Environment and Social Assessment Report For

Environment and Social Assessment Report

Public Disclosure Authorized For Wind farm at Arasinagundi village

At Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State.

Public Disclosure Authorized

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. (assisted by Vimta Laboratories) C1-001, Tower C, The Millenia 1&2 Murphy Road, Ulsoor Bangalore 560 008.

Public Disclosure Authorized Telephone: +91-80-41557100 Fax: +91-80-41557110

October 2008

Public Disclosure Authorized

Arasinagundi and Anaburu wind farm project – Environment and Social Assessment Executive Summary

M/s. Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has installed wind farms at Anaburu and Arasinagundi Villages, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere district, Karnataka State, India.

The wind farm at Anaburu has an installed capacity of 16.5 MW with ten wind turbines each with a capacity of 1.65 MW whereas the wind farm at Arasinagundi has an installed capacity of 13.2 MW with eight wind turbines each with a capacity of 1.65 MW.

For the Arasinagundi wind farm the land acquired is 10.94 ha of the Arasinagundi S.F. of Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State. The site is leased forest land. In addition there is a small piece of land for substation leased from KPTCL.

For the Anaburu wind farm the land acquired is 21.708 ha of the Anaburu S.F. of Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, and additional land of 4.94-ha is being acquired. The site is leased forest land.

The project did not involve acquisition of any private land for its development and as such there are no land losers in the project area. The forest and revenue land (for compensatory afforestation) allotted to the project for its development was used mainly for animal grazing by locals. Since the project has not restricted the movement of animals in the project area, the cattle of the local population continue to graze in the area. Thus the project does not adversely impact the local population including Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) people of the area.

The project has been planned to minimize Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) (e.g., impacts to radar, microwave, television, and radio transmissions). Potential interference with public safety communication systems (e.g., radio traffic related to emergency activities) has been avoided.

1.1 Land Use

• Wind project is planned to mitigate/minimize impacts to other land uses; • To plan for efficient land use, necessary infrastructure requirements have been consolidated whenever possible, and current transmission and market access are used; and • Restoration plans have been developed to ensure that all temporary use areas are restored.

1.2 Air Quality

All the parameters, Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable Particulate

Matter (RPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO 2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbonmonoxide (CO) were observed to be within the specified limits applicable to rural and residential zone. Operating wind turbines do not produce direct emissions. There could be some minor VOC emissions during routine changes of lubricating and cooling fluids and greases. The other operations would generate fugitive dust from road travel, vehicular exhaust, and brush clearing in addition to the tailpipe emissions associated with vehicle travel. However, all these activities are limited in extent and duration and have no appreciable air quality impact.

1.3 Noise Impacts

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. CE-1 Arasinagundi and Anaburu wind farm project – Environment and Social Assessment Executive Summary

The day and night time noise level at the project areas are observed to be well within the prescribed limit. Recent technological improvements have reduced mechanical noise from wind turbines.

1.4 Water Resources Small amounts of water are used to clean wind turbine rotor blades in arid climates (where rainfall does not keep the blades clean). The purpose of blade cleaning is to eliminate dust and insect buildup, which otherwise deforms the shape of the airfoil and degrades performance. Most of the physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters values of ground and surface water resources within 10-km radius of the study area are found to be within permissible limits. The overall quality considerations as far as water quality in the study area indicate absence of any external polluting sources like industries and represent uncontaminated conditions.

Water-harvesting at project sites

The project will examine the feasibility of undertaking water harvesting measures at the project sites from all aspects, including discussion with the local offices of the forest department.

1.5 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

The Anaburu and Arasinagundi wind farms are not located near an airport or military airfield.

1.6 Geologic Resources and Seismic Setting

It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly sandy loam in the study area. The common color of the soil ranged from light brownish to reddish. NPK values are medium to less in most of the locations.

The wind farms come under seismic zone – II as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002 classification hence the site is a stable zone and has very less potential for earthquakes. In addition, other geologic hazards do not exist, such as the potential for landslides and rock falls. The potential for volcanic activity does not exist as well, although this is less widespread.

1.7 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Impacts

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has developed a waste management plan identifying the waste streams that are expected to be generated at the site and addressing hazardous waste determination procedures, waste storage locations, waste-specific management and disposal requirements, inspection procedures, and waste minimization procedures. This plan would address all solid and liquid waste that would be generated at the site.

1.8 Ecological Resources

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. CE-2 Arasinagundi and Anaburu wind farm project – Environment and Social Assessment Executive Summary

The project areas fall under Jagalur reserve forest area of Jagalur taluka and Anaburu Reserve forest of Davanagere district of Karnataka State. The forest types of study mainly comprise Southern tropical dry mixed deciduous type.

On the basis of literature survey, from Red data books of Indian plants, detailed list rare and Endangered plant genera of Karnataka particularly with reference to Davanagere and Chitradurga of Karnataka reveals that there are no endangered, threatened, rare plant species observed or recorded and the plant species in the area recorded are quite commonly present in dry deciduous forest type.

As per Ministry of Environment and forests and Forest department of Government of Karnataka state notifications reveals that there are no Protected areas (biospheres, tiger reserves, elephant reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves and community reserves ) in 10-km radius from project area.

Flora and fauna studies were conducted during study period to assess the existing biological resources in and around existing wind power mill. Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica, Acacia sp, Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cassia occidentalis, Calotropis procera are predominant when compared to tree shrub and herb, populations.

Both project sites extensively use underground cabling to further reduce possibility of collision with towers/lines within the boundaries with a single line taking off to the sub-station.

Afforestation has been completed by the forest department on compensatory land handed over to the Forest Department in lieu of the use of forest land for the project. Necessary report confirming the same has been obtained from the forest ranger with photographs; Necessary medicinal plantations, boundary markings, painting of red bands on blades and other conditions have been complied. Land to be transferred to the Forest Department in lieu of additional forest land (4.94ha) that had to be used during implementation (for realignment of lines/road due to difficult site conditions at Anaburu) has already been identified and the entire transfer process is expected to be completed by June 2010.

1.9 Visual Resources

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. CE-3 Arasinagundi and Anaburu wind farm project – Environment and Social Assessment Executive Summary

structures have been designed and constructed to harmonize with desirable or acceptable characteristics of the surrounding environment.

1.10 Cultural Resources

Archaeological sites and historic properties are not present in the area, hence no impact is envisaged. Moreover Acciona has:

1. Contributed to rebuild/renovate local temple in the village(s); 2. Provided clear access to a temple situated at one of the locations at the project site that was previously designated for a turbine. The location of the turbine was changed to accommodate this requirement of the local people at Anaburu;

Periodic monitoring of this significant cultural resource in the vicinity of development projects may help curtail potential looting/vandalism and erosion impacts. If impacts are recognized early, additional actions shall be taken before the resource is damaged.

1.11 Planned strategy

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. incorporates policies and Best Management Practices (BMPs) that establish mitigation requirements for all projects and will continue to do so. These programmatic policies and BMPs are designed to ensure that potential impacts associated with wind energy development would be kept to a minimum.

As part of the strategy to help weaker sections of the community including tribals in the vicinity to access project benefits about 50% of the indirect employment (through contractors) is local labour.

The project does not restrict grazing of animals belonging to the local people, or their access through the site for other purposes.

Project contractors have been instructed to comply with all statutory requirements as part of the contract. This includes minimum wages as per norms of the Minimum Wages Act, to make no discrimination between employing men and women, and not to employ child labour. They have been asked to prefer employment for local labour and the results are seen in the people employed. For future, this will be made part of the contract agreement wherever possible.

1.12 Conclusion

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. is committed to, and has demonstrated, continual innovations leading to greater protection of the environment and wildlife. Unlike fossil fuel power plants and other industrial processes, wind energy power plants do not release any harmful emissions that contribute to acid rain, global warming, mercury poisoning or other environmental effects that threaten wildlife.

The wind power industry will transform the social and economic fabric of rural life besides being an environment-friendly industry providing unhindered power supply to villagers.

Acciona Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. CE-4

R E P O R T

A ccion W ind Energy Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore

INITIAL ENVIRONME NTAL EXAMINATION F OR W IND FARMS AT ARA SINAGUNDI VILLAGE,

AT JAGALUR TALUK, DAVANAGE RE DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE

For and on behalf of VIM TA Labs Lim ited

Approved by : E. Shyam Sundar

Signed :

Position : A ssociate Vice President (Env)

Date :O ctober 24, 2008

This report has been prepared by Vim ta Labs Lim ited w ith all reasonable skill, care and diligence w ithin the term s of the contract w ith the client, incorporating our G eneral Term s and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreem ent w ith the client.

W e disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any m atters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and w e accept no responsibility of w hatsoever nature to third parties to w hom this report, or any part thereof, is m ade know n. Any such party relies on the report at their ow n risk. Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ______Chapter # Title Page # ______

Table of Contents TC-1 List of Figures TC-3 List of Tables TC-4

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the Report C1-1 1.2 Identification of Project and Project Proponent C1-1 1.3 Brief Description of Project C1-2

2.0 Project Description

2.1 Location of Project C2-1 2.2 Size of Operation C2-1 2.3 Technology and Process Description C2-3 2.4 Site Services C2-5 2.5 Sources of Pollution C2-5

3.0 Baseline Environmental Status

3.1 Introduction C3-1 3.2 Landuse Studies C3-1 3.3 Demographic Aspects C3-3 3.4 Soil Characteristics C3-8 3.5 Meteorology C3-13 3.6 Ambient Air Quality C3-15 3.7 Water Quality C3-20 3.8 Noise Level Survey C3-26 3.9 Flora and Fauna Studies C3-30

4.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.1 Geological Resources and Seismic Setting C4-1 4.2 Paleontological Resources C4-3 4.3 Water Resources C4-3 4.4 Air Quality C4-4 4.5 Noise Impacts C4-5 4.6 Transportation Impacts C4-8 4.7 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Impacts C4-9 4.8 Health and Safety Impacts C4-10 4.9 Ecological Resources C4-11 4.10 Landuse C4-16 4.11 Visual Resources C4-17 4.12 Electromagnetic Interference C4-18 4.13 Cultural Resources C4-19 4.14 Flickering C4-19 4.15 Lighting C4-20

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-1 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

Table of Contents

Table of Contents (contd.) ______Chapter # Title Page # ______

5.0 Environmental Management Plan

5.1 Introduction C5-1 5.2 General C5-1 5.3 Geological Resources C5-2 5.4 Water Resources C5-3 5.5 Air Quality C5-3 5.6 Noise Impacts C5-4 5.7 Transportation Impacts C5-4 5.8 Health and Safety Impacts C5-5 5.9 Ecological Resources C5-5 5.10 Landuse C5-9 5.11 Visual Resources C5-10 5.12 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure C5-10

List of Annexures

Annexure-I Methodology for Sampling and Analysis Annexure-II Landuse Pattern Annexure-III Demographic Details Annexure-IV Ambient Air Quality Levels

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-2 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

Table of Contents

List of Figures ______Figures # Title Page # ______

1.1 Geographical Location of the Project C1-4 1.2 Study Area Map C1-5 2.1 Location Wind Turbines C2-2 3.4.1 Soil Sampling Locations C3-10 3.6.1 Air Quality Sampling Locations C3-17 3.7.1 Water Sampling Locations C3-21 3.8.1 Noise Monitoring Locations C3-28

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-3 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

Table of Contents

List of Tables ______Tables # Title Page # ______

2.1 Environmental Setting of the Site C2-1 2.2 Features of the Vestas V82 turbine C2-4 2.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission Comparison from Different Sources of Energy C2-8 2.4 Sulphur Dioxide Emission Comparison from Different Sources of Energy C2-8 2.5 Sulphur Dioxide Emission Comparison from Different Sources of Energy C2-8 2.6 Water Consumption-Conventional Power Plants and Non Conventional Power Plants C2-9 2.7 Environmental Impacts of Electricity Sources C2-9 3.1.1 Landuse Pattern in the Study Area C3-2 3.3.1 Distribution of Population in Study Area C3-3 3.3.2 Distribution of Population by Social Structure C3-4 3.3.3 Distribution of Literates and Literacy Rates C3-5 3.3.4 Occupational Structure C3-5 3.3.5 Educational Facilities in the Study Area C3-6 3.3.6 Health Facilities in the Study Area C3-7 3.4.1 Details of Sampling Locations C3-8 3.4.2 Soil Analysis Results C3-11 3.4.3 Standard Soil Classification C3-12 3.5.1 Summary of the Meteorological Data Generated at Site C3-13 3.5.2 Summary of Wind Pattern at the Study Area C3-13 3.6.1 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring C3-16 3.6.2 Summary of Ambient Air Quality C3-19 3.7.1 Details of Water Sampling Locations C3-22 3.7.2 Analysis Results for Water œ Ground Water C3-23 3.7.3 Analysis Results for Water œ Surface Water C3-25 3.8.1 Details of Noise Monitoring Locations C3-27 3.8.2 Ambient Noise Levels C3-30 3.9.1 List of Animals and their Conservation Status in Study Area C3-34 3.9.2 Aquatic Ecological Locations in Study Area C3-36 5.1 Recommended Plant Species C5-8 5.2 List of Medicinal Plants C5-9 5.3 Post Construction Monitoring Schedule C5-11 5.4 Implementation Schedule C5-11

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-4 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-1 Introduction

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the Report

M/s Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has installed wind farm at Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davangere district, Karnataka. The feasibility of these sites for wind power production has been established by M/s. Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. This report evaluates the environment in and around the wind farm to mitigate any adverse impact to the environment, and prose appropriate mitigation measures.

M/s. Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has retained the services of M/s. Vimta Labs Limited, Hyderabad for assessing the impact of the wind farm activities on various environmental parameters in the study area and to prepare an Environment Management Plan for negating the adverse impacts of the project.

1.2 Identification of Project & Project Proponent

1.2.1 Identification of Project

To meet the power demand and to harness the wind power in the area, wind farms have been installed in Karnataka by Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd.. The wind farm at Arasinagundi has an installed capacity of 13.2 MW with eight wind turbines each with a capacity of 1.65 MW.

These sites have been identified as ideally suited for wind power generation as per the micrositing studies and data analysis based on annual wind speed and frequency distribution, carried out by M/s. Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. and Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt. Ltd.

1.2.2 Project Proponent

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. focuses its activity on wind energy, a field in which it has so far installed 5,403 MW at 30 June 2008. It has built 195 windparks for itself and other companies with over 5,000 turbines, making it the world leader in the development and construction of windparks. At the same time, it has 1,128 MW under construction and over 15,000 MW in development. The wind power installed by Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. in Spain amounts to 4,440 MW.

As well as Spain, there are windparks installed by ACCION WIND ENERGY PVT. LTD.in the United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, Italy, Greece, Hungary, France, India, Portugal, South Korea and Morocco. Of these, 137 windparks (3,931 MW) are owned by the Group, with an attributable capacity of 3,140 MW. The 58 windparks built for other companies account for 1,472 MW.

ACCION WIND ENERGY PVT. LTD.is currently building windparks in most of the

above mentioned countries and others, such as Mexico. Current projects are being carried out in the United Kingdom, Croacia, Poland and Slovenia.

In 2007, Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. produced a total of 7,494 GWh of wind energy, of which 6,316 GWh were produced in Spain and 1,178 GWh in other countries. Attributable wind energy generation reached 5,570 GWh.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-1 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-1 Introduction

In the first half of 2008, the wind energy production was 4,091 GWh (3,418 GWh in Spain and 673 GWh in other countries). The attributable wind energy generation was 3,211 GWh. 1.3 Brief Description of Project

The wind farm at Arasinagundi has an installed capacity of 13.2 MW with eight wind turbines each with a capacity of 1.65 MW. The power generated is stepped up to substation and supplied to the state grid.

1.3.1 Location of the Project

Geographical location of the project is shown in Figure-1.1.

The study area map covering 10-km radius from the project site is shown in Figure-1.2.

1.3.2 Importance to the Country & Region

Presently India experiences electricity peak load shortage of about 11 to 18% and an energy shortage of 8 to 11%. Based on the demand projections of the 16th Electric Power Survey, the Government of India‘s 5th National Power Plan has envisaged a total installed capacity of 212000 MW, to be added by the end of the 11th plan in March, 2012.

Wind energy is very abundant in many parts of the India. MNRE(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) are implementing the world's largest wind resource assessment programme, which forms the backbone of their wind exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 45,000 MW. Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study undertaken to re-assess the potential, places it at about 60,000 MW. Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 15192 MW is already available for exploitation in the potential States. The state of Karnataka has a potential of 6600 MW with an installed capacity of 847 MW.

According to the American Wind Energy Association, 1 megawatt (MW) of wind- generated power can supply electricity to approximately 240 to 300 households per year.

