The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries Syria Tunisia Lebanon Morocco Occupied Palestinian Jordan Algeria Territory Egypt Mauritania Yemen • • • www.sweep-net.org • • • • • • contact : [email protected] • • • COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT supported by 2012 The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SITUATION IN EGYPT March 2012 This report update is presented as an annex to the original 2010 report, to present key changes that took place between 2011 and 2012. Prepared by Dr. Tarek Zaki in close coordination with the SWEEP-Net national coordinator Mr. Amine Khayal COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT acknowledgements The time and expertise of the staff of the Ministry of State for Environment Affairs (MSEA)/EEAA, Ministry of State for Local Development, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology who have help in conducting the study are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are due to the SWEEP-Net National Coordinator, Mr. Amine Khyal, the head of the Central Department of Solid Waste at EEAA, for his assistance and support. Great appreciation is also extended to my colleagues at New center for Integrated studies of Land and Environment (NILE), for their contribution. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 3 List of Abbreviations 6 Executive Summary 9 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Socio-economic and Political Situation 10 1.2 Solid Waste Facts and Figures 11 2. National Municipal Solid Waste Management Policies 12 2.1 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 12 2.2 Strategies, Action Plans and Initiatives 12 2.3 Planning and Investments 15 2.4 Monitoring 15 2.5 Fiscal, Finance and Economical Steering Instruments 16 2.6 Private Sector Participation Policy 17 2.7 Public Awareness, Education and Community Participation 17 2.8 National Capacity Building and Training Initiatives 18 2.9 Capacity Building Requirements 19 2.10 National Initiatives for Multi-stakeholder Exchange 20 2.11 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt 20 2.12 Upcoming Initiatives 21 3. Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 23 3.1 Legal and Institutional Framework 23 3.2 Strategies and Planning 24 3.3 Financing 24 3.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal 25 3.5 Private Sector Involvement 26 3.6 Case Studies, Best Practices and Lessons Learnt 26 3.7 Upcoming Initiatives 26 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT 4. Medical Waste Management 28 4.1 Legal and Institutional Framework 28 4.2 Strategies and Planning 29 4.3 Financing 30 4.4 Collection, Treatment and Disposal 30 4.5 Private Sector Involvement 31 4.6 Case Studies, Best Practices, and Lessons Learnt 31 4.7 Upcoming Initiatives 31 5. International Financial Assistance Programmes (Bi-, and Multilateral) 32 6. International Technical Assistance Programmes (Bi-, and Multilateral) 33 7. Needs Assessment For Capacity Development until 2015 34 8. Conclusion and Recommendations for SWEEP-Net Assistance 35 5 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT list of abbreviations AG Advisory Groups BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation BREF Best Available Techniques Reference Document CSO Civil Society Organization DANIDA Danish International Development Agency EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EERC Egyptian Electronic Recycling Company ENCPC Egyptian National Cleaner Production Center ENP European Neighborhood Policy EPAP Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme ESP Environmental Sector Program EU European Union EWC European Waste Catalogue FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit/German Agency for International Cooperation HS Hazardous Substance ICT Information and Communications Technology IMC Industrial Modernization Center IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control IRRC Integrated Resource Recovery Center ISHSWM Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau/Reconstruction Credit Institute LE Livre Égyptienne/Egyptian Pound MCIT Ministry of Communications and Information Technology MEHSIP-PPIF Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme – Project Preparation and Implementation Facility MHP Minstry of Health and Population MoLD Ministry of Local Development 6 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT MSEA Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management NGO Non-Government Organization NIP National Indicative Program NSWMP National Solid Waste Management Program PDP Participatory Development Program PPP Public Private Partnership PSP Private Sector Participation PTC Plastic Technology Center RIPCEAP Regional Industrial Pollution and CO2 Emission Abatement Project R&D Research and Development SIC Inter-Ministerial Committee SWM Solid Waste Management SWMS Solid Waste Management System SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats UNEP/DTIE United Nations Environmental Program/Division of Technology, Industry and Economics WM Waste Management 7 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT EXECUTIVE SUMMaRY This report represents an update of the country report on the solid waste management in Egypt, issued by SWEEP-Net in July 2010. It contains the relevant information and data on the SWM situation in Egypt and the major developments and changes in the period 2010/2011. The recent advances in the political and socio-economic situation are discussed. The current situation of ISWM is analysed and the challenges and constraints are highlighted. The progress in the industrial and hazardous waste management and medi- cal waste management are reviewed, in addition to the international financial and technical assistance programs. A needs assessment is proposed for capacity development until 2015. Moreover, the report includes ten selected relevant documents, and five case studies on good practices are presented. Several developments in the SWM sector took place within 2010/2011. One major develop- ment was the establishment of a new waste management entity under the umbrella of the Ministry of Local Development. The institutional arrangement of that entity and its roles and responsibilities were determined through the National Solid Waste Management Program (NSWMP) project. Moreover, an Integrated Strategy on Hazardous Substance and Waste Management (ISHSWM) was There is an emerging developed by the twinning project. In addition, a strategy on Private Sector need for building an Participation (PSP) in SWM, a strategy for the safe disposal of hazardous Egyptian national network, medical waste and a SWM strategy for Khosoos City in Qalyubia Gover- as a part of SWEEP-Net, to norate were prepared. However, the quality of solid waste management consolidate information on services continues to deteriorate due to lack of financial resources, tech- SWM from different insti- nical capabilities and public awareness. The current situation of ISWM tutions and practitioners. is analyzed and the challenges and constraints are discussed in greater detail in the report. 9 COUNTRY REPORT ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT situation IN EGYPT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Socio-economic and Political Situation The 2011 Uprising in Egypt is a build-up of social and economic factors that led to growing frustration and discontent within the country.1 Delayed government responses to population growth, food prices, and financial and unemployment concerns, as well as the stagnant overall governmental process and corrup- tion, all contributed to growing frustration amongst the Egyptian population.2 Egypt is undergoing a historic political transition after a popular revolution which began on January 25, 2011, and led to the overthrow of the Egyptian president. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces has taken temporary control of the country to ensure a smooth transition to democracy. Many experts argue that Egypt’s transition may take years if not decades.3 However, others argue that change may take time, but democracy will create the necessary foundation for growth. Until recent political events, the Egyptian economy showed strong signs of recovery from the global reces- sion, during which Egypt’s GDP advanced 4.7% against an increase of 1.9% for all developing countries.4 Consumer spending and increasing activity in construction, tourism and communications were driving forces for growth, which moved up to 5.2% in 2010. Egypt is facing a more prolonged period of political uncertainty with signs emerging during early 2011 of disruptions to production, widening trade deficits, falling tourism and weaker worker remittances; FDI flows are likely to decline substantially. Unemploy- ment reached 11.9% during the first quarter of 2011, and may increase further as a result of disruptions to activity, but also as overseas workers had returned from Libya. Hence, GDP growth is anticipated to drop sharply to less than 1% in 2011. The political instability will delay the implementation of planned economic reforms and liberalization.5 The interim government has recognized the need for further reform but says that it does not have the mandate to implement it. The budget for fiscal year 2011/12 (June-July) includes significantly larger allocations to subsidies and higher government investment