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Home , Canadian Space Agency, NPO Energomash, Vladimir Popovkin

The Russian at 56: a Canadian Opportunity

Mark Walker Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, ,

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Abstract

After stagnation in the 1990s, which saw little or no development, the space industry is once again an executive priority in . This paper proposes an outline of the Russian space industry, its international engagement, and areas where a space-trading nation such as Canada can engage it. The research design is based on secondary research focusing on literature published within the last five years. First, it will examine government policies that affect the Russian space industry, as well as its areas of focus and specialization. Second, the paper will map out the international activities and engagement of the Russian space industry for a better understanding of its global integration. Lastly, future direction and developments within the industry will be considered, and what this means for Canadian businesses and policy makers. This paper will derive research from Russian and Canadian government websites, news articles, press releases and articles from peer reviewed journals. The sources used are varied in order to form the clearest perspective possible. Two scholarly journals, Astropolitics and , are referenced in particular for their published works on Russia’s modern space industry. This paper will contribute to a broader understanding of the Russian space industry, and the opportunities it can provide a space nation like Canada.

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In 1957, Russia launched Sputnik and took the first step into space. 56 years later, it has a well- developed and diverse space industry. In the pursuit of better technologies, business and relations, Canada, and the global space industry, must be aware of the changes that are taking place in Russia. The Russian space industry is being restructured, opened for investment, and is the subject of high-profile engagement, both domestically and internationally. The executive level government agency, the Russian Federal Space Agency, also known as , administers and directs the Russian space industry. Roscosmos has been charged with funding and implementing the Russian Federal Space Program’s 2006-2015 “ten-year plan”.1 This ten- year plan includes large capital investments and a vertical reorganization of the domestic space industry. Additionally it seeks to maintain Russia’s international position as the world’s preeminent provider, and provide a better-developed domestic industry.2

Over the last decade, the Russian space industry has become globally involved and integrated. Now, Russian firms regularly enter into partnerships with European and Asian firms.

Of specific note are the government and private firm relations that Russia has with the European

Union, , and China, where technology sharing and cooperation regularly occur. There are opportunities for Canadian firms to get involved in the Russian space industry. This paper therefore proposes to outline and examine current changes in the Russian space industry, its international engagement, and any opportunities that are available to the Canadian space industry.

1Eligar Sadeh. Report: Towards a national space strategy. Astropolitics, 8: 73-112, 2010, 102 2 Sergey Ponomarev. The Space Capability of Russia is a Strategic Instrument. Security Index, No.2 (95), Vol. 17, 2011 3

The Russian Federal Space Agency, also known as Roscosmos, administers and directs the Russian space industry. The head of Roscosmos is Vladimir Popovkin. Roscosmos is an executive level agency run by the President of the Russian Federation. The policies and activities of the Russian space industry, as they fit into Russia’s strategic planning, are coordinated and directed by the Government Military-Industrial Commission.3 Its Chair is , who is also Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. This Commission is composed of 15 permanent members and 45 non-permanent members. The Head of the Russian Federal Space

Agency, Vladimir Popovkin is a permanent member of the Commission. In its mandate,

Roscosmos is responsible for administering executive level policy and legal regulation, providing state services, international space cooperation and joint projects and programs in space, space research, missile and space technology for military purpose, strategic missile systems, and general coordination of Russia’s Baikonur space centre operations.4 There is some question as to Roscosmos’ strategic orientation. Different sources are unclear as to whether or not it engages in military research and development.5

In 2006, the Government of Russia began restructuring and funding increases for its civilian space industry. Roscosmos is administering the restructuring and funding increases.