As per projections made by Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, 10% of the 2,40,000MW (i.e 24,000MW) installed capacity requirement by the year 2012 A.D. will come from renewables. It is envisaged that 50% of this capacity or 12,000MW may come from wind power. India has now gained sufficient technical and operational experience, and is now on the threshold of "taking off" in wind power.

The Project will provide the country with a vital source of sustainable energy, transform the region's economy, increase Government earnings and revenues, and accelerate the pace of development in the region.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-2 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-1 Introduction

KARNATAKA

Arasinagundi Site

FIGURE-1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE PROJECT VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-3 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-1 Introduction

FIGURE-1.2 STUDY AREA MAP

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-4

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Location of Project

The wind farm is located at Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davangere district, Karnataka. The details of environmental setting are given in Table-2.1. Location of wind turbines is shown in Figure-2.1.

TABLE-2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE SITE

Sr. No. Particulars Details 1 Latitude 14°28' œ 14º34‘ N 2 Longitude 76°20' œ 76º23‘ E 3 Elevation above MSL 660-789m 5 Nearest Highway NH-13 (6.0-km, SE) 6 Nearest Railway Station Kotturu (42-km, NNW) 7 Nearest River Janaga Halla (10-km, S) 8 Nearest Airport Bangalore (220-km, SE) 9 Nearest Village Arasinagundi/Llinganahalli 10 Nearest Town/City Chitrdurga (30-km, SW) 11 Hills/Valleys - 12 Monuments - 13 Archaeologically important - places 14 National Parks - 15 Reserved/Protected forest 1) Jagaluru R.F. 2)Jagaluru S.F. 3) Anaburu S.F. (7.5-km, NE) 4) Guheswaragudda S.F. (5.0-km, S) 16 List of Industries - 17 Seismicity The project site comes under Seismic Zone- II as per IS 1893 (Part-I):2002 classification. Hence, seismically it is a stable zone

2.2 Size of Operation

The project involves operation and maintenance of 13.2 MW wind farm at Arasinagundi. The Arasinagundi wind farm has eight turbines each of 1.65 MW capacity (Vestas make, V82 model): a 66 kV substation at Hiremallanaholle village, and a 9-km transmission line has been laid.

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd.has contract with Vestas for operation and maintenance of the wind farms. Vestas is a world leader in modern energy with a market share of 23%. Vestas has installed more than 35,500 wind turbines in 63 countries on five continents. Vestas wind turbines generate 60 million MWh annually- enough to supply millions of households with electricity.

The project construction commenced in May 2007. The wind farm was commissioned in June, 2008 .

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-1

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

16 C6

150

M/S ACCION WIND ENERGY PVT LTD ULSOOR, BANGALORE - 560 008

ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTROL AND COMPILATION OF CADASTRAL MAP FOR ARASINAGUNDI PROJECT/33KV TRANSMISSION LINE FROM WIND FARM TO EVACUATION SUB STATION

FIGURE-2.1 LOCATION W IND TURBINES

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-2

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

2.3 Technology and Process Description

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical power.

Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines, like the traditional farm windmills used for pumping water. Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility grid and distributed to customers just as it is with conventional power plants.

Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. Typical commercial wind facilities are 1.5 MW. All electric-generating wind turbines, no matter their size, are comprised of a few basic components: a rotor (the part that actually rotates in the wind), an electrical generator, a speed- control system, and a tower.

The present installed wind farms have turbines of 1.65 MW capacity manufactured by Vestas. The turbines are of tower type, and made of tubular steel. Each tower is of 80m ht, and the total radius of the wind rotors comes to 82m.

The turbine uses ActiveStall® technology, which ensures that the rotor gathers the maximum power available from the prevailing wind, while minimising loads and controlling output. Today, 1,200 turbines of this type have been installed at sites with temperatures ranging from arctic to tropical.

The advantages of Vestas-V82 are mentioned in following sections:

Optimised for low and medium winds

With its large rotor and powerful generator, the V82 is an excellent performing turbine for sites with low and medium wind conditions. The hydraulic Active- Stall® technology ensures that the rotor gathers the maximum power from the prevailing wind, while minimising loads and controlling output. Active- Stall® provides failsafe protection in all conditions and, above its rated wind speed, maintains a steady output of 1.65 MW. With the V82, we have designed a wind turbine that offers unparalleled performance at a cost-effective price.

Grid compliance

Fortunately, the V82 meets most grid demands, and with the installation of the advanced grid compliance system, the V82 will actually help stabilise the grid. The turbine can run at full capacity during grid disturbances. Vestas grid support features full load and static phase compensation to enhance reactive power regulation and thus keep the power factor in range. Moreover, our grid support provides continuous active and reactive power regulation to maintain voltage balance in the grid, as well as fault ride-through in the event of disturbances. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-3

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

High reliability

Det Norske Veritas (DNV) has certified the V82 as meeting the strictest standards in the wind industry. Aided by a simple design, which makes service and maintenance easier than most other turbines in the megawatt class, it has a high degree of operational availability. In addition, the nacelle is based on the thoroughly tested design of previous models. To date, more than 1,400 wind turbines featuring this platform design have been installed on sites with conditions ranging from arctic to tropical.

Proven Performance

With the V82 wind turbine, Vestas has created a turbine well suited for large wind farms, where grid compliance issues are solved at the substation level. It has been optimised for sites with an average wind speed of just 6.5 m/s at hub height, while a breeze of as little as 3.5 m/s is all that is needed to start production. The V82 operates in ambient temperatures ranging from -30 to +40 celsius degrees.

The features of the Vestas V82 turbine are as given in Table 2.2.

TABLE 2.2 FEATURES OF THE VESTAS V82 TURBINE

Rotor Diameter 82 m Area swept 5,281 m2 Nominal revolutions 14.4 rpm Number of blades 3 Power regulation Active-Stall® Air brake cylinders. Full blade pitch by three separate hydraulic pitch Tower (50Hz, 230V) Hub height (approx.) 78 m Generator Type Asynchronous water cooled Nominal output 1,650 kW Operational data 50Hz 690V Control Type Microprocessor-based monitoring of all turbine functions with the option of remote monitoring. Output regulation and optimisation via Active-Stall®. W eight Nacelle 52 t Rotor 43 t Towers 115 t

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-4

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

The power generated is 690V which is stepped up to 33kV and supplied to the substation. At the substation the power is further stepped up to 66 kV and supplied to the state grid.

2.3.1 Process Description

The site is attended by maintenance personnel during normal business hours, all major components of the wind turbines are expected to undergo routine maintenance. This would involve the use of small amounts of greases, lubricants, paints, and/or coatings for corrosion control. Wastes resulting from component maintenance typically include small amounts of gear oil and lubricating oils from yaw motors or of transmission and glycol-based coolants from transmissions equipped with forced-flow radiator cooling loops.

2.4 Site Services

2.4.1 Land Requirement

Each wind turbine occupies about 40 x 40 m area, with each tower foundation requiring an area of 10m diameter, and each substation requires an area of 8 x 8m. For the wind farm the land acquired is 8.77 ha of the Arasinagundi S.F. of Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State. The site is leased forest land, the MoEF letter to this effct is enclosed as Annexure-I.

2.4.2 Water Requirement

Small amounts of water are used to clean wind turbine rotor blades in arid climates (where rainfall does not keep the blades clean). The purpose of blade cleaning is to eliminate dust and insect buildup, which otherwise deforms the shape of the airfoil and degrades performance. Water consumption for wind turbines is 0.004 liter/kWH.

2.4.3 Manpower Requirement

The wind farms require 10-12 persons for operation and maintenance.

2.5 Sources of Pollution

• Air quality. Air emissions from the operation of the actual wind energy equipment are expected to be minimal.

• Hazardous materials. Hazardous materials may be used in the construction and operation of a wind energy project. In addition, fuels, petroleum, oils, and lubricants may be stored and used at wind energy project facilities during construction, operation, and decommissioning phases; however, quantities present during operations would be minimal.

• Pesticides and noxious weeds. Pesticides may have to be applied during the construction and operation of a wind energy project to control pests and weeds.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-5

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

• Solid waste. Solid wastes would be generated during the construction, operation, and decommissioning of wind energy projects and must be managed in accordance with the local requirements for solid waste accumulation, collection, transportation, and disposal.

• Noise pollution. The dominant issue is aerodynamic noise from the turbines. However, modern WTs are seldomly heard at distances further than 300 m as background noise from wind in trees, for example, will be higher.

• Visual impact Intrusion of the turbines and associated equipment in the landscape. Today's wind power plants are erected in designated areas, thus further limiting the number of affected areas.

• Impact on birds. Collision in flight with turbines and behavioural disturbance from blade avoidance. Although numerous studies show that birds rarely collide with rotor blades this is an issue sometimes raised.

• Electromagnetic interference. The moving blades can affect radio waves and microwaves used for communication purposes although this has proven to be less of an issue.

o Health and Safety Aspects of Wind Energy Projects

Potential human health and safety issues related to construction and operation of typical wind energy projects are described in this section.

Occupational Hazards

The types of activities that typically occur during construction, operation, and maintenance of a wind energy development project include a variety of major actions, such as establishing site access; excavating and installing the tower foundations; erecting towers; constructing the central control building, electrical substations, meteorological towers, and access roads; and routine maintenance of the turbines and ancillary facilities. Construction and operations workers at any facility are subject to risks of injuries and fatalities from physical hazards. While such occupational hazards can be minimized when workers adhere to safety standards and use appropriate protective equipment, fatalities and injuries from on-the-job accidents can still occur. Some of the occupational hazards associated with wind energy projects are similar to those of the heavy construction and electric power industries, while others are unique to wind energy projects (i.e., heights, high winds, energized systems, and rotating/spinning equipment). In particular, the hazards of installing and repairing turbines are similar to those of building and maintaining bridges and other tall structures.

Public Safety

One of the primary safety hazards of wind turbines occurs if a rotor blade breaks and parts are thrown off. This could occur as a result of rotor overspeed, although such an occurrence has been extremely rare and happens mostly with older and smaller turbines.

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Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

Another potential public safety issue is unauthorized or illegal access to the site facilities and the potential for members of the public to attempt to climb towers, open electrical panels, or encounter other hazards.

° W astewater

Especially during the construction and decommissioning phases, and, to a lesser extent, during the operational phase, sanitary wastewater is generated by the work crews or maintenance personnel present on site. During the construction and decommissioning phases, work crews of 50 to 100 individuals may be present. During the operational phase, a maintenance crew of 6 individuals or fewer is likely to be present on the site daily during business hours. Wastewater would be collected in portable facilities and periodically removed by a licensed hauler and introduced into existing municipal sewage treatment facilities.

• Environmental Impacts of Electricity Sources

In contrast to fossil fuel fired power plants, wind energy converters cause virtually no operational emissions. There may be minor losses of lubricants from the turbine gearbox but these do not normally find their way into the environment. Being a clean energy source is the main advantage of wind energy when compared to conventional electricity generation. Indirect emissions, which result from manufacturing, installation, maintenance and removal, do play a very small part in this equation. Wind energy, a clean technology mainly due to the avoidance of air pollutant emissions, is not totally free of impacts on the environment and human health. Wind energy has very few environmental impacts in its operation stage.

The list of environmental and wildlife impacts of other energy sources is long and varied, including:

‹ Habitat impacts from mining (coal, uranium), drilling (natural gas, oil), and compressing fuel (natural gas). Some of these effects are local, while others can extend over fairly broad areas. ‹ Habitat impacts from air and water pollution: acid rain, smog, mercury, drilling wastewater disposal (fossil fuels). ‹ Habitat impacts from global warming (fossil fuels). Significant changes in some species' ranges are already occurring, particularly in northern latitudes. ‹ Habitat impacts from thermal pollution of water (nuclear and fossil power plants). ‹ Habitat impacts from flooding of land and streamflow changes (hydro). ‹ Habitat impacts from waste disposal (coal).

While wind plants and their construction definitely have local impacts, the use of wind energy largely avoids these more far-reaching effects. The picture with human health impacts is similar. Air pollution in particular has been linked to a number of human ailments, including heart and lung problems. Greater use of wind energy will reduce these concerns.

For carbon dioxide (CO2), the leading greenhouse gas associated with global warming, comparative emissions during electricity generation are as given in Table-2.3. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-7

Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

TABLE-2.3

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) EMISSIONS COMPARISON FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sr. No. Fuel CO2 Emitted Per Kilowatt-hour (kW h) Generated (in pounds) 1 Coal 2.13 2 Natural Gas 1.03 3 Oil 1.56 4 Wind 0 Source: Comparative Air emissions of wind and other fuels, American Wind Energy Association

For sulfur dioxide (SO2), the leading precursor of acid rain, comparative emissions during electricity generation are as given in Table-2.4.

TABLE-2.4

SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) EMISSIONS COMPARISON FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sr. No. Fuel CO2 Emitted Per Kilowatt-hour (kW h) Generated (in pounds) 1 Coal 0.0134 2 Natural Gas 0.000007 3 Oil 0.0112 4 Wind 0 Source: Comparative Air emissions of wind and other fuels, American Wind Energy Association

For nitrogen oxides (NOx), another acid rain precursor and the leading component of smog, comparative emissions during electricity generation are as given in Table-2.5.

TABLE-2.5 NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) EMISSIONS COMPARISON FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sr. No. Fuel CO2 Emitted Per Kilowatt-hour (kW h) Generated (in pounds) 1 Coal 0.0076 2 Natural Gas 0.0018 3 Oil 0.0021 4 Wind 0 Source: Comparative Air emissions of wind and other fuels, American Wind Energy Association

A single 750-kilowatt wind turbine, operated for one year at a site with Class 4 wind speeds (winds averaging 12.5-13.4 mph at 10 meters height), can be expected to displace a total of 2,697,175 pounds of carbon dioxide, 14,172 pounds of sulfur dioxide, and 8,688 pounds of nitrogen oxides, based on the U.S. average utility generation fuel mix.

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Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-2 Project Description

Water use can be a significant issue in energy production, particularly in areas where water is scarce, as conventional power plants use large amounts of water for the condensing portion of the thermodynamic cycle. For coal plants, water is also used to clean and process fuel.

According to the California Energy Commission (cited in Paul Gipe's Wind Energy Comes of Age, John Wiley & Sons, 1995), conventional power plants consume the following amounts of water (through evaporative loss, not including water that is recaptured and treated for further use) as shown in Table-2.6.

TABLE-2.6 W ATER CONSUMPTION-CONVENTIONAL POW ER PLANTS AND NON- CONVENTIONAL POW ER PLANTS

Technology Gallons/kW h liters/kW h Nuclear 0.62 2.30 Coal 0.49 1.90 Oil 0.43 1.60 Combined Cycle Gas 0.25 0.95 Wind 0.001 0.004 Solar 0.030 0.110

Thus the environmental impacts of electricity sources is summed up in the Table-2.7.

TABLE-2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ELECTRICITY SOURCES

Pollution W ind Nuclear Coal Natural Gas Global Warming Pollution None None Yes Yes Air Pollution None None Yes Limited Mercury None None Yes None Mining/Extraction None Yes Yes Yes Waste None Yes Yes None Water Use None Yes Yes Yes Habitat Impacts Yes Yes Yes Yes

Establishment of a windmill does not require evacuation or displacement of people and inhabitants can continue to dwell and take up farming and allied activities in the surrounding areas. Further, as power is generated in areas close to consumption points, uninterrupted quality power is available to households and poultry units. The growth of the wind power industry has thus transformed the social and economic fabric of rural life besides being an environment-friendly industry providing unhindered power supply to villagers. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-9 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers the area falling within 10-km radius around the proposed project boundary.

The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydro- geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, socio-economic profiles of people, land use. The objective of this section is to define the present environmental status which would help in assessing the environmental impacts due to the existing object.

This Report incorporates the baseline data monitored for one month (15th September to 16th October 2008) covering post-Monsoon season. Secondary data collected from various Government and Semi-Government organizations. The methodology for sampling and analysis has been detailed in Annexure-I.

3.2 Land Use Studies

Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play an important role in identifying sensitive issues and taking appropriate actions by maintaining ”Ecological Homeostatics‘ for development of the region.

• land use pattern in the study area; • To analyze the impacts on land use in the study area; and • To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-a-vis proposed project in the study area and its associated impacts.

3.2.1 Methodology

The landuse pattern within 10-km radius area around the Wind farm area has been studied by analyzing the available secondary data published in the Davanagere and Bellary Districts Primary Census abstract.

The land use is classified into four types - viz. forests, area under cultivation, culturable waste and the area not available for cultivation. The land under cultivation is further sub-divided into two types viz. irrigated and un-irrigated.

