable for the pledgee at the time when the wasforthesettlement. pledging the how detrimental clearly show changes the to inhabitants Segesd’s of resistance the that added be should It noted. Whatinpledged changes thepledging estate. life beenthe caused has of already Segesd seems possible that selling the manor house was a sign of a change in Zámbó’s plans for the it becausebut hefelt or his charges coming, end the he because of house soldthe whether Zámbó sold his manor house after he lost domains his inCsallóköz. King Sigismund seized the domains of For Miklós Zámbó the advantages of taking Segesd in pledge differed from Bártfa’s It is apparent that taking Bártfa’s taxes in pledge was a good bargain for Balickis. the wasagood inpledge taxes Bártfa’s takingisthat It apparent Magyarország ésSzerbia 85 , LXXXI. 389 Itis unknown CEU eTD Collection exemption from various customs payments, moreover, he achieved having the ruler strengthen the town’s the strengthen ruler the privileges:having Bácskai, achieved he moreover, payments, customs various from exemption 391 consequences. 390 so not was authority Zámbó’s probably that suggests inhabitants Segesd’s of resistance the However, revenues. other and tax more collect to in order development town’s market overlord gained privileges for his new for his gained settlement. overlord privileges new where the Instances areknown becameworse. situation the town’s that mean always necessarily not Hungary did handsin medieval private to transferred being market town Segesd’s inhabitants shows, pledging their violated town A theirroyal self-government. Hungarian forkings. future the lost werealso estate and by pledging the estate besides the tax of the large estate, of a town,center Segesd wasthe but Bártfa’s, than less certainly was tax allThe town’s the other sources of income of the exist ceasing to town asaroyal indomain. the Segesd 1389resulted pledging Nevertheless, wasshorter. because period pledging the for royal treasury the was lessunprofitable initially transaction The other NewYear’sgift). sum includingthe the of (not royal treasury leastflorin florinflorins then meanta 38forwith investment, loss at a 6000the this werearound 44 000 earnings If Balickis the was calculated. transaction earned from the have could much Balickis the chapterhow collectitfor previous In the alongtime. able to Sigismund source lose important this of hisincomes until but his death, norwere successors King did notonly By taxes, Bártfa’s pledging weredisadvantageous. pledge transactions perspective of the kingdom and from of the later Hungarian rulers, both of Sigismund’s again. domain same the from profit to turn to and transactions further in involved be to chance the Sigismund itoffered since deal, was anexcellent effort any financial without estate Miklós Garai gained the market town of K town market the gained Garai Miklós Segesdwas tothe Marcali donated family Sigismundand did not get back,pledging it the long termhad What was profitable for the ruler was not always so for the kingdom. From the Magyar mez Ę városok , 64. Ę szeg from the ruler in 1392. Twelve years later Garai procured Garai later years Twelve 1392. in ruler the from szeg 86 391 It was in It supportlords’ interesta to the 390 Additionally, as the disobedience of CEU eTD Collection Gesetze und Verordnungen Ungarns quorumcunque vero The16 with Sigismund’s will. After his coronation,accordance in underof nobles group the pressure small by a elected Heof was the 1437). nobility (9 December death Sigismund’s Albert issued after a decreethrone in 1439. 392 indeed a significant warning.indeed asignificant Sigismund’s death the pledging of royal rights was prohibited by the nobles of after that the fact butthe case studies, two realm these on based kingdom the for was activity was favorable for the town. It cannot be estimated how beneficial King Sigismund’s pledging Albert from the house of Habsburg, Sigismund’s son-in-law followed King Sigismund on the Hungarian the on Sigismund King followed son-in-law Sigismund’s of Habsburg, house the from Albert venditiones th paragraph of the decree states that the royal right will be not pledged, and sold in the future. inthe sold and pledged, be not will right royal the that states decree ofthe paragraph faciemus. vel impignorationes iurium regalium etcorone neccum consilio, neque Vera Bácskai, György Bónis, Ferenc D Ferenc Bónis, György Vera Bácskai, 392 (Budapest: Akadémiai1976),291. Kiadó, 87 Ę ry,ed. Decreta Regni Hungariae: 1301-1457. sine consilio Perpetuas CEU eTD Collection VI. 2690, ZsO. IV. 1611. 394 395 393 the of level the at be distinguished can pledging town of types two the that show studies case These canbedetermined. two which differences contain hadon data documents to the Consequently, be preciseinevery detail. itwascrucial to therefore legal power, transactions as well. The charters of pledge the the of transactions charters the in werepresent be legal would documents; differentiation the their that contentassumed be can it hadthen the different rights and incomes of imperial cities, not their entirety. Sigismund’s town pledging practices differed from hisof those had father,who onlypledged the ruler pledged various that it often occurred towns, besides entire pledging where, pledging policy, imperial town offices, taxes,the in known well was differentiation of properties kind this Empire Roman Holy the In pledgings. and rights of the towns.or other rightswas when only the town’s sources of revenues were pledged without transferring any judicial option other The authority. and income, rights, to pertinent its all with pledged, was town entire the pledgee.beshouldinKing distinguished town-pledging Sigismund’s policy.One option an was when These two patterns were not in Hungarian royal town Landwehr, Hoensch, Krúdy, The two case studies presented in this thesis illustrate well that two types of