Funding for the Russian civilian space industry according to various sources, is somewhere between $1.3-2.4 billion USD a year.6 From 2006-2015, Roscosmos’ total budget is expected to

3 Government of the Russian Federation. “Government Military-Industrial Commission.” Official Website of the Government of the Russian Federation, http://government.ru/eng/gov/agencies/134/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 4 Government of the Russian Federation. “Federal Space Agency.” Official Website of the Government of the Russian Federation, http://government.ru/eng/power/106/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 5Bertrand de Montluc. The new international political and strategic context for space policies. Space Policy 25 (2009) 20-28, 24 Bertrand de Montluc. Russia’s resurgence: Prospects for space policy and international cooperation. Space Policy 26 (2010) 15-24, 15 6 de Montluc, 2010, 19 4

be between $9.3billion7 and $12 billion USD.8The Russian Federal Space Program’s ten-year plan, which began in 2006, involves vertical integration of smaller supply firms and mass manufacturing plants. This sort of vertical integration is being undertaken to internalize the market for intermediate products in the Russian space industry. This allows firms in the industry to reduce contracting costs, and subsequent monitoring and haggling costs.9The Russian Federal

Space Program’s ten-year plan envisions approximately 11 integrated corporations involving around 70 independent enterprises.10

Russia’s restructuring program of its space industry focuses on its largest companies.

Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre produces and launch vehicles;

Reshetnev ISS produces satellites; Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation “” produces human and the Block D upper stage launch system; the Lavochkin Design Bureau makes lunar and planetary probes, as well as small satellites; NPO Energomash makes rockets and rocket propellants.11 In the last five years, the Russian State Technologies Corporation has begun acquiring large and controlling stakes in many Russian space companies such as NPO

Mashinostroyenia12 and United Engine Corporation,13 steadily acquiring a large share of the

Russian space industry.

7 Ibid. 8 Alexei Arbatov, 2011. “Russian Perspectives on Spacepower,” in Toward a theory of Spacepower, edited by Lutes and Hays. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 442 9 Richard E. Caves, 2007. Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, Third Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 16 10 Makarov and Payson. Russian space programmes and industry: Defining the new institutions for new conditions. Space Policy 25 (2009) 90-98, 94 11 James E. Oberg, 2011. “International Perspectives: Russia,” in Toward a theory of Spacepower, edited by Lutes and Hays. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 423 12Russian Aviation. “A “Superholding” for assimilation of hypersonic technologies will be created in Russia.” http://www.ruaviation.com/news/2012/9/20/1220/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 13 Press Releases. “Russian Technologies State Corporation at the 10th International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS-2011.” Russian Technologies State Corporation, 2011 http://www.rostechnologii.ru/en/archive/0/detail.php?ID=10364 (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 5

An example of the effects of this vertical restructuring effort is Khrunichev State

Research and Production Space Centre. Khrunichev is one of the largest companies in the

Russian space industry. It has recently acquired production of the GLONASS satellite technologies and is the Russian Federation’s largest launch vehicle provider. Khrunichev has been producing rockets since 1959. Its focus is on full-scale rocket production of the current

Proton rockets and upcoming family of rockets. It also produces satellite systems, the noteworthy being the GLONASS satellite system. In five years, as part of the vertical restructuring initiative, Khrunichev has increased production 2.5 percent,14 due to the vertical integration of several parts of its supply chain. It has contracts with 45 companies in 22 different countries.15 While vertical integration of the Russian space industry is currently proceeding, there does not appear to be a consensus in the literature as to what the industry’s structure should finally become. There is equal uncertainty regarding the industrial policy of the government of the Russian Federation. Ultimately, it is unclear whether the Russian space industry will be entirely vertically integrated, entirely horizontally integrated, or some mixture of both.16

Russia’s space industry is in the midst of restructuring and re-alignment. It has had many impressive past accomplishments. However, in the 1990s it suffered from a brain drain and little, if any, capital investment. Currently, it is focusing on providing and developing technologies in which it excels. Launch vehicles and satellites are of specific importance to the Russian space industry. Russia launches the most space vehicles of any space faring nation in the world. Its

Khrunichev facility outside of alone, produced 26% of the launch vehicles used

14Vladimir Nesterov. “Statement by Vladimir Nesterov, Khrunichev Director-General: Khrunichev’s Ranking in Russian and International Space Industry.” Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center Website. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=581&lang=en (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 15 Ibid. 16 Makarov and Payson, 94 6

worldwide between 2005-2010, and did so at a profit.17 Russian launch vehicles account for 40% of the total launches, globally.18 Additionally, while its GLONASS satellite system has, in the past fallen into disuse, it has once again become a national priority.

