Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Egypt

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COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT

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2012 The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries

Country Report on the Solid Waste Management Situation In EGYPT

March 2012 This report update is presented as an annex to the original 2010 report, to present key changes that took place between 2011 and 2012.

Prepared by Dr. Tarek Zaki in close coordination with the SWEEP-Net national coordinator Mr. Amine Khayal COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

acknowledgements

The time and expertise of the staff of the Ministry of State for Environment

Affairs (MSEA)/EEAA, Ministry of State for Local Development, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology who have help in conducting the study are gratefully acknowledged.

Special thanks are due to the SWEEP-Net National Coordinator,

Mr. Amine Khyal, the head of the Central Department of Solid Waste at

EEAA, for his assistance and support.

Great appreciation is also extended to my colleagues at New center for Integrated studies of Land and Environment (NILE), for their contribution.

3 Contents

Acknowledgements 3

List of Abbreviations 6

Executive Summary 9

1. Introduction 10 1.1 Socio-economic and Political Situation 10 1.2 Solid Waste Facts and Figures 11

2. National Municipal Solid Waste Management Policies 12 2.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 12 2.2 Strategies, Action Plans and Initiatives 12 2.3 Planning and Investments 15 2.4 Monitoring 15 2.5 Fiscal, Finance and Economical Steering Instruments 16 2.6 Private Sector Participation Policy 17 2.7 Public Awareness, Education and Community Participation 17 2.8 National Capacity Building and Training Initiatives 18 2.9 Capacity Building Requirements 19 2.10 National Initiatives for Multi-stakeholder Exchange 20 2.11 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt 20 2.12 Upcoming Initiatives 21

3. Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 23 3.1 Legal and Institutional Framework 23 3.2 Strategies and Planning 24 3.3 Financing 24 3.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal 25 3.5 Private Sector Involvement 26 3.6 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt 26 3.7 Upcoming Initiatives 26 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

4. Medical Waste Management 28 4.1 Legal and Institutional Framework 28 4.2 Strategies and Planning 29 4.3 Financing 30 4.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal 30 4.5 Private Sector Involvement 31 4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt 31 4.7 Upcoming Initiatives 31

5. International Financial Assistance Programmes (Bi-, and Multilateral) 32

6. International Technical Assistance Programmes (Bi-, and Multilateral) 33

7. Needs Assessment For Capacity Development until 2015 34

8. Conclusion and Recommendations for SWEEP-Net Assistance 35

5 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

list of abbreviations

AG Advisory Groups BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation BREF Best Available Techniques Reference Document CSO Civil Society Organization DANIDA Danish International Development Agency EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EERC Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company ENCPC Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center ENP European Neighborhood Policy EPAP Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme ESP Environmental Sector Program EU European Union EWC European Waste Catalogue FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit/German Agency for International Cooperation HS Hazardous Substance ICT Information and Communications Technology IMC Industrial Modernization Center IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control IRRC Integrated Resource Recovery Center ISHSWM Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau/Reconstruction Credit Institute LE Livre Égyptienne/Egyptian Pound MCIT Ministry of Communications and Information Technology MEHSIP-PPIF Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme – Project Preparation and Implementation Facility MHP Minstry of Health and Population MoLD Ministry of Local Development

6 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

MSEA Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management NGO Non-Government Organization NIP National Indicative Program NSWMP National Solid Waste Management Program PDP Participatory Development Program PPP Public Private Partnership PSP Private Sector Participation PTC Plastic Technology Center

RIPCEAP Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project R&D Research and Development SIC Inter-Ministerial Committee SWM Solid Waste Management SWMS Solid Waste Management System SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats UNEP/DTIE United Nations Environmental Program/Division of Technology, Industry and Economics WM Waste Management

7 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

EXECUTIVE SUMMaRY

This report represents an update of the country report on the solid waste management in Egypt, issued by SWEEP-Net in July 2010. It contains the relevant information and data on the SWM situation in Egypt and the major developments and changes in the period 2010/2011. The recent advances in the political and socio-economic situation are discussed. The current situation of ISWM is analysed and the challenges and constraints are highlighted. The progress in the industrial and hazardous waste management and medical waste management are reviewed, in addition to the international financial and technical assistance programs. A needs assessment is proposed for capacity development until 2015. Moreover, the report includes ten selected relevant documents, and five case studies on good practices are presented.

Several developments in the SWM sector took place within 2010/2011. One major development was the establishment of a new waste management entity under the umbrella of the Ministry of Local Development. The institutional arrangement of that entity and its roles and responsibilities were determined through the National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP) project. Moreover, an Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management (ISHSWM) was There is an emerging developed by the twinning project. In addition, a strategy on Private Sector need for building an Participation (PSP) in SWM, a strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous Egyptian national network, medical waste and a SWM strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubia Gover- as a part of SWEEP-Net, to norate were prepared. However, the quality of solid waste management consolidate information on services continues to deteriorate due to lack of financial resources, tech- SWM from different insti- nical capabilities and public awareness. The current situation of ISWM tutions and practitioners. is analyzed and the challenges and constraints are discussed in greater detail in the report.

9 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 socio-economic and political situation

The 2011 Uprising in Egypt is a build-up of social and economic factors that led to growing frustration and discontent within the country.1 Delayed government responses to population growth, food prices, and financial and unemployment concerns, as well as the stagnant overall governmental process and corrup- tion, all contributed to growing frustration amongst the Egyptian population.2

Egypt is undergoing a historic political transition after a popular revolution which began on January 25, 2011, and led to the overthrow of the Egyptian president. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces has taken temporary control of the country to ensure a smooth transition to democracy. Many experts argue that Egypt’s transition may take years if not decades.3 However, others argue that change may take time, but democracy will create the necessary foundation for growth.

Until recent political events, the Egyptian economy showed strong signs of recovery from the global reces- sion, during which Egypt’s GDP advanced 4.7% against an increase of 1.9% for all developing countries.4 Consumer spending and increasing activity in construction, tourism and communications were driving forces for growth, which moved up to 5.2% in 2010. Egypt is facing a more prolonged period of political uncertainty with signs emerging during early 2011 of disruptions to production, widening trade deficits, falling tourism and weaker worker remittances; FDI flows are likely to decline substantially. Unemploy- ment reached 11.9% during the first quarter of 2011, and may increase further as a result of disruptions to activity, but also as overseas workers had returned from Libya. Hence, GDP growth is anticipated to drop sharply to less than 1% in 2011.

The political instability will delay the implementation of planned economic reforms and liberalization.5 The interim government has recognized the need for further reform but says that it does not have the mandate to implement it. The budget for fiscal year 2011/12 (June-July) includes significantly larger allocations to subsidies and higher government investment compared with the current budget. The additional costs will be financed through higher taxes, grants and domestic borrowing. This is specifically relevant for solid waste management projects, which is one of the main causes of pollution in Egypt and SWM continues to be a challenge, even more so after the revolution. The current waste collection systems leave large areas of cities un-serviced, and the majority of collected waste ends up in open dumps with no effective treatment or control procedures.

1- Z. Esmail, D. Bagby, L. G. Christiansen, and H. Keany, “Historical and Socioeconomic Background for the 2011 Egyptian Upri- sing”, the American University in Cairo, http://academic.aucegypt.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Historical_and_Socioeconomic_ Background_for_the_2011_Egyptian_Uprising 2- P. Rivlin, “Arab Economies in the Twenty-First Century”, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009 3- J. M. Sharp, Congressional Research Service, “Egypt in Transition”, 7-5700, www.crs.gov, RL33003, August 23, 2011 4- The World Bank, “Global Economic Prospects: Economic Developments and Policy Among Diversified Economies”,(http://web. worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0,,contentMDK:22931806~menuP K:7148562~pagePK:2470434~piPK:4977459~theSitePK:659149,00.html) 5- A. Dworkin, D. Korski, and N. Witney, European Council in Foreign Relations, “Policy Brief, Egypt’s Hybrid Revolution: A Bolder EU Approach”, (http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR32_EGYPT_BRIEF_AW(1).pdf)

10 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Before the revolution, construction/demolition debris was transferred to dumpsites to avoid penalties im- posed by municipality supervisors. At present, household waste and debris are being brought down into the streets by inhabitants. The rapidly advancing random building movement after the revolution is adding complexity to the situation. It seems that now due to the absence of inspection and control; people choose to do things the easy way regardless of the environment, hygiene or personal responsibility.

1.2 Solid waste facts and figures

In 2010, Egypt generated: 6

• 77 million tons of solid waste. • Municipal solid waste currently constitutes about 27% of the generated waste, which is equivalent to 21 million tons annually. • Greater Cairo generates about 9 million tons of municipal solid waste.

Despite of the great efforts exerted by the Governorates, the current system of waste management is inefficient. Dumping of municipal solid waste in open or controlled dumps is still a widespread disposal technique in many areas. The present situation is facing the following challenges and constraints:

• The system is not managed in an integrated and economic manner. • Lack of institutional and administrative systems, and of the monitoring and control operations. • Lack of financial resources to achieve the required services. • Lack of the required technical capacity at various levels. • Lack of efficient waste collection and transportation systems, leading to waste accumulation, random sorting and open burning. • Random sorting by scavengers either in streets, or at the waste collection sites. • Undeveloped and unorganized performance of the informal sector (zabaleen). • The proportion of recycled organic waste does not exceed 20% despite the large number of composting plants (66). • Lack of sanitary landfills that meet environmental requirements. • Lack of public awareness in waste handling and its implication on health and environment.

mp ste Co osition Wa in 1: Eg e yp ur t ig F

15% Others

13% Plastics

4% Glass 10% Paper/Cardboard

6- Egyptian Environmental 2% 56% Affairs Agency (EEAA), Annual Report, 2010 (Arabic) Metal Organic 11 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

2. national municipal solid waste management policies

2.1 Policy, legal and institutional framework

Policies, legal and institutional framework of municipal solid waste management were discussed in detail in the 2010 report.7 The administrative structure in charge of waste management is complex, fragmented, and dispersed in numerous government agencies. Government staff members in charge of solid waste management are frequently unqualified to perform their jobs efficiently.8 Moreover, poor implementation and enforcement of legislations in a concerted way is one more challenge facing the sector.

2.2 Strategies, action plans and initiatives

Given the lack of strategies in SWM, crucial actions are required, until the completion of the Governorates development plans, as well as provision of financial allocations for implementation.

National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP) At present, a National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP) is in the course of preparation. The program is a joint effort of the Government of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), the European Union, the German Technical Cooperation represented by GIZ and the German Financial Cooperation represented by KfW.

The first phase of the NSWMP project covering the identification and assessment of options for institutional, organizational, financial and planning aspects had been conducted. The study provided selected institutional options and considerations for the new SWM entity on the national level, and discussions on the relationship between the national and regional/local administration in the context of the need for new institutional structures for SWM. A model for the institutional set-up was presented and discussed, along with proposed stages of organizational development, indicated roles and staff requirements.

A national senior expert meeting was organized in May 2011, with the objective to discuss and agree on the best option(s) for the institutional set up on the national level. An agreement was reached on the need to setup a waste management entity responsible for the main functions of SWM. The institutional arrangement of that entity, its roles and responsibilities were finalized. The new national entity for SWM, will be under the umbrella of the Ministry of Local Development, was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers on the 11th of January, 2012. Shortly, a decree will be issued by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces governing this issue.

The roles and responsibilities of the national entity will be: setting national policy including objectives and targets; development, implementation and updating of the national waste management strategy;

7 - SWEEP-Net, “Country Report on the Solid Waste Management Situation – Egypt”, 2010 8- Heba Handoussa, UNDP, “Situation analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt”, 2010, (http://www.undp.org.eg/ Portals/0/Homepage%20Art/2010_Sit%20Analysis_KDCFE_English.pdf)

12 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT drafting legislation, and supporting the passage of legislation through parliament; investment planning/ pipelining, identification and promotion of investment opportunities; management of programs financed by the government and international development partners; technical assistance to support Governorates and Municipalities in preparing bankable SWM projects; preparation and dissemination of best practices guidelines; development of technical and environmental standards; collection and reporting of information and data; collection and publishing of key performance indicators; management of R&D programs; awareness raising and communications; and financial regulation, including establishing affordability benchmarks.9

During the second phase of the project, the following pending activities will be finalized: - Development of implementation plans for the new waste management policy unit; - Conducting a regulatory gap analysis focusing on the specific requirements necessary to implement the various institutional, financial and planning options identified during the study; - Updating the National Solid Waste Management Strategy; - Identification of 3-4 Projects for implementation at the Governorate level; - Formulation of technical assistance interventions; - Preparation of a NSWMP ready for appraisal.

Solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city The Solid Waste Management Strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubia Governorate was prepared in 2011.10 The strategy forms part of a project which aims to establish an integrated and decentralized community- based SWM system that incorporates informal waste management actors in Khosoos city. The strategy was developed in consultation with all stakeholders including, local administration, civil society, private waste operators and informal waste collectors and recyclers. The developed strategy highlighted the general principles governing it, the vision and objectives, proposed policies for SWM and the responsibilities of key stakeholders.

The strategy objectives are: developing an institutional and regulatory framework for the effective management of solid waste; establishing an integrated database for solid waste and its use in planning and management; increasing community awareness and participation in the SWM system; capacity building of the staff; maximizing waste utilization as resource and recycling processes; improving the sustainability and financial efficiency of SWM services, developing mechanisms and appropriate systems for collection and transfer of waste; and increasing the informal sector participation by facilitating their inclusion in the SWM system.

The key pillars of the strategy are raising awareness of the community on the value of waste, building capacities of various stakeholders to improve waste collection services, improving living and working conditions of informal operators and establishing Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs) to enhance recycling activities of both organic and non-organic waste.

9 - ERM and EcoConServe Environmental Solutions, KfW, Preparation of a National Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP), Round Table Meeting Report on the Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management in Egypt, Ein El Sokhna, 21-22 May 2011 10- Shoukry Hussein, GIZ, Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP), Ministry of Planning, “Solid Waste Management Strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubeya Governorate”, Draft Final Report, Arabic, 2011

13 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Integrated solid waste management project in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Within the Egyptian-German development co-operation, KfW financed a feasibility study for an integrated solid waste management project in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate.11 The study comprised two phases: an initial concept phase and a feasibility phase.

During the concept phase, analysis of the SWM system indicated that it is inefficient, expensive and environmentally unacceptable; with major financial and economic, institutional and technical major constraints. The greatest challenge to waste management is the scarcity of space for establishing properly managed landfill sites. To address the deficits and to structure the work during the feasibility phase, a project log frame according to KfW standards was developed, indicating the project objectives, results, measures, indicators, assumptions and risks. The results of the feasibility study were presented in a report with annexes structured according to the five main results of the project log frame, as follows: i. Improvement of the institutional set-up and organizational structure; ii. Improvement of the technical operation and management of solid waste services; iii. Introduction of a cost recovery tariff system in SWM; iv. Involvement of private sector in SWM; v. Improvement of acceptance for environmental health and the SWM system.

Currently, an urgent improvement plan is implemented, based on the following actions:

• Supporting the Governorates with some of the required vehicles and/or equipment to develop the efficiency of collection and transport of waste; • Maintenance and upgrading of some composting plants and developing the management and operation systems; • Removing accumulated waste and closure of random open dumps within or close to the residential areas; • Taking legal action to prevent the random sorting of waste; • Urgent tendering and awarding of new contracts for SWM services, according to the template bid requirements and specifications approved by the Ministries of Finance and Environment; and the provided services should conform to the requirements in terms of locations, techniques and accounting system.

As evident by the current status, improving the level of the waste management system requires the adoption of a development plan to enhance the performance of collection and transport, increase recycling rates and final disposal in sanitary landfills, through the following mechanisms:

• Assessment of the current situation to identify opportunities and challenges; • Amending the contracts of the SWM service companies according to the operating cost per ton in the different phases (collection, transport, sorting, recycling and final disposal); • Establishing handling stations for waste exchange between the waste collection vehicles and large trucks, and raising the efficiency of collection; • Establishing transfer stations for waste sorting and developing the work of contractors and zabaleen; • Integration of the informal sector (contractors and zabaleen) in the developed system; • Establishing facilities for sorting, recycling and safe final disposal of rejects in sanitary landfills; supporting and developing the cleansing and beautification departments; • Establishing monitoring and control units to follow up the performance of service provider companies; • Launching comprehensive awareness campaigns and education programs targeting all sectors of the society;

11- IGIP, IU, RODECO and ALDAR, KfW, “Feasibility Study for a SWM Project in Kafr El-Shrikh Governorate”, 2007

14 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

• Supporting source segregation and minimization of household waste; • Implementation of capacity-building programs; and • Enforcement of relevant legislation in coordination with related authorities.

2.3 Planning and investments

As indicated in Egypt’s Country Report on SWM of 2010, to confront the problem of underserviced SWM, especially in Greater Cairo, amended contracts were prepared, based on costing per ton.12 The first modified contract was signed on the 8th of October, 2010, between the Cairo General Agency for Cleansing and Beautification and mA a Arab Environment Company, working in the northern and western regions of Cairo Governorate. However, the General Assembly of the Advisory Opinion and Legislation Sections of the State Council refused the amended contract, and concluded that it is contrary to the rules of law and thus entirely unacceptable. Based on this conclusion, all the activities in this direction were terminated.

The Egyptian Plastic Technology Center (PTC) developed a strategy and an action plan, for the Egyptian Industrial Modernization Center (IMC), to upgrade the Egyptian plastic recycling sector to face its future challenges and attract foreign direct investment.13 The current situation of the plastic recycling sector was assessed and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis were performed.

The strategy recommended establishing a legislative framework for the recycling sector, developing its main structure, adapting capacity building program for the stakeholders, technology transfer to develop the quality of recycled plastics, awareness raising and exploring alternative techniques rather than the traditional plastic recycling methods.

The action plan aims to double the recycling rate from 30 to 60% within 10 years, with an estimated total budget of 1,000 million LE and an annual budget of 100 million LE. The proposed budget is to be funded by the recycling industry (40% of total budget), governmental funds (25%), foreign agencies (25%), and the United Nations Environmental Program (10%).

2.4 monitoring

The Governorate of Cairo, in collaboration with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, started a project, in November 2011, for the automated performance monitoring of companies in charge of street sweeping and municipal solid waste collection and transport. The project aims to create an integrated system for controlling the performance of the companies by providing accurate and updated information. The first phase of the project, including eight districts, was completed.

Within the twinning project, improvement of hazardous substance and waste monitoring and inspection system of EEAA was recommended, e.g. by inspection check lists, lists of waste produced by different industry branches based on the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) to support the identification of waste for inspectors, guidance on taking waste samples on inspections, etc.14

12- SWEEP-Net, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management – Egypt, page 19, 2010 13- Plastic Technology Center, National Study, Plastic Recycling Sector, Final Report, 2008 (http://www.imc-egypt.org/studies/ FullReport/Plastic%20Recycling%20Development%20Strategy_EN.pdf) 14- TWINNING EG07/AA/EN10, EU, Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System, Twinning Final Report, May 2011

15 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

2.5 Fiscal, finance and economical steering instruments

In Egypt, the cost of municipal solid waste management system is partially recoverable, as the revenue of waste collection fees is not enough to cover the expenses needed to sustain the waste management system. The gap is normally covered at the outset through Governorates’ duty funds, and if it is not sufficient, then the Ministry of Finance covers any financial shortage. However, allocations from Governorates and the Ministry of Finance are inadequate. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new cost recovery mechanisms to reduce that gap.

Setting fee-for-waste services has not been based on sound financial models and the system has not exploited the potential impact of civic educational programs such as sorting of “wet” organic household waste at source. Government investments in composting plants, for example, have proven to be financially not viable, as mixed waste does not lead to the production of marketable compost and raises operational costs of composting plants. If organic waste were source segregated at negligible cost, composting plants would be rendered more financially viable. The same is true for other waste such as paper, plastic and metals.

There is need to increase financial allocations towards upgraded capacity and potential cost recovery, and to provide incentives to private industry to reuse paper, plastics and metals waste. Creating an informal commodities market for certain types of waste has also been suggested, to increase the demand value at the level of the Governorates. The informal sector needs to be formalized, upgraded and drawn into new, formal structures for SWM

Cairo Governorate generates 15,000 ton/day of municipal solid waste; about 70 – 80% of the generated waste is collected. Table 1 shows the annual contract values of SWM companies serving Cairo Governorate. In addition, the annual budget of Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency is 50 million LE.

Table 1: annual contract values of swm companies serving cairo governorate Annual value No. Company Service area (Million le) 1 AMA Arab Environment Co Northern Zone 132.3 2 AMA Arab Environment Co Western Zone 124 3 FCC Eastern Zone 118.1 4 Misr Service El-Marg 14.8 5 Europa 2000 Maadi and Helwan 53.3 6 Ertecaa Manshiyat Naser 5.8 7 ECARO Recycling and disposal 20 8 EcoConServ Medical waste management 7.4 9 Contractors 0.9 Total 476.6

Veolia Environmental Services (Onyx Alexandria) was selected by Alexandria Governorate for a multi- service integrated solid waste management contract, signed in September 2000 and launched in 2001, for a period of 15 years. Veolia terminated the contract in October, 2011, due to delays in fulfilling its payment dues, since the beginning of the revolution, meanwhile the Governorate continued to penalize and fine the company.

16 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

2.6 Private sector participation policy

Egyptian Governorates have and are systematically under-investing in MSWM. Although Egypt’s new PPP Law provides reasonable institutional, procedural and judicial basis for PPP arrangements, it does not currently apply to MSWM and to Governorates.15 The problems and challenges facing PSP are: the existing policy and legislation gives insufficient direction and guidance to Governorates on PSP; poor or absent feasibility, technical, financial and structuring of MSWM projects by Governorates prior to procurement resulting in PSP arrangements that have structural limitations; contract scoping in larger urban Governorates raise the political risk associated with unexpected service termination; weak mutual understanding and trust between the Egyptian public sector and the private sector; and lack of well- structured PSP opportunities brought to the market by Governorates.

The overall assessment for policy, legal and institutional framework for PSP in MSWM revealed the following: MSWM legal framework is lacking a consistent model and guidance for PSP arrangements; the new MSWM master plan goes some way towards addressing an integrated vision for chain management and financing; difficulty to implement the extensive body of law and policies in a concrete way; and the new PPP legislation, procedures and institutional arrangements in Egypt must be considered with regard to PSP in MSWM.

A more sustainable fiscal and financial management, monitoring and tariff regime is required for sustained financing of the SWM sector, also under PSP arrangements. PSP could offer significant fiscal benefits for Governorates in MSWM delivery if structured and managed effectively. Moreover, as the informal waste management sector is substantial in Egypt with multiple forms of informal operators and with a trend toward higher levels of organization, there is a need to optimize interfaces to integrate both formal and informal operators.

2.7 Public awareness, education and community participation

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) The EEAA had organized several awareness campaigns and training sessions in 2010 – 2011. This activity was conducted in collaboration with the media management branches, and directorates of education, agriculture and health at the Governorates, in addition to the NGO cooperation program, the program of major industries and craft activities and the general authority of cultural palaces. The awareness activities (seminars, meetings and training) were directed to academia, farmers, medical professionals, engineers, etc.

The awareness campaigns covered preservation of the environment from pollution; solid waste management; separation of household waste at source; health problems resulting from burning agricultural waste; recycling of agricultural waste; and medical waste handling, collection, transport and treatment. In November 2011, EEAA provided a three days training program, on “Formulation of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Projects and their Management”, for NGOs.

15- Rebel International and EcoConServ Environmental Solutions, World Bank, “Private Sector Participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management Sector in Egypt”, Final Draft Study Report, 09.11.10

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Solid Waste Management project for Khosoos One of the key objectives of developing a solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city in Qalyubia Governorate was to raise awareness on the existing problems and the distribution of roles and responsibilities. A key objective was to increase awareness on the value of waste as a resource (“Trash is Cash”), encourage source segregation and improve the public’s perceptions of actors involved in waste management including informal operators.