well typespledging illustrate of in two that this thesis presented casestudies The two If there were two types of royal town pledging at the time of King reign, pledging of Sigismund’s at thetime town typesroyal of If weretwo there Tizenhat város Kaiser Sigismund Die Verpfändung , 71 [translation by the author]. by the [translation 71 , , 510. For instance, he pledged the town tax of Esslingen and Reutlingen, ZsO. , 90. royal best wishes. best royal loves much the burghers of Késmárk, he and he that sendsyou you his assures king The town. beloved his redeems and lose Késmárk forever, but only for a while, till he gains money while and collect the tax. The Royal majesty does not want to Késmárk’s burghers if another king would rule over them,for a His Royal highness asked mewhat would bethe reactions of CONCLUSION 88 393 395 394 Nevertheless, CEU eTD Collection “ settlement being pledged. Hungary in town medieval a pledging of charter in the included was formula atif this that assume can the time one Basedon incomes, andsoon. common this element, lands,rights, thepertaining general of Sigismund’spertinentiis reign, their with pledged were the towns that Modor) Segesd, Sztropkó, cases (Debrecen, then itsettlement. should be of extraordinary authorized from the newpledgeetocollect the inhabitants the taxes understood as the entire 398 et pertinentiis… 397 396 case for mint well theduration in of latter – although the to pledge was restricted this town pledging praxis. case The of Buda’sincomemintingpledging from is gold knownas inSigismund atown of revenues the pledging of one only the not was case Bártfa’s already. terms waspresented small pledgingthis taxesin1470.The of of detail significance Bártfa’s nobleman, Wolfurt. Paulus aGerman incomes to and lands its pertaining with Modor all of town of market pledged the mention like case.in inhere to 1435, Sigismund In their addition, entirety; another Iwould andSegesdhave astowns whichbeen were pledged presented cases Sztropkó, Debrecen, of pertinentiis “ its was pledgedwith settlement, entirely pledged Segesd,an charters. universis pertinentiis Mályusz, … opidum nostrum Modra vocatum… in comitatu Posoniensis existentem simulcum universis suis utilitatibus See footnote: 184. In the other case, Bártfa’s charter of pledging (1412) does not contain expression the not does (1412) of pledging charter Bártfa’s case, In theother 398 Zsigmond király . The charters of these pledgings either contain this formula or simply list in simply list formula or this contain either of pledgings these charters . The ,” 396 DL 12 717. This is a clear sign of pledging the entire settlement. It was common in all four all in common was It settlement. entire the pledging of sign is aclear This aformula in whichappears town frequently other pledgings as well. The ” related to the town, nor does it appear in the renegotiation of the of in renegotiation itthe appear nordoes town, the to ” related , 155. 397 The result of the pledging speaks for itself; the ruler evenitself; for ruler the speaks of pledging Theresultthe 89 universis universis CEU eTD Collection X/4, CXX, Fejér X/8, XLIX. CXX,FejérX/4, Eperjes (Prešov, Slovakia)were involvedand pledge transactions in timePozsony atthe of Sigismund’s King reign, Fejér,that known is It cases. new find to needed is research more known; are transactions pledge in and for further details see: Engel, see: details further for and Intriguingly, Bártfa does not appear in the list, probably because the list contains only market towns. Forthe list town. latter the on impact 402 greater a much had pledging the cases, Segesd’s and Bártfa’s in similar; revenues or rights were pledged, Landwehr, pledged, were rights or revenues 401 400 den eren nuczen, und rechten, die dorzu gehörent an all aufzug und guerde unser Guldein Münze zuOffen,In solchermasse,dass sie dieinne haben, nüczen undnyessen sullen mit allen and hisinterest. situation totheactual royal pledged, according sold the political domains and mentioned domaininterest also played animportant role inKingSigismund’s pledging policy. Thealready exchangespolitical seems wouldthat It be features amistake. based on their economic only transactions are clearinvolved; judging pledge forparties the these politicaltwo were gainsof pledging the the what signsprecisely however, is unknown, It run. long inthe kingdom the for disadvantageous of such considerations.detail. The ruler prove validity investigationthe is furtheranalyze neededthis hypothesis; of to more casesin donated, pledging.berevenues could subjectto only free by andincaseof couldtowns the ruler, towns pledged the be completely royal the (oppida) market towns legal statuses: with different towns affected they characteristic; another types Thesehad of self-government. pledging thedetriment two town’s the authority of to other any transfer not did transaction the place; the over jurisdiction other any gain not pledgeesdid the in of pledging type this assume that should one based example, on Bártfa’s 399 formula“ revenue waspledged,the of repaying theborrowed sum in installments. A register ispreserved about pledged the royaldomains, including pledged towns from the year1437. In the German territories, pledging the imperialbe revised. townsshould entirely ofSzepesség was much pledging morethe detrimentalinto research thanresults, when of these only light the In SigismundpledgedWolfurt toUlrich in1402: … 402 From the economic point of view, pledging both Segesd and Bártfa’s taxes was and free royal towns. royal free and Királyi hatalom 400 The examples discussed heresuggest that only marketthe Die Verpfändung 401 universis pertinentiis It is clear that these two cases are not sufficient to cases arenot two these is that clear It , 194-204. Only a few instances of free royal towns involved towns royal free of instances few a Only , 194-204. 