In the last ten years, Russian firms have integrated into the global marketplace. They enter into partnerships with American, European, Indian, and Chinese firms. American firms contract with a Khrunichev subsidiary to use launch vehicles at Baikonur. American and Russian companies have in the past formed joint-partnerships to develop variants of the V and on many other occasions. French and Italian giants have been helping

Russian firms for decades to develop satellites, rockets, and even an ISS module. Now, Russia is cooperating with India to help it develop cryogenic engines for their launch vehicles, engineering exchanges, and assistance with training.19 Additionally, Russian R&D firms are now being set up in India to help commercialize the next generations of the GLONASS global satellite network.20 China’s space program has developed with extensive Russian cooperation. Its astronaut corps, launch vehicles, and satellites have all benefited from Russian assistance at various stages in their history. There is comprehensive cooperation between these two countries.

Their governments regularly exchange space officials, have set up annual joint space committees and several treaties and memorandums of understanding that commit them to deep engagement on space cooperation.21

17 Vladimir Nesterov 18 Ibid. 19Vyacheslav Trubnikov. Relations between Russia and India represent real strategic cooperation. Security Index No. 3 (92), Volume 16, 5-10, 8 20Darya Lutzay. “Sistema’s NIS expands to India.” Russia and India Report, ComNews, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, November 14th, 2011, Business Section, Online Edition. http://indrus.in/articles/2011/11/14/sistemas_nis_expands_to_india_13245.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 21Nikita Perfilyev. The Sino-Russian Space Entente. Astropolitics, 8:19-34, 2010 7

Developing space agencies are the target of the Russian space industry’s international involvement. It has entered into partnerships with the US’ developed space industry, but continuously sought engagement with smaller space agencies and industries found in ,

India, and China where it frequently assists in technology development, and transfer. The reason that Russia consistently engages in these sorts of partnerships is that these countries are culturally sensitive to Russian business norms. They do not dictate, or seek apply their ethos to business dealings with that country. This is important because of Russia’s business style, which is different from that of the Americas and Europe. If the Canadian space industry is to become a more successful participant in the Russian market, it must keep this in mind.

Russia and its space industry are open for business. While Canadian firms are involved in the market, our presence is not as long standing, or as developed as some other countries. In

2009, Canadian space exports to the Russian market were – at $3.5 million – worth less than those that went to the UK, France, Germany or Greece.22 Canadian space exports to the Russian market for that time were almost the same in value as space exports to Denmark, and the Czech

Republic. In 2009, the Canadian space industry’s main exports to the Russian market by revenue values were satellite communications technology, navigation technology, electro-optic technology, and robotics.23

Canada has the capacity to expand into the Russian space industry in the launch vehicle and satellite markets. There are opportunities for Canadian companies to do business with Russia in the development and production of technologies used in its launch vehicles, in navigation

22Rene St-Amant. 2010. “Russia: Revenues 5 year trend.” Canadian Space Agency. 23 Ibid. 8

technologies for example. Furthermore, given Canada’s capacity to for its own small launch vehicle industry,24 there is no reason we should not do business with component sourcing for larger Russian launch vehicles. However, it is important to note that expanding into this market will be challenging, as there are already competing, large-scale government sponsored initiatives in place. Canadian companies are much smaller and receive less government support than their international competition. For example, France and Russia have already begun a government sponsored joint program, Project Ural, to develop a re-useable carrier rocket to replace their

Soyuz and Ariane carriers for sometime between 2020-2030.25

In addition to its launch vehicle sector, Russia is also keenly interested in further developing its satellite technologies. In particular, its halo project GLONASS – seen as an alternative to the US’ GPS system – is an area where Canada could make inroads. Canada has been in the business of making satellites for half a century. There is no reason that our domestic industry cannot work with Russia’s. Their satellite technology, like most of their space industry was stagnant throughout the 1990s. Now, the Russians are constantly updating their GLONASS network. This is an area where Canadian companies could shine. satellites are also an area of Canadian expertise. MDA, a prominent Canadian satellite company, has had several recent successful contract negotiations with Russia. Over the last two years, they have worked on two separate satellite component projects worth more than $45 million with Russian companies.26 In addition, Russia has frequently made use of Canada’s remote