The Italian Cooperation in Egypt is implementing a project in Northern Cairo to improve the quality of life and the environmental conditions, and to raise the inhabitants’ environmental awareness especially in solid waste management. The project focuses, among other things on implementing positive actions for marginalized groups, such as street children and informal waste pickers; and extending good practices among health providers/operators in dealing with hazardous medical waste.

Twinning project The twinning project for the development of integrated hazardous substances and waste management system produced and distributed, in English and Arabic, flyers on e-waste reuse/recycling with an NGO. Three awareness campaigns for NGOs were conducted in Aswan, Alexandria and Cairo, on March 2011, on the environmentally sound management of hazardous substances and hazardous waste.

There is an urgent need to implement a long-term and focused awareness campaign and education in the waste management area. Despite the lack of resources, campaigns should be regularly organized to promote environmental awareness and resource conservation through recycling/reuse of waste materials. Most public awareness efforts should be directed to children, since they are responsive and easily accessible, and it is believed that they can influence adult attitudes.

2.8 National capacity building and training initiatives

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) The Ministry of Environmental Affairs and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (MSEA/EEAA) activities were primarily targeting the workforce associated with environmental education, management and protection. In this respect, several training courses were conducted for governmental authorities and organizations in the fields of municipal, healthcare, and industrial hazardous waste management, and judicial impoundment.

Khosoos city project One of the components of GIZ project in Khosoos city in Qalyubia Governorate is to develop capacities in sustainable and environmentally sound methods of SWM including waste collection, technical know-how, and organizing individuals active in waste management and strengthening their business management skills. The target groups for capacity building activities include local administration, NGOs and particularly informal operators.

Twinning project A capacity building and education plan had been implemented, within the activities of the twinning project, leading to enhanced and upgraded capacities in hazardous substance (HS) and waste management (WM). About 350 experts from public and private sector attended in total eight training courses, four training of trainer courses and three awareness campaigns on topics related to waste and hazardous substances. The plan included, among other items: training on integrated waste management, estimation of the economic

18 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT value of waste, environmental indicators and their use, life cycle assessment and risk management. The plan also included training of judges, prosecutors, inspectors and utility police on the legislations and their application, and awareness campaign on HS and WM targeted the media and NGO’s staff. The provided training programs are illustrated in Table 2.

Table 2: Training Programs Provided on SW and HS Management Systems Training program No. of participants Date Training course on legal framework of EU 22 14-15 June 2009 Training course on management of municipal solid waste 34 16-18 June2009 / disposal facilities Training course on databases and statistics in EU 26 18-19 October 2009 Training course for trainers on classification of hazardous 24 15-17 November 2009 waste including waste shipments Training course on Integrated Pollution Prevention and 22 22-24 November 2009 Control IPPC and Reference Documents BREF related to waste Training courses on cleaner production - hazardous waste 45 6-8 April 2010 minimization and industrial wastewater management Training courses on risk assessment for chemicals 60 3-5 May 2010

Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project

The Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project for Arab Countries (RIPECAP), funded by the Government of Finland, and supervised and coordinated by UNEP/DTIE, organized its third training of trainers seminar on “monitoring and treatment of wastewater, hazardous and solid waste management”, in Alexandria, in May 2011.16 The training program included among others: modern technologies used for organic waste management, risk assessment and management in handling and treatment of waste, solid and hazardous waste management in the metal finishing industries, and environmental records of hazardous waste

On-the-Job Training On-the-job training was provided to the staff of the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility, in addition to representatives of EEAA, in South Korea, in July 2010, on the operation and maintenance of the newly established Fluorescent Lamp Treatment Unit.

2.9 Capacity Building Requirements

The required national approach to capacity building in SWM is not only based on technology and economics but also: understanding the administration systems for waste management and related activities; human resource development to achieve better results in SWM; building sound institutions and good governance for attaining improved SWM; and delineating strategies for sustaining achievements.

Within Ministries, Governorates and municipalities, institutional roles and responsibilities are unclear and capacity is weak. Operating an efficient, effective, environmentally sound SWM program requires building administrative capacity for government and private sector players and technical capacity for designing,

16- Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project for Arab Countries (RIPECAP), online documentations: http:// www.ripecap.net/Anonymous/Documents_List.aspx?ID=7&Sub=89

19 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT operating, maintaining, and monitoring each part of the process. Governmental entities, private sector companies and NGOs lack the technical and financial knowledge and intercommunication to operate efficiently. Training that builds human resource and institutional capacity at appropriate levels is essential.

2.10 National initiatives for Multi-Stakeholder Exchange

A multi-stakeholder approach enables several stakeholders to pool in their resources and get involved in projects/schemes in terms of perspectives, inputs, suggestions and participation.17 According to UNEP, complexity, costs and coordination of waste management has dictated multi-stakeholder involvement in every stage of the waste stream.18

In the course of preparing the National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP), selection of the best option(s) to establish the new National Solid Waste Management Entity used a multi-stakeholder approach involving representatives of the relevant Ministries, Cleansing and Beatification Agencies, private SWM service providers, NGOs and independent experts. As a result of communication, dialogue and collaboration between MSEA, Ministry of Local Development (MoLD), Ministry of Finance (MoF) and Governorates, the following template tender documents and request for proposals were prepared: - The tender documents for streets’ cleanliness, and collection and transfer of municipal solid waste, based on cost per ton. - The tender documents for recycling and final disposal, based on cost per ton.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) adopted the Egyptian Green ICT Strategy in close cooperation with MSEA, in February 2010, and the Green ICT stakeholders’ committee was established.19 The committee includes members from public and private sectors, NGOs, regional and international agencies. The Green ICT program is dealing with ICTs from a cradle to cradle perspective, with a special focus on developing a sustainable management of e-waste program.

In November 2011, MCIT in cooperation with MSEA, hosted and co-organized the fifth ITU Symposium on “ICT, the Environment & Climate Change” in coordination with ITU. The symposium tackled green ICT from its direct, indirect and systemic sides, as well as issues related to mitigation, adoption and e-waste management. The conference produced The Cairo Road Map.20 The document is a guideline for developing countries on “ICTs and Environmental sustainability”.

2.11 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt

Two case studies are presented in Annex 5, representing best practices in the field of ISWM. Those are: - Production of alternative fuels for cement kilns from municipal and agricultural waste; and - A systemic approach to solid waste management in rural Governorates of Egypt, a pilot scheme for El Minya Governorate. The project was financed by the Italian Environmental Cooperation Program.

17- G. William, Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA), “Multi Stakeholder approach towards Solid Waste Management”, October, 2009 http://www.borda-sea.org/index.php?id=217&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10577&cHash=2 1986273457fb6641c862ec6e163fa82) 18- UNEP-IETC: Waste Management – Activities: Global Partnership (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/SPC/activities/GPWM/background. asp 19- Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, http://www.mcit.gov.eg/ 20- MCIT, EEAA, and the International Communication Union, “Cairo Roadmap: ICTs and Environmental Sustainability”, the 5th ITU symposium, ICT, the environment and Climate Change, 2-3 November, 2010, Smart Village, Cairo, Egypt (http://www.itu.int/ dms_pub/itu-t/oth/06/0F/T060F0060160001PDFE.pdf)

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2.12 Upcoming initiatives

To assist Egypt in advancing the implementation of the EU-Egypt Association Agreement and the joint EU-Egypt Action Plan, the EU offers a number of instruments and incentives within the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP).21 These include trade liberalization, a stake in the internal market and targeted technical and financial assistance. The most significant bilateral support is allocated in the form of the multi-annual National Indicative Program (NIP) that covers the period 2011-2013.

The sub-priority 3 of the NIP is directed to support the SWM sector. This program will support the implementation of the Government’s National Strategy for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management, through the introduction of efficient and cost-effective systems for dealing with large volumes of solid waste.

The specific objectives of the program are: improved solid waste management, including collection, recycling, disposal and treatment of domestic, industrial and agricultural waste; sustainable country- wide waste management policies and related institutional structures; and increased co-ordination with all relevant stakeholders, including private sector and Civil Society Organization (CSO). The expected results of applying this program are: extension of municipal solid waste collection services in urban areas; strengthened oversight, evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of solid waste management policies; and the establishment of waste management partnerships between the central Government, the Governorates and private sector actors. Approximately 20 million Euros are allocated towards the start of the programming period.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) allocated a grant on 2010 for the integrated community-based solid waste management project in Qalyubia Governorate. GIZ and the Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas (PDP) at the Ministry of Planning are the project implementing partners. The grant would be used to support the development and implementation of a Solid Waste Management System (SWMS) which promotes the value of waste as a resource and integrates the urban poor in the management of waste services. The initial phase of the project has been conducted in 2011 and dedicated to perform a baseline study and developing a solid waste management strategy to guide the implementation plan10. The key pillar of the strategy will be raising awareness of the community on the value of waste. The upcoming phase of the project is capacity building of various stakeholders to improve waste collection services, improve living and work conditions of informal operators and establishing Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs) to enhance recycling activities for both organic and non-organic waste.

On the other hand, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (Danida) in collaboration with the Environmental Sector Program (ESP) of MSEA prepared environmental profiles for a large number of Egyptian Governorates.22 An Environmental Action Plan was prepared for each Governorate. The suggested projects addressing municipal solid waste, and hazardous medical and industrial waste in the Governorates, are summarized in Table 3.

The table provides the proposed projects, the general objective of each project, its location and estimated cost. Each Governorate will maintain its contribution to the implementation of the project by allocating

21- European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument - Arab Republic of Egypt National Indicative Program 2011-2013, (http:// ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_nip_egypt_en.pdf) 22- MESA, ESP and DANIDA, “Environmental Projects Resulting from Environmental Action Plans of Some Egyptian Governorates”, 2008

21 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT the land for the project, facilitating governmental approvals, and providing the baseline data/information required for project construction, in addition to forming an integrated management unit for operation, monitoring, control, and legal compliance in order to ensure project success.

Table 3: Proposed Solid Waste Management Projects Project Proposed Name of project Project objectives location budget Solid waste management at the industrial Ensure an operating integrated Ismailia zones in Ismailia 3 M LE solid waste management at the Governorate Governorate’s industrial zones Disposal of municipal solid waste in Municipal solid waste Qantrara Qantrara Gharb city 2,740,000 LE management in Qantrara Gharb Gharb city city Collecting, transporting, and recycling Municipal solid waste Beheira municipal solid wastes generated from all 30,895,000 LE management in rural and urban Governorate cities and villages of Beheira Governorate areas of Beheira Governorate Construction of Industrial facilities for Enhance efficiency of Solid producing compost from organic wastes 10 M LE Waste System at Giza Giza Governorate Construction of solid waste recycling Governorate Enhance efficiency of Solid facility (glass- plastics, paper wastes) 10 M LE Waste Management System at Giza Governorate Establishing Organic Fertilizer Industrial Establish an integrated solid facility and a Landfill in Berqash 6th October 16,450,000 LE waste management system at the 6th October Construct a new landfill for solid wastes in Safe disposal of solid wastes Kasr El Basel 50 M LE in the centers of Atsa and Al- Fayoum Fayoum Integrated Industrial and Hazardous Waste Governorate Establish an Integrated Management System at the Governorate Industrial and Hazardous Waste 10 M LE Management System at the Governorate Improving municipal solid wastes Integrated Management of collection and transportation system, 50 M LE generated solid wastes in the generated from Governorate cities Kalubia Governorate Governorate Upgrading the current landfill of solid Final and safe disposal of solid 10 M LE wastes in Abu Za’abal wastes Establishing solid wastes recycling factory Reusing and recycling of solid in Shebin El Kom markaz and city Menofyia wastes in Shebin El Kom markaz 8 M LE Governorate and city to produce compost and restore sorted materials Solid wastes recycling in the Governorate Mitigating environmental and villages and establishing a plant for solid health problems resulting from New Valley wastes recycling in El Dakhla area 6,300,000 LE ill management of solid wastes Governorate and to maximize the use of the solid and agriculture wastes Solid Wastes Integrated Management of Improving the Solid Wastes Beni Suef Wasta markaz and city 200,000 LE Integrated Management System Governorate of Wasta markaz and city Rehabilitation of public waste dumpsites Safe disposal, reuse and recycle and Establishing 3 recycling units for solid 15 M LE of solid waste wastes in the Governorate North Sinai Safe disposal of hazard medical wastes Governorate Protecting citizens from risks 4,566,000 LE of exposure to hazard medical wastes

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3. INDUSTRIaL aND HaZaRDOUS WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

3.1 Legal and Institutional Framework

In principle the Egyptian legal framework agrees with the fundamental concepts and principles of the EU legal framework, but it faces implementation problems, due to the huge number of laws and decrees, in addition to the different ministries and stakeholders responsible for their implementation.23 This causes interference and contradiction between laws and creates a kind of confusion of which law should be ap- plied and which is the competent authority responsible of its implementation. The result is wasting time and efforts. In addition the weak performance of authorities and the lack of financial resources create additional obstacles.