399 90 verseczen undgebenIn, auch Inmit Krafftdiczbriues, In both cases (Bártfa, Buda) only one type of , 90-91.Supposedly Hungary wasin situationthe ” does not appear. Asappear. aresult, not ” does … Fejér, X/4, LIV. X/4, Fejér, … CEU eTD Collection amount of amountmoneyof involved in Sigismund’s Hungarian be pledges reckoned. cannot The not always reflect Asdiscussedbepledged of sums the should was alsoestimated. pledging above, do domains the real valueBesides of the domains, the bemade. can with often assumptions that sources lack only the taking account into of politicaltherefore, based implications of find transactions, entirethe More researchisneeded the agenda political out to paper. on these sums in avoidhavethe goal, adetailedprimary I decided to present analysisthese of the research of total the transactions,my wasnot of transactions the aspect political the andbecause assumptions, only uncertain the approximateexpenses. real valuesruler money borrowed from Necpáli, him trusted redeem and to domain the hisat own of the County.motivation The ofthe pledging because wassimple; hisfinancial bad of situation the thisfrom didnotimpede Lászlófurther it the ruler to Necpáli,pledging the territories involved in the pledgings are relatively close to each other, and both pledgees were Polish. were pledgees both and other, each to close relatively are pledgings the in involved territories the year, same the in concluded were transactions Both king. Polish the to of Szepesség pledging tothe somehow 404 403 Jahodnik in County Túróc in 1436. The domain was held in by pledge Miko royal basedpolicy grounds, oneconomic when Sigismund pledged the domain further of this experienced Balickis The name. king’s in the else somebody but money, with domains withdrawing these from properties itthem. Evidently thekingwas not the whoredeemed any support for reason, then they could simplylose their domainsheldin by pledge king the pledgingthrough king the could haveover control pledgees.the pledgeesthe lost If the king’s noting,that is worth It transactions. complicated a series of to leading often more, times inan This resulted factexchangeddomain already that the waspledgedor several pledged For instance, DL 63 255. such an assumption is that pledging Bártfa’s taxes to a Polish noble may have been related Taking into consideration that the analysis of the political motivations would lead to would motivations political the of analysis the that consideration into Taking 403 91 comes á aj aj Balicki,but of Trencsén 404 CEU eTD Collection above. of economichis policy it and had political part implications.significant was a For activity more detail pledging see the literatureSigismund’s that review evidence Chapterin provide They I Bohemia. and Empire Roman 407 about increasing his debts, Dvo debts, his increasing about Windeckes Denkwürdigkeiten (1376-1400). blamed Sigismund because hepawned and sold various silver andgold jewels, Altmann, According to Windecke, Sigismunds’s brother, Wenceslaus, of King Bohemia (1378-1419) andthe Romans 406 187-188; Deér, caution, these works canstill be useful tools instudying king’sthe pledges, Lederer, florins andBalickis hadthe value of florins.was It 12 000 already, presented fact in only the loan that amounted to 6000 another 6000405 florins were paid for Prokop’s services. Although their data need to be used with Bártfa. of Segesd and examples function, the pledging of royal the presenting andconsequences town procedure, through the activity be activity assessed. properly nor his bepersonality understood cannot economic policy overviewKing of in pledgingactivity Sigismund’s without which Hungary, king’s the provided athorough have not precisely. still domain pledgingScholars worked andcastle royal the how or county, entire an pledge to meant it what unknown still is it example, topicstudyingmany isworth andextends whichtoo aspects beare waiting explored. to For much moreshows this is simplyreckoningthesumof pledges; the pledges than studying that thesis decades.This has neglectedfor been atopic that pledgeundeservedly transactions, caution. with used and be revised, should Rázsó Gyula and Deér, József Lederer, Emma of calculations Germanandscholars Czech have already analyzed of Sigismund Luxemburg’s pledging activity Holythe in The ruler was often accused of irresponsible spending and economic policy by his contemporaries. his by policy economic and spending irresponsible of accused often was ruler The For instance, József Deér, and Emma Lederer indicate in their charts that the sum for pledging Újvár to the This study called the attention of scholars to the importance of King Sigismund’s of importance the to scholars of attention called the This study Zsigmond honvédelmi politikája, 405 , (pars 63)57.Acontemporary, (pars thatanecdoteclaims Sigismund’s reignwas all Ĝ áková, 407 This coveredstudy only a small slice of huge topic this by A lovag és királya 82-87. 92 , 25. 406 nor can his entire Hungarian Középkori pénzüzletek Eberhard , CEU eTD Collection Sroka, A.Sroka, Stanis Rhody, Alajos. Rhody, Nagy, Imre, Iván Nagy, Dezs Gyula. Kristó, Iványi, Béla. Fejérpataky, László. Fejérpataky, Kumorovitz, L. Bernát. L. Kumorovitz, Hungarian National Archives, DL/DF [Diplomatikai Levéltár], [Diplomatikai Levéltár], [Diplomatikai DL/DF Archives, National Hungarian Fejér, Georgius. Borsa, Bártfai, Szabó László. Iván, Norbert C. Tóth, Elemér Mályusz, Tibor Neumann, Bácskai, Vera. György D Ferenc Bónis, György Vera. Bácskai, Wilhelm. Altmann, Sources Primary BIBLIOGRAPHY Societas Vistulana, 1998. Societas Cracow: Kingdom]. of in Hungarian preservedoldthe archives the documents history history of freethe royal of town Bártfa]. Budapest:Franklin, 1903. Vásonke okmánytára 1987, vol. 3. Múzeum,Történeti Budapesti Budapest: of history charters 1382-1439]. Budapest’s royal of Budapest:Bártfatown Athenaeum, 1319-1526]. 