3.2.2 Land Use in Study Area Based on District Handbook (Buffer Zone)

The study area falls in Jagalur Tehsil of Davanagere, and Chitradurga Tehsil of Chitradurga Districts covers about 71 villages within 10-km zone around Wind Mills area. In order to establish the land use pattern in the study area, the total geographical area of each settlement has been considered though many villages located in the peripheries of the study block have been covered partially in the study area. These areas were studied in detail to get the idea of land use pattern in the study area. These areas were studied in detail to get the idea of land use VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-1 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

pattern in the study area. The land use pattern for the study area is given in Table-3.1.1 and the village-wise land use pattern is presented in Annexure-II.

TABLE-3.1.1 LANDUSE PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No Particulars Study Area (ha) Area (%) 1 Forest Land 4203.46 7.57 2 Land under Cultivation a) Irrigated Land 3890.05 7.00 b) Un irrigated Land 37776.95 67.97 3 Culturable Waste Land 6696.30 12.04 4 Area not available for cultivation 3016.24 5.42 Total Area 55583.00 100.00 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books œ Davanagere and Bellary districts

• Forest

The revenue forestland under the study area consists 4203.46 ha (7.57 %) of the total geographic area.

• Irrigated Land

The irrigated land under the study area consists 3890.05 ha (7.00 %) of the total geographic area.

• Land under Cultivation

The percentage of un-irrigated land is about 67.97 % of the total land in the study area.

• Cultivable Waste

This land includes that land, which was cultivated sometime back and left vacant during the past 5 years in succession. Such lands may either be fallows or covered with shrubs, which are not put to any use. Lands under thatching grass, bamboo bushes, other grooves useful for fuel etc., and all grazing lands and village common lands are also included in this category. The study area comprises about 12.04 % cultivable wastelands.

• Land not available for Cultivation

The land not available for cultivation is 5.42 % of the total study area.

Demography and Socio-Economics

The growth and developments in and around the agriculture dominant areas, villages and towns is bound to create its impact on the socio-economic aspects of the local population of the area experiencing development. The impacts may be positive or negative depending upon the developmental activity. To assess the anticipated impacts of the activity on the socio-economic aspects of people, it is necessary to study the existing socio-economic status of the local population,

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-2 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

which will be helpful for making efforts to further improve the quality of life in the area under study. For assessing the prevailing socio-economic aspects of people in the study area around the project, the required data has been collected from various secondary sources and analyzed.

Methodology Adopted for the Study

The methodology adopted for the study is based on the following:

• Review of secondary data, such as District Primary Census Statistical Hand Books of Davanagere and Bellary districts, 2001 within the study area around the existing Wind farm area;

• Conducting Focus Group discussions in the villages for eliciting the general information of the study area, to support or supplement the information collected through secondary and primary surveys.

Review of Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile - 2001

The sociological aspects of this study include human settlements, demography, social strata such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and literacy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers. The information on socio-economic aspects of the study area has been collected from secondary sources, which mainly include District Primary Census Handbooks 2001 of Davanagere and Bellary districts, the latest census records available at the village level.

The existed Wind Mills area is located in Davanagere District. The study area within 10-km around the periphery of the Wind Mills area is falling in Tehsils of Jagalur and Chitradurga. About 64 villages of Davanagere, and 7 Villages of Chitradurga District are covered within the study area.. The village-wise demographic data as per 2001 census is presented in Annexure-III. The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic aspects of the study area are described in the following sections.

3.3 Demographic Aspects

3.3.1 Distribution of Population

As per 2001 census the study area consisted of 107443 persons inhabited in 71 villages of the study area.The distribution of population in the study area is shown in Table-3.3.1. TABLE-3.3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN STUDY AREA

Particulars Study Area No. of Households 20155 Male Population 54968 Female Population 52475 Total Population 107443 Average Household Size (Persons) 5.33 Sex Ratio 954.64 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts 2001

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-3 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

The males and females constitute to about 51.16% and 48.84% of the study area.

3.3.2 Average Household Size

The study area had an average family size of 5.33 persons per household in 2001. This is a normal family size in India, however less in comparison with the other areas of Karnataka.

3.3.3 Sex Ratio

The configuration of male and female indicates that the males constitute to about 51.16% and females to 48.84% of the total population as per 2001 census records. The sex ratio i.e. the number of females per 1000 males indirectly reveals certain sociological aspects in relation with female births, infant mortality among female children and single person family structure, a resultant of migration of industrial workers. The study area on an average has 965 females per 1000 males as per 2001 census. This ratio is considered to be lower in comparison with other states but more in comparison with the other parts of Karnataka.

3.3.4 Social Structure

In the study area, as per 2001 census, 19.26% of the population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 23.39% to the Scheduled Tribes (ST). This indicates that about above one third of the population in the study area belong to weaker sections and works to about 42.65% of the total population in 2001 The distribution of population in the study area by social structure is shown in Table- 3.3.2. TABLE- 3.3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SOCIAL STRUCTURE - 2001

Sr. No. Particulars Study Area 1 Scheduled Castes 23551 2 % to total population 21.91 3 Scheduled Tribes 28410 4 % total population 26.45 5 Total SC and ST 51961 6 % to total population 48.36 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts, 2001

3.3.5 Literacy Levels

The analysis of the literacy levels in the study area reveals a lower literacy rate in the study area. The study area experienced literacy rate of 56.49% in 2001. The distribution of literates and literacy rate in the study area is given in Table-3.3.3.

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TABLE-3.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATES AND LITERACY RATES

Sr. No. Particulars Study Area

1 Total Literates 60705 2 Average Literacy Rate (%) 56.49 3 Male Literacy (%) 66.08 4 Female Literacy (%) 46.45 5 Male Literates 36328 6 % to Study Area Literates 33.81 7 Female Literates 24377 8 % to Study Area Literates 22.68 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts 2001

The male literacy i.e. the percentage of literate males to the total males of the study area works out to be 66.08%. The female literacy rate, which is an important indicator for social change, is observed to be 46.45% in the study area as per 2001 census. This indicates that there is a need for major sociological development in the region with the increase in literacy levels of both males and females.

3.3.6 Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of people in the study area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the Census Department, which consists of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in live-stock, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and other services.

The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under the above categories.

As per 2001 census records altogether the main workers works out to be 42.59% of the total population. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 13.23% and 44.16% of the total population respectively. The distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population. The occupational structure of the study area is shown in Table-3.3.4.

TABLE-3.3.4 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Sr. Occupation Study Area No No. % Population 1 Total main workers 45768 42.59 Male 28846 26.84 Female 16922 15.75 2 Marginal workers 14223 13.23 Male 4535 4.22

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Sr. Occupation Study Area No No. % Population Female 9688 9.01 3 Non-workers 47452 44.16 Male 21587 20.09 Female 25865 24.07 Total Population 107443 100.00 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts, 2001

3.3.6.1 Dependency Ratio

Based on the occupational structure of the study area the dependency rate of non-workers on the workers category has been estimated at 44.17, which is considered to be low or moderate while indicating that most of the people are engaged in some sort of income generating activity.

3.3.7 Infrastructure Facilities

The infrastructure and amenities available in the study area denotes the economic well being of the region. Reasonably good levels of infrastructure facilities are available in the study area, which consists of education, health care, communications, transportation, etc.

A review of infrastructure facilities available in the area has been done based on the available secondary data published in the Davanagere and Chitradurga Districts Primary Census abstract. The infrastructure facilities available in about 64 villages of Davanagere, 7 Villages of Chitradurga Districts are covered within the study area. The village-wise infrastructure facilities available as per census records are presented in Annexure-III.

3.3.7.1 Educational Facilities

The educational facilities are almost evenly distributed in the area. In all, there are 111 primary schools, 54 middle schools, 15 secondary schools and no other educational institutions. All the high schools are situated in larger villages. A few smaller villages are devoid of any educational institutions. The available educational facilities in the area are given in Table-3.3.5.

TABLE-3.3.5 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No. Institution Total 1 Educational facilities 72 2 Primary schools 111 3 Middle schools 54 4 Secondary schools 15 5 Adult Education Centers 0 6 Other Education Centers 0 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts

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3.3.7.2 Health Facilities

Different types of health facilities including hospitals, dispensaries and clinics are available in the study area. The health facilities include there is 1 hospital, and 1 primary health center; there are 1 dispensary and others as shown in Table-3.3.6.

TABLE-3.3.6 HEALTH FACILITIES IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr.No. Type of Institution NO. of Institutions in Study Area 1 Medical facilities 117 2 No. of Allopathic Hospital 1 3 No. of Ayurvedic Hospital 0 4 No. of Unani Hospital 0 5 No. of Homeopathic Hospital 0 6 Total Dispensaries 2 7 No. of Maternity and Child Welfare 4 Center 8 No. of Maternity Home 6 9 No. of Child Welfare Center 0 10 No. of Health Center 3 11 No. of Primary Health Center 6 12 No. of Family Welfare Center 6 13 No. of Nursing Home 0 14 No. of Registered Private Medical 1 Practitioners 15 No. of Subsided Medical Practitioners 0 16 Other Medical Facilities 1 Source: District Primary Census Hand Books, Davanagere and Bellary districts

3.3.7.3 Transport Facilities

The study area is served by rail and road transport facilities. About 58 villages have paved road connections while 13 villages are having approaches only with Mud roads.

As a whole, the study area has moderate level of communication network.

3.3.7.4 Post and Telegraphs

The study area has only one Post and Telegraphic services.

3.3.7.5 Electrification

Almost all villages in the study were electrified. Electricity was supplied for domestic, agricultural, industrial and public lighting purposes. Subsequently the electric connections have been given to many other villages.

3.3.7.6 Drinking Water Facility

Water supply in the study area is mainly from wells, hand pumps followed by Tube wells and tanks.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-7 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.4 Soil Characteristics

The baseline information on soils in the area is essential to determine the impact of mining along with their associated activities for assessing the current impacts of mining on the soil quality and the anticipated impacts in future. Accordingly, the assessment of the soil quality has been carried out.

3.4.1 Data Generation

For studying soil quality in the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined. The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil upto 90 cm depth.

Eight locations within 10-km radius of the proposed mine lease boundary were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and homogenized. The homogenized samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. Samples were taken three times during the study period.

The details of the sampling locations are given in Table-3.4.1 and are shown in Figure-3.4.1. The soil quality for all the locations during pre-monsoon season 2008 are tabulated in Table-3.4.2(A) respectively. The results are compared with standard classification given in Table-3.4.3.

TABLE-3.4.1 DETAILS OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location Distance w.r.t Site Present Landuse (km) From Arasinagundi S1 Bamanahalli 15.3 NNE Agricultural land S2 Project site - -- Industrial site S3 Arsungundi 2.5 S Agricultural land S4 Linganahalli 1.3 SW Agricultural land S5 Kanakatte 12.0 NE Agriculatural land S6 Anabur 14.0 NNE Agriculatural land S7 Hanumanthapur 7.5 N Agriculatural land S8 Jagalur 4.0 N Agriculatural land

3.4.2 Baseline Soil Status

It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly sandy loam in the study area. The common color of the soil ranged from light brownish to reddish.

Post-Monsoon Season œ 2008

It has been observed that the pH of the soil quality ranged from 7.1 œ 7.6 indicating that the soil is usually alkaline and neutral in nature. The maximum pH indicates that the soil is alkaline and the minimum value indicates that the soil is slightly alkaline.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-8 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

The Electrical Conductivity was observed to be in the range of 182 œ 336 µS/cm, with the maximum (336) observed in the Arsungundi and with the minimum observed in Kanakatte (S5) during post - monsoon - season.

The Nitrogen values ranged between 52 œ 110 Kg/ha. The maximum value (110) was found to be in Anabur indicating that the soil is having sufficient quantity of Nitrogen. The minimum value (52) was observed in village Arusungundi.

The Phosphorus values range between 114 œ 146 Kg/ha. The maximum value (146) was found in Bommanhali indicating that the soil has average sufficient quantity of Phosphorus. The minimum value (114) was observed in Anabur.

The Potassium values range between 339 œ 486 Kg/ha. The maximum value (486) was found to be in Arusungundi indicating that the quantity of Potassium. he minimum value (339) was observed in the village Bommanahali. NPK values are medium to less in most of the locations.

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FIGURE-3.4.1 SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-10 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE-3.4.2 (A) SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS œ POST - MONSOON SEASON (2008)

Parameters Unit S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 pH (1:5) - 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.4 Electrical µS/cm 282 242 321 336 296 182 236 325 Conductivity Soil Texture - Sandy Sandy Sandy Clay Sandy Sandy Sandy Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Sand % 45 46 45 54 36 36 32 26 Silt % 27 12 12 11 12 16 24 14 Clay % 38 42 43 35 52 48 44 60 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 Calcium as Ca mg/ Kg 2682 1896 1682 2420 2282 2120 1982 1882 Magnesium as mg/ Kg 436 532 336 612 434 435 362 314 Mg Sodium as Na mg/ Kg 264 432 386 496 836 286 362 314 Potassium as K Kg/ha 339 412 486 416 442 362 342 412 Phosphorous as Kg/ha 146 124 162 144 118 114 118 124 PO4 Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 82 68 52 79 96 110 103 96 Available % 0.8 0.83 1.05 0.66 1.25 0.96 0.74 1.23 Organic Matter Organic Carbon % 0.47 0.48 0.61 0.39 0.73 0.56 0.43 0.71 Chlorine as Cl mg/Kg 242.8 196.3 134.2 214 136.8 186 148 136

Sulphate as SO4 mg/Kg 96.3 88.6 125.8 132. 182.8 88.6 68.4 116.8 8 Aluminium as % 1.68 1.92 1.81 1.7 1.88 1.88 1.62 1.98 Al2O5 Iron % 1.42 1.36 1.67 1.88 1.64 1.42 1.62 1.36 Manganese mg/Kg 136.2 142.8 136.8 172. 130.8 136 128.6 132.5 4 Boron mg/Kg 44.2 39.8 42.4 52.4 40.8 48.2 39.8 42.6 Zinc as Zn mg/Kg 102.8 116.8 136.5 114. 116.2 136.2 142.8 128.9 8

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-11 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE-3.4.3 STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sr. Soil Test Classification No. 1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51- 5.00 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity Upto 1.00 Average (mmhos/cm) (1 ppm = 640 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination mmhos/cm) 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) 3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.2: very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium, 0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: sufficient >1.0 more than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 51-100 less 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient 5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 very less 16-30 less 31-50 medium, 51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 6 Potash (Kg/ha) 0 -120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient Source: Handbook of Agriculture

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-12 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.5 Meteorology

The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input prediction models for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.

The study has been conducted in the winter season:

• Post-monsoon season : 15th September to 16th October 2008

On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was collected at site every hour continuously from 15th September to 16th October 2008 covering Post - Monsoon season. The generated data are then compared with the meteorological data generated by nearest India Meteorological Department (IMD) station located at Davanagere.

3.5.1 Methodology

The meteorological parameters were recorded on hourly basis during the study period and comprises of parameters like wind speed, wind direction (from 0 to 360 degrees), temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall and cloud cover. The maximum, minimum and average values for all the parameters except wind speed and direction are presented in Table-3.5.1.

TABLE-3.5.1 SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA GENERATED AT SITE

Month Temperature Relative Rainfall Cloud Cover Atmospheric (0C) Humidity (mm) (Oktas) pressure (%) (hPa) Max Min Max Min Min Max 0830 1730 Sep œ Oct 2008 38.2 19.4 50 31 Nil 0/8 3/8 954.5 956.1

‹ Wind Speed/ Directions

The windrose for the study period representing Post-Monsoon season is shown in Figure-3.5.1(A) and presented in Table-3.5.2.

TABLE-3.5.2 SUMMARY OF W IND PATTERN AT THE STUDY AREA

Season Pre-Monsoon Season First Predominant Wind Direction ESE (55.7%) Second Predominant Wind Direction E (31.7%) Predominant Wind Speeds (kmph) 1.0 To 5.0 5.0 to 12.0 12.0 to 19.0 Calm conditions (%) 5.4 % Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentage of time wind blows

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-13 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

% 8 . 1

C-5.4% E 31.7%

S E 5 .4 %

SCALE 5% SPEED CALM E SE 1.0 5 11 19 >19 Km/hr 55 .7%

FIGURE-3.5.1 W IND ROSE DIAGRAM œ PREMONSOON SEASON VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-14 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

• Post -Monsoon Season

Predominant winds from ESE direction were observed for 55.7 % of the total time, with wind speeds and frequencies in the range of 1.01-5 kmph (7.2%), 5.01-11 kmph (16.4%) and 11.01-19.0 kmph (2.1%) respectively. Whereas in ESW direction the winds were observed for 55.7% of the total time with wind speeds and frequencies in the range of 1.01-5 kmph (7.2%), 5.01-11 kmph (16.8%) and 11.01-19.0 kmph (25.7%) respectively. In E direction the winds were observed for 31.7% of the total time with wind speeds and frequencies in the range of 1.01-5 kmph (2.4%), 5.01-11 kmph (5.4%) and 11.01-19.0 kmph (21.6%) respectively. In other directions, the percentage frequencies observed were N (1.8%), E (31.7%), ESE (55.7%), SE (5.4). Calm conditions prevailed for 5.4% of the time.