A legislative framework incorporating harmonized provisions of the EU legal framework on HS and WM and the respective amendments to Law No. 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment was drafted. A hazardous waste regulation including new definitions for waste treatment/disposal facilities was drafted. The European Waste Catalogue (EWC), its classification system for hazardousness and its origin related identification system of waste types was proposed for implementation to substitute the current system.

All proposed amendments are applicable in three different legal framework settings, which are: - Amendments to Law 4/1994, its executive regulations and addition of more executive regulations especially to improve the waste related legal aspects. - Amendments to Law 4/1994 to include a waste framework executive regulation and subordinated waste related regulations. - A waste framework law and executive regulations additionally to Law 4.

Under the current institutional framework, in addition to EEAA, environmental management responsibilities are shared by 17 sector (in line) Ministries that exercise environmental management responsibilities. The key institutions are: MSEA/EEAA; Ministry of Trade and Industry; Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation; Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Community; Ministry of Health and Population; Ministry of Local Development; Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Ministry of Petroleum; and Mi- nistry of Interior; in addition, a number of supporting institutions such as scientific and research institutes and universities that play a role in environmental policy formulation and implementation.

Based on the findings of the twinning project, modifications of the structure and the mandate of the departments in HS and WM, in EEAA, were suggested. The basic changes are to establish a separate department for HS and to unify the solid and hazardous waste departments to improve the shape of policies and the enforcement. To improve the information flow and the database available for planning and strategy developments, a new department for “Data and Registry” is introduced.

23- Standard Twinning Project FICHE, Support to the EU – Egypt Association Agreement Programme (SAAP), “Development of In- tegrated Hazardous Substances and Waste Management System for EEAA”, (http://www.esteri.it/mae/Gemellaggi/Meda/Egitto/ EEAA_Twinning_Project_Fiche_Final_Coments.pdf)

23 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

3.2 Strategies and planning

One of the goals of the sixth National Five-Year Plan (2007 – 2012) is to establish an integrated HS and WM system over a 5-year period that cover all stages of sorting, collection from its sources, storage and handling, transport to treatment, recycling and recovery units.24 The cycle ends up with the final disposal stage in a gradual-phased and prioritized manner. In order to accomplish this task a special system must be designed and developed in technical, legislative, institutional and financial terms.

The twinning project aims to develop a framework for integrated HS and WM including the preparation of an integrated strategy, system, and plan for efficient management of solid and other waste. An Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management (ISHSWM) was developed, consisting of two parts, one on waste and the second on HS/chemicals. It was recommended to launch a senior level In- ter-Ministerial Committee (SIC) with two Advisory Groups (AGs) to strengthen the strategic management structure. The SIC would play a key role in the formulation and monitoring of the strategy, master plan and each one of the implementation plans, taking advantage of the completed studies and strategic documents, as well as the recommendations of the AGs.

Within the twinning project, improvement on the hazardous substance and waste monitoring and inspection system of EEAA was recommended, e.g. by inspection check lists, lists of waste produced by different industry branches based on the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) to support the identification of waste for inspectors, guidance on taking waste samples on inspections, etc.

The World Bank is currently assisting MCIT in playing a more active advocacy role in green ICT in the context of the overall development agenda of Egypt, through the following: development of the framework of a National Green ICT Strategy; design of an e-waste pilot project; and design of an awareness, information dissemination and knowledge development campaign on e-waste management.

In light of decreasing the environmentally negative impact of the ICT sector, MCIT is currently performing the following activities: 25 - Conducting a national e-waste study focusing on assessing the current situation, potential for establishing an e-waste recycling industry, and identification of economic incentives; - Designing an e-waste recycling pilot project; - Designing a capacity building program for e-waste management, in cooperation with the World Bank; - Compiling a proposal for setting and updating the appropriate legislations and regulations to support the rational e-waste management in Egypt.

3.3 Financing

The Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme (EPAP) is a major initiative of MSEA to help industry improve performance and comply with environmental regulations.26 Funding partners with MSEA are the European Investment Bank, French Development Agency, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and

24- Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Planning, the Sixth Five-Year Plan (2007 – 2012) (http://www.mop.gov.eg/english/sixth%20 five%20year.html) 25- Research and Studies Unit, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, “Egyptian Green ICT strategy: Status and achievements”, October 2011 26- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme (EPAP) / Industrial Unit web site (http://industry.eeaa.gov.eg/)

24 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

the World Bank. Funding is available for industrial companies under the following areas: end of pipe treatment for air emissions and wastewater; in-process modifications and cleaner technologies; energy conservation and conversion to cleaner fuels; hazardous waste management; and environmental services. Up to 90% of project investment costs are provided with a maximum loan of US$15 million and a minimum loan of US$100,000. Interest for foreign loans is 2% above Libor/Euribor for 6 months plus 0.1% monthly on highest debit balance; whereas 12% annually plus 1.5% monthly commission on highest debit balance for local currency. The repayment range is 5-8 years with 1-2 years grace period. The Nasreya Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment Center at Alexandria provides collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal services for hazardous industrial waste. The center has defined a price structure for the treatment of inorganic hazardous waste to be disposed of in the landfill, treated by physical-chemical methods or by solidification. «Polluter pays principle» has been adopted from the very beginning of operations, i.e. the treatment price payable by the waste producers includes all costs arising from the operations, as well as depreciations of the investments. Direct investment costs are not included in the treatment price. Table 4 illustrates the corresponding cost for those services.

Table 4: cost of Transportation, Treatment and disposal of Hazardous Industrial Waste COST SERVICE REMARKS LE USD 40. 60 or 80 LE/ton 6.7, 10.1, or 13.45 Within Alexandria USD/ton Governorate; depending on the distance TRANSPORTATION 130 LE/ton 21.85 USD/ton From Cairo Governorate or similar distance (minimum of 2 tons) 1080 LE/cubic meter 181.5 USD/cubic Acidic or alkaline liquid TREATMENT meter waste (PHYSIO-CHEMICAL) 433 LE/cubic meter 72.8 USD/cubic meter Neutral Liquid Waste 500 LE/ton 84 USD/ton 1 Ton contains about 6,000 TREATMENT lamps (WASTE FLUORESCENT LAMPS) 0.1 LE/one fluorescent lamp 0.017 USD/one fluorescent lamp LANDFILLING 500 LE/ton 84 USD/ton Solid Waste

3.4 Collection, treatment and disposal

The Ministry of Industry surveyed and documented the solid wastes generated from the industrial activities of the public sector companies, in addition to disposal methods of those wastes including the hazardous waste. A list of industrial hazardous wastes was already prepared in order to issue a Ministerial Decree to regulate the handling and disposal of those hazardous wastes according to Basel Convention. Industrial wastes (including hazardous wastes) are generated from about 24,518 establishments distributed nation-wide. Types and impacts of wastes differ according to the activity, technology used and location of each establishment.

In 2011, EEAA authorized three local private companies for transporting hazardous liquid and solid waste to the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility, at Alexandria. Those are: Arab Contractors Co. located in Alexandria Governorate; Al-Zellal Environmental Services Co. in Cairo Governorate; and Al- Waseem for Transport and Trading Co. in Damietta Governorate.

25 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

The Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility has been established in September 2006. The industry has been rather slow in sending its hazardous waste to Nasreya for the following reasons: the information about the facility has not yet reached all industries; they claim that the treatment prices are too high; and law 4/1994 for the protection of the environmental and its amendment, Law 9/2009, are not sufficiently enforced. Currently, the facility is operating at 70% of its working capacity. In any case, the facility’s full capacity is much less than required to cover all generated hazardous waste in Egypt. The existing facility should be enlarged and the experiences gained should be taken into account when planning similar facilities elsewhere.

The administrative control of waste streams and the enforcement by the authorities on the waste generators and companies/individuals contracted by the generators for waste treatment/disposal is essential to encourage environmentally sound disposal of hazardous waste and avoid illegal dumping or disposal.

3.5 Private Sector Involvement

As indicated in Section 3.4, three local private companies are involved in the transport of hazardous industrial liquid and solid waste to the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment/disposal facility.

In 2010, MCIT supported CompuMe Company, one of the large retailers of ICT goods in Egypt, in establishing the first Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company (EERC). The core business of the company is re- furbishing old ICT products, and Total Recycling of e-waste. Another company that is active in Egypt in this industry is Spear-ink Company. The company core business is: refurbished; reused; and remanufactured ink and toner cartridges.

3.6 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt

Two case studies that represent best practices in the field of industrial and hazardous waste management are given separately. Those are: - The fluorescent lamp waste treatment unit at Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment Center; and - The Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center (ENCPC)

3.7 Upcoming Initiatives

Based on the findings of the twinning project on the development of integrated hazardous substances and waste management system and the upcoming National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP); the Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility (MEH- SIP-PPIF) would launch a feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility.28 The estimated value of the project is 25 million Euros.

28- MeHSIP-PPIF, Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Program, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility, Horizon2020, PHASE II, 3rd Progress Report of MeHSIP-PPIF (Phase II), FINAL DRAFT, July 2011 (http://www.mehsip-ppif.eu/MEHSIP/3rd_Progress_Report_MeHSIP-PPIF_DRAFT_Updated.pdf)

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If the ‘green light’ to launch feasibility study is given, the following activities would be foreseen based on the initial plan: i. Prepare an industrial inventory; ii. Coordinate with ongoing donor intervention; iii. Continue close follow up on the development of the enabling institutional and legal framework currently under development; iv. Design clear TORs for the scope of MeHSIP-PPIF work in conducting a feasibility study (including mo- bilize expert team); v. Initiate the process of developing the feasibility study including the institutional due diligence process of the entity managing the hazardous waste site.

The project progress to date is: submission of pre-feasibility study; detailed assessment of the current situation and existing infrastructure at the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility; comprehensive literature review of existing relevant studies; technical assessment including forecast and needed infrastructure; description of environmental compliance related to national regulations; determination of environmental mitigation measures; and financial and economic assessment and analysis. Recommendations for further development of the Nasreya hazardous waste treatment centre include the following: - Using the remaining area of the Nasreya site for building more secured landfill cells for inorganic hazardous waste; - Introducing car battery and electronic scraps collection and treatment.

27 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

4. MEDICaL WaSTE MaNaGEMENT

4.1 Legal and Institutional Framework

The legal framework is comprised of several laws that are directly or indirectly regulating healthcare waste management. Those are Law no. 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment and its Executive Re- gulation No. 338 of 1995, Law 38 of 1967 on General Public Cleaning and its Executive Regulation no. 134 of 1968 and Law 48 of 1982 for the Protection of the River Nile and Waterways from Pollution, in addition to the Unified Labor Law 12 of 2003 for the protection of workers from expected harmful exposure. Fur- thermore, the Ministry of Health and Population (MHP) decrees 82, 343 and 413/1996 and 192/2001, are parts of the legal framework.

The institutional framework for medical waste management that defines roles and responsibilities of different authorities are summarized as follows: • The Cabinet of Ministers, MHP and EEAA are responsible for development and adoption of public policies. • MHP, EEAA and the Civil Defense Authority supervise the implementation of policies and monitoring of performance. • MHP and EEAA are responsible for issuing lists and codes of hazardous substances and waste. • MHP, EEAA, Ministry of Housing and Governorates are responsible for development of guidelines and standards of performance and preparation of various contracts and licenses. • The Cabinet of Ministers, the Finance and Planning Ministries, and MHP are responsible for allocation of credits of finance. • MHP, EEAA with the participation of scientific and technical experts, and the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology are responsible for capacity building programs and awareness campaigns; • The Governorates and local municipalities are responsible for the management of the medical waste system, either directly or by contracting private companies, contractors, or NGOs. • The responsibilities of health care facilities are: reducing the rate of waste generation; and creating an integrated hazardous medical waste management system including source separation, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal.