1910. Regiae Universitatis Ungaricae, 1829-1844, vol. Ungaricae, 1829-1844, Regiae Universitatis I-XI. Budapest: József AttilaBudapest: József vol.5. Tudományegyetem, 1998. Andegavensium illustrantia1318-1320 Fényképgy Levéltár,1951-2009. Budapest: Magyar Országos I-XI oklevéltár1387-1424, Hungarian Athenaeum,towns]. Budapest: 1885. of of Pest County’s history]. Budapest:Vallás- és Közoktatásügyi Minisztérium, 1938. Gesetze undVerordnungen Ungarns Kaiser Sigmunds. Bártfa szabad királyiváros Bártfa levéltára 1319-1526 Ę Érdekes adatok Bártfa szab. kir. város múltjából szab.Érdekes adatok kir. Bártfa á Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis. aw. ed. ]. Budapest: Magyar Történelmi Társulat, 1878, vol. 8. Anjou–kori Oklevéltár. Documenta res Hungaricas tempore regum Oklevéltár.DocumentaresHungaricas Anjou–kori tempore Ħ [The cartulary of the older branch of the Count Zichy family of Zich and jtemény]. Eberhard Windeckes Denkwürdigkeiten zur desZeitalters Geschichte Eberhard WindeckesDenkwürdigkeiten Magyarországi városokrégiszámadáskönyvei Pest megye történetének okleveles emlékei1002-1599-ig okleveles történetének Pest megye Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung, R.Gaertners 1893. Dokumenty polskie z archiwów W polskiezarchiwów dawnego Królestwa Dokumenty Budapest Történetének Okleveles Emlékei (1382 –1439) TörténeténekOklevelesEmlékei Budapest Ę Véghely. [Cartulary I-XI]. Sigismundthe of period 1387-1424, A zichi és vásonke A zichiés Ę . ry, ed. Budapest: Akadémiai, 1976. 93 [Cartulary of Angevin 1318-1320]. period [Cartulary the Decreta RegniHungariae:1301-1457. Ę i gróf Zichy-család id Zichy-család i gróf [The city archives of free of [Thethe city archives [Interesting data about the about data [Interesting . [Old account books of Buda:Typis typogr. Zsigmondkori [The charters Ċ gier Ę sb ágának [Polish [The CEU eTD Collection Bácskai, Vera. Bácskai, “Politicalof Bartl, TurningPoint inthe 14thand the Social and Julius. SlovakiaSituation at Bariska, István. Bariska, Baldwin, John Wesley. Bak, János M. János Bak, Be “Fortifica Alexandu. Avram, Péter. Ágoston, Secondary Literature Wenzel, Gusztáv. Werb Thallóczy, Lajos, Antal Áldásy. Imre. Szentpétery, Ė ko Ę , Ján. , czy, Stephen. czy, fifteenth century]. Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1965. 9 (1979):41-84. Centuries15th and Reign the of of Sigismund Luxemburg.” Levéltár, 2007. Crown, Holy the for pledged Hungary Philosophical Society, 1959. Theologians intheTwelfth andThirteenthCenturies. Steiner Verlag, 1973. 201. Cri Gradus, 1994. Politzer, 1906. 2006. Schlacks, Jr., Regni Hungari Three Parts, the"Tripartitum"= Tripartitum OpusIuris Consuetudinarii Inclyti vol. 2. [New chartulary of Magyar Arpadianperiod].the Pest: Akadémia, Tudományos 1861, Budapest: MagyarBudapest: Tudományos Akadémia, 1907. 1198-1526 vol. 2,no.1. Árpádian Budapest: Magyar period]. Akadémia, Tudományos vol.no. 2-3, 1927, 1, stirpis Arpadianae critico diplomatica ú ana]. Stropkov: Monografiamesta Königtum undStändeinUngarnJahrhundert im14.-16. A SzentKoronáért elzálogosítottNyugat Biharea. Culegere studii Biharea. de Magyar mez A zálogjogáltalánostanai [The cartulary to the history of connections between Hungary and Serbia]. Hungary between connections history of the to cartulary [The Árpádkori diplomaticus újokmánytár. Codex Arpadianus continuatus Az Árpád-házi királyok okleveleinek kritikai jegyzéke. Regesta regum Regesta jegyzéke. okleveleinekkritikai királyok Az Árpád-házi The Customarythe Renowned Law of KingdomofHungary:AWorkin . János Bak, Martin Rady, Péter Banyó, ed. Salt Lake City: Charles The Medieval Theories of the Just Price. Romanists, Canonists and Price. Romanists,Canonists the Just Theories of The Medieval Ę városok a XV. században városok aXV. Ġ ii medievale din Cri din medievale ii A Magyarország és oklevéltára Szerbiaköztiösszeköttetések A Magyarország . [The general rules of pledge right]. Nagyvárad: right]. pledge of rules general [The [Stropkov: A monograph on the town]. Martin: town]. the on A monograph [Stropkov: 94 ú i materiale de etnografie art deetnografie i materiale [Critical edition of the charters from the 1447-1647]. Szombathely: VasMegyei - ú Magyarország, 1447-1647 ana” [Medieval fortifications in fortifications [Medieval ana” [Hungarian market towns in the towns market [Hungarian Philadelphia: The American The Philadelphia: Studia Historica Slovaca . Wiesbaden: Franz Wiesbaden: ă 1 (1973): 191- 1 (1973): [Western CEU eTD Collection Eckhart, Ferenc. Eckhart, ______. “Lengyelekin Luxemburgi Zsigmondudvarában.” of Sigismund [Poles Drobniak, Gabriel, Alexander Jiroušek. Drobniak, Gabriel, József. Deér, Dvo István Draskóczy, Csánki, Dezsõ. im Jahrhundert.” Chalupecký, “DieZipser Städte 13.-16. Ivan. ý Bozsóky, Pál Ger the of Light in the Genoa and Cyprus between Relations “Diplomatic Svetlana. V. Bliznyuk, Béli, Gábor. echura, Jaroslav. “Die Säkularisation der kirchlichen Güter im hussitischen Böhmen und Böhmen hussitischen im Güter kirchlichen der Säkularisation “Die Jaroslav. echura, Ĝ áková, Daniela. áková, Luxemburg’s court]. medieval Hungarian nobleman].Bratislava: Kalligram, 2009. Stiboriczi and Sigismund of Luxemburg: moments and stories from the life of a history]. Budapest:Osiris, 2000(reprint, firstpublished in 1946). történetek egy középkori magyar nemeséletéb magyar történetek egyközépkori tanulmányok 650éves:Várostörténeti Debrecen város in in salt[The of and chamber 1430s].In the relations Debrecen the city-countryside Egidius'ChurchKirche inBardejov.St. inBardejov Pécs: Pécsi policy]. 