3.6 Air Quality

The ambient air quality with respect to the study zone of 10-km radius around the project area forms the baseline information. There are no industries in the study area and present major source of air pollution in the region is due to domestic activities and rural conditions. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to assess the existing air quality of the area. The study area represents mostly rural environment.

This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. To determine the baseline air quality field studies have been conducted during 15th September to 16th October 2008 covering Post - monsoon seasons and further studies have been conducted for one month of one season representing winter season.

3.6.1 Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey

3.6.1.1 Selection of Sampling Locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:

• Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale; • Topography of the study area; • Representativsses of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and • Representatives of likely impact areas.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at five locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-3.6.1 gives the details of environmental setting around each monitoring station. The location of the selected stations with reference to the project site is given in the same table and shown in Figure-3.6.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-15 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.6.1.2 Frequency and Parameters for Sampling

The following frequency has been adopted for sampling:

Ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two days per week at all locations during study representing one season. The baseline data of air environment is generated for the following parameters:

• Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM); • Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM); • Sulphur dioxide (SO2); • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx); • Carbonmonoxide ( CO).

TABLE-3.6.1 DETAILS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Station Location Distance w.r.t. Direction Environmental Setting Code Mine Lease Boundary (km) From Arasinagundi A1 Linganahalli 1.3 SW Rural setting with residential land uses. Dusty environment due to loose soil. A2 Bamanahalli 15.3 NNE Rural setting with residential A3 Jagalur 4.0 N Commercial area A4 Kasavanahalli 9.0 NNE Rural setting with residential land uses. Dusty environment due to loose soil. A5 Kannakatte 12.0 NE Rural setting with residential land use associated with vehicular movements on Nataional Highway. Dusty environment due to loose soil.

‹ Duration of Sampling

The sampling duration for Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), RPM, SO2 and NOx is twenty four hourly continuous samples per day. This is to allow a comparison with the present revised standards mentioned in the latest Gazette notification of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (May 20, 1994).

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-16 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

FIGURE-3.6.1 AIR QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-17 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.6.2 Presentation of Primary Data

Various statistical parameters like 98th percentile, average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The results of monitoring carried out are presented in Annexure-IV. The summary of these results representing post-monsoon (2008) are given in Table-3.6.2(A) respectively. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for rural and residential zone and Industrial zone.

‹ Summary of Observations

Post Monsoon season (2008)

TSPM

Out of the five locations the maximum concentration for Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) was observed as 146.4 µg/m3 recorded at Kannakatte (A5) with the minimum concentration observed as 55.8 µg/m3 recorded at Bommanahali (A2) during the study period. All ambient air quality locations the TSPM levels recorded are within the prescribed standards for Residential and Industrial areas.

RPM

Out of the five locations the maximum concentration for Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) was observed 48.0 µg/m3 recorded at Jagalur (A3) the minimum concentration observed at 21.3 µg/m3 recorded at Linganhali (A1) during the study period.

SO2

Out of the five locations the maximum concentration for Sulphur dioxide (SO2) was observed as 9.2 µg/m3 recorded at Kasavanahalli (A4) and the minimum concentration observed as 3.6 µg/m3 recorded at Kasavanahalli (A4) during the study period.

NOx

Out of the five locations the maximum concentration for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) was observed as 11.9 µg/m3 recorded at Kasavanahalli (A4) and the minimum concentration observed at 3.0 µg/m3 recorded at Jagalur(A3) during the study period.

Out of the five residential and rural locations the maximum concentration for Carbon Monoxide (CO) was observed as 470 µg/m3 recorded at Jagalur (A4) and the minimum concentration observed of 172 µg/m3 recorded at Jagalur & Linganhali (A1 & 4) villages during the study period.

Asll the parameters were observed to be within the specified limits applicable to rural and residential zone. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-18 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE-3.6.2 (A) SUMMARY OF AMBINET AIR

3 3 3 3 3 Location TSPM (µg/m ) RPM (µg/m ) SO2 (µg/m ) NOX (µg/m ) CO (µg/m ) Max Min Avg 98% Max Min Avg 98% Max Min Avg 98% Max Min Avg 98% Ma Min Avg 98% x Linganahalli 98.6 62.6 79.2 98.6 33.5 21.3 26.9 33.5 8.0 4.7 6.0 33.5 6.5 4.4 5.5 6.5 276 172 223 270 Bamanahalli 85.6 55.8 67.9 85.0 27.4 17.9 21.7 27.2 7.7 4.1 5.9 7.6 9.2 4.5 7.1 9.1 360 197 281 352 Jagalur 145.5 87.1 121.5 142.9 48.0 28.7 40.1 47.1 8.4 5.6 7.0 8.2 8.3 3.0 6.3 8.2 424 172 288 415 Kasavanahalli 110.6 70.1 97.8 110.6 37.6 23.8 33.2 37.6 9.2 3.6 5.6 9.1 11.9 3.6 7.4 11.7 470 212 328 461 Kannakatte 146.4 76.1 129.8 146.4 45.4 23.6 40.2 45.4 8.1 5.3 6.7 7.9 11.8 7.1 10.2 11.8 427 241 333 418 Range 55.8 - 146.4 21.3 œ 48.0 3.6 œ 9.2 3.0 œ 11.9 172 - 470

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-19 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.7 Water Quality

Selected water quality parameters of ground and surface water resources within 10-km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment and evaluate anticipated impact of the proposed project. Understanding the water quality is essential in preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.

The purpose of this study is to:

• Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; • Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and • Prediction of impact on water quality by this project and related activities.

The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.

3.7.1 Methodology

Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on:

• Drainage pattern; • Location of residential areas representing different activities/likely impact areas; and • Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.

Water sources covering 10-km radial distance from mine lease boundary were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on water. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and wastewater' published by American Public Health Association (APHA).

3.7.2 Water Sampling Locations

Seven groundwater sources and two surface water sources covering 10-km radial distance were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of proposed mining and other activities on water.

The samples were collected and analysed for one month during one season. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American Public Health Association (APHA). The water sampling locations are listed below in Table-3.7.1 and are depicted in Figure-3.7.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-20 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

FIGURE-3.7.1 WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-21 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE-3.7.1 DETAILS OF W ATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location Distance Direction Environmental Setting w.r.t. Mine w.r.t. Mine Centre Centre (km) From Arasinagundi Ground Water GW-1 Bamanahalli 15.3 NNE Rural environment. GW-2 Jammapur 2.8 SE Rural environment. GW-3 Linganahalli 1.3 SW Rural residential setting GW-4 Kanakatte 12.0 NE Rural residential setting GW-5 Anabur 14.0 NNE Rural environment. GW-6 Hanumanthapur 7.5 N Rural residential environment GW-7 Jagalur 4.0 N Rural environment. Surface Water SW-1 Jammur Near 3.0 SSE Thickly populated Pond SW-2 Donnahalli near to 6.5 E -- China Hagri River

3.7.3 Presentation of Results

The results of the ground water quality and surface water quality monitored during study period are given in Table 3.7.2 and Table 3.7.3 respectively. The results were compared with standards for drinking water as per IS:10500-1983 "Specifications for Drinking Water" for ground water and with Class 'C' water quality (fit for drinking after conventional treatment) as per IS:2296-1982 "Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface Waters subject to Pollution" for surface water.

3.7.3.1 Ground Water Quality

Most of the villages in the project area have borewell and tubewell facilities, as most of the residents of these villages make use of this water for drinking, agricultural and other domestic uses. Therefore, borewell samples have been considered for sampling.

‹ Post-Monsoon Season (2008)

The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges between 7.6-8.4, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 198 - 1164 mg/l. The hardness was observed to be extended limit of 600 mg/l.

Chlorides are ranging between 63.8-914.6 mg/.Fluorides are found to be within the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/l except one location showing 1.1 mg/L. Nitrates are ranging between 22.3 œ 56.3 mg/L where the prescribed limit of 45.0 mg/l. Presence of heavy metals is observed but the concentrations are within the permissible limits.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-22 Environmental Assesemnt for Wind Farms at Arasinagundi Village, 13.20 MW and Anabur Village, 16.50 MW, Jaalur Taluk, Devanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE-3.4.2 (A) ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR W ATER œGROUND WATER

Sr. Parameter Units IS: 10500 GW 1 GW 2 GW 3 GW 4 GW 5 GW 6 GW 7 No. Requirements *1 pH - 6.5-8.5 (NR) 8.1 8.4 7.8 8.1 8.1 8.2 7.6 2 Color Hazen 5 (25) 12 8 4 8 6 9 5 3 Conductivity RS/cm $ 1025 732 1836 1548 2620 1620 4102 4 Taste - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable *5 Odour - U.O U.O 3 U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O 6 Turbidity NTU 5 (10) 4 602 6 2 4 6 4 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 (2000) 862 198 1582 1292 1862 1432 3620

8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 300 (600) 335 232 560 430 535 502 1164 9 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 (600) 404 24 504 418 734 344 428 10 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75 (200) 55.2 31.8 71.6 52 26 51 142 11 Magnesium as mg mg/l 30 (100) 45.3 <0.1 87.6 69 108 86.2 186 12 Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.2 min. <0.1 0.13 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 13 Boron mg/l 1 0.14 63.8 0.16 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.08 14 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 250 (1000) 92.2 18.5 212.7 198.5 276.5 241.1 914.6

15 Sulfates as SO4 mg/l 200 (400) 22.1 0.9 51.9 76.6 94.8 43.8 209.7 16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0 (1.5) 1 30.3 0.5 1 0.6 1.1 1.3

17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45 (NR) 22.3 92.7 35.2 44.1 43.1 33.5 56.3 18 Sodium as Na+ mg/l $ 123 4.3 198 178 362 142 410 19 Potassium as K mg/l $ 2.1 <0.001 2.5 3.4 13.1 7.7 0.6 20 Phenolic compounds mg/l 0.001 (0.002) <0.001 <0.02 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 21 Cyanides mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.02 <0.1 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 22 Anionic Detergents mg/l 0.2 (1.0) <0.1 <0.01 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 23 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.01 (0.03) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ,0.01 25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 26 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05 (1.5) 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.09 27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 28 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1 (0.3) 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.06 0.05 29 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 (1.0) 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.18 0.06

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-23 Environmental Assesemnt for Wind Farms at Arasinagundi Village, 13.20 MW and Anabur Village, 16.50 MW, Jaalur Taluk, Devanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

Sr. Parameter Units IS: 10500 GW 1 GW 2 GW 3 GW 4 GW 5 GW 6 GW 7 No. Requirements 30 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 31 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 32 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5 (15) 1.17 <0.01 2.7 0.04 0.16 0.08 0.14 33 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03 (0.2) 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.03 0.02 34 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001 (NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 35 Pesticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 36 E. Coli - Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 37 Total Coliforms MPN/ 10 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 100 ml

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-24 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.7.3.2 Surface Water Quality

‹ Post-Monsoon Season (2008)

The analysis results indicate that the pH of 7.8 to 8.1, which is within the specified standard. The TDS was observed as 132 to 166, which are observed to be within the permissible limit of 1500 mg/l. DO was observed as 5.8 to 6.1 mg/l.

The Chlorides and Sulphates were found as 11.3 mg/l and 21.3 mg/l respectively. It can observed that the concentrations of all the parameters are in comparison with IS:2296 and fall in the category of drinking water source without conventional treatment but with disinfection. Bacteriological studies reveal the presence of E- coli. The Heavy metal content is either very low or below detectable limits.

Most of the values are found to be either within limit or within permissible limits. This indicates that there is no industrial pollution on the surface water bodies. Presence of heavy metals is observed but the concentrations are within the permissible limits. The overall quality considerations as far as water quality in the study area indicate absence of any external polluting sources like industries and represent uncontaminated conditions.

TABLE-3.7.3 (A) ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR W ATER œSURFACE W ATER

Sr. Parameter Units IS: 2296 SW1 SW2 No. Class ”c‘ Requirements 1 pH - 6.5-8.5 7.8 8.1 2 Color Hazen 300 6 11 3 Conductivity mS/cm $ 198 163 4 DO mg/l 4 Min. 5.8 6.1 5 BOD mg/l 3 <3 <3 6 COD mg/l 3 20 25 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1500 166 132 8 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/l -- 31 55 9 Total Alkalinity mg/l $ 40 57 10 Calcium as Ca mg/l $ 7.6 15.2 11 Magnesium as mg mg/l $ 2.7 3.8 12 Residual free Chlorine mg/l $ <0.1 <0.1 13 Total Boron as B mg/l $ 0.03 0.02 14 Chlorides as Cl Mg/l 600 21.3 11.3 15 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 400 17 4.1 16 Fluoride as F mg/l 1.5 0.5 0.04 17 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 50 15 4 18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 30 11.8 19 Potassium as K mg/l $ 2.8 1.9 20 Phenolic compounds mg/l 0.01 <0.001 <0.001 21 Cyanides mg/l 0.05 <0.02 <0.02 22 Anionic detergents mg/l 1 <0.1 <0.1 23 Oil & Grease mg/l 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 26 Copper as Cu mg/l 1.5 0.07 0.08 27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 28 Iron as Fe mg/l 50 0.08 0.02 VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-25 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

Sr. Parameter Units IS: 2296 SW1 SW2 No. Class ”c‘ Requirements 29 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/l $ <0.05 <0.05 30 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 31 Zinc as Zn mg/l 15 0.06 0.02 32 Aluminium as Al mg/l $ 0.06 0.05 33 Mercury as Hg mg/l $ <0.001 <0.001 34 Insecticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent 35 SAR -- Absent 0.6 0.37 36 Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 10 <2 <2

3.8 Noise Level Survey

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is sound which is composed of many frequency components of various loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the A weighted Scale which is measured as dB(A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear.

The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:

• Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously varying in loudness;

• The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and

• The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive landuse, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.

The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the projecrt operations, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, annoyance and general community responses.

The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated in exising project activities.

3.8.1 Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey has been undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noises at different noise generating sources

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-26 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

have been identified based on the activities in the village area and ambient noise due to traffic.

The noise monitoring has been conducted for determination of noise levels at ten locations during 15th September to 16th October 2008 covering Post-Monsoon season. The noise levels at each of the locations were recorded for 24 hours fpr one month. The environmental setting of noise monitoring locations are given in Table-3.8.1 and depicted in Figure-3.8.1.

TABLE-3.8.1 DETAILS OF NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS

Sr. Locations Distance Direction Details of the Surroundings No w.r.t. w.r.t. Mine Site . Mine Site (km)

1 Bommanaka 1.4 E Predominantly rural residential zone nahalli surrounded by agricultural fields. Rare vehicular movements of light automobiles movements occur. 2 Jammalur 2.8 SE Sensitive area near to school 3 Project Site- -- -- Indu strial zone I 4 Arasangundi 2.5 S Predominantly rural residential zone surrounded by agricultural fields. Normal movements of automobiles consisting of light vehicles. 5 Linganahalli 1.3 SW Predominantly rural residential zone surrounded by agricultural fields. Rare traffic movements in the village. 6 Kannakatte 12.0 NE Sensitive area near to school 7 Anabur 14.0 NNE Predominantly rural residential zone surrounded by agricultural fields. Normal movements of automobiles consisting of light vehicles. 8 Project Site 11.5 NNE Industrial site 9 Kasavanahall 9.0 NNE Predominantly rural residential zone i surrounded by agricultural fields. Normal movements of automobiles consisting of light vehicles. 10 Jagaluru 4.0 N Predominantly rural residential zone surrounded by agricultural fields. Normal movements of automobiles consisting of light vehicles.

3.8.2 Method of Monitoring

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in 10 km radius of the study area.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-27 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

FIGURE-3.8.1 NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-28 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

3.8.3 Parameters Measured During Monitoring

The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at ten locations during the

study period. The parameters are analyzed for Lday, Lnight, and Ldn. These results for the monitored period during 15th September to 16th October 2008 are tabulated in Table-3.8.2 (A).

• Monitored data from 15th September to 16th October 2008

a) Day time Noise Levels (Lday)

Residential zone: The daytime noise levels at the residential locations ranged between 38.0-51.1 dB(A). The maximum value of 51.1 dB(A) was recorded at Anabur and the minimum value of 38 dB(A) was recorded at Kasavanahalli village. It is observed that the day time noise levels at residential locations are within the prescribed limit of 55 dB(A).

Industrial Zone:The daytime noise levels at the residential locations ranged between 57.8 œ 57.7 dB(A). The maximum value of 57.8 dB(A) was recorded at Project site œ I and the minimum value of 57.7 dB(A) was recorded at Project site- II. It is observed that the day time noise level at Industrial Zone location is within the prescribed limit of 75 dB (A).