The responsibility for hazardous medical waste management is distributed between three basic systems, under the supervision of MHP and EEAA: • A governmental system where medical waste is directed to treatment units located inside the governmental hospitals; • A governmental system that form partnership with the private sector or contract private companies to address waste inside the medical facilities; and • Private companies that collect, transfer, and treat medical waste.

Table 5 shows government institutions and other stakeholders that have been identified to have a role to play in the management of medical waste.

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Table 5: institutional Framework for Medical Waste Management

AUTHORITY M GO HEAL M M M UNI C M F PLANNING V A INI INI INI F A ERNORATE INI B INAN ROLES AND M C Mo C EEAA M AND INET S S S TH ILITIE EDIA IPALITIE S TRY TRY TRY RESPONSIBILITIES HP LD TER C C

ARE E

O O O O S S F F F F S S

Development and adoption of public XXX policies Implementation of policies and monitoring XX of performance Issuing lists and codes of hazardous XX substances and waste Development of guidelines and standards of performance and XXX X preparation of contracts and licenses Allocation of credits of finance XX XX Capacity building programs and XX X awareness campaigns Medical waste management, either directly or by contracting X private companies, contractors, or NGOs Waste reduction and creating an integrated hazardous medical X waste management system

4.2 Strategies and planning

MSEA in cooperation with MHP had prepared a strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste. The strategy adopts using the most appropriate techniques to deal with the hazardous medical waste, raise public awareness about the impact of improper management of waste to the health and environment; as well as development of national legislation, policies and sound environmental practices.29 The strategy emphasizes the concept of waste separation from source and central disposal; it includes proposals for safe, effective, sustainable and acceptable ways for medical waste treatment and disposal, both inside and outside the medical facilities. The strategy focuses on the involvement of the private and civil sectors in the combined efforts to put an end for using incinerators in hospitals, that produces harmful gaseous emissions to the environment and

29- EEAA, Implementing the Strategy for Safe Disposal of Hazardous Medical Waste in cooperation with Swiss Environmental Pro- tection Agency, April 2010 (http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/main/allnews.asp?Article_Id=220)

29 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT public health. The strategy seeks to provide support to national institutions and individuals in medical facilities to improve management of medical waste. The strategy urges hospitals and medical facilities to perform their responsibilities of generated waste and to be sure of the absence of risk from handling, treatment or disposal of medical waste.

MSEA is taking necessary arrangements for implementing the strategy for safe disposal of hazardous medical waste in cooperation with the Swiss Environmental Protection Agency. This strategy will be implemented in Greater Cairo as a model that can be duplicated and deployed in all Egypt’s Governorates in full and effective coordination with MHP; two sites will be selected for establishing treatment and final disposal plants of such waste. The strategy implementation will focus on human capacity building, developing databases in MHP and MSEA that are connected to all Governorates, to follow up and monitor effective implementation of the strategy; in addition to complete elimination of illegal transport of hazardous medical waste and remove inappropriate incinerators from hospitals to reduce their serious environmental impacts.

An action plan for the development of a national program for the management of medical waste was proposed by the MHP and EEAA.30 The following work plan would be adopted to prepare a national program for the sound management of medical waste: i. Commitment to establish and implement policies and procedures for the management of medical waste; ii. Assessment of generated medical waste and identifying waste management practices; iii. Developing national guidelines; iv. Developing a policy on the techniques used for medical waste treatment, including treatment techniques and equipment specifications; v. Upgrade legislation to comply with the international standards and ensure its effective enforcement. vi. Developing a national training program for capacity building; vii. Establishing a monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the national program.

4.3 Financing

Funding for medical waste management is allocated from the following sources: - A limited portion of the governmental financial allocations for the health facilities is directed to medical waste management; - Foreign grants and loans for studies, projects and equipment purchases in a non-regular bases; and - Private sector contribution in the field of waste management.

Funds allocated from both the Government and the private sector is insufficient for performing the required tasks of medical waste management in a safe and sustainable manner, nationwide. In 2010, the annual generation of hazardous medical waste in Greater Cairo (Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia Governorates) was about 6,387.5 tons. An estimated budget for hazardous medical waste management in Greater Cairo shows the need for 47 million LE as capital cost and 6.5 million LE as annual operational cost (1 USD = 5.95 LE).

4.4 Collection, treatment and disposal

Egypt generates about 77.5 ton/day of hazardous medical waste.30 Governorates are responsible of collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous medical waste either directly or by contracting private companies, contractors, or NGOs.

30- MSEA/EEAA and Ministry of Health and Population, “Integrated Hazardous Medical Waste Management System”, April 2010

30 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

The main problems of medical waste management are present at Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia Governorates that generate 21 ton/day. About 75% of the generated waste in those Governorates is not treated and disposed in a safe manner, leading to serious health and environmental problems. The untreated medical waste is either mixed with municipal solid waste or illegally traded for recycling. Those shortcomings are attributed to the following administrative, technical and financial constraints: - Lack of an implementation plan, and coordination and monitoring of collection, treatment and disposal of waste; - Lack of trained manpower and infrastructure to deal with the generated waste; - Lack of medical waste separation at source; - Lack of adequate budget for the implementation of an integrated plan; - Shortage in funding for capacity building and training programs; and - Poor awareness of the dangers of unsafe handling of medical waste.

Section 4.2 highlights the recommended work plan to be adopted for preparing a national program for the sound management of medical waste.

4.5 Private Sector Involvement

The private sector contribution in hazardous medical waste management is limited. Two private companies, Egypt for Environmental Services and EcoConServe Environmental Solutions, are operating in the field of hazardous medical waste management in the eastern and western zones of Cairo Governorate. Arab Contractors’ company provides the service in Alexandria Governorate; and the International Environ- ment Services Co., Tanzfco Co. and Misr Services Co. present the services in Sharqia, Suez and Port Said Governorates, respectively.

4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt

Poor management of medical waste potentially exposes health care workers, waste handlers, patients and the community to infection, and risks of polluting the environment. A case study in Qalyubia Governorate is presented that addresses the above risks through youth awareness and training on the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste, as well as the creation of employment opportunities.

4.7 Upcoming initiatives

MSEA/EEAA in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Population proposed the following initiatives to implement the strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste30: - Approval of the integrated hazardous medical waste management system and endorsement of its policy; - Developing the legal, institutional/organizational and financial frameworks; - Development of Human resources and capacity building programs; - Issuing an Egyptian standard specifications for medical waste treatment units; - Preparing guidelines and technical specifications for the integrated system constituents; - Establishing a national information system for medical waste management; - Establishing the technical requirement for source separation and sorting, collection, transport, treatment and final disposal; and - Finalizing the executive schemes for establishing the integrated hazardous medical waste management system in all Governorates.

31 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

5. international financial assistance programmes (bi-, and multilateral)

The EU will support the achievement of the objectives contained in Egypt’s National Environmental Action Plan for 2002-2017, by continuing to provide assistance to reforms in the water sector and to improve the solid waste management systems. The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Arab Republic of Egypt National Indicative Program (NIP) 2011-2013, allocated an indicative budget of approximately 20 million Euros towards the start of the programming period.

The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is financially assisting the four year project for developing an Integrated Community-Based Solid Waste Management System in two selected areas in Khosoos and Khanka cities, in Qalyubia Governorate, in the Greater Cairo Region.31 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation allocated 5 million USD for the implementation of the project.

The Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Implementation Facility (MEHSIP-PPIF), is considering launching a feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility in Alexandria. The estimated value of the project is 25 million Euros. The return on investment of the proposed project is: providing solutions for 40% of Egypt’s industry; creating favorable conditions for the continuing expansion of business and employment opportunities in Alexandria Governorate; improving corporate social responsibilities for industrial facilities in the area; and providing cost effective means for managing hazardous waste including e-waste.

31- The Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas, GIZ Enhances Solid Waste Management in Qalyubeya/Cairo (http:// egypt-urban.net/german-technical-cooperation-gtz-enhances-the-solid-waste-management-system-in-qalyubeyacairo-egypt)

32 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

6. international technical assistance programmes (bi-, and multilateral)

The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Arab Republic of Egypt National Indicative Program (NIP) 2011-2013, will support the implementation of the Government’s National Strategy for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management, through the introduction of efficient and cost-effective systems, as discussed in detail in section 2.12.

GIZ in collaboration with various stakeholders is currently developing an integrated community-based solid waste management system in two selected areas in Khosoos and Khanka cities, in Qalyubia Gover- norate. The project is executed through the Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP), an Egyptian-German development program implemented by the Ministry of Planning and GIZ. The project aims to encourage community participation in the management of waste services, promote the value of waste as a resource and improve living and working conditions for the urban poor working on the provision of waste services.

The first phase of the project has been conducted in 2011, in collaboration with local stakeholders including public administration, civil society, informal operators and the private sector and developed an agreed upon community-based solid waste management strategy for Khosoos city. The approach adopted by the project is based on the need for collective community participation to address the challenges facing urban communities. There are hopes that if this model prove its success it could be replicated in other cities in Egypt through the support of EEAA, which is a key partner providing technical support to the project.

Within the context of the developed strategy, forthcoming activities will include awareness rising to promote the value of waste and to encourage reuse and source segregation, capacity development for stakeholders on various aspects of waste management, integration of informal workers in the waste management system and establishing two integrated resource recovery centres in the two cities. These activities will lead to the creation of job opportunities for the urban poor and contribute to general improvement in the living environment for local communities in these cities.

A feasibility study for the extension of the Nasreya hazardous waste management facility, at Alexandria will be launched by the Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project Preparation and Imple- mentation Facility (MEHSIP-PPIF). The project objectives are: use of the remaining area of the Nasreya site for building more secured landfill cells for inorganic hazardous waste; and introduction of car battery and electronic scraps collection and treatment. The technical aspects of the project are discussed in section 3.7.

33 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

7. needs assessment for capacity development until 2015

Annex 8 summarizes the capacity building and training requirements. The main capacity building needs that have to be addressed so as to firmly secure integrated solid waste management are:32 a. Governance: • Improving existing legislation and policy; • Supporting the structure of the competent authorities to tackle and enforce relevant legislation; • Appropriately addressing institutional weaknesses in applying ISWM; • Developing methodologies for effective involvement of all necessary stakeholders; and • Building/strengthening management skills. b. Financing: • Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility, voluntary agreements, etc.; • Developing efficient Public Private Partnerships; and • Developing incentive systems to promote innovation (e.g. identifying financial benefit for operators). c. Stakeholder Involvement – Communication – Conflict Resolution: • Changing attitudes of the wider public (e.g. effective awareness campaigns); • Influencing consumption and production patterns (e.g. through targeted education for sustainable development); • Effective networking within and among actors (knowledge sharing, expertise, experiences, coordination mechanisms among relevant public authorities, implementing consortia, etc.); and • Enabling the private sector to take responsibility to manage their own compliance with environmental legislation and to reduce their environmental impact by use of tools (technical, incentives, etc.) and awareness. d. Operations: • Monitoring the implementation of projects; • Developing reliable and harmonized data for waste related issues; • Developing skills for adopting guidelines and regulations to specific conditions and contexts; • Developing good quality project proposals; • Effective tendering of public works/infrastructure and services; • Developing advanced methods for selecting appropriate methodologies, sites, technologies, etc. (technical issues); and • Effective evaluation of performance, cost recovery, viability/sustainability of projects, etc.

32- Draft Work Programme of the H2020 Steering Committee’s Sub Group on Capacity Building, April 2009

34 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

8. conclusion and recommendations for sweep-net assistance

Poor quality and coverage of MSWM services in Egypt has led to serious negative repercussions on public health and economic development. The problem of underserviced SWM is aggravated by the lack of implementation and enforcement of legislations, the complexity and inadequacy of the governmental administrative structure in charge of waste management, and the challenge of insufficient investment. There is an urgent need to adopt a development plan to enhance the performance of collection, transport, treatment and final disposal in sanitary landfills.

