The Viking Age
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The Viking Age CORNELL MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE 2021 Copyright © 2021 by the Cornell Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. This document or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the Cornell Model United Nations Conference (CMUNC) except when used for educational purposes. Commercial reproduction or reference to this document requires the express written consent of the current Secretary-General of CMUNC. Further terms of use for commercial purposes will be determined on a case-by-case basis. For more information on CMUNC, use the Contact Us page located at: cmunc.net 2 CMUNC 2021 Secretariat Secretary-General Malvika Narayan Director-General Bryan Weintraub Chief of Staff James “Hamz” Piccirilli Director of Events Alexandra Tsalikis Director of Outreach Akosa Nwadiogbu Director of Communications Annie Rogers Director of Finance Daniel Bernstein Director of Operations Andrew Landesman Under-Secretary Generals Robyn Bardmesser Avery Bower John Clancy Mariana Goldlust 3 From Your Chair Dear Delegates, My name is Amanda Amornwichet and I will be your crisis director for this committee. I hope you appreciate the work we put into this committee and really make this committee your own. We tried to leave it as open ended as possible, I hope to see some collaboration among the members of the Alliance. As for my expectations for the committee, I neither expect nor want this to follow history in any way; however, I expect you to follow your character’s positions, and stay in character. I know the background guide and blurbs might be a bit confusing so if you have any questions at all, do not hesitate to shoot me an email. Outside of CMUNC, I am a Senior studying Materials Science and Engineering with minors in Thai and Sustainable Energy Systems. In addition to the Cornell International Affairs Society (CIAS), I am an Engineering Ambassador and I am involved in Swing Dance, the Food Recovery Network, and Engineers for a Sustainable World. Within CIAS I have competed in three Model UN competitions, and staffed four. I also was fortunate enough to visit China as a director for WEMUN, a high school model UN competition in Beijing, China. Feel free to reach out to me with any questions about CMUNC, college, or life in general. I am so excited to see what innovative ideas you will bring to the committee. Best of luck to all of you! Amanda Amornwichet The Viking Age Chair CMUNC 2021 4 From Your Vice Chair Dear Delegates, My name is Byron Sleight and I will be your Vice Chair for this committee. I hope you appreciate the work we put into this committee and hope that you will make it your own and hopefully learn some fun facts along the way. This is my first conference but not my first rodeo. After many years of hanging out and befriending most members of CIAS as Ben Inbar’s “zany” roommate, I have decided to participate in the legendary CMUNC. I look forward to sharing my love of Old Norse culture with all of you via this background guide, and please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. Outside of CIAS I am a senior graduating this spring with a degree in physics, and after graduation plan on attending graduate school pursuing research in the field of quantum computing. I also may have accidentally obtained a minor in Astronomy. Around campus, I’m known for being the former president of Libertarians at Cornell and an undergraduate physics TA. I enjoy working out, hiking, and playing the drums. The Crisis Director, Chair, and I have started a band this semester and currently have a punk inspired cover of the classic indie track “In the Aeroplane Over the Sea” in the works. I also hold the distinction of being the biggest Weezer fan here at Cornell, so if anyone has some hot takes about the Blue Album or any other of their fantastic albums please share them with me. Feel free to ask me any questions about Viking-Age Norway, politics, life, Weezer, or any aspect of our boundless but finite universe, feel free to send me a message. I hope you have as much fun as I am writing this! Bryan Sleight The Viking Age Vice Chair CMUNC 2021 5 From Your Crisis Director Dear Delegates, My name is Ben Inbar and it is my honor and pleasure to welcome you to CMUNC. I am a senior studying Mechanical Engineering and minoring in the Environment and Sustainability and History. Next year I am gonna be starting my Master’s of Engineering here at Cornell. Model UN has been a part of my life for the past 8 years ever since I joined my high school’s team for its inaugural year in 2013. Quickly being drawn to the faster paced Specialized and Crisis committees I went from being unsure