Senstive zone: The day time noise level at sensitive zone was observed to be well within the prescribed limit of 50 dB(A). The noise levels in the day time ranged between 47.7 to 48.7 dB(A).

b) Night time Noise Levels (Lnight)

Residential zone: The night time noise levels were ranged between 34.5 to 45.3 dB(A). The minimum value of 43.5 dB(A) was recorded at Kasavanahalli village and the maximum value of 45.3 dB(A) was recorded at Anabur village. It is observed that the night time noise levels at maximum residential locations are within the prescribed limit of 45 dB(A) except at Anabur.

Industrial zone: The night time noise levels at the industrial location is 53.1dB (A) to 54.1 dB (A). It is observed that the night time noise levels at Industrial Zone location is within the prescribed limit of 70 dB (A)

Sensitive zone: The noise levels in the night time ranged between 33.7 to 38.4 dB(A).The day time noise levels were observed to be within the prescribed limit of 40 dB(A).

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-29 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

TABLE 3.8.2 (A) AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS

Location Average Noise Levels in dB (A)

L10 L50 L90 Leq Ld Ln Ldn Bommanahalli 48.3 44.7 40.9 45.6 46.5 42.7 49.9 Jammalur (near 50.3 40.3 32.9 45.3 48.7 33.7 47.4 school) Project Site 59.8 55.9 52.2 56.9 57.8 54.1 61.2 Arasangundi 46 42.2 38.4 43.2 44.4 40.5 47.7 Linganahalli 45.7 41.5 37.6 42.6 43.6 39.2 46.6 Kannakatte ( near 49.5 45.9 42.1 46.8 47.7 43.9 51.1 school) Anabur 52.6 47.8 44.2 49.0 51.1 45.3 53.2 Project Site- II 59.7 55.8 51.9 56.8 57.7 53.1 60.5 Kasavanahalli 39.6 35.8 32.6 36.6 38 34.5 41.6 Jagaluru 49 45.5 42 46.3 47.2 43.2 50.5 Location Average Noise Levels in dB (A)

3.9 Flora and Fauna Studies

A detailed ecological survey of the study area was conducted, particularly with reference to listing of species and assessment of the existing baseline ecological (Terrestrial) conditions in the study area. The details of the Flora and Fauna are given in Annexure-V. The Flora and Fauna of the area is authenticated by local DFO and the copy of authentication letter is also given in Annexure-V.

3.9.1 Introduction

A detailed flora and fauna studies were conducted to assess the list of plant and animal species in and around windmill project in Davanagere district.

3.9.2 Objectives of Ecological Studies

The objectives of the present study were undertaken with a view to understand the biological resources.

The objectives of the study were to:

• Generate baseline data from field observations; • Predict changes as a result of impact in the composition and functioning of components of the ecosystem;

3.9.3 Methodology Adopted for the Survey

The study area for the ecological studies covers:

• To assess the floristic and faunal composition of in and around windpower plant project area • To assess the floristic and faunal composition in and around windpower plant project area from boundary (10-km radius) • Identification of sensitive locations or protected areas as per Wildlife Protection act, 1972.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-30 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

To accomplish above objectives, a general ecological survey covering the study area was carried out. The survey includes:

• Reconnaissance survey for the selection of sampling sites; • Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status, important floristic and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species; and • Generation of data from local villagers about importance and status of plants and animals.

3.9.4 Primary survey Based on the physical setting and the kind of distribution of flora and fauna, the study area can be classified into cropland , forest land, terrestrial vegetational structure and aquatic ecosytems.

• Cropland Ecosystem

This is also known as man made ecosystem or artificial ecosystem because of man tries to control biotic community and physical environment. The common crops in crops land ecosystem in study area are Oryzha sativa, Triticum vulgare, Triticum diococcum, Pennesitum glaucam, Eluceana coracona, Sorghum vulgare, which are mainly dependent on rainwater during monsoon season and also through ground water source, tubewells, open wells during non-monsoon season. In this crop land ecosystem in addition to the crop raised, a number of weeds like Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbia hirta, Cyperus rotundus, Digetaria sp and Alyscicarpus sp also contributing to the primary production. Apart from that commercial crops like Arachis hypogea (groundnut), Helianthus annulatum (sunflower), gossypium sp(cotton) and several vegetables like red chillies, Brinjal, Bhendi and leafy vegetable crops could also grown in this region.

• Terrestrial Ecosystem

Natural vegetation is mostly restricted to herb layer having drought resistance. Other than herb layer the area is almost devoid of major forest type tree except agroforestry types and commercial plantations such as Tectona grandis, Leucena leucophloe and Cocos nucifera. Phoenix aculis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus sp Acacia sp which are mainly restricted to waste and culturable waste lands and in case of near villages, Delonix regia, Azadirchta indcia, Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catapa, Psidium guava, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo and Tamarindus indica are predominant.

• Forest Areas

The proposed wind mill project area falls under Jagalur reserve forest area of Jagalur taluka, and Anabur Reserve forest of Davanagere district The forest types of study area mainly composed of Southern tropical dry mixed deciduous type. This type of growth is dry mixed deciduous, which is typical of maidan tract on poor shallow soil with inadequate rainfall. Low, stunted, branchy boles, diffused crowns with admixture of xerophytes and thorny species are contributing to make

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-31 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

up an incoherent patchy forests canopy. The hill tops of in this range mainly comprises of grasses and Acacia sp and several Euphorbia sps. Albizia odorattissima, Butea frondosa,Cassia fistula,Jatropha curcas, Melia dubia, Zizyphus oenoploa, Eugenia jumbolina, Holarrehna antidicenterica, Lantanta camara, Cassia occidentalis. The detail list of forest plants from Jangalur and surrounding forest blocks are Table-1.1 of Annexure-I.

• Cryptogamic Vegetation

The area shows many algae, fungi, bryophytes and ferns. Algae are present in aquatic bodies or in marshy places. Fungi, particularly from ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are located on ground or epiphytically. Lichens of crustose, foliose and fruticose types are present on different substrates (Lichens, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes) could be observed near old building tops, old walls of the houses). Bryophytes occur in wet areas and occasionally on barks of trees and old walls of houses. The commonly observed bryophytes are given below.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-32 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

• Life Form Spectrum

Primary surveys were conducted in and around mine lease area, forest areas, open areas near villages, waste lands, agricultural lands along the water bodies, along slopes in forest blocks to identify the floristic composition of the area and listed the plant species identified in Table-1.2 of Annexure-I. Life forms, as suggested by Raunkaier, reflect the quality of environment in which plants belonging to a particular community live. It is based on the nature of protection afforded to perennating organs of plants, to overcome stresses in the environment. The following groupings are commonly recognized for life forms. 270 plant species were recorded from 64 families from study area during study period. The highest number of plants belongs to Therophytes(43.0%)of the total populations. The predominant members of therophyte group are Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, Crotalaria burhia, Eupatorium sp, Ageratum conyzoides, Tridax procumbens, Blumea lacera and Jatropha sp. The plant species occurs in agricultural fields, open spaces and waste lands in the study area.The second dominant group belong to Phanerophytes which are represents 42.22% in the total population. The main composition of Phanerophytes are Albizia lebbeck, Albizia procera, Acacia Dalbergia sissoo, Erythrina indica, Gmeilna arborea, Eugenia jambolina, Ficus hispida and Dendrocalamus strictus. These species present either on forest blocks, hill slopes or open lands near villages and along the road side area in study area. 3.9.5 Rare, Endangered and Endemic plants in study area

On the basis of literature survey, from Red data books of Indain plants, detailed list rare and Endangerd plant genera of Karnataka particularly with reference to Davanagere and Chitrdurga of Karnataka reveals that there are no endangered, threatened, rare plant species observed or recorded during study period and this plant species is quite commonly present in dry deciduous forest type 3.9.6 Terrestrial-Fauna

• Introduction

Wildlife being an important strand in the complex food web in most of the forest ecosystems, its status symbolises the functioning efficiency of the entire ecosystem. Wild life conservation in the vegetation complex. Just as wild flora needs special treatment for preservation and growth, wild fauna as well deserves specific conservatory pursuits for posterity. Unfortunately, our past efforts had been unscientific in rearing and preserving our valuable heritage resulting in dwindling of many interesting species, which the nature had bestowed on us. Wild animals move from one place to another place in search of food, water and other basic need. During the period, wild animals may visit the villages for search of food.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-33 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

• Presence of Protected Areas as per Wildlife protection act,1972 in study area

As per Ministry of Environment and forests and Forest department of Government of Karnataka state notifications reveals that there are no Protected areas( biospheres, tiger reserves,elephant reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, conservation reserves and community reserves ) in 10-km radius from windpower plant area.

3.9.6 Primary Survey-Fauna

Primary field monitoring studies were carried out through physical observations and also collected data from elderly persons of the area and forest officials of Davanagere forest department. The recorded or reported animal species from project and surrounding areas and their conservation status as per wildlife protection act,1972 are presented in Table-3.9.1. TABLE-3.9.1 LIST OF ANIMALS AND THEIR CONSERVATION STATUS IN STUDY AREA

Sr.No Technical Name Local name Conservation status as per wildlife protection act,1972 Mammals 1 Herpestres edwardsinyula Common Mongoose Part-II of Sch-II 2 Lapus nigricollis Indian Hare Sch-IV 3 Canis aurius Jackal Part-II of Sch-II 4 Bandicota benghalensis Bandicoot Sch-V 5 Bandicota indica Rat Sch-V 6 Funumbuls palmarum Squirrel Sch-IV 7 Mus rattus Indian rat Sch-V 8 Hystrix indica Porcupine Sch-IV 9 Mus musculus Common Mouse Sch-V 10 Macaca mulata Monkey Part-II of Sch-II 11 Sus sucrofa Wildbear* Sch-III 12 Presbytis entellus Langur Part-II of Sch-II Reptiles 13 Naja naja* Common cobra Sch-IV 14 Bungarus candidus* Common krait Sch-IV 15 Hemidactylus sp House Lizard Sch-IV Amphibians 16 Rana tigrina Common frog Sch-IV 17 Bufo melanosticus Toad Sch-IV Birds 18 Acridotheres tristicus Common myna Sch-IV 19 Aegithina tiphia Iora Sch-IV 20 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Sch-IV 21 Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Sch-IV 22 Artamus fuscus Ashy Swallow Shrike Sch-IV 23 Aythya feroma White eyed Pochard Sch-IV 24 Bubo bubo Indian great horned Owl Sch-IV 25 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Sch-IV 26 Caprimulgus asiaticus Common Indian jar Sch-IV 27 Centropus sinensis Crow Pheasant Sch-IV 28 Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Sch-IV 29 Cinnyris asiatica Purple Sunbird Sch-IV

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-34 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

Sr.No Technical Name Local name Conservation status as per wildlife protection act,1972 30 Cinnyris lotensis Loten's sunbird Sch-IV 31 Columbus livibus Rock Pigeon Sch-IV 32 Corvus corvus Jungle crow Sch-IV 33 Corvus splendens House crow Sch-V 34 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Sch-IV 35 Eudynamis scolopaceus Koel Sch-IV 36 Gallinula chlorpus Moore hen Sch-IV 37 Gallus gallus Red Jungle fowl Sch-IV 38 Haliastur Indus Brahmny kite Sch-IV 39 Hierococys varius Common Hawk Cuckoo Sch-IV 40 Lobvanella indicus Redwattled Lapwing Sch-IV 41 Megalaima merulinus Indian Cuckoo Sch-IV 42 Merops leschenaultia Chestnut headed Bee Eater Sch-IV 43 Merops orinetalis Common Bee Eater Sch-IV 44 Milvus migrans Pariah kite Sch-IV 45 Oriolus oriolus Indian Oriole Sch-IV 46 Oriolus xanthornus Black Headed Oriole Sch-IV 47 Passer domisticus House Sparrow Sch-IV 48 Ploceus philippines Weaver bird Sch-IV 49 Psittacula Krammeri Rose ringed parakeet Sch-IV 50 Pycnonotus cafer Red vented bulbul Sch-IV 51 Pycnonotus jokokus White browed Bulbul Sch-IV 52 Quills contronix Grey quail Sch-IV 53 Turdoides striatus White headed babler Sch-IV 54 Uroloncha striata Spotted munia Sch-IV Butterflies 55 Euploca cora - Sch-IV 56 Euploca crassa - Sch-IV 57 0euploca dicciotianua - Sch-IV 58 Graphium agamemnos Tailed jay Sch-IV 59 Papilo polymnstor Blue mormon Sch-IV 60 Junonia atlites Grey pansey Sch-IV 61 Juninia almana Peacock pansey Sch-IV 62 Pelopides assemensis - Sch-IV 63 Polytrema discreta - Sch-IV *data collected through interactions with local elderly personnel and forest officials of respective forest ranges

3.9.7 Aquatic Ecosystem

Plankton studies- Primary Survey

• Plankton Study

In general, fresh water planktonic waters mostly dominated by phytoplankton particularly by Bacillariophycean members followed by Chlophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae species. Zooplankton contains Protozoa, Rotifera and Microcrustacea species. The main producers in a water body are algae. The composition of phytoplankton communities and the relative abundance of component species undergo spatial and temporal changes due to climatic conditions, nutrient availability and biological interactions.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-35 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

• Methodology Adopted For Collection Of Plankton

Biological assessment studies were conducted by collecting plankton samples from the surface waters to assess structural components of the ecosystem. The details of Planktonic sampling locations are presented in Table-3.9.2. The aquatic ecological locations are depicted in Figure-3.9.1. The plankton samples were collected and analysed as per standard procedures. The Plankton forms were identified up to species level and expressed as organisms per milliliter of the sample and Shannon Weavers species diversity index was calculated for each sample. TABLE-3.9.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGICAL LOCATIONS IN STUDY AREA

Sr.No Name of the water body Distance from Direction from Project Site Project Site AE-1 Nala near village 4.5 E AE-2 Pond near 4.0 E

3.9.8 Results and Discussions

Plankton

Phytoplankton

About 33 algal species were recorded from the sampling locations out which are mainly belong to Chlorophyceae followed by Bacillariophycean meberes. Pennate diatoms comprise of Gomphonema sp, Fragillaria sp, Navicula sp, Pinnularia sp, Nitzschia sp, and Pleurosigma sp and etc.

About 16 zooplankton species are recorded from all the sampling locations., Chydorus reticulatus and Ceriodaphnia are observed in all the sampling locations. Diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton varies between 2.64- 2.89 and 2.34.- 2.54 respectively. Based on the diversity index and these water can be classified as Mesotrophic in nature and slightly enriched with nutrients due to inflow of nutrients from catchment area and recycling nutrients from sediments.

3.9.9 Summary

Flora and fauna studies were conducted during study period to assess the existing biological resources in and around existing wind power mill. Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica, Acacia sp, Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia,Parthenium hysterophorus, Cassia occidentalis, Calotropis procera are predominant when compared to tree shrub and herb, populations. In addition to the above plants,

The recorded plant species are presented and classified Raunkier Lifeform spectra and results presented. These results indicates that therophytes are dominant and resembles the local floral structure of the area. The wide variety of herbaceous members and presence of less number of woody members reflects that the study area is a un-disturbed agroclimatological ecosystem. Presence of large number of therophytes and phanerophytes (shrubs and trees) indicates tropical vegetation

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-36 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-3 Description of Environment

structure. The uniformity of herbaceous members and luxuriant growth of herbal population is due to southwest monsoon rains and fertility of soil in study area.

Faunal assessment studies were also conducted during study by primary field surveys and collected data from various soruces like forest department, universities and also from literature.

63 animals were recorded or reported from study area. 13 species of mammals, 3 reptiles,2 amphibians, 35 birds and 10 butterflies were recorded during study area. Out of which 5- species belongs to schedule-II and rest of animal species belongs to Sch-III and sch-IV and Sch-V of wildlife protection act,1972.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-37 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

This chapter describes the potential positive and negative environmental, social, and economic impacts that could occur as a result of wind energy development. It also presents information about relevant mitigation measures that can be applied to reduce these impacts. This information was derived from comprehensive reviews of wind energy development activities, published data regarding wind energy development impacts; existing, relevant mitigation guidance; and standard industry practices. After all relevant mitigation measures were identified, they were further evaluated to identify appropriate Best Management Practices (BMPs).

This assessment considers both direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts are those effects that result solely and directly from the wind energy development, such as soil disturbance, habitat fragmentation, or noise generation. Indirect impacts are those effects that are related to the wind farms but that are the result of some intermediate step or process, such as changes in surface water quality because of soil erosion at the construction site. Depending upon which resource is being evaluated, direct and indirect impacts may be (1) confined to a specific long-term footprint of development (e.g., the immediate footprint of a turbine foundation), (2) limited to the entire project area (e.g., habitat fragmentation resulting from the network of roads, turbines, and ancillary structures), or (3) extended over a much larger area beyond the project area (e.g., visual impacts that can be observed many miles away from the project). This assessment discusses potential impacts and mitigation measures across all of these areas.

• Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy

Although wind energy is a clean technology, it is not free of impacts on the environment. Wind energy has a number of special features, including:

• More than one wind turbine (WT) is needed for large-scale production. • WTs are mainly located in remote and rural areas where the wind resource is present. • The turbines may be visible from a great distance. • The movement of the blades (flickering) may draw attention.

As well as these visual impacts, wind energy is associated with other environmental issues such as noise, land use and impacts during the construction phase. Some impacts, such as those on birds and flickering can be measured quantitatively; others, such as visual intrusion and noise require more subjective and qualitative criteria.

4.1 Geologic Resources and Seismic Setting

Any type of construction or industrial activity has the potential to impact soil, sand and gravel resources, and other sources of rock. These impacts can occur within the specific area of construction as a result of excavation, grading, and so forth, or regionally as a result of extraction and the use of building materials. In addition, construction activities can impact or be impacted by local seismic and VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-1 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

geologic hazard conditions. The impacts would vary by location and depend on the local geology. Detailed studies of soil, sand, gravel, and other aggregate resources, as well as the seismic setting, have been conducted, as discussed in the following sections, to define the affected environment.

4.1.1 Geologic Resources

A wind energy development project can impact geologic resources and soils in several different ways, including the use of geologic resources (e.g., sand and gravel), activation of geological hazards, and increased soil erosion.

Specific soil types and thicknesses at a given site will determine the degree of potential erosion and/or compaction problems and the associated engineering requirements for activities that could disturb soils (e.g., excavations, grading and clearing surfaces, road construction, and structural foundations). Detailed soil surveys will be done wherever extensive soil disturbance is possible at the site. Detailed reviews of the availability of these resources in sufficient quantities to meet the project-specific needs would need to be conducted. Specifically, the location, quality, and potential competing uses of these materials would need to be characterized.

4.1.2 Seismic Setting

The wind farm comes under are seismically active, with varying degrees of seismic zone œ II hence the site has very less potential for earthquakes. In addition, other geologic hazards do not exist, such as the potential for landslides and rock falls. The potential for volcanic activity does not exist as well, although this is less widespread.

4.1.3 Mitigation Measures

The potential for impacts to geologic resources and soils would occur primarily during construction and decommissioning. The following mitigation measures have been implemented to reduce impacts:

• The size of disturbed land has been minimized as much as possible. Existing roads and borrow pits have been used as much as possible.

• Topsoil removed during construction has been salvaged and reapplied during reclamation. Disturbed soils has been reclaimed as quickly as possible or protective covers have been applied.

• Erosion controls would be applied. Practices such as jute netting, silt fences, and check dams would be applied near disturbed areas.

• On-site surface runoff control features would be designed to minimize the potential for increased localized soil erosion. Drainage ditches would be constructed where necessary but held to a minimum.

• Access roads are located to follow natural contours of the topography and minimize side hill cuts. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-2 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

• Foundations and trenches have been backfilled with originally excavated materials as much as possible. Excavation material has been disposed of only in approved areas to control soil erosion and to minimize leaching of hazardous constituents. If suitable, excess excavation materials may be stockpiled for use in reclamation activities.

4.2 Paleontological Resources

Paleontological resources are the fossilized remains of plants and animals. Some fossil remains have major scientific value. Greater attention is often given to vertebrate fossils than to invertebrate fossils because of their rarity; however, some invertebrate fossils are also rare. The rarity of such specimens and the unique information that can be gleaned from these items emphasizes the need for their protection.

Mitigation Measures

The presence of paleontological remains has not been reported in this part of the state.

4.3 W ater Resources The availability and quality of water resources are major issues. Both surface water and groundwater resources are highly valued commodities; water rights are strictly enforced, and all water use is closely evaluated. Activities that use water resources or have the potential to impact the quality of water resources are minimized.

A wind energy project can impact surface water and groundwater in several different ways, including the use of water resources, changes in water quality, alteration of the natural flow system, and the alteration of interactions between the groundwater and surface water. For the most part, however, wind energy development does not require much water, except during the construction phase and, to a lesser extent, during decommissioning. These water uses are temporary, and during the operations phase, water use would be minimal.

As various construction and related activities diminish, the environment will reestablish a new equilibrium. If appropriate mitigation measures are implemented during the construction phase, potential impacts to water during site operation would be limited to the degradation of water quality as a result of improper pesticide use or vehicle traffic.

4.3.1 Mitigation Measures

Potential water resource impacts would mostly occur during the site construction and decommissioning phases. Mitigations measures implemented to reduce such impacts include:

• The size of cleared and disturbed lands has been minimized as much as possible. Existing roads and borrow pits are being used as much as possible.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-3 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

• Topsoil removed during construction has been salvaged and reapplied during reclamation. Disturbed soils have been reclaimed as quickly as possible or protective covers have been applied.

• Erosion controls have been applied. Practices such as jute netting, silt fences, have been applied near disturbed areas. Check dams will be built near disturbed areas.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has identified unstable slopes and slope angles that can induce slope instability and sites were avoided which would create excessive slope angles.

• Foundations and trenches have been backfilled with originally excavated material as much as possible. Excess excavated material has been disposed of only in approved areas. • Existing drainage systems has not been altered, especially in sensitive areas such as erodible soils or steep slopes. When constructing stream or wash crossings, culverts or water conveyances for temporary and permanent roads would be designed to comply with state standards.

• Potential soil erosion would be controlled at culvert outlets with appropriate structures. Catch basins, roadway ditches, and culverts would be cleaned and maintained regularly. • On-site surface runoff control features have been designed to minimize the potential for increased localized soil erosion. Drainage ditches would be constructed where necessary but held to a minimum. • Potential soil erosion has been controlled at culvert outlets with appropriate structures. Catch basins, drainage ditches, and culverts would be cleaned and maintained regularly. • Pesticide use has been limited to nonpersistent, immobile pesticides and would only be applied in accordance with label and application permit directions and stipulations for terrestrial and aquatic applications.

4.4 Air Quality

Air quality changes over time as economic development occurs and regulatory programs affect the emissions from sources. At proposed site for wind energy development, the air quality at the site has been found to be good.

Construction operations would generate fugitive dust from road travel and brush clearing and tailpipe emissions from vehicular exhaust. However, these activities would all be limited in extent and duration, and, except in unusual circumstances where access road construction or disturbance of large areas is required, would have no appreciable impact on air quality.

The operation of a wind energy development project would not adversely impact air quality. Operational activities would include operation of the wind turbines and associated maintenance activities. Maintenance activities during operation would not include construction and would be limited to routine maintenance and major overhauls and repairs. Major overhauls and repairs could involve bringing a crane

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-4 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

and heavy truck on site to remove and transport the component needing attention. The operations involved would include: • Operation of the wind turbines themselves, • Scheduled changes of lubricating and cooling fluids and greases, • Limited routine worker access traffic associated with maintenance, • Infrequent heavy overhaul/repair traffic, and • Possibly routine brush clearing.

Operating wind turbines do not produce direct emissions. There could be some minor VOC emissions during routine changes of lubricating and cooling fluids and greases. The other operations would generate fugitive dust from road travel, vehicular exhaust, and brush clearing in addition to the tailpipe emissions associated with vehicle travel. However, all these activities would be limited in extent and duration and should have no appreciable air quality impact.

4.4.1 Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for areas subject to vehicular travel o Access roads and on-site roads would be surfaced with aggregate materials, wherever appropriate. o Dust abatement techniques would be used on unpaved, unvegetated surfaces to minimize airborne dust. o Speed limits would be posted (e.g., 25 mph [40 km/h]) and enforced to reduce airborne fugitive dust.

• Mitigation measures for clearing and disturbing land o Disturbed areas have been minimized. o Dust abatement techniques have been used as earthmoving activities proceed and prior to clearing. • Mitigation measures for earthmoving o Dust abatement techniques have been used before excavating, backfilling, compacting, or grading. o Disturbed areas have be revegetated as soon as possible after disturbance.

4.5 Noise Impacts

Sound can be defined as any pressure variation that the human ear can detect. Noise is defined as —unwanted sound.“ The unit used to describe the intensity of sound is the decibel (dB). Audible sounds range from 0 dB (—threshold of hearing“) to about 140 dB (—threshold of pain“). The normal audible frequency range is approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The A-weighted scale, denoted as dB(A), approximates the range of human hearing by filtering out lower frequency noises, which are not as damaging as the higher frequencies. It is used in most noise ordinances and standards. To provide a frame of reference, rustling leaves have a decibel level of 10 dB(A); conversational speech, 60 dB(A); and aircraft takeoff, 120 dB(A).

The effects of noise on people can be classified into three general categories: (1) subjective effects of annoyance, nuisance, and dissatisfaction; (2) interference

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-5 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

with activities such as speech, sleep, and learning; and (3) physiological effects such as anxiety or hearing loss.

The sound levels associated with environmental noise generally produce effects only in the first two categories.

Whether a noise is objectionable will vary depending on the type of noise (tonal, broadband, low frequency, or impulsive) and the circumstances and sensitivity of the individual who hears it.

4.5.1 Wind Turbine Noise

Wind turbines produce two categories of noise: mechanical and aerodynamic. These categories are associated with four types of noise (tonal, broadband, impulsive, and low-frequency). Recent improvements in the mechanical design of large wind turbines have resulted in significantly reduced mechanical noise. As a result, aerodynamic noise is the dominant source from modern wind turbines.

Mechanical noise, associated with the rotation of mechanical and electrical components, tends to be tonal, although a broadband component exists. It is primarily generated by the gearbox and other parts, such as generators, yaw drives, and cooling fans. However, the hub, rotor, and turbine may act as loudspeakers and transmit the mechanical noise over greater distances. Recent technological improvements have reduced mechanical noise. It can be further reduced through sound-proofing and noise insulation materials.

Aerodynamic noise from wind turbines originates mainly from the flow of air over and past the blades; therefore, the noise generally increases with tip speed. It is directly linked to the production of power and therefore inevitable, even though it could be reduced to some extent by altering the design of the blades. The aerodynamic noise has a broadband character, often described as a —swishing“ or —whooshing“ sound, and is typically the dominant part of wind turbine noise today. The noise caused by this process is unavoidable.

The sound power level from a single wind turbine is approximately 100 to 104 dB(A) for the rated power ranging from 1 to 1.4 MW. Considering geometric spreading only, this results in a sound pressure level of 58 to 62 dB(A) at a distance of 50 m (164 ft) from the turbine, which is about the same level as conversational speech at a 1-m (3-ft) distance. At a receptor approximately 2,000 ft (600 m) away, the equivalent sound pressure level would be 36 to 40 dB(A) when the wind is blowing from the turbine toward the receptor. This level is typical of background levels of a rural environment. Sound produced by wind turbines is similar to the background sound found in a typical home.

4.5.2 Substation Noise

There are basically two sources of noise associated with substations: transformer noise and switchgear noise. Each has a characteristic noise spectrum and pattern of occurrence. A transformer produces a constant low-frequency humming noise primarily because of the vibration of its core. The core‘s tonal noise should be uniform in all directions and continuous. The average A-weighted core sound level VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-6 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

at a distance of 492 ft (150 m) from a transformer would be about 43 and 46 dB(A) for 100 and 200 million volt-amperes (MVA) (corresponding to about 80 and 160 MW), respectively (Wood 1992). These noise levels at a distance of 1,640 ft (500 m) would be 33 and 36 dB(A), which are typical of background levels in a rural environment. Current transformer design trends have shown decreases in noise levels. The cooling fans and oil pumps at large transformers produce broadband noise only when additional cooling is required; in general, this noise is less noticeable than the tonal noise.

Switchgear noise is generated by the operation of circuit breakers used to break high-voltage connections at 132 kV and above. An arc formed between the separating contacts has to be "blown out" using a blast of high-pressure gas. The resultant noise is impulsive in character (i.e., loud and of very short duration). The industry is moving toward the use of more modern circuit breakers that use a dielectric gas to extinguish the arc and generate significantly less noise. Frequency of switchgear activities, such as regular testing, maintenance, and rerouting, is an operational issue unique to a specific utility company. During an electrical fault due to line overloads, the switch would open to isolate the fault and thereby protect the equipment. However, these operations would occur infrequently, and, accordingly, potential impacts of switchgear noise would be temporary and minor in nature.

4.5.3 Transmission Line Noise

Potential transmission line noise can result from corona discharge, which is the electrical breakdown of air into charged particles. Corona noise is composed of broadband noise, characterized as a crackling or hissing noise, and pure tones, characterized as a humming noise of about 120 Hz. Corona noise is primarily affected by weather and, to a lesser degree, by altitude and temperature. It is created during all types of weather when air ionizes near isolated irregularities (e.g., nicks, scrapes, and insects) on the conductor surface of operating transmission lines. Modern transmission lines are designed, constructed, and maintained so that during dry conditions the line will generate a minimum of corona-related noise. During dry weather conditions, noise from transmission lines is generally indistinguishable from background noise at locations beyond the edge of the transmission line ROW (50 ft [15 m] from the center of the tower. In wet conditions, however, water drops collecting on the lines provide favorable conditions for corona discharges. Occasional corona humming noise at 120 Hz and higher is easily identified and, therefore, may become the target of complaints from neighboring residents. During rainfall events, the noise level at the edge of the ROW of 230-kV transmission line towers would be less than 39 dB(A), which is typical of the noise level at a library. The noise level at a distance of 300 ft (91 m) would be about 31 dB(A), which is lost in the background noise typical of a rural environment at night.

4.5.4 Noise Related to Maintenance Activities

Regular maintenance activities would include periodic site visits to wind turbines, communication cables, transmission lines, substations, and auxiliary structures. These activities would involve light- or medium-duty vehicle traffic with relatively low noise levels. Infrequent but noisy activities would be anticipated, such as VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-7 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

road maintenance work with heavy equipment, or repair or replacement of old or inoperative wind turbines or auxiliary equipment. However, the anticipated level of noise impacts from maintenance activities would be far lower than that from construction activities.

4.5.5 Mitigation Measures

All equipment would have sound-control devices no less effective than those provided on the original equipment. All construction equipment used would be adequately muffled and maintained.

4.6 Transportation Impacts

4.6.1 Site Operation

Transportation activities would be limited to a small number of daily trips by pickup trucks, medium-duty vehicles, or personal vehicles. It is possible that large components may be required for equipment replacement in the event of a major mechanical breakdown. However, such shipments would be expected to be infrequent. Transportation activities during operations would not be expected to cause noticeable impacts to local road networks.

4.6.2 Mitigation Measures

Potential impacts from transportation activities related to site monitoring and testing, construction, operation, and decommissioning of typical wind energy development projects are expected to be low, provided appropriate planning and implementation actions are taken.

° Existing roads would be used to the maximum extent possible, but only if in safe and environmentally sound locations. If new access roads are necessary, they would be designed and constructed to the appropriate standard no higher than necessary to accommodate their intended functions (e.g., traffic volume and weight of vehicles). Abandoned roads and roads that are no longer needed would be recontoured and revegetated. • A traffic management plan would be prepared for the site access roads to ensure that no hazards would result from the increased truck traffic and that traffic flow would not be adversely impacted. This plan would incorporate measures such as informational signs, flaggers when equipment may result in blocked throughways, and traffic cones to identify any necessary changes in temporary lane configuration. Signs would be placed along roads to identify speed limits, travel restrictions, and other standard traffic control information.

• Project personnel and contractors would be instructed and required to adhere to speed limits commensurate with road types, traffic volumes, vehicle types, and site-specific conditions, to ensure safe and efficient traffic flow. • During construction and operation, traffic would be restricted to the roads developed for the project. Use of other unimproved roads would be restricted to emergency situations.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-8 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.7 Hazardous Materials And W aste Management Impacts

The use, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials and waste associated with a typical wind energy project were discussed in Chapter 2. There may be minor losses of lubricants from the turbine gearbox but these do not normally find their way into the environment. In addition, fuels, petroleum, oils, and lubricants may be stored and used at wind energy project facilities during construction, operation, and decommissioning phases; however, quantities present during operations would be minimal.

Potential adverse health and environmental impacts associated with improper management of these materials could be significant. In general, most potential impacts are associated with the release of these materials to the environment, which could occur if the materials are improperly used, stored, or disposed of. Direct impacts of such releases could include contamination of vegetation, soil, and water, which could result in indirect impacts to human and wildlife populations.

If appropriate management practices are implemented, the impacts associated with hazardous materials and wastes are expected to be minimal to nonexistent.