24 Canadian Space Commerce Association, Arny Sokoloff. “Creating an Indigenous, Canadian Small-Satellite Launch Capability”. Submitted to the Canadian Federal Aerospace Review, June 30th, 2012 25 RIA NOVOSTI. “Russia, France to team up on ‘hi-tech rockets’.” RIA NOVOSTI, November 18th, 2011, World Section, Online Edition. http://en.rian.ru/world/20111118/168817930.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 26 Press Releases. “MDA wins a further contract for AM5 and AM6 with Russia.” MDA Corporate Website. http://www.mdacorporation.com/corporate/news/index.cfm?year=2010 (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 9

sensing satellite program’s data. Russia does not have a domestic satellite observation system of this caliber. Overall, Canadian forays into this market will encounter strong, established competition. In 2012 EADS, won recent contracts from Russia to build communication satellites for that country,27 additionally, Alcatel-Lucent has been operating in the Russian market for nearly two decades and has a strong established presence from its satellite division.28 Also just last year, Thales-Alenia Space signed a joint venture agreement with Reshetnev Corporation for communication satellites.29 This is in addition to the 30 or so projects that the two companies have worked together on in the past.

When entering into the Russian market, Canadian firms must be aware that the US’ international traffic in arms regulations (ITAR) regime, which restricts exports of certain US sensitive technologies to second or, in this case, third party countries. This could affect the ease with which Canadian firms do business in the Russian space industry. The ITAR regime is a part of Canada’s Controlled Goods Program, which restricts the export of certain space related goods.

These include certain components of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)30, rocket propulsion systems, or related software components.31 While these regulations do present export barriers for Canadian companies, they do exist to safeguard national interests. However, the legal allowance for export of space technologies does exist. The Civil International

27 Press Releases. “Astrium awarded two satellite contracts by the Russian operator RSCC.” EADS Global Website. http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en/news/press.20120327_astrium_rssc.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 28 Reshetnev Company. “International Cooperation.” JSC Information Satellite Systems, Reshetnev Company. http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/?cid=international_cooperation (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 29Press Room. “Thales Alenia Space and ISS Reshetnev to bolster partnership by creating Joint Venture.” Thales Group. http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2011/Thales_Alenia_Space_and_ISS_Reshetnev_to_bo lster_partnership_by_creating_Joint_Venture/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012) 30 Export Controls Division (TIE). “A Guide to Canada’s Export Controls.” Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 115, http://www.international.gc.ca/controls-controles/assets/pdfs/documents/guide-2011-1-en.pdf 31 Ibid., 128, 132 10

Agreement Implementation Act32 under article 19, paragraph 2 states: “The [ISS] Partners shall make their best efforts to handle expeditiously requests for authorization of transfers of technical data and goods... and they shall encourage and facilitate such transfers.” Still, in a situation where export of certain finished goods is not a certainty, domestic production in Russia is feasible. The World Bank’s annual report Doing Business in Russia, 2012 indicates that the cost of starting a new business in Russia is comparable to Canada.33 Furthermore, Canadian aerospace firms, like Lockheed Martin Canada, have successfully navigated the issues associated with the US’ ITAR regime in producing unrestricted targeting and guidance systems.34 These issues can be overcome by sourcing correct components, free of US technologies. While the options for the Canadian space industry may seem restrained by the ITAR regime and Canada’s

Controlled Goods Program, as previously mentioned, there are ways that the Canadian space industry can overcome these perceived restraints.