Shortly, a national solid waste management policy and implementation entity will be established, within the Ministry of Local Development. It is foreseen that this entity will improve the SWM sector as it would be responsible for: establishing policy and legislation covering all waste streams, and assist the passage of this legislation through Parliament; be the Program Management Unit for the German/EU national solid waste management program, and all other new programs to be financed by government and international development partners; and develop the final institutional arrangements for the solid waste management sector, and support the strengthening of professional capacity within Governorates and Municipalities.

For successful development of the solid waste sector, there is need for: • Undertaking routine strategic planning to design and implement integrated solid waste systems that are responsive to dynamic demographic and industrial growth33. Strategic planning would start with the formulation of long-term goals based on the local needs, followed by a medium- and short-term action plan to meet the goals. The strategy and action plan should identify a clear set of integrated actions, responsible parties and needed human, physical and financial resources. Opportunities and concepts for private sector involvement should be included. The strategic plan should match service levels to user demand and affordability especially for the urban poor. It should also integrate all components of the service-minimization, collection, transfer and transport, recycling, treatment and final disposal. • A comprehensive policy framework is needed at the national and provincial level to link public health, environmental, privatization, decentralization and economic instrument policies to the needs of the solid waste sector so that they are mutually supportive. This framework should include incentives to municipal authorities to deliver better services, recover more costs from users, and cooperate with neighbou- ring municipalities. • The institutions that provide the service typically need to be restructured so that they are more ac- countable and transparent to the inhabitants and business establishments they serve. The departments should be upgraded and placed directly under the management of engineers that are trained in systems design and operations rationalization. Organizational development support would typically include improved job descriptions, training, operations rationalization, and reduction of labor redundancy. Private sector involvement to introduce competitive forces that enhance productivity might also be a part of revised institutional arrangements.

33- The World Bank, Urban Solid Waste Management, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOP- MENT/EXTUSWM/0,,menuPK:463847~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:463841,00.html

35 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

• Adequate cost recovery is the key to both sustainability and private sector participation in solid waste management. One of the most important ways to improve solid waste management and finance is to improve the overall management capacity of municipal authorities and the corresponding municipal finance systems. • Increase revenue through careful implementation of the “Polluter Pays Principle”. • Determining cost-effective collection methods requires careful analysis of alternatives, using local unit costs for labor, equipment, consumables (such as fuel), civil works, and land, combined with typical local productivity norms. Door-to-door system is more costly, but is preferred and might lead to greater wil- lingness to pay cost recovery charges. Incorporation of micro-enterprises and informal waste recycling cooperatives in the municipal solid waste management system is essential. Efforts to organize, legiti- mize, upgrade, and support zabaleen and waste pickers are necessary to improve solid waste disposal conditions. • Community participation in collection, community consultation on cost recovery, and public participation in siting and design of facilities is crucial to sustainability. • Administrative control of hazardous waste streams and the enforcement by the authorities on the waste generators and companies/individuals contracted by the generators for waste treatment/disposal is essential to encourage environmentally sound disposal of hazardous waste and avoid illegal dumping or disposal of non-hazardous/solid waste landfills. • Separation of hazardous from non-hazardous waste and separation of recyclable waste at source. • The currently available information and data for hazardous substances and waste are not sufficient. Web-based information system is a vital tool to inform the industry and the general public on waste and chemicals related subjects.

The national SWM network is not established yet. Exporting the successful experience of SWEEP-Net bilateral cooperation with other member countries in the region would facilitate establishing the national network for developing the needed capacities, better coordination between the involved institutions and stakeholders and improving the solid waste management sector.

Egypt can use both the consulting services offered by SWEEP-Net technical cooperation and the exchange of experiences between the respective member countries for setting up the national SWM network.

No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recor- ding, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the SWEEP-Net Secretariat. This document represents the work of SWEEP-Net consultants, supported by the designated National Coordinator. No attempt was made to verify the reliability and consistency of the provided data and information within the individual country reports. • • • www.sweep-net.org • • • • • • contact : [email protected] • • • COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annexeS

37 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 1: SWM Legal Framework1

Solid waste management elements Type of Instrument Name of Instrument Responsibilities Waste Management System Financing and Cost Recovery Addressed Institutional Roles Addressed Other Addressed Component Addressed Provisions Environment and other Law 38/1967 on General Solid waste from residential, Policy/regulatory, Waste collection, transfer and Ministry of Housing General budget, fee on Laws Public Cleaning. Executive commercial and industrial enforcement/monitoring disposal building inhabitants of regulations (MoH134/1968) establishments and wastewater not more than 2% of their rent and fines collected for violation of the law Law 31/1976 amended Law Domestic, municipal and Policy/regulatory Waste collection, transfer and 38/1967 industrial wastes Operations and types disposal Law 43/1979 Domestic, municipal and Policy/regulatory, Waste collection, disposal Delegates industrial wastes enforcement/monitoring responsibility for physical and social infrastructure to city councils Law 48/1982 for the Protection Municipal, industrial waste Policy/regulatory Waste disposal Ministry of Water Resources and of the River Nile and Irrigation Ministry of Health and Waterways against Pollution Population Law 4/1994 for the Protection Domestic, municipal and Policy/regulatory Enforcement, monitoring Waste collection, treatment, EEAA (mainly) Ministry of the Environment hazardous wastes disposal of Housing (for selecting disposal sites) Law 10/2005 for Public All solid waste types Policy/regulatory Waste collection fee on the People’s Assembly Collection fee depending Cleanliness amends Law electricity bill on area of residence and 38/1967 income level Law 9/2009 amended Law Hazardous waste management Policy/regulatory Enforcement, monitoring Hazardous waste collection, 4/1994 for the Protection of treatment and disposal the Environment Decrees Ministry of Housing Decree Domestic, municipal and Policy/regulatory Waste disposal Regulations for identification and 134/1968, implement industrial wastes operations and types selection of sites for municipal Law 38 / 1967 waste recycling and landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer Presidential Decree 272/1982 Municipal solid waste Transferred jurisdiction for general (PD 272/1982), Article 1 cleaning from the Ministry of Housing to local administrative units Presidential Decree 284/1983 Domestic and municipal waste Policy/regulatory Collection of garbage and solid Establishing Cairo and Giza Operations and types wastes and their disposal in Beautification and Cleansing special areas Authorities Prime Minister’s Decree Domestic, municipal and Operations and types Waste collection, transfer, Waste collection entities 338/1995 hazardous waste treatment, disposal Cabinet Decree, 2000 All solid waste types Policy/regulatory Waste collection Local Council Collection of SWM fee on the electricity bill Prime Minister’s Decree Municipal waste Policy/regulatory Regulations for selection 1741/2005 amended Decree and types of sites for recycling and 338/1995 landfilling and equipment requirements for waste collection and transfer

1 - Based on and includes updates, “Table 2: SWM Legal framework”, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 9, 2004

38 39 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Solid waste management elements Type of Instrument Name of Instrument Responsibilities Waste Management System Financing and Cost Recovery Addressed Institutional Roles Addressed Other Addressed Component Addressed Provisions Decrees Ministry of Interior Decree Hazardous waste Policy/regulatory and types Hazardous waste lists Updating hazardous waste lists 18722/2004 amended Decree 5030/1999 Governor of Cairo Decree Municipal waste Policy/regulatory Waste monitoring unit Transferring the units from 4775/2009 Cleansing and Beatification Authorities to the General Department for follow-up at Cairo Municipality Presidential Decree 86/2010 Municipal waste Policy/regulatory Transferring all dumping sites and the landfill out of Greater Cairo Other (Policy, Bill, draft EEAA Guidelines for selection Municipal waste Policy/regulatory Recycling, treatment Ministry of Housing, Local Council, regulation, etc.) sites for recycling and EEAA treatment facilities EEAA Guidelines for Landfill All solid waste types Policy/regulatory Waste disposal Ministry of Housing, Local Council, EEAA

40 41 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 2: Institutional Framework

Institution Function and mandates National Ministry of Agriculture and Land Setting national policies, legislations, strategies, action plans, Reclamation implementation, guidelines for planning, contracting and management, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection for agricultural waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA Ministry of Housing, Utilities & All of the above for construction and demolition waste in cooperation/ Urban Development coordination with MSEA/EEAA Ministry of Trade & Industry All of the above for industrial waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA Ministry of Health All of the above for healthcare waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA Ministry of Local Development All of the above for all types of waste in cooperation/coordination with MSEA/EEAA MSEA/EEAA All of the above for all types of waste Local Governorates Setting regional strategies and action plans, implementation of the system, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection Municipalities Implementation of the system, training and human resource development, monitoring and inspection Cleansing and Beautification Implementation of the system, training and human resource Authorities development, monitoring and inspection International Private Companies ISWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment, recycling and disposal of municipal and healthcare waste National Private Companies SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting, treatment, recycling and/or disposal of municipal and healthcare waste Informal Sector “Zabaleen” Household waste collection, transportation, sorting and recycling NGOs SWM projects including collection, transportation, sorting and/or recycling of municipal waste, projects for improving the livelihoods of the Zabaleen

Based on Table 5.1: Solid Waste Management Stakeholders, Arab Republic of Egypt, Country Environmental Analysis (1992- 2002), Water and Environment Department, The Middle East and North Africa Region, the World Bank, page 66, published in April 2005

42 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 3: Strategies, action plans and priorities

Waste Articulation of Strategy/ Management Nature of Strategy/ Priority Priority components Policy/Institutional Introduction of economic incentives for the MSW Ministerial Decree management services. This included a tax break for at least 5 years and exemption of custom duties for equipment used in waste management services. Finance/Cost The People’s Assembly issued a law for collection Law 10/2005 Recovery of cleaning fees depending on area of residence and income level Private Sector The Government of Egypt issued international tenders The establishment of a ministerial Participation to privatize solid waste services in a Alexandria and SWM committee to facilitate and Cairo follow-up privatization efforts at the different Governorates. A private sector participation strategy was developed for the solid waste sector. The strategy covered assessment for: policy, legal and institutional framework of PSP in MSWM; PSP contract structuring; financing of MSWM and PSP; and social aspects related to MSWM. Community Some NGOs work in SWM (collection, transfer, sorting and/or recycling) and adopt programs for improving the livelihoods of the Zabaleen. Moreover, pilot projects for source segregation of household waste were implemented in limited areas of Egypt The informal sector “Zabaleen” perform door-to-door There is need to integrate the collection of household waste, transfer, sorting and/ informal sector in the privatization or recycling. mechanism of the sector. Waste Management The number of constructed composting plants are 88 Siting of facilities gives effect to System/ need for composting expressed in Technologies national SWM strategy The Government of Egypt had identified 53 landfill sites, of which 41 accepted by inter-ministerial national committee, and 12 to be finalized. However, only 6 landfills are operating now and 3 under construction Solid waste recycling is considered to be a priority in solid waste management. The Social Fund for Development is financing micro recycling projects Social Fund for Development. either through 100% grant or loan with subsidized interest Establishing Nasreya hazardous waste treatment Hazardous waste handling, center in Alexandria consisting of a physical- transfer, treatment and landfilling chemical treatment unit, for inorganic waste, and a solidification unit to match landfill criteria for hazardous waste Establishing a fluorescent lamp waste treatment The unit is used for separation, unit at Nasreya hazardous waste treatment center collection and treatment of in Alexandria. The wasted fluorescent lamps are mercury present in wasted collected in assigned boxes and transferred to the fluorescent lamps. The remaining mercury treatment facility. The facility has units glass and metal parts, in the to separate mercury, glass, metal and other lamp waste, are recycled and reused. components.