The following mitigation measures are recommended for implementation during all activities associated with the wind energy project:

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. would develop a hazardous materials management plan addressing storage, use, transportation, and disposal of each hazardous material anticipated to be used at the site. The plan would identify all hazardous materials that would be used, stored, or transported at the site. It would establish inspection procedures, storage requirements, storage quantity limits, inventory control, nonhazardous product substitutes, and disposition of excess materials.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. would develop a waste management plan identifying the waste streams that are expected to be generated at the site and addressing hazardous waste determination procedures, waste storage locations, waste-specific management and disposal requirements, inspection procedures, and waste minimization procedures. This plan would address all solid and liquid waste that would be generated at the site.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. would develop a spill prevention and response plan identifying where hazardous materials and wastes are stored on site, spill prevention measures to be implemented, training requirements, appropriate spill response actions for each material or waste, the locations of spill response kits on site, a procedure for ensuring that the spill response kits are adequately stocked at all times, and procedures for making timely notifications to authorities.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. would develop a storm water management plan for the site to ensure compliance with applicable regulations and prevent off- site migration of contaminated storm water or increased soil erosion.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-9 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

• If pesticides are to be used on the site, an integrated pest management plan would be developed.

• Secondary containment would be provided for all on-site hazardous materials and waste storage, including fuel.

4.8 Health And Safety Impacts

4.8.1 Occupational Safety

Occupational hazards are greater during construction, operation, and decommissioning of a wind energy development project; they can be minimized, however, when workers adhere to safety standards and use appropriate protective equipment.

• A health and safety program has been developed to protect workers during construction, operation, and decommissioning of a wind energy project. The program identified all applicable state occupational safety standards, and established safe work practices for each task (e.g., requirements for personal protective equipment and safety harnesses; OSHA standard practices for safe use of explosives and blasting agents; and measures for reducing occupational EMF exposures), established fire safety evacuation procedures, and defined safety performance standards (e.g., electrical system standards and lighting protection standards). The program would include a training program to identify hazard training requirements for workers for each task and establish procedures for providing required training to all workers.Documentation of training and a mechanism for reporting serious accidents to appropriate agencies should be established.

• Electrical systems have been designed to meet all applicable safety standards

4.8.2 Public Safety

During construction, operation, and decommissioning of a wind energy development project, the hazards are greater but they can be effectively mitigated. These hazards include risks associated with major construction sites, rare tower failures, human-caused fire, aviation safety interference, EMI, low- frequency sound, and shadow flicker. The following mitigation measures are recommended for implementation during all phases.

• The project health and safety program would also address protection of public health and safety during operation, and decommissioning of project. The program has established a safety zone or setback for wind turbine generators from residences and occupied buildings, roads, ROWs, and other public access areas that is sufficient to prevent accidents resulting from various hazards during the operation of wind turbine generators. Measures have been taken during the operations phase to limit public access to facilities (e.g., permanent fencing would be installed around electrical substations, and turbine tower access doors would be locked to limit public access).

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-10 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.9 Ecological Resources

During operation, adverse ecological effects could occur from (1) disturbance of wildlife by turbine noise and human activity; (2) site maintenance (e.g., mowing); (3) exposure of biota to contaminants; (4) mortality of biota from colliding with the turbines and meteorological towers, and (5) mortality of biota from electrocution or collision with transmission lines.

• Effects on Vegetation

A variety of operational activities could impact vegetation at, and in the vicinity of, a wind energy project. These activities include (1) site maintenance activities involving mowing and herbicide use and (2) the accidental releases of pesticides, fuels, or hazardous material). Increased use of surrounding lands, resulting from additional access corridors (via new access roads and utility and transmission corridors) could also affect vegetation through (1) direct injury to vegetation, (2) the legal and illegal take of plants, (3) the introduction of invasive vegetation, and (4) an increased potential for fire

4.9.1 Site Maintenance

During facility operation, routine site maintenance activities could include mowing around site buildings and turbine structures, along utility and transmission corridors, and possibly along access roads.

Site maintenance activities may also include the licensed application of herbicides (i.e., pesticides) to control vegetation along access roads, utility and transmission corridors, and around support buildings and turbine towers. Herbicide use may be in addition to, or in lieu of, mowing. The accidental spill of herbicides may result in environmental concentrations exceeding licensed levels, and these herbicides could migrate off site and affect native vegetation in surrounding areas. Potential effects of such exposure are discussed in the following section.

4.9.2 Exposure to Contaminants

Operation of the wind energy project may require limited on-site storage and use of fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel), pesticides, and hazardous materials. Very small quantities of hazardous wastes also may be generated. On-site storage of these materials is likely to be minimal . The amount stored would depend on the size of the wind energy project and the nature of the vegetation maintenance program developed for the site (e.g., mowing only, mowing and herbicide use, herbicide use only).

Because of the relatively small amount of fuel and pesticides expected to be stored and used at Arasinagundi Wind Farm, an accidental release of these materials would be expected to impact only a small area of the site, and the vegetation at the spill locations would likely be vegetation regularly affected by mowing. Thus, impacts to vegetation from exposure to accidental fuel or pesticide releases are expected to be very localized and minor. Similarly, only relatively small amounts of hazardous wastes could be expected to be generated at the

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-11 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

wind farms, and any accidental releases would be small and affect vegetation primarily at the release location.

4.9.3 Effects on Wildlife

Wildlife may be affected by wind energy project operations through (1) electrocution from transmission lines; (2) noise; (3) the presence of, or collision with, turbines, meteorological towers, and transmission lines; (4) site maintenance activities; (5) exposure to contaminants; (6) disturbance associated with activities of the wind energy project workforce; (7) interference with migratory behavior; and (8) increased potential for fire. Among these, the presence of, or collisions with, facility structures probably represent the greatest potential hazard to wildlife. In some instances, turbines, transmission lines, and other facility structures may interfere with behavioral activities, including migratory movements, and may provide additional perch sites for birds, thereby increasing predatory levels on other wildlife (such as small mammals and birds).

4.9.4 Electrocution

Large birds are occasionally electrocuted on distribution or transmission lines when they touch two electrical conductors or touch one conductor and a grounded wire. The number of electrocutions that could occur depends on the types of birds present at the site, the location of the site with regard to migratory routes, and local weather conditions. Although electrocutions of birds from electric transmission lines have been widely reported, some species of birds regularly nest on electrical transmission line towers. The accidental electrocution of birds from contact with distribution or transmission lines is not expected to adversely affect bird populations in the vicinity of a wind energy development project.

4.9.5 Noise

The principal noise-generating activities associated with normal wind energy project operations include turbine noise, transmission line noise (corona), and truck and maintenance equipment noise. The magnitude and duration of noise associated with trucks and maintenance equipment (such as lawn-mowing equipment) is expected to result in only minor annoyance of wildlife at the site and not result in any long-term adverse effects. The primary noise concern for wildlife is the noise generated by operating turbines and the noise generated by wind passing over the turbine blades.

Under reported wind conditions, blade noise from a normally operating turbine would simply add to the background noise fairly evenly across the sound spectrum and be inaudible to the bird at a distance of 82 ft (25 m) from the base of the turbine.

Wildlife in areas adjacent to a wind energy project may also be disturbed by increased noise levels associated with human activities. The greatest noise levels would be associated with vehicle use. In all cases, the noise levels would be temporary and would be present only during the time visitors were present.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-12 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.9.6 Collisions with Turbines, Meteorological Towers, and Transmission Lines

Collisions with turbines, meteorological towers, and overhead distribution lines represent a potential collision hazard to birds and bats. Bird and bat deaths from collisions with wind energy project structures have received the major emphasis regarding adverse impacts to ecological resources associated with wind energy developments.

In Spain, a study carried out in the state of Navarra (EHN, 2003) on the impact of wind parks on bird life showed that 692 turbines located in 18 wind farms do not put any species at risk from death by collision. 88 deaths of medium and large birds were detected, which represents an annual mortality rate of 0.13 dead birds per turbine. In other words, it takes more than seven years for one turbine to kill one bird. The following graph is based on data from the studies (”Avian Collisions With Wind Turbines‘)

Source : Erickson et al, 2002. Summary of Anthropogenic Causes of Bird Mortality.

The Arasinagundi wind farm is not located in the migration path of the birds.

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. is committed to, and has demonstrated, continual innovations leading to greater protection of the environment and wildlife. All current research shows that wind turbines impacts on wildlife are generally small. Modern wind turbines are far less harmful to birds than radio towers, tall buildings, airplanes, vehicles, pesticides and even house cats, and their effect on bats Unlike fossil fuel power plants and other industrial processes, wind energy power plants do not release any harmful emissions that contribute to acid rain, global warming, mercury poisoning or other environmental effects that threaten wildlife.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-13 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Despite the minimal impact wind development has on bird populations generally, Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. takes potential impacts seriously and continues to assess ways in which wildlife impacts can be lessened.

Pre-construction surveys conducted included surveys for nests, point counts to determine species present, fall and spring migration studies to determine area use, a literature review and outreach to local wildlife organizations.

Using these tools, wildlife biologists predicted relatively low avian impacts in the project area. Once the facility was constructed, operational monitoring included standardized fatality searches every two weeks in the fall, spring and summer, and once each month in the winter for one year. Results were adjusted for searcher efficiency and scavenging rates to get an accurate picture of mortality rates although some fatalities that may not have been turbine related were conservatively included. The number of bird fatalities at the site has been very low.

• Disturbance of Wildlife

During wind energy project operations, wildlife both on and off site could be disturbed by vehicles, workers, and project machinery. The response of wildlife to such disturbance is highly variable and depends on species; distance; and type, intensity, and duration of disturbance. Some species may become readily habituated to daily site activities; others may temporarily move from the area; still others may permanently move from the area; and, finally, some species (e.g., raccoons and coyote) may be drawn to the wind energy project areas, particularly if garbage is allowed to accumulate or is improperly managed.

4.9.7 Effects on Wetlands and Aquatic Resources

Potential operational impacts to wetlands and aquatic resources may be expected to be of lesser magnitude than impacts that could be incurred during construction of the wind energy project. Wetlands and aquatic resources could be affected by (1) site maintenance activities that involve mowing or cutting of wetland and riparian vegetation, (2) exposure to contaminants, and (3) decreased water quality due to surface runoff from the site. Wetlands and aquatic resources could also be affected by human activities not related to wind energy project operations but rather associated with increased access to lands in the immediate vicinity of the wind energy project site. Potential impacts from increased access may include (1) disturbance of biota in wetland and aquatic habitats, (2) the introduction of invasive fish and vegetation, and (3) the illegal take of fish or other aquatic biota.

4.9.8 Effects on Threatened and Endangered Species

Loss or damage to habitats is caused by turbine bases, substations, access roads and transmission line corridors. This is not believed to be a major concern to birds outside sensitive areas, such as designated sites of national and international importance (BirdLife, 2003). The Arasinagundi wind farm does not come under sensitive areas hence do not cause loss of habitat to any of the birds.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-14 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The wind turbines have been sited carefully to avoid excessive harm to birds. The Arasinagundi wind farm has been sited to prevent any adverse impacts on birds by avoiding migration corridors, siting in specific microhabitats, using appropriate tower design (tubular towers). There are no narrow flyways around the Arasinagundi wind farm, and birds can manoeuver around or over the turbines with relative ease.

4.9.9 Mitigation Measures

Mitigating Fuel Spills and Exposure to Site-Related Chemicals

The following measures have been implemented to minimize the potential for exposure of biota to accidental spills:

• Drip pans would be used during refueling to contain accidental releases. • Pesticide use would be limited to nonpersistent, immobile pesticides and herbicides and would only be applied in accordance with label and application permit directions and stipulations for terrestrial and aquatic applications.

Mitigating Establishment of Invasive Vegetation

The following measure may be implemented to minimize the potential establishment of invasive vegetation at the site and its associated facilities:

• Access roads, utility and transmission line corridors, and tower site areas would be monitored regularly for invasive species establishment, and weed control measures would be initiated immediately upon evidence of invasive species introduction.

Mitigating Site/Wildlife Interactions

The following measures may reduce the potential for bird collisions, primarily through reducing the attractiveness of the facility to birds:

• Areas around turbines, meteorological towers, and other facility structures would be maintained in an unvegetated state (e.g., crushed gravel), or only vegetation that does not support wildlife use would be planted.

• All unnecessary lighting would be turned off at night to limit attracting migratory birds.

• Employees, contractors, and site visitors would be instructed to avoid harassment and disturbance of wildlife, especially during nesting seasons. In addition, pets would be controlled to avoid harassment and disturbance of wildlife.

• Observations of potential wildlife problems, including wildlife mortality, would be reported to the authorized officer immediately.

Afforestation

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-15 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Plantation will be carried out in 4.0 ha of non forest land in Kallenahalli village, Survey no. 47, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

4.10 Land Use

The construction and operation of a wind energy development project would have an impact on land use if there were: • Conflict with existing land use plans and community goals; • Conflict with existing recreational, educational, religious, scientific, or other uses of the area; or • A conversion of the existing commercial land use of the area (e.g., mineral extraction).

4.10.1 Potential Impacts to Aviation

The project is not located within 20,000 ft or less of an existing public or military airport. Hence no adverse impacts to aviation would be expected.

4.10.2 Potential Impacts to Military Operations

The project is not located within 20,000 ft or less of an existing military area. Hence no adverse impacts would be expected.

4.10.3 Potential Impacts to Recreational Areas

Impacts on recreational resources would be considered significant if they occurred in a high-density, concentrated, developed recreation site or facility, or included (1) noise impacts; (2) dust or air quality impacts; or (3) visual impacts, particularly if such impacts occurred in remote settings and landscapes. No significant adverse impacts on recreational users would be expected from operations as the operating workforce would be limited.

4.10.4 Potential Impacts to Lands

Generally, wind turbines need to be separated by a distance equivalent to at least several tower heights in order to allow wind strength to reform and for the turbulence created by one rotor not to harm another turbine downwind. Therefore, only a small percentage of land area is taken out of use by the turbines, access roads, and other associated infrastructure. Depending on the location, size, and design of a wind energy development project, wind development is compatible with a wide variety of land uses and generally would not preclude recreational, wildlife habitat conservation, military, livestock grazing, oil and gas leasing, or other activities that currently occur within the proposed project area.

Land use refers to any alteration of current and future uses that can be affected by the installation of WTs. In open, flat terrain, a utility-scale wind plant will require about 60 acres per megawatt of installed capacity. However, only 5% (3 acres) or less of this area is actually occupied by turbines, access roads, and other equipment--95% remains free for other compatible uses such as farming or VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-16 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

ranching. A wind plant located on a ridgeline in hilly terrain will require much less space, as little as two acres per megawatt. In Europe, most wind energy sites are located in remote, rural areas where livestock grazing is a common practice. The Arasinagundi wind farm is located on a ridgeline in hilly terrain and require less space.

4.10.5 Mitigation Measures

• Wind project has been planned to mitigate or minimize impacts to other land uses; • To plan for efficient land use, necessary infrastructure requirements have been consolidated whenever possible, and current transmission and market access are used; and • Restoration plans should be developed to ensure that all temporary use areas are restored.

4.11 Visual Resources

Visual resources refer to all objects (man-made and natural, moving and stationary) and features (e.g., landforms and water bodies) that are visible on a landscape. These resources contribute to the scenic or visual quality of the landscape, that is, the visual appeal of the landscape. A visual impact is the creation of an intrusion or perceptible contrast that affects the scenic quality of a landscape. A visual impact can be perceived by an individual or group as either positive or negative, depending on a variety of factors or conditions (e.g., personal experience, time of day, weather/seasonal conditions).

Wind energy development projects would be highly visible because of the introduction of turbines into typically rural or natural landscapes, many of which have few other comparable structures. The artificial appearance of wind turbines may have visually incongruous —industrial“ associations for some, particularly in a predominantly natural landscape. Visual evidence of wind turbines cannot be avoided, reduced, or concealed, owing to their size and exposed location; therefore, effective mitigation could be limited.

Daily and seasonal low sunlight conditions striking ridgelines and towers would tend to make them more visible and more prominent. In regions with variable terrain, wind developments along ridgelines would be most visible, particularly when viewed from other similar or lower elevations, owing partly to silhouetting against the sky. Much higher viewing points would reduce silhouetting.. Interposition of turbines between observers and the sun, particularly in the early and late hours of the day and during the winter season when sun angles are low, could produce a strobe-like effect from flickering shadows cast by the moving rotors onto the ground and objects. At its most severe, shadow flicker would be temporary and limited to daylight hours; it may be significant, however, because of its motion and frequency. A related but less severe effect would be a sun-dial- like effect, also increased at low sun angles, as the shadows of very tall turbines sweep great distances over the landscape.

All aboveground ancillary structures (including fences around substations) would potentially produce visual contrasts by virtue of their design attributes (form, VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-17 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

color, line, and texture) and by virtue of the reflectivity of their surfaces and resulting glare. If security and safety lighting are used, even if they are downwardly focused, visibility of the site would increase, particularly in dark nighttime sky conditions typical of rural areas.