1936. Könyvkiadó, Egyetemi Akadémia, 1985,vol. 2(reprint, first publishedin 1894). Magyar Budapest: in Tudományos geography ageof of the Hungary Hunyadies]. the 149-172. Debrecen:Alföldi Nyomda Méliusz M years old.Studiesofurbanhistory 89. Warendorf:121-131. Verlag, Fahlbusch 1994. europäischen Geschichteum1400 zur Kaiser Herrschaft Mitteleuropa 1387-1437.Beiträge Sigismunds undder Sigismund In vonLuxemburg.” queens]. Segesd: Segesd Önkormányzata, 2001. SegesdÖnkormányzata, queens]. Segesd: Leiden: Brill, 2008. Communication Cross-cultural of - 1500:Aspects Mediterranean, 1000 Diplomatics intheEastern Asg, Documents: Juridical Genoese law]. Budapest:Dialóg Campus,1999. Magyar jogtörténet. A tradicionális jog Zsigmond király politikája honvédelmi Magyarország aHunyadiak történelmi korában földrajza . Magyar alkotmány-ésjogtörténet. Magyar Ę “Sókamara és város-vidék kapcsolata Debrecenben Debrecenben az 1430-as években” város-vidék kapcsolata “Sókamara és . A lovag és királya: Stiborici StiborésLuxemburgiképek és A lovagéskirálya:Stiborici Zsigmond: Királyok és királynék városa: Segesd Királyok éskirálynékvárosa: . Ed. A. D. Beihammer, M. G. Parani, 275-292. C. D.Schabel, A.D.Beihammer,M.G. . Ed. Századok 136 (2002):391-415. Sigismund von Luxemburg, Kaiser undKönigin Luxemburg,Sigismund von Kaiser Chrám Sv. Egídia v Bardejove. Die St. Aegidien vBardejove.DieSt. Chrám Sv.Egídia . Ed. Josef Macek, Ern ]. Ed.Attila Bárány,Klára Papp,Tamás Szálkai, Diversorum Communis DiversorumIanue 95 Ę [Hungarian legal history. Traditional [King Sigismund’s military defense military Sigismund’s [King [Hungarian constitutional [Hungarian andconstitutional legal Ħ l [The knightand of his king:Stibor helye, 2011. . Košice: Sáša 1998. Agentúra, . [Segesd, town of kings and [ Historia urbana The city of Debrecen is The cityof 650 Ę Marosi, Ferdinand Seibt, , 1375–1480.” In , [The historical 5(1997):79- CEU eTD Collection Gárdonyi, Albert. “Városi “Városi aközépkorban” [TheprivilegedAlbert. Gárdonyi, status állása kiváltságos plébániák ______. “Mez ______. ______. “Középkori ______. “Középkori magyar [Medievalvárosprivilégiumok” town privileges]. Hungarian Fügedi, Erik. Engel, Pál, Norbert C. Tóth, ______. ______. ______. ______. “A átalakulása______. magyarországi birtokszerkezet aZsigmond-korban” [The ______. “Amagyarjövedelmei Zsigmond of királyság korában”royal [The revenues Engel, Pál. “ nyolcvanadik fordulójának ünnepére nyolcvanadik fordulójának of urban churchesparish in Middlethe Ages]. In Hungarian Middle Ages],336-365. Budapest:Magvet középkorról Tanulmányok amagyar market towns in towns fourteenth market the Budapest: Magvet Burghers,[Mendicants, Nobles. Studies onthe Hungarian Middle Ages], 238-311. In 1986. Történettudományi Intézete, 2005. Intézete, Történettudományi kings andqueens, 1382-1438].Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia B. Tauris Hungary, Magyar Budapest: 1301-1457]. Tudományos Akadémia, 1996,vol.1. 2001. CD-ROM. Intézete, Akadémia Magyar Történettudományi TérinfoBt.- Tudományos Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1977. Budapest: in era]. Sigismund the and aristocracy power royal relations between M Középkorász Szeged: Szegedi LászlóKristó].HistoricalinWest.Koszta, 141-159. Ed. Studies Honorof Gyula és Nyugat között.Történetitanulmányok GyulatiszteletéreKristó transformation Hungarianthe of indomain structure SigismundIn the period]. Királyság településeir castle, domain ( In reign]. Sigismund’s King of time the at Hungary the fourteenth century Hungarian money history]. money Hungarian century fourteenth the TheRealmofStStephen. AHistory of MedievalHungary,895-1526 Kolduló barátok, polgárok, nemesek. Tanulmányok amagyarközépkorról polgárok,nemesek.Tanulmányok Kolduló barátok, Magyarország aközépkor végén: digitálistérkép és adatbázis aközépkori Magyar Királyi hatalom és arisztokrácia viszonya aZsigmondkorban(1387-1437) Királyi hatalomésarisztokrácia Magyarország világiarchontológiája1301-1457 A 14. századi magyarpénztörténet kérdéseA 14. néhány Castle andSocietyinMedievalHungary , Ę 2001. városaink kialakulása a XIV. században” [The emergence of of Hungarian [Theemergence században” aXIV. kialakulása városaink ispánság Ę , 1981. Ę Királyok és királynék itineráriumai l [Hungary in [Hungary middle late the ages:map Digital anddatabase]. )]. Ed. Enik)]. Ħ century]. In hely, 1995. Ę Csukovics,Budapest: 426-433. Osiris, 2003. [Mendicants, Burghers, Nobles. Studies on the 96 [Anniversary involume [Anniversary Árpád Honorof Kolduló barátok, polgárok, nemesek. barátok,polgárok, Kolduló Emlékkönyv KárolyiÁrpád születése Századok (1000-1437). Ę Honor,vár,ispánság , 1981. ” [Some questions related to related questions ” [Some [Secular archontology of , 124 (1990): 25-93. 124(1990): 1382-1438 Budapest: Akadémia, Budapest: [Between East and East [Between [Itineraries of . London: , [Honor, , . [The . Kelet I. CEU eTD Collection Mályusz, Elemér. Mályusz, Kubinyi, András. “Stadt In imMittelalter.” Kubinyi, undKircheAndrás. in Ungarn Gyula Krúdy, Ferencz. Kollányi, Ilyefalvi, Lajos. Richárd.Horváth, ______. “ Hoensch, K. Jörg. Henryk Ruci ed. János, Harmatta, Gyöngyössy, Márton. “A kamara haszna akés “A haszna kamara Márton. Gyöngyössy, Grodecki, Roman, ed. Grodecki, Roman, Hungary].Budapest: Gondolat, 1984. Österreichischer Arbeitskreis fürStadtgeschichtsforschung, 1995. valogatott_elbeszelesei.pdf. 9May (Accessed 2012). http://www.akonyv.hu/klasszikus/krudy/krudy_ 2005. Stúdió, Szentendre:Mercator Krúdy Gyula elbeszélései válogatott História,Intézete, 2011. (1476)-1490 Munich:1996. Beck, right inright medieval Hungary]. Budapest:Magyar Akadémia, Tudományos 1906. Bratislava 2009. FiF Katedra slovenskýchUK dejín 342-349. Bratislava: A.Stanislaw Sroka, Ages] In Middle late in of the Scepusia zur Geschichte der Städte Mitteleuropas der Städte zur Geschichte 1907. intézet, Könyvnyomó László Gaál Makó: Poland]. to pledged Spiš of cities thirteen late Middle Ages].In late Middle Argumentum-Akadémiai Kiadó, 1992,vol. 3. Budapest: medieval Latin]. of dictionary [TheHungarian szótára latinság Miskolc:141-153. MirioKulturális, 2009. István Bessenyei, József Ed. Birthday]. seventieth Búza’s János of Honor születésnapjára, Polska Akademia Umiej Nyomda Részvénytársaság, 1933. Sárkány Domanovszky,Sándor Budapest: Ed. Károlyi’sBirthday]. eightieth 163-182. Munera strennalia Ĕ . ski, “Polityczneski, dzieje wpó Spisza ALengyelországnakelzálogosított13szepesivárostörténete “Tizenhat város tizenhat leánya” [Sixteen daughters of sixteen towns]. In towns]. sixteen of daughters [Sixteen leánya” tizenhat város “Tizenhat Itineraria regis Matthiae Corvini etreginae Beatricis de Aragonia1458- Zsigmond király uralmaMagyarországon A magán kegyúri jog hazánkban aközépkorban kegyúri joghazánkban A magán . Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Történettudományi MagyarTudományos . Budapest: Kaiser Sigismund. HerrscheranderSchwelle zurNeuzeit 1368-1437 Lexicon Latinitatismedii aevi Hungariae Polski S [Monetary History – Economic History: an Anniversary involume Anniversary an History: – Economic [Monetary History Pénztörténet -gazdaságtörténet: tanulmányokBuzaJános70. .” Ċ á ownik Biograficzny ownik tno Südost-Forschungen Ğ ci, 1935,vol. 1. 97 [Gyula Krúdy’s [Gyula essays], selected 69-105. Ę középkorban” [The l [The középkorban” Ĩ . nym [Polish Biographical Lexicon]. Cracow: Lexicon]. Biographical [Polish Ed. Franz-Heinz Hye Franz-Heinz Ed. Historia Scepusii 4(1939):173-176. Ğ redniowieczu” [The political history redniowieczu” political [The . A magyarországi középkori [King Sigismund’s reign in reign Sigismund’s [King Stadt undKirche. [The private patronage private [The . Ed. Martin Homza, Martin . Ed. ucrum camerae ucrum , 179-198. [The history of history [The Draskóczy, Beiträge in the in Linz: . CEU eTD Collection ______. “Kamat és uzsora a 15-16. századi Európában” [Interest rates and usury in andrates usury a15-16.századiEurópában” [Interest uzsora ______. “Kamatés Moravec, Milan. “Zástavy “Zástavy Milan.Moravec, v LucemburskéhoZikmunda ceských zemích z let1420-1437.” Munro, John H. Orosz, István. “Debrecen útja a mez a útja “Debrecen István. Orosz, Magyar, Kálmán. ______. Lukcsics, Pál. Luka Le Goff, Jacques. Le Goff, Lederer, Emma. Lederer, Landwehr, Götz. þ ka, Ján, Martin Štefánik, ed. Štefánik, Martin ka, Ján, József Bessenyei, István Draskóczy, Budapest:Mirio 238-248. kulturális, 2009. History: anTanulmányok BuzaJános 70. Születésnapjára AnniversaryIn centuries]. sixteenth and fifteenth the in Europe volume in Honor of János Búza’s seventieth Birthday] Ed. Folia historica Bohemica [Sigismund ofLuxemburg’sin pledges the Bohemian between territories 1420-1437]. Tanács, 1985. Nyomda MéliuszM history queenly domain ( to theRich. fromthePoor IncomeTransfers Taxes,and (1220 Rentes (Annuities),Excise -1550): 2012). Egyházmegyei könyvnyomda, 1923. Várostörténeti tanulmányok Debrecen from market town to free royal town]. In Segesdi Kaposvár: Községi 1988. Tanács, inand town center Segesd: A to eighteenth county centuries]. tenth of the queenly Századbankirálynéi központaX-XVIII. medieval towns in 2010. medieval Bratislava:towns Slovakia]. Prodama, York: MITYork: Press, 1988. Budapest:Kovács J., 1932. history history financial of intransactions Hungaryin MiddleAges the Böhlau Verlag, 1967. A segesdi királynéi ispánságtörténetér ] Ed. Attila Bárány, Klára Papp,Tamás ] Ed.Attila Bárány,Debrecen: Alföldi Szálkai, 115-130. A vásárhelyi apácák története apácák A vásárhelyi “ The Usury Doctrine and Urban Public Finances in Late-Medieval Flanders Public Finances inLate-Medieval Usury DoctrineandUrban The Die Verpfändung der deutschen ReichsstädteimMittelalter derdeutschen DieVerpfändung Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Ages. EconomyandReligionin YourMiddle MoneyorYourLife: A középkori pénzüzletek története Magyarországon(1000-1458) története A középkoripénzüzletek A középkori Segesd város és megye története, régészeti kutatása: Egy kutatása: régészeti és megyetörténete, város Segesd A középkori ” http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11012. (Last accessed (Last http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11012. January 29, ispánság Ħ helye, 2011. 9 ) of ) of Segesd: (1985): 89-175. [ The city of Debrecen is650yearsofurban Debrecen old.Studies The cityof Lexikon stredovekých miestnaSlovensku Lexikon Ę várostól a szabad királyi városig” [The path of path [The városig” királyi aszabad várostól [The history of the Vásárhely nuns]. Veszprém: nuns]. Vásárhely the of history [The 98 XI-XV centuries]. Kaposvár: Segesdi Községi Segesdi centuries]. Kaposvár: XI-XV [The history and archeology of medieval the of archeology and history [The Ę l: XI-XV. század l: XI-XV. [Monetary History – Economic Pénztörténet –Gazdaságtörténet: Debrecen város650éves: [About the history of the [Lexicon of 1000-1458 . Cologne: New [The ]. CEU eTD Collection Tóth, NorbertTóth, C. (Ifj.). Imre Szentpétery, István. Szendrei, beginning kiváltságolásának of [The “A magyarvárosok granting Katalin.kezdetei” Szende, Sroka, A.Stanis Sroka, Simpson,A., E.S. C., Weiner, Romhányi, F. Beatrix. F. Romhányi, el éstársadalmi gazdasági “A zsoldosság Gyula. Rázsó, Rady, Martin, ed. Rady, Martin, Pach, Zsigmond Pál. Zsigmond Pach, Przybyszewski, Andrzej. Mária. Pakucs-Willcocks, Tudományos Akadémia, Katolikus Pázmány Péter Egyetem, 2009. Magyar Budapest: Rácz,447-485. Neumann,Tibor György of Ed. Engel].Honor Pál the treasury’s court oflaw]. court the treasury’s In [The Polish incursion in1395: A of chapter history the of Polish-Hungarian relations]. Alföldi, 1984. Méliusz M Szálkai,AttilaKláraTamás Bárány, 31-57. Papp, tanulmányok towns]. Hungarian the to privileges 2010. Ages]. Cracow:Societas between Vistulana, andLittlePoland intheMiddleBardejov 1991, vol. 20. 