Canadian efforts targeting the Russian space industry are seeing fruition. June 2012 was of particular note in Canada-Russia space relations. During a trade mission that month, Trade

Minister Ed Fast announced the opening of negotiations towards a bilateral space cooperation treaty.35 In addition, the Aerospace Industries Association of Canada signed a memorandum of

32Civil International Space Station Agreement Implementation Act, Statutes of Canada 1999, c. 35. http://laws- lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-31.3.pdf 33 The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. “Doing Business in Russia 2012”. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2012, 15 34 David Pugliese. “ Navy says no to buying American: US restrictions on technology can lead to delays.” The Ottawa Citizen, January 25, 2010, Business Section, Online Edition. http://www.canada.com/business/Navy+says+buying+American/2480208/story.html 35 Press Releases. “International Trade Minister Ed Fast Meets with Co-Chair of Canada-Russia Intergovernmental Economic Commission.” Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Media Room. http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/release_photo_distribution/2012/06/07a.aspx?view=d (accessed March 19, 2013) 11

understanding with its Russian counterpart, the Russian Union of Aircraft Producers.36 During another trade mission in June 2013, Minister Fast noted the satisfactory progression of the drafting of the treaty.37 Once singed the space treaty will go through the appropriate domestic ratification channels. While the treaty’s progenitor, the Canada-Russia Intergovernmental

Economic Commission, has made inroads for the Canadian space industry up until this point, it would be lacking expertise in leading future industry specific initiatives. It makes sense that the

Canadian Space Agency should coordinate further public and private sector initiatives once the treaty becomes a part of domestic law. The MOU signed between Canada and Russia’s aerospace industry associations represents increased opportunities for market intelligence and penetration, and the creation of better business networks. These two initiatives are steps in the right direction. They will not yield the same results as a bi-lateral trade agreement. However, they will go a long way to strengthening ties between Canada and Russia’s space industries.

Canadian firms do have the wherewithal to succeed in the Russian space industry. Currently, our presence is small. However, a better understanding, and targeted efforts by our government, associations, and businesses can yield results.

This paper has outlined the current structural changes that the Russian space industry is experiencing. If they prove successful, they will allow for a more cost effective, efficient, and profitable space industry. The restructuring is by no means complete, but the activities of a firm like Khrunichev show a process that is well under way and proving successful. At the same time,

36Russia-Canada Relations. “Russian-Canadian Economic Cooperation.” The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada. http://www.rusembassy.ca/node/598 (accessed March 19, 2013) 37 Backgrounder. “Joint Statement of the Canada-Russia Intergovernmental Economic Commission (IEC) Ninth Session.” Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Media Room. http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/release_photo_distribution/2013/06/17b.aspx (accessed July 11, 2013) 12

the Russian space industry’s international involvement with other space agencies is very important to consider. The export opportunities that such a growth market presents for a smaller space industry like Canada’s cannot be ignored, especially in the face of NASA budget cuts. The

Canadian government and our domestic industry have noted these market opportunities, as evidenced by recent trade missions and treaty negotiations. While certain barriers to market entry do exist, they are surmountable. Due to its size, how the Russian space industry engages internationally impacts space faring nations across the globe. Canada must be aware of the changes that are taking place in Russia, in the pursuit of better technologies and increased exports.

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Bibliography:

Arbatov, Alexei, 2011. “Russian Perspectives on Spacepower,” in Toward a theory of Spacepower, edited by Lutes and Hays. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press

Backgrounder. “Joint Statement of the Canada-Russia Intergovernmental Economic Commission (IEC) Ninth Session.” Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. Media Room. http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/release_photo_distribution/2013/06/17b .aspx (accessed July 11, 2013)

Canadian Space Commerce Association, Arny Sokoloff. “Creating an Indigenous, Canadian Small-Satellite Launch Capability”. Submitted to the Canadian Federal Aerospace Review, June 30th, 2012

Caves, Richard E., 2007. Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, Third Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press

Civil International Space Station Agreement Implementation Act, Statutes of Canada 1999, c. 35. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-31.3.pdf

Government of the Russian Federation. “Federal Space Agency.” Official Website of the Government of the Russian Federation. http://government.ru/eng/power/106/ (accessed, Oct. 31, 2012)