if MUN was for me, to a seasoned and experienced Crisis delegate. I am now so incredibly excited to be able to give all of you the opportunity to debate, backstab, scheme, and compromise in what are truly some of the best and most imaginative committees I have ever been a part of creating. I joined the Cornell International Affairs Society my freshman year and it has quickly grown from something I did every Wednesday to an integral part of my Cornell experience. I have staffed Star Wars JCCs and AdHocs, Chaired and CD’ed committees ranging from the liberation and creation of Gran Colombia to a look into the fictional universe of Jurassic Park. I have also served on the secretariat of our Collegiate Conference as a USG, the Director General and this coming year as Secretary General. I am hoping to bring my experience and knowledge of MUN to all of my committees in order to make sure each and every one of you can have the same incredible experiences that I have had as a travelling delegate. Feel free to reach out to me with any questions about CMUNC, your committee, life, help with your Algebra II homework, or anything else you may need (Just put CMUNC - Vikings - Your Position Name). I love hearing from my delegates and since I won’t get to meet you all in person this year I would love any chance to get to meet all of you. Can’t wait to go raiding with you this April. Ben Inbar The Viking Age Crisis Director CMUNC 2021 6 Introduction As a short overview, please watch this video on the Vikings: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wc5zUK2MKNY The Vikings lived in Northern Europe, in a region called Scandinavia. The modern countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland compromise Scandinavia. About one quarter of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Europe’s largest peninsula, is located within the Arctic Circle. Various large bodies of water including the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the Barents Sea, and the North Sea surround the peninsula. While hazardous ice flows threaten to wreck most ships which venture into these waters, the Vikings could navigate these waters without fear of destruction. A mountain range divides the Peninsula, creating a rough border between Sweden and Norway. Map of Scandinavia (Wikimedia Commons) At this time (800 A.D.), Scandinavia’s usable natural resources included timber, iron and copper. Southern Sweden contained the best spots of arable 7 land, where farming could occur. Many islands sat in the Baltic Sea, offering resources and potential opportunities for trade to many travelers. However, settlers who wanted to live and farm these islands could face a distinct possibility of flooding, making living in this area difficult. Hunter-gatherer tribes settled early Scandinavia and roamed the region. Soon enough, these people developed herding and farming techniques and communities in the Germanic Bronze Age. These civilizations gained complexity during the Iron Age. The Iron Age in Northern Europe had three phases: pre- Roman, Roman, and Germanic. During the time of the Roman Empire, the Scandinavian tribes barely made contact with the Romans. After Rome’s fall in 476 A.D., these tribes acquired Roman gold from other Germanic tribes who sacked Rome and brought their loot north. At this point in time, the Vikings most often lived as farmers, hunters, and fur trappers. A Reconstructed Lojsta Hall, from the Iron Age, in Sweden. (Wikimedia Commons) Looking to the era of the committee, the Vikings have amassed more power in the region, and have begun raids on the British Isles. In 793, longships 8 arrived at Lindisfarne in England and raided the monastery, claiming gold, jewels, books, and art for themselves. The Vikings murdered several monks and burned buildings to the ground. This only begins these types of adventures and the Vikings stand ready to take much wealth and excellent farmland. However, the tribes must band together in order to attain these unimaginable riches. You, the Viking clan leaders, stand on the precipice of power, fortune, and notoriety. A summit has been called, and will meet in the next year (800 A.D., the starting point for the committee) to discuss the possibility of inter-tribe alliances for greater conquest and control of Europe. Each of you must know the interests of his clan, and pursue them ruthlessly in search of glory and the favor of the gods. The rest of Europe sits weakly by, full of wealth, and ripe for the taking! May each of you find fortune on your voyages. Raids The Vikings considered raiding an honorable challenge to fight. The mainland would often know in advance of an incoming raid, and would prepare to retaliate and fight to defend their belongings.