2000. in medieval Pytheas, Chapters Budapest: [Monasteries and Collegiate Hungary]. Közlemények inmercenaries in and fifteenth the fourteenth Hungary century]. hiring of types and preconditions social economicand a 14-15.században”[The 2003. Radomy Budapest: Akadémia,Budapest: 1990. Transylvania. Honoris causa:Honoris tanulmányokEngelPáltiszteletére Ğ l Historyczna,Wielki: Wydawnictwo 2009. á Debrecen története1693-ig “Az 1395. évi lengyel betörés: a lengyel-magyar kapcsolatok egy epizódja” aw. Ħ Custom and Law Custom andLaw in Central Europe helye, 2011. [The city [The city of Debrecen is years650 old: Studies of urban history]. Ed. 63, no.1 63, no.1 (1962): 160-217. Cologne: Böhlau,2007. Sredniowieczny Bardiow i jegokontakty z Ma A harmincadvámeredete “A tárnoki ítél “A tárnoki Kolostorok és társaskáptalanok aközépkori Magyarországon Kolostorok éstársaskáptalanok Ossoli Sibiu –Hermannstadt. ed. Ĕ scy herbu Topór The Oxford English Dictionary English TheOxford Századok Ę szék kialakulása” [The emergence of the master of of the [The emergence szék kialakulása” 68 (1934):510-590. [The history of Debrecen until 1639]. Debrecen: 99 In Debrecen városVárostörténeti 650 Debrecen éves: [The origins of the thirtieth customs]. [Ossolinscy of the Oriental TradeinSixteenth Century . Cambridge: University . Cambridge: University Cambridge, of Ę feltételei és típusai Magyarországon típusai és feltételei [Honoris causa: Studies in Debrecen: Alföldi Debrecen:Alföldi Nyomda . Oxford: Clarendon Press, Clarendon . Oxford: á opolska “Topór” Kindred].“Topór” [The relations [The Hadtörténeti CEU eTD Collection Weisz, Boglárka. “Vásárok a középkorban” [Fairs and markets in Ages]. a markets Middle the and “Vásárok középkorban” [Fairs Weisz, Boglárka. Unghváry, Ede. ______. ______. “Vásártér és vásári jog a középkori Magyarországon” [Marketplace and market and [Marketplace Magyarországon” ésvásári jog aközépkori “Vásártér ______. Tringli, István. “Sátoraljaújhely egyházai “Sátoraljaújhely István. Tringli, Századok Sátoraljaújhely: Zemplén,1912. sources]. andother original castle andits basis charters of the on of history Sztropkó Sátoraljaújhely before the Reformation]. In Reformation]. before the Sátoraljaújhely law in medieval Hungary]. 2011. Múzeumok Igazgatósága, MegyeiÖnkormányzat Szatmár-Bereg birthday].Juan C.Ed. Cabello, Tóth,377-397. Nyíregyháza: Norbert Szabolcs- seventieth Péter’s Németh of in Honor volume Anniversary fortification: for Péter tiszteletére Németh a70éves tanulmányok Kossuth, 2009. [History of Hungary 6. Sigismund of Luxemburg’s reignBudapest: 1387-1437]. Magyarország története 6. –Luxemburgi Zsigmonduralkodása (1387-1437) 144, No. 6 144,No. (2010): 1397-1454. Sztropkó ésváránaktörténete:Eredetiokiratok s más kútf Századok 144 (2010): 1291-1344. 144(2010): 100 a reformáció el Er [Because of its it [Because of strength is suitable Ę sségénél fogva várépítésre való: várépítésre fogva sségénél Ę tt” [The churches of Ę k nyomán [The CEU eTD Collection 1A gs 46 Mattes Gynth exposuit ad dominam 31 Waliczky 400 sabbato August 1426 Item ad dominam Waliczky dedimus pro expensis31 Lang Jorg August 1426 1421 30 November 1421 After 28July 1421 After 19January 1421 After 19January After 7June 1420 1420 After 19January 1420 After 19January 1420 After 19January 1420 After 12January 1420 After 12January 2 April 1419 2 April 1419 Filiis Pacz Peter dedimus 6 fl. et 11 den. pro vectura cervisiae30 January 1419 30 Andreae domino Dedimustractibus 9fl.concessos de January 1419 Item 30 dedimus extra 200 fl. minus sedecim nostro domino January 1419 Date Fejérpataky, books’. numbers tothe arereferring page the of Fejérpataky, work László the from is gained information All pledgee. this the Data from Bártfa’s account book containing information about the relation of the town and APPENDIX Item perbibitdominus Andreas domini capellanus. ... 3 fl. ante Aegidii ante den. 400 sibi Item dedimus flor.9 in diebeati Andreae Capellanus domini Andreaefl. expendit8 domini nostri sibiquos deannotenebamur praeterito capellano Andreae domino flor. aureos 4 dedimus Item mitram 8 fl.pro Cassoviensibus Item dedimus domino Andreae capellanodominae Rachne famulis 25fl.12 den et Dominus Andreas Capellanus nostri expenditdomini cum ort. et fl. 2 dedimus Andreae domini Capellano Item dedimus domino Andreae capellanodomini .... 8 flor. 22 gross Dominus capellanus Andreas negotiisexpenditpro iam dictis flor. novaemonetae Item excepimus dominonostro duasmastrucas wlpinas pro 20 solvere prodominorege Poloniae summa facit 21 et ortonem vectura fl. pro et 3flor. et et 40 cervisiam fl. Baliczki quos promisitAndreae domino Misimus regem Poloniae dominum circa fuit qui fl. 4 dedimus Andreae domini Famulo Baliczki Andream dominuin ad capellano domini nostri Andreae Andreae Original text 101 Magyarországi városok . 189 211 211 191 191 190 189 188 188 188 188 188 181 181 181 181 181 number Page CEU eTD Collection 9 May 1427 30 April 1427 1426 27 December 5 June 1426 Item Paul Procuratur exposuit ad dominam Waliczki den. 2 200 October 1426 14 June 1426 11 June 1426 9 June 1426 5 June 1426 23 April 1426 1426 25 AfterAugust 12 May 1426 12 June 1426 1426 After 26June 14 June 1426 14 June 1426 14 June 1426 7 September 1426 5 July 1426 Prothei et Jacincti martyrum Item Jorg exposuitLang den. 300addominamante sabbato Item Item familiares 237 dominae Rachne consumpserunt den. 1400 et 2250 kam. florenos in octava beati Georgii Martyris Item dominae Rachnesolvimus procensu anni praesentis Johannis diempost nativitatis exposuit iudex Konstilet Petrus ipsoet Czanser den. die 1200 Martini beati b. montem ad et Rachnam dominam ad Item Christi corporis post Item Lang Jorgexposuitden. 300 ad dominam feria quarta feria quarta post Michaelis anteViti sexta feria Modesti et lautenistisItem quihofisarunt antedominam den. 100eadem dieipsoBarnabae beati hincinde exposuimus den.feria 500 tertia proxima notabene Item pro parvis rebus adcoquinam dominae Waliczky Lang non civitati Jorg et tenetur feria quarta proxima. post diem Christi corporis et53 den. Item dedimus ei expensisden. 