Government of the Russian Federation. “Russian Government Commissions: Government Military-Industrial Commission.” Official Website of the Government of the Russian Federation, http://government.ru/eng/gov/agencies/134/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Export Controls Division (TIE). “A Guide to Canada’s Export Controls.” Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 115, http://www.international.gc.ca/controls- controles/assets/pdfs/documents/guide-2011-1-en.pdf

Lutzay, Darya. “Sistema’s NIS expands to India.” Russia and India Report, ComNews, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, November 14th, 2011, Business Section, Online Edition. http://indrus.in/articles/2011/11/14/sistemas_nis_expands_to_india_13245.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Makarov and Payson. Russian space programmes and industry: Defining the new institutions for new conditions. Space Policy 25 (2009) 90-98 de Montluc, Bertrand. The new international political and strategic context for space policies. Space Policy 25 (2009) 20-28 de Montluc, Bertrand. Russia’s resurgence: Prospects for space policy and international cooperation. Space Policy 26 (2010) 15-24 14

Vladimir Nesterov. “Statement by Vladimir Nesterov, Khrunichev Director-General: Khrunichev’s Ranking in Russian and International Space Industry.” Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center Website. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=581&lang=en (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Oberg, James E. 2011. “International Perspectives: Russia,” in Toward a theory of Spacepower, edited by Lutes and Hays. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press Perfilyev, Nikita. The Sino-Russian Space Entente. Astropolitics, 8:19-34, 2010

Perfilyev, Nikita. The Sino-Russian Space Entente. Astropolitics, 8:19-34, 2010

Ponomarev, Sergey. The Space Capability of Russia is a Strategic Instrument. Security Index, No.2 (95), Vol. 17, 2011

Press Releases. “Astrium awarded two satellite contracts by the Russian operator RSCC.” EADS Global Website. http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en/news/press.20120327_astrium_rssc.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Press Releases. “Canada’s 6 Satellite Arrives at Baikonur.” Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center Website. http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=581 (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Press Releases. “International Trade Minister Ed Fast Meets with Co-Chair of Canada-Russia Intergovernmental Economic Commission.” Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Media Room. http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/release_photo_distribution/2012/06/07a .aspx?view=d (accessed March 19, 2013)

Press Releases. “MDA wins a further contract for AM5 and AM6 with Russia.” MDA Corporate Website. http://www.mdacorporation.com/corporate/news/index.cfm?year=2010 (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Press Releases. “Russian Technologies State Corporation at the 10th International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS-2011.” Russian Technologies State Corporation, 2011 http://www.rostechnologii.ru/en/archive/0/detail.php?ID=10364 (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Press Room. “Thales Alenia Space and ISS Reshetnev to bolster partnership by creating Joint Venture.” Thales Group. http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2011/Thales_Alenia_Space_ and_ISS_Reshetnev_to_bolster_partnership_by_creating_Joint_Venture/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

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David Pugliese. “ Navy says no to buying American: US restrictions on technology can lead to delays.” The Ottawa Citizen, January 25, 2010, Business Section, Online Edition. http://www.canada.com/business/Navy+says+buying+American/2480208/story.html Reshetnev Company. “International Cooperation.” JSC Information Satellite Systems, Reshetnev Company. http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/?cid=international_cooperation (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Ria Novosti. “Russia, France to team up on ‘hi-tech rockets’.” Ria Novosti, November 18th, 2011, World Section, Online Edition. http://en.rian.ru/world/20111118/168817930.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Russian Aviation. “A “Superholding” for assimilation of hypersonic technologies will be created in Russia.” http://www.ruaviation.com/news/2012/9/20/1220/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2012)

Sadeh, Eligar. Report: Towards a national space strategy. Astropolitics, 8: 73-112, 2010

St-Amant, Rene. 2010. “Russia: Revenues 5 year trend.” Canadian Space Agency.

Russia-Canada Relations. “Russian-Canadian Economic Cooperation.” The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada. http://www.rusembassy.ca/node/598 (accessed March 19, 2013)

Trubnikov, Vyacheslav. Relations between Russia and India represent real strategic cooperation. Security Index No. 3 (92), Volume 16, 5-10

The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. “Doing Business in Russia 2012”. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2012