Based on and includes updates, “Annex 3: Strategies, action plans and priorities”, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 43, July, 2010 43 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 4: Solid Waste Management Planning and Investment Programs

Planned investments* Institutional Action Projected investment requirement level National Municipal solid waste management LE 200 million as capital investment and LE program (EEAA - Ministry of Local 1,050 million annual operating costs Development – Ministry of Finance - Governorates) Agriculture waste management program LE 100 million as capital investment and LE 150 (Ministry of Agriculture and Land million annual operating costs Reclamation) Governorate Integrated Solid Waste Management LE 700 million projected as annual operating Project for First Priority Governorates cost Integrated Solid Waste Management LE 250 million projected as annual operating Project for Second Priority Governorates cost Integrated Solid Waste Management LE 100 million projected as annual operating Project for Third Priority Governorates cost Investment commitments Sector/ Project Investment commitment locality Health Care/ Healthcare waste management program LE 370 million as capital investment National (Ministry of Health) MSW/Cairo Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value: LE 94.6 million Project for Cairo East District Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Cairo Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value: LE 107.1 million Project for Cairo North District Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Cairo Recycling, Composting & Sanitary Annual contract value: LE 16.1 million Landfilling Project for Cairo South District Start Date:2004 - Duration of Contract: 7 years MSW/Cairo General Cleansing Project for El-Marg and Annual contract value: LE 13.2 million Part of El-Nahda Start Date:2007 - Duration of Contract: 5 years MSW/Giza Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value at start of service: Project for Giza Urban District I LE 36 million Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Giza Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value at start of service: Project for Giza Urban District II LE 44.9 million Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Alexandria Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value: LE 115 million Project – Alexandria Start Date: 2002 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Aswan Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value at start of service: Project – Aswan LE 9 million Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years MSW/Seuz Integrated Solid Waste Management Annual contract value at start of service: Project – Suez LE 9 million Start Date: 2003 – Duration of Contract: 15 years

* The National and Governorates projected investment requirements and the contract values were updated and two companies were added Based on and includes updates, “Table 3: Solid Waste Management Planning and Investment Programmes”, Country Report: Egypt, METAP, page 12, 2004

44 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

To adapt the national strategy for IMSWM of the year 2000, MESA/EEAA prepared an executive implementation plan, in the year 2005, to improve the MSWM sector by developing the efficiency of collection, transfer and recycling, in addition to rehabilitation of existing controlled dumping sites and establishing new sanitary landfills. Table 5 shows an estimated cost for implantation at each governorate, with a total investment of about 2 billion LE. The plan was submitted to the Ministerial Committee for Examining the Phenomenon of Acute Episodes of Air Pollution, headed by the Prime Minster. In the Ministerial Com- mittee meeting dated December 5, 2005, a decision was taken that each Governorate should self-finance its share of the required investment of the plan, and to support private sector participation. However, the Governorates were unable to allocate budgets for implementation.

Required Investments for the Implementation Plan to Improve the MSWM Sector (2005) Program Cost / million L.E Removing Improving Establishing Establishing Improving Establishing Total Governorate Accumulations Efficiency of Transfer Recycling Controlled Sanitary Million LE Collection & Stations Centers Dumping Sites Landfill Transfer Cairo -- 13 13 30 40 30 126 Alexandria 15 17 5 5 -- -- 42 Giza -- 30 30 10 10 30 110 Kalyobiya -- 19.5 19.5 10 10 30 89 Dakahilya 60 56.5 16 10 -- 30 172.5 Gharbeya 52 31.5 16 10 -- 30 139.5 Monofiya 6 33 10 10 -- 30 89 Beheira 8 47 13 10 40 118 Kafr 6 27 10 10 -- 30 83 ElShiekh Sharkia 10 48.5 10 10 -- 30 108.5 Damietta 3 26 10 10 -- -- 64 Fayoum 3 20.5 4 5 -- 15 62.5 Bani Souwaif 3 22 5 5 -- 30 65 Menia 10 28.5 6 10 -- 30 84.5 Assiut 3 28.5 6 10 -- 30 72.5 Sohag 4.5 35 7 5 -- 30 86.5 Qena 4.5 30.5 7 5 -- 30 82 Luxor 2 2 3 5 -- 15 27 Aswan 6 17 3.5 5 -- 15 46.5 Ismailia 7 17.5 3 5 -- 30 62.5 Port Said 6 7 2.5 5 5 -- 25.5 Suez 10 7.5 2.5 5 5 -- 30 Red Sea 7.5 14 2 5 -- 30 58.5 Matrouh -- 26 5 5 -- 15 51 North Sinai -- 31 4 5 -- 30 70 South Sinai 7.5 15 3 5 -- 30 60.5 New Valley -- 15 2 5 -- 10 37 Total 234 666 218 220 70 655 2,063

45 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 5: Finance and cost recovery

No Central Governmental budgetary allocation for Budgetary allocations by Central Government SWM services Budgetary allocation by Governorates is limited and Budgetary allocation by Municipalities/ governorates variable depending on their budgets, resources and priorities Cost/ton for collection & street sweeping, transportation, 100 – 110 LE per ton in Greater Cairo and Alexandria treatment and disposal Less than 60 LE in other Governorates

Cost recovery per ton 70 LE Total cost recovery per year 200 Million LE Percentage of cost recovered 60 - 65% Gaps if any between the government budget and the cost 35 - 40% incurred for collection and disposal Type of SWM recovery system Taxes, recycling operation revenue, penalties Amount of SWM recovery (billing, levy, etc.) As stated in total cost recovery/year

Current negotiations to modify the contracts to improve MSWM services in Greater Cairo : Cost per ton for collection, street sweeping and 110 - 120 LE transportation Cost per ton for treatment and disposal 95 LE

Total Cost per ton from collection to disposal/treatment 205 - 215 LE

46 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 6: private sector participation

SWM Chain Role of Private sector Collection and • Door-to-door collection of household and commercial waste through either zabbaleen or transfer private sector companies. • Collection in public bins and containers • Collection from collection/transfer points that are randomly distributed. • Street waste collection for ISWM contracts Treatment • Informal sector “Zabaleen” practice solid waste sorting, recovery and re-use • Some NGOs assist “Zabaleen” and mange recycling facilities • ISWM contracts involve sorting, recycling and composting of organic waste • Some private companies lease non-operating composting plants Disposal • Companies contracted ISWM services are responsible for disposal in sanitary landfills or controlled dumping sites. • Cleansing and Beatification Authorities and municipalities are responsible for disposal activities in other locations.

47 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 7: Public awareness and community participation

Pa & cp programs and Key partner (NGOs/Programs/Stakeholders) activities with Reference to swm Contact person Phone Fax Mail sEAM Project: Increasing EEAA, Technical +202-25256452 +202-25256457 30 Misr Helwan awareness of residents on Co-operation Agricultural the need to maintain a good Office for the Road, 5th floor, waste collection service, Sohag Environment Maadi, Cairo Governorate (AGCCD) Health awareness and Association +202-25118997 +202-25126150 17 B, Michael industrial safety of waste of Garbage Sharkawy Street, pickers Collectors for Mansheiet Naser, Community Mokattam, Cairo Development (AGCCD) Awareness campaign for source The Association +202-24619901 +202-24619900 Kilo 15 -16 separation of household waste for the Kattameya, Ain Protection of Sokhna Road, Health awareness program for the Environment Kattameya, Cairo Zabaleen (A.P.E.) Community participation in USAID +202-25227000 +202- 25164628 1A Ahmed Kamel solid waste collection, disposal, Street off and recycling in Gharbiya and El-Laselki Street, Qena Governorate New Maadi, Cairo

48 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 8: capacity building and training requirements

Partners and beneficiaries THEME National Local Institution Beneficiary Workshops: Incorporation of MSEA & Ministry of Governorates & EEAA, EMUs Decision private sector to solid waste Local Development Municipalities makers, management activities graduates Workshops: SWM finance MSEA & Ministry of Governorates & EEAA, EMUs Decision and cost recovery, planning, Local Development Municipalities makers, contracting, implementation, graduates monitoring and enforcement of SWM services Workshops: Municipal solid waste MSEA & Ministry of Governorates & EEAA, EMUs, Decision management and CDM projects Local Development Municipalities private makers, companies graduates Workshops / on the job training: Governorates & EMUs, private Graduates, Sanitary landfill operation and Municipalities companies operators maintenance On the job training: Municipal Governorates & EMUs , private NGOs, waste collection, transport, Municipalities companies Zabaleen, sorting treatment Operators Workshops / on the job training: Governorates & EMUs, private Graduates / Recycling and composting: Municipalities companies Technicians Techniques, leasing contracts, manufacturing, development of equipment, maintenance & repair Workshops: Integrated hazardous MSEA, Ministry of Governorates, EEAA, EMUs, Decision waste management Local Development, Municipalities Industrial makers, Ministry of Industry manufacturing graduates companies, service provider companies On the job training: Hazardous MSEA, Ministry of Governorates, EEAA, EMUs, Graduates, waste handling, transport, Local Development, Municipalities Industrial operators recycling and disposal activities Ministry of Industry manufacturing companies, private service companies

Based on and includes updates, “Annex 8: Capacity building and training requirements”, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 47, July, 2010

49 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Partners and beneficiaries THEME National Local Institution Beneficiary Training Programs: Integrated MSEA, Ministry of Governorates, EEAA, EMUs, Environmental Waste & Hazardous Substances Local Development, Municipalities Industrial engineer, Management System Ministry of Industry, manufacturing technical Ministry of Trade companies, engineer, and Industry private service persons with companies environmental education Training Program: Formulation of MSEA Governorates, EMUs , private NGOs Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Municipalities companies Project and its Management Training of trainers program on MSEA Governorates, EMUs , private Decision “monitoring and treatment of Municipalities companies makers, wastewater and hazardous and graduates solid waste management”

annex 9: Industrial and hazardous waste management

Type of Quantity Technology Name of Place Responsible Waste Estimation of treatment landfill/ Plant Inorganic 2,129 ton/year Physical-chemical Nasreya 45, El Sheikh Ali Dr. Deif Hazardous treatment plant Hazardous Waste Youssef street, Soliman Waste for inorganic liquid Treatment Centre Abi Al Derdaa, hazardous waste Alexandria and a solidification unit Organic 23,640 ton/ Cement kiln Egypt Cement Co. 93 km, The Old Hazardous year incineration Katamia Road, Waste Sokhna, Suez

50 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 10: Medical Waste Management

Quantity Technology of Name of Type of Waste Place Responsible estimation treatment infrastructure Cairo Southern 5 ton/day Outsourced autoclave EcoConserve 15th of May Dr. Tarek Zone Medical sterilization and Environmental Genina waste incineration (Cairo Solutions University Hospital incinerator) Cairo Eastern 4 ton/day Autoclave sterilization FCC El-Wafaa Mr. Manuel Zone Medical Wal-Amal Ramirez waste Alexandria 3 ton/day Incinerator and Arab Contractors Borg El-Arab Medical waste autoclave sterilization Co. Port Said 0.5 ton/day Incinerator Misr Sevice Port Said Gen. Ghonimy Medical waste Company Samra Suez Medical 0.35 ton/day Incinerator Tanzefco Company Suez Mr. Salah waste El-Borno Beni Suef 2 ton/day Incinerator Danida Project Beni Suef Mr. Mohamed Medical waste El-Kalawi Health 50 ton/day Incinerator and Healthcare Different Directorates in autoclave sterilization Facilities governorates Governorates Medical waste

Based on and includes updates, “Annex 10: Medical Waste Management”, Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Egypt, SWEEP-Net, page 49, July, 2010

51 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 11: Solid Waste Management Donor activity

Total budget Contact Person, Project Start/Finish Donor/Lender Name of Project Project Location and financial Project Objectives Phone and Dates scheme E-Mail World Bank, Mega-Cities Start: 1981 Improve the living conditions and build the Zabbaleen Environmental Development Programme (ZEDP) Moqattam area, Cairo Project, UNDP End: 1993 capacities of the Zabbaleen community Start: May 1995 Cairo University Designing and implementing a pilot project for Tel: + 202-2739650 DANIDA Pilot/Demonstration Project for Hospital Waste Management End: March 1996 Hospitals medical waste management [email protected] Start: July 1995 Providing functional and safe systems for the Tel: + 202-2739650 DANIDA Solid Waste Management Project Kom Ombo/Daraw End: Dec 1996 collection and disposal of solid waste [email protected] Start: July 1995 El-Ramad district, Establishing household, commercial and industrial UNDP, LIFE program Establishing a SWM system 165,000 LE Finish: July 1997 Beni-Suef waste collection system SWM system operated by a community UNDP, LIFE program, Start: 1997 Establishing a SWM system Qanater City development organisation in collaboration with the GIZ End: 1999 city administration USAID/ Public Cairo, Qalubyia, Privatization of waste management services Outreach Office, USAID Privatization of waste management (part of EEPP II) Start: Sept. 1999 Alexandria Development of guidelines to assess and manage tel.: Governorates private sector Work on solid waste +202- 2522 6557 USAID/ Public Setting the overall direction for municipal solid Establishing the National Strategy for Integrated Solid waste Start: 1999 Outreach Office, USAID National waste management in Egypt over a period of 10 Management End: 2000 tel.: years, laying down the principles for its operation. +202- 2522 6557