300pro addominam Waliczki martyris Georgii beati in die 150 den. Item gerulo litterarum dominae Andreyn Waliczki dedimus exposueruntden.250 et6in beati septimana Aegidii Rachnae familiaresZewisch dominae Item Nigri et Penthecosten pro expensis e converso addominam dominica proxima ante familiari RachneWaliczkiItem dominae den. 200 dedimus in Bartffa fuit Waliczky domina tunc pro apostoli Barnabae civitatisex proximaferia den.diem parte post quarta 1200 etLongusGeorgiusItem Paulusexposuit procurator ad regem solutione lozungis relaxationem nobisfecitcamerae,in dedimus ut ei, quem Item emimus dominae Rachnae unum equum pro 40 flor. proxima ante Viti Modesti et videlicet dominae feria Rachnae propinavimus eadem sexta Item de iudice cepimus 1 Langvon Thyn nigri coloris quem sexta proxima postvisitationis Mariae 300 et28den.subsoleationeferia solvimus pro ocrearum Item Longus Georgius exposuitad dominam Rachnam den. den. 500et9dominica proxima anteBarnabae apostoli 100 eademferia superiore sexta ante Viti Modesti et Item pro 2frenisequis pro solvimus den. Item pro alioequo solvimus den. 1250feria sexta proxima 800 equis quos eis propinavimus, pro1 palefredodedimus den. expensae dominae:etiam filiis praefatae primoscribuntur pro Item exposuimus super domina Rachna sicuti infra sub P. Item pullispro exposuimus quandodomina Waliczki hic fuit 102 212 233 227 227 227 226 226 219 215 214 214 213 213 212 212 212 212 226 CEU eTD Collection 1435 15 AfterApril December 1434 After 24 1434 After 11 June 11 April 1433 Item censum domino Baliczky flor.After 3 auri July 500 1433 1433 After 26June 1433 After 19June 29 May 1433 1433 After 29March 23 April 1432 23 April 1432 After 4May 1432 11 April 1432 1432 After 23March Item Lang Jorgen als her vorczert 3 hat das ym Baliczky hatFebruary 1432 13 January 1432 1429 After 26May 1428 After 27February 1428 23 AfterApril 1427 After 29May After 1May 1427 facitfl. 6 den. 16 super festo beati Georgii lozungapro in vinomedias 22 Item domini propinaverunt hominibus Baliczky qui hi qui Baliczky hominibus propinaverunt domini Item 50 census expenditin hospitiocum bibalibus sibi datis f Baliczky Item rationecursor ipsiuslittera cum adveniens sui ad expensas in Lewtzchoviam ad dominum Baliczky fl. 3 Georgio in Item Longo dedit aliaseptimana Cromer Hannus Philippi Jacobi et Item Lang Jorgexposuitad dominam in400 septimana post Item pro expensis nuntio Baliczky fl. 1 Item domino Baliczki hab wir beczalt stat czins 500 rot fl. Nesslern das her liff ken Baliczkin fl. 2 Dem Kesler czu czerung das her liff zcu Baliczky fl. 10 fl. 6 Item Michel Gleybicz expenditveniens procensu Baliczky . gereten seyn obir walt expensas. . . fl. 5 Item den czwen dynerncensus . fl. 6 Item dycursorisuper civitatem . fl. 55 mitItem Baliczky famuli circaMicheln festum beati adGeorgii expenderunt dominum BaliczkyBaliczky cum dynerlittera Baliczky mandas gebetag czu halberlozunge, czerunge fl. 10 ratione in feriaJudica,Item aliapost sexta dyner suioff dy heide ist geriten pferde czu kawffen fl. 8 mit her als Baliczky czerunge Item Stephan Mawlfranken geschanktvor 200 den. item fl. 2Summa huiusden.400 expensas sibi datas expenditfl. 2 Skawona cum equis directis Baliczky super Item sicudLang Jorgen expenditad castrum Christi expensis Johannemaput inButner ebdomada postcorporis familiaresItem dominae Rachneexposueruntden. 624pro nobis 100aureosflorenos. Item censusex iudex Rachneidem dominae pro parte solvit 1550 in Georgii ebdomada post aput Wolffgangum den.nos aput familiaresItem exposuerunt dominae Rachne ascensionis ebdomada post Item Scholderversus exposuit dominam 150den. Rachnam in 25 aputCloz deKunstil iidemItem familiares exposuerunteodem tempore den. 250et Stanislai post sexta feria eosdem solvimus 103 Lang Jorgen Lang Jorgen czum c fuerunt l. 2den. 306 320 305 237 353 348 341 339 321 321 320 317 314 304 304 301 301 290 270 267 237 CEU eTD Collection After 6May 1440 1440 22 AfterApril 1440 22 AfterApril 1439 After 2October 1439 14 AfterAugust 1439 After 12June 1439 After 17July 1439 After 29May After 5June 1439 1439 After 15May 1439 After 27March 23 April 1434 December 1438 After 12 1438 After 10January 1438 After 10January 1437 After 6December December 1436 After 21 November 1436 After 30 1436 After 17February December 1435 After 30 December 1435 After 23 December 1435 After 16 1435 November 4 After Item Item nunctiodomini N. deBaliczkyexpensis pro 20 den. Item Item Johanni ad BaliczkvBotner den.60 Item pro putirodomino Baliczkv den. 200 Item pro expensis familiarium Baliczky den. 305 Item solvimus domino Baliczky flor 430 Pan Nickel aput Item 100 den. proexpensis notarii nunctio Baliczky et 57 den. Item ultimo nunctio domini Baliczky Item 1 fertonem pro expensis nunctio domini N. Baliczky Item 6 gross. Polonicales nunctio domini Baliczky Item nunctio domino Baliczki . 40 den. Item pro famulo domini Baliczky 25 den. concessimus sibi non dedit super adfestum censuBaliczky Lorincz Swarczin Georgii et Lassil Cangisser deCracovia marcas tenetur 14, debetdare solvere singulis annis florenosquingentos procensibus civitatis, sicuti tenemur sibi Item dedimus magnifico viro domino Nicolao Osolynsky ad dominum Baliczky. . . fl. auri l Item solvimus domino Baliczky censum annuum ... fl.auri 500 60 den. Baliczkyn fleysch seyten vor Corstern Niclos Item Item solvimus domino Baliczky censum fl. auri 500 Item cursori ad Cracoviam ad Baliczky gross. 5 Item solvimus Baliczky censum fl. auri 500 scriptum ad rationem suam. .fl. 7,5 cervisiaItem pro Neyssnern Baliczkyquando est venit, quod est scriptum fl. 14 BaliczkyItem quod exposuitquandohic quodprius fuit, non cam. Item Baliczky hot vorczert do her hy was 300 vnd 94flor. auri auri 1 den. 251 expensis Item Lang Jorgen addominum Baliczky.pro .fl. . Item Paulo Gerber pro expensis flor. auri 500 Item direximus domino N. Baliczky ratione annui census 104 488 381 502 501 501 492 491 489 489 488 488 485 409 403 383 383 371 370 362 360 360 360 358 CEU eTD Collection 1440 After 13May Item After pro 502 6 cervisia May quam 1440 direximus domino Baliczkv den. 650 150 Item cervisiaeductoribus domino Baliczky den. ad Epperies Item vectoribus cervisiae Baliczkv den. 200 105 502