Landfill identification project National Identification of landfill sites to serve the country. Start: March 1999 EU 422,850 EUR End: Sep 2002 Recommendations for management of industrial Landfill identification project Cairo hazardous waste generated in Greater Cairo

Start: 1999 Construction of a sanitary landfill and a physical- Finland Hazardous waste management Nasreya, Alexandria End: 2006 chemical treatment process Dr. Roland F. Steurer GIZ Establishing a pilot landfill End: 2000 Aswan Establishing a pilot landfill at Aswan +20 2 2735 9750 roland.steurer@ giz.de Dr. Roland F. Steurer Start: 2001 Building the regulatory framework to safely USAID Hazardous waste management National 1.3M USD +20 2 2735 9750 End: 2003 manage hazardous waste roland.steurer@ giz.de Dr. Roland F. Steurer Privatization of waste Kafr El Sheik and Qena Developing an integrated plan for the Management KfW, GIZ +20 2 2735 9750 management services Governorates of Municipal Solid Waste roland.steurer@ giz.de Preparation of SWM plans, support for privatization Netherlands ISWM Fayoum of waste management services, investment in fleet, transfer station and landfill Provision of Technical assistance and capacity Mediterranean Urban Waste Start: 2000 Alexandria UNDP/ MEDCITIES building and establishing a citizens’ complaint Management Project financed by the EC-SMAP 1 End: 2003 Governorate center at the Governorate

52 53 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Total budget Contact Person, Project Start/Finish Donor/Lender Name of Project Project Location and financial Project Objectives Phone and Dates scheme E-Mail Classifying industrial solid waste, formation of Start: 2000 EU LIFE 3rd Countries Integrated Industrial Solid Waste Management 6th of October City 597,550 EUR database for exchange and marketing waste End: 2003 between the industries. Sohag, Qena, Damietta Waste strategies supported by 14 demonstration Start: 2000 Mr. Phill Jago UK Dept. for Int. Dev. SEAM II, with particular focus on waste management and projects are being implemented in the four End: 2004 [email protected] Dakahleya Governorates governorates USAID/ Public Building regulatory framework to safely manage Start: 2001 Outreach Office, USAID Hazardous Waste Management National 1.3M USD hazardous waste and preparing 7 brochures on End: 2003 tel.: Hazardous Waste Management System +202- 2522 6557 USAID/ Public Start: 2003 Review and analysis of existing SWM laws and Outreach Office, USAID Analysis of existing SWM laws and regulations Alexandria Governorate End: 2003 regulations tel.: +202- 2522 6557 Dr. Luca Montaccini Institutional, information, technical and financial Government of the Italian Start: 2002 El-Minya Tel: +202-27910271 Egyptian-Italian Environmental Cooperation Program, EIECP needs for a sound and effective SWM system in Republic End: 2004 Governorate pcu.eiecpcairo@ El-Minya Governorate. esteri.it Dr. Roland F. Improving the conditions of private sector Steurer National programme for the privatisation of Start: June 2002 participation (PSP) in the communal SWM in the GIZ National 2.088M EUR +20 2 2735 9750 solid waste management (NPPSWM) End: June 2005 frame of the national program of solid waste roland.steurer@ management. giz.de Finland Solid Waste Management Project Beni- Suef SWM facilities and provision of waste disposal site. Strategic Framework for Enhancing Solid Waste Start: 2002 EU, METAP, World Bank Regional Solid Waste Management Project financed by SMAP II National Recycling in Egypt with Special Focus on Plastics End: 2005 Recycling; Development of SWM guidelines Dr. Roland F. Steurer National program for the privatization of waste management in Start: Jan. 2003 Improving the conditions of private sector GIZ National +20 2 2735 9750 Egypt End: Jun. 2005 participation in municipal waste management. roland.steurer@ giz.de EC-LIFE 3rd Start: Dec 2004 Cities of Al Fayoum and Developing a safe and environmentally sound ISWM for Al Fayoum and Etsa 299,900 EUR countries End: Dec 2006 Etsa Integrated Waste Management System Support planning and implementation of new waste Tel: + 202-2739650 Start: April 2005 collection and source separation systems; proper DANIDA EMG Component, ESP, SWM Improvement Project. Beni Suef and EL Fashn 3.28M DKK [email protected] End: 2007 service and maintenance procedures for collection trucks and other SWM equipment; Demo project for the Abatement of GHG from Solid Waste landfills Methane Recovery from Landfills, Bioreactor Mr. Rami Lotfy CIDA Cairo 1.7M USD in Egypt. (Digester) Landfill Cells Demonstration Project [email protected] Mr. Walid Abdel- Rehim Start: 2005 Enhancing private sector participation in the SWM KfW Feasibility Study for a Solid Waste Management Project Qena Governorate 190,000 EUR Tel: +202-27369525 End: 2007 sector on the level of governorates Walid.abdel-rehim@ kfw.de

54 55 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Total budget Contact Person, Project Start/Finish Donor/Lender Name of Project Project Location and financial Project Objectives Phone and Dates scheme E-Mail Mr. Walid Abdel- Rehim Start: 2005 Kafr El-Sheikh Exploring and implementing options to enhance KfW Feasibility Study for a Solid Waste Management Project 202,000 EUR Tel: +202-27369525 End: 2007 Governorate private sector participation in the solid waste Walid.abdel-rehim@ kfw.de Survey of mercury wastes in general and fluorescent bulbs wastes containing mercury. Korean International Start: 2007 Capacity building through local and international Cooperation Agency Mercury Wastes Integrated Management End: 2011 National 3M USD training of EEAA’s staff working in the field of (KOICA) hazardous wastes. Establishing a unit for recycling fluorescent bulbs Dr. Khaled Metwally One of the program components is waste – Programme management system for South Sinai, closing 6 64M EUR for the Director/ EC South Sinai Regional Development Programme (SSRDP) Running South Sinai existing dumpsites and two landfills will be rebuild whole program Authorising Officer according to standards, and closed and two landfills Khaled.Metwally@ will be rebuild according to standards eu-ssrdp.org Strengthening EEAA’s institutional and policy Mr. Osama Abd Standard Twinning Project FICHE Start: Sep 2008 capacities and adopting relevant EU best practices Elsalam EU, GIZ Development of Integrated Hazardous Substances and Waste National 1.6M EUR End: Aug 2010 in Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Tel: +202- 25266016 Management System System [email protected] Dr. Luca Montaccini Italian Ministry of Combating poverty through the creation of employment Start: 2008 Manchiet Nasser and Improving working conditions for Zabaleen Tel: 00202- Foreign Affairs – Italian in the informal sector of urban solid waste management in the End: 2011 Ezbet El Nakhal, Cairo 399,672 USD community in Cairo and creating new jobs, through 27910271/2 Cooperation in Egypt region of Cairo Governorate technology and manufacturing process updates. pcu.eiecpcairo@ esteri.it Evaluation of the existing PSP experience; analysis of the current policy and legal Mr. Jaafar Sadok framework; evaluation of the current procedures Friaa Private sector participation (PSP) strategy in the solid waste sector Start: 2010 and management capacity for PSP planning, World Bank – PPIAF National 200,000 USD Tel: + 1202 473 7124 in Egypt End: 2011 transaction, structuring, tendering and jsfriaa@worldbank. implementation, monitoring and supervision;; org recommendations for a strategic plan to enhance PSP efficiency Dr. Mohamed Evaluating the different impacts of each SWM policy Bayoumi Start: 2010 UNDB & WB Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) for SWM Reform Policy National alternative in order to assess its likely outcomes on Tel: +202-25784840 Finish: 2010 equity, effectiveness, and feasibility. registry.eg@undp. org Raising public awareness of the danger of exposure Mr. Rami Lotfy Start: 2010 to hazardous medical waste and training and hiring +202-27942125 CIDA Training Youth on Safe Disposal of Hazardous Medical Waste Qalyubia Governorate 100,000 LE End: 2011 youth in hospitals for collecting and disposing of [email protected] hazardous medical waste Analyzing options and making recommendations Mr. Walid Abdel- on the institutional (national, regional and local), Rehim financial, environmental, regulatory, planning Preparation of the National Solid Waste Management Program Tel: +202-27369525 KfW & GIZ Running National and service delivery framework for solid waste (NSWMP) Walid.abdel-rehim@ management services and estimate the required kfw.de human and financial resources, develop an action plan for gradual implementation.

56 57 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

Total budget Contact Person, Project Start/Finish Donor/Lender Name of Project Project Location and financial Project Objectives Phone and Dates scheme E-Mail Mr. Tawfik El Kheshen Development and implementation of a Solid Waste Bill & Melinda Gates Tel: +202- Integrated Community-Based Solid Waste Management Project in Management System (SWMS) which promotes the Foundation, Running Qalyubeya Governorate 4.996M USD 01001677454 Qalyubia- Greater Cairo value of waste as a resource and integrates the BMZ & GIZ tawfik.elkheshen@ urban poor in the management of waste services. giz.de

USAID/ Public Awarding grants to Community Development 10,000 to Outreach Office, USAID Small Development Activities Program Running Menia Governorate Associations for environmental projects such as 25,000 USD tel.: solid waste collection and removal +202- 2522 6557 Dr. Mohamed Remove the technical, institutional, information, Bayoumi Start: 2010 financial, and other market barriers to the UNDP BioEnergy for Sustainable Rural Development National 5.16M USD Tel: +202-25784840 End: 2015 increasing use of biomass (agricultural and solid registry.eg@undp. waste) energy org Upgrade waste collection in Minya city and modify Ms. Amany Nakhla Start: 2012 the service in other relevant cities; establish Tel: +202-25784840 UNDP Solid Waste Management in Minya Governorate Phase II End: 2016 Menia Governorate 5.8M USD a waste recycling plant; and remediation and registry.eg@undp. upgrading of two open dumps org

58 59 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT

annex 12: e-waste management

Electric and electronic equipment contain over 1,000 different substances including toxic heavy metals and organics which can pose serious environmental pollution problem upon irresponsible disposal. E-waste has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the world.

E-waste status in Egypt:* - The number of mobile phone subscribers increased from 4.3 Million in 2001 to approximately 24 Million in 2007, and to 44 Million in 2009. - The number of internet subscribers reached 13 Millions in March 2009. - Growth in the ICT sector in Egypt exceeds 20% during 2007 and 2008 and expected to be 15% for 2009 due to the global financial crisis. - Import of used personal computers and CRT monitors increased dramatically since 2001 (the number increased approximately 6-8 times in five years). - During 2007, the Minister of Trade and Industry had issued a decree prohibiting importing personal computers that are older than 5 years (it was 10 years before). In 2010, another decree was issued that reduced it to 3 years. - Few collection programs for end of life mobile phone batteries were initiated by local mobile operators but not publicly propagated. - No records regarding e-waste generation rates are available. - An e-waste forum initiated by Egypt Cleaner Production Center and the regional organizations CEDARE and BCRC-Egypt was established. - An inter-ministerial committee with members from the private sector and national and regional organizations is formed and is currently discussing a roadmap for e-waste management in Egypt.

Problems Facing E-Waste Management: - Awareness for e-wastes and its possible impacts; generation rates and impact scenarios should be the alarming vehicle for awareness. - Legislative framework for e-waste management that incorporates responsibilities to importers, manu- facturers, and owners. - Need to enhance and collect accurate data on quantities and types of e-waste generated and appear in waste streams. - Need to enhance participation of the concerned stakeholders in e-waste management. - Need to develop a proper collection, transportation, recycling, and exporting or disposal system. - Need to build local capacity/experts on e-waste management. - Need to identify recycling technologies for known e-waste stream.

*- Hani Moubasher, Basel convention Regional Center for training and Technology Transfer for the Arab States, BCRC-Egypt E-waste Activities - 2006-2009,