4.11.1 Mitigation Measures

• Turbine arrays and the turbine design have been integrated with the surrounding landscape. To accomplish this integration, several elements of design are incorporated. • Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has provided visual order and unity among clusters of turbines (visual units) to avoid visual disruptions and perceived —disorder, disarray, or clutter“. • Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has created visual uniformity in the shape, color, and size of rotor blades, nacelles, and towers. • The use of tubular towers is recommended. Truss or lattice-style wind turbine towers with lacework, pyramidal, or prism shapes have been avoided. Tubular towers present a simpler profile and less complex surface characteristics and reflective/shading properties. • Components are in proper proportion to one another. Nacelles and towers have been planned to form an aesthetic unit and have been combined with particular sizes and shapes in mind to achieve an aesthetic balance between the rotor, nacelle, and tower. • Color selections for turbines have been made to reduce visual impact and have been applied uniformly to tower, nacelle, and rotor. • Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. have used nonreflective paints and coatings to reduce reflection and glare. Turbines, visible ancillary structures, and other equipment have been painted before or immediately after installation. • Uncoated galvanized metallic surfaces have been avoided because they would create a stronger visual contrast, particularly as they oxidize and darken. • The site design has been integrated with the surrounding landscape. • To the extent practicable, Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has avoided placing substations or large operations buildings on high land features and along —skylines“ that are visible from nearby sensitive view points. The presence of these structures has been concealed or made less conspicuous. Conspicuous structures have been designed and constructed to harmonize with desirable or acceptable characteristics of the surrounding environment. • Minimum amount of construction and ground clearing needed for roads, staging areas, and crane pads has been made.

Dust suppression techniques have been employed to minimize impacts of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, construction, and wind on exposed surface soils. Disturbed surfaces are restored as closely as possible to their original contour and revegetated immediately after, or contemporaneously with construction. Action has been prompt to limit erosion and to accelerate restoring the preconstruction color and texture of the landscape.

4.12 Electromagnetic Interference (Emi)

WTs or generation equipment can interfere with communication systems that use electromagnetic waves. This is caused mainly by the turbine blades, which VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-18 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

sometimes scatter the signals as they rotate. The tower may also reflect signals, so interfering with the original signal arriving at the receiver. EMI mainly affects television reception, aircraft navigation and landing systems, as well as microwave links. Interference with television reception is the most common effect but it can be easily and cheaply corrected. Other mentioned impacts are unlikely to happen unless the turbines are placed in close proximity to the transmitter or receiver. EMI effects on FM radio, cellular phones and satellite services are very unlikely to occur. EMI is a site-specific issue. Onsite assessment was performed to identify any effects on radio services in the area as well as the interference zones and found to be nil.

Radar is basically designed to filter out stationary objects and display moving ones, and moving wind turbine blades create radar echoes. It is possible to modify a radar installation to eliminate this problem, according to a consulting firm that has studied it for the British government- —radars can be modified to ensure that air safety is maintained in the presence of wind turbine farms. Individual circumstances will dictate the degree and cost of modification required, some installations may require no change at all whilst others may require significant modification." The Arasinagundi wind farm is not located near any airport or military airfield. 4.13 Cultural Resources

Fewer impacts on cultural resources are likely from the operation of the wind development project than from its construction. Impacts associated with operation are possible, however, because of the improved access to the area and the presence of workers and the public. As stated above, human presence potentially increases the likelihood of unauthorized collection of artifacts and vandalism, as well as inadvertent destruction of unrecognized resources. In addition, there may be visual impacts on the resource, since the visible wind turbines may be perceived as an intrusion on a sacred or historical landscape. Archaeological sites and historic properties are not present in the area, hence no impact is envisaged.

4.14 Flickering

Shadow flicker is the term used to describe what happens when rotating turbine blades come between the viewer and the sun, causing a moving shadow. Shadow flicker is almost never a problem for residences near the Arasinagundi wind farm, and in the few cases where it could be, it is easily avoided.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-19 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.15 Lighting

Lights at wind farms are non-intrusive, and improvements in design will make them even less so as the technology expands. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends lighting for most structures more than 200 feet in height to ensure aviation safety. FAA findings indicate that lighting the perimeter of wind projects with simultaneously flashing lights is sufficient to indicate one large obstacle to pilots. No daytime lighting is needed. Only one light is needed on each lit turbine nacelle (the nacelle is the boxlike structure at the top of a turbine‘s tower to which the turbine rotor is attached.

Moreover, it is thought that other generating plants have to be available to the power system's operator to supply electricity when the wind is not blowing. However, the wind does not just start and stop. Typically, wind speeds increase gradually and taper off gradually, and the system operator has time to move other plants on and off line (start and stop them from generating) as needed--the fluctuations in wind plant output change more slowly than do the changes in customer demand that a utility must adjust to throughout the day. Studies indicate that for a 100-megawatt wind plant, only about 2 megawatts of conventional capacity is needed to compensate for changes in wind plant output

Wind energy is one of the cleanest, most environmentally friendly energy sources in the world.

• Wind energy produces no emissions. • Wind energy requires no mining, drilling, or transportation of fuel, and no disposal of radioactive or other hazardous or polluting waste. It is a renewable energy resource found in abundant supply in many regions of the United States.

Modern wind turbines are so safe they successfully operate near schools, in urban settings and densely populated areas, and in rural communities. Blade throws were common in the industry's early years, but are unheard-of today because of better turbine design and engineering. Utility-scale wind turbines are certified to international engineering standards, such as those developed by Vestas, Germanischer Lloyd or Det Norske Veritas, and these include ratings for withstanding different levels of hurricane-strength winds and for other criteria. There are thousands of turbines installed in Europe and thousands in the U.S. - wind turbine standards ensure a high level of operational reliability and safety in the U.S. and worldwide.

In some areas, wind turbines even draw tourists.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-20 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

5.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 Introduction

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. would incorporate policies and Best Management Practices (BMPs) that establish mitigation requirements for all projects. These programmatic policies and BMPs are designed to ensure that potential impacts associated with wind energy development would be kept to a minimum.

Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has developed BMPs and applied to all wind energy development projects to establish environmentally sound and economically feasible mechanisms to protect and enhance natural and cultural resources. These proposed BMPs were derived from the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 4.

• These control and mitigation measures shall be reviewed and revised, as needed, to address changing conditions or requirements at the site, throughout the operational phase. This adaptive management approach would help ensure that impacts from operations are kept to a minimum.

• Inoperative turbines shall be repaired, replaced, or removed in a timely manner.

5.2 General

• All control and mitigation measures established for the project shall be maintained and implemented throughout the operational phase, as appropriate. These control and mitigation measures shall be reviewed and revised, as needed, to address changing conditions or requirements at the site, throughout the operational phase. This adaptive management approach would help ensure that impacts from operations are kept to a minimum.

• Inoperative turbines shall be repaired, replaced, or removed in a timely manner. Requirements to do so shall be incorporated into the due diligence provisions of the ROW authorization. Operators will be required to demonstrate due diligence in the repair, replacement, or removal of turbines; failure to do so could result in termination of the ROW authorization.

Wildlife

• Employees, contractors, and site visitors shall be instructed to avoid harassment and disturbance of wildlife, especially during reproductive (e.g., courtship and nesting) seasons. In addition, any pets shall be controlled to avoid harassment and disturbance of wildlife.

• Observations of potential wildlife problems, including wildlife mortality, shall be reported to the authorized officer immediately.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-1 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

Ground Transportation

• Ongoing ground transportation planning shall be conducted to evaluate road use, minimize traffic volume, and ensure that roads are maintained adequately to minimize associated impacts.

Public Health and Safety

• Permanent fencing shall be installed and maintained around electrical substations, and turbine tower access doors shall be locked to limit public access.

• In the event an installed wind energy development project results in EMI, the operator shall work with the owner of the impacted communications system to resolve the problem. Additional warning information may also need to be conveyed to aircraft with onboard radar systems so that echoes from wind turbines can be quickly recognized.

5.3 Geologic Resources

The potential for impacts to geologic resources and soils would occur primarily during construction and decommissioning. The following mitigation measures have been implemented to reduce impacts:

• The size of disturbed land has been minimized as much as possible. Existing roads and borrow pits have been used as much as possible.

• Topsoil removed during construction has been salvaged and reapplied during reclamation. Disturbed soils has been reclaimed as quickly as possible or protective covers have been applied.

• Erosion controls would be applied. Practices such as jute netting, silt fences, and check dams would be applied near disturbed areas.

• Access roads are located to follow natural contours of the topography and minimize side hill cuts.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-2 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

5.4 W ater Resources

Potential water resource impacts would mostly occur during the site construction and decommissioning phases. Mitigations measures implemented to reduce such impacts include:

• The size of cleared and disturbed lands has been minimized as much as possible. Existing roads and borrow pits are being used as much as possible.

• Topsoil removed during construction has been salvaged and reapplied during reclamation. Disturbed soils have been reclaimed as quickly as possible or protective covers have been applied.

• Erosion controls have been applied. Practices such as jute netting, silt fences, have been applied near disturbed areas. Check dams will be built near disturbed areas.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has identified unstable slopes and slope angles that can induce slope instability and sites were avoided which would create excessive slope angles.

5.5 Air Quality

• Mitigation measures for areas subject to vehicular travel

o Access roads and on-site roads would be surfaced with aggregate materials, wherever appropriate. o Dust abatement techniques would be used on unpaved, unvegetated surfaces to minimize airborne dust.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-3 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

o Speed limits would be posted (e.g., 25 mph [40 km/h]) and enforced to reduce airborne fugitive dust. • Mitigation measures for clearing and disturbing land

o Disturbed areas have been minimized. o Dust abatement techniques have been used as earthmoving activities proceed and prior to clearing.

• Mitigation measures for earthmoving

o Dust abatement techniques have been used before excavating, backfilling, compacting, or grading. o Disturbed areas have be revegetated as soon as possible after disturbance.

5.6 Noise Impacts

All equipment would have sound-control devices no less effective than those provided on the original equipment. All construction equipment used would be adequately muffled and maintained.

5.7 Transportation Impacts

• A traffic management plan would be prepared for the site access roads to ensure that no hazards would result from the increased truck traffic and that traffic flow would not be adversely impacted. This plan would incorporate measures such as informational signs, flaggers when equipment may result in blocked throughways, and traffic cones to identify any necessary changes in temporary lane configuration. Signs would be placed along roads to identify speed limits, travel restrictions, and other standard traffic control information.

• To minimize impacts on local commuters, consideration would be given to limiting construction vehicles traveling on public roadways during the morning and late afternoon commute time.

• During construction and operation, traffic would be restricted to the roads developed for the project. Use of other unimproved roads would be restricted to emergency situations.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-4 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

5.8 Health And Safety Impacts

5.8.1 Occupational Safety

• Electrical systems have been designed to meet all applicable safety standards

5.8.2 Public Safety

5.9 Ecological Resources

5.9.1 Mitigating Fuel Spills and Exposure to Site-Related Chemicals

The following measures have been implemented to minimize the potential for exposure of biota to accidental spills:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-5 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

5.9.2 Mitigating Establishment of Invasive Vegetation

The following measure may be implemented to minimize the potential establishment of invasive vegetation at the site and its associated facilities:

5.9.3 Mitigating Site/Wildlife Interactions

The following measures may reduce the potential for bird collisions, primarily through reducing the attractiveness of the facility to birds:

• All unnecessary lighting would be turned off at night to limit attracting migratory birds.

• Observations of potential wildlife problems, including wildlife mortality, would be reported to the authorized officer immediately.

5.9.4 Afforestation

Plantation will be carried out in 4.0 ha of non forest land in Kallenahalli village, Survey no. 47, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India

• Greenbelt Development

Suitable greenbelt will be developed in 4.0-ha.

A greenbelt development plan is in progress in areas earmarked for group plantation within the selected area.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-6 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

• Details of Greenbelt

The greenbelt development will improve the aesthetic look, check soil erosion, make the ecosystem more effective and functionally more stable, make the climate more conducive and restore water balance.

The selected species should be able to quickly grow and effectively stabilize and improve the soil and environment, besides being economically useful.

Time of Plantation

In general, trees are planted at the beginning of the monsoon. As the trees are benefited from the seasonal rains, so it is advised to avoid planting during the dry season as this will require heavy watering.

Preparation of Plantation Area

Plantation site will be cleared from all wild vegetation. This will help in surveying the land for assessing its resources and weak points. Suitable soil and water conservation measures will be adopted, if required.

The planting area should be divided into blocks inter-linked by paths laid out in such a way that every tree is accessible for all post plantation care.

Spacing between Trees

A tree requires sufficient space below and above the ground to spread its roots and branches. However, spacing varies with the type of tree, soil fertility, availability of moisture and purpose of plantation.

Marking and Digging of Pits

The location of each pit will be marked according to the design and distance of plantation. The size of the pits varies with type of trees. While digging the pit, care will be taken to place the top soil on one side and bottom soil on the other side. Dug out soil and pit would be exposed to weather for two to three months.

After exposing to the weather, pit would be filled two-third to three-fourth height with a mixture of top soil and well rotten farmyard manure.

Criteria for Selection of Species

Species to be selected should fulfill the following specific requirements of the area.

• Tolerance to specific conditions or alternatively wide adaptability to eco-physiological conditions; • Rapid growth; • Capacity to endure water stress and climatic extremes after initial establishment; • Differences in height and growth habits;

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-7 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

• Pleasing appearance; • Providing shade; • Ability of fixing atmospheric Nitrogen; and

Raising of Seedlings in Nursery

Seedlings should be raised in nurseries. Adequate number of surplus seedlings should be available considering 10% mortality in seedlings. Healthy seedlings should be ready for transfer to permanent location before rainy season.

Preparation of Pits and Preparing them for Transfer of Seedlings

• Standard pit size would be 1 m x 1 m x 1 m; • The distance between pits would vary depending on their location; • The pits would be filled using good soil from nearby agricultural fields (3 parts) and farm yard manure (1 part); • Rhizobium commercial preparation (1 kg/1000 kg); • BHC powder, if the soil inhabits white ants (Amount variable); and • The pits would be watered prior to plantation of seedlings

Recommended Species for Plantation

Based on climate and soil characteristics of the study area, some species are recommended for plantation. The climate of the region is moderate. Hence, in order to have a ground cover, some fast growing species, have been recommended for mass plantation. However, experimental trial should be conducted for the suitability and sustainability of the recommended species. The detailed list of recommend plantation species are presented in Table-5.1.

TABLE-5.1 RECOMMENDED PLANTATION SPECIES

Name of the Plant Species Butea monosperma Bauhinia purpuria Carissa carandus Calliandra callothyrus Zizhuphus mauritian Zizhhuphus zuzuba Pithocolobium dulce Dalberqia sissoo Tamarindus indica Bambusa multiplex Cassia fistula Mimusops elinqi Somania saman Tecoma stans Mangifera indica Peltophorum ferrusinium Bauhinia recemosa

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-8 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

About 70% of the leased out area in wind farm will be utilized for developing medicinal plants gardens. The list is given in Table 5.2.

TABLE-5.2 LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Sr. No Botanical Name Local Name (Kannda) 1. Aegle marmelos Bilvapaatre,bilvam 2. Albizia odorattissima Bilwara 3. Anogeissus latifolia Dindiga, dindalu 4. Asparagus racemosa Majjigaaygadai 5. Azadirachta indica Bevu, vepa 6. Bauhinia prupuria Basavannapada 7. Boswella serrata Doopa, palaki tadak 8. Buchanania angustifolia Maradi 9. Canthium parviflora Kare 10. Carissa carandus Kavali 11. Cassia auriculata Thangedu, thangai 12. Cassia fistula Kakke 13. Diospyros Montana Jagalaganti 14. Dodonia viscose Bandre, Hangru 15. Emblica officinalis Nelli 16. Eugenia jambolina Neralze,neredu 17. Euphorbia tirucauli Kalli 18. Ferosia limonia Byala, bela, 19. Grewia tiliafolia Jane 20. Holarrena antidicentirica 21. Jatropha curcas Thukahale 22. Langaerstromea parviflora Channangi 23. Melia dubua Hebbevu 24. Opuntia dillinei Papaskalli 25. Plumaria actutifolia Devakanagalu 26. Santalum album Album 27. Sapindus emerginatus Antavala, kunkudu 28. Schleicheria oleosa Kodlimuruka 29. Sterculia urens Bhutale 30. Strebulus asper Mitle 31. Strychnos muxvomica Chilladamara 32. Tamarindus indica Hunase 33. Wrightia tinctoria Hale, Neeli 34. Zizyphus jujube Bore, elachi 35. Zizyphus oenoplia Godchi

5.10 Land Use

Mitigation Measures

The measures include:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-9 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

5.11 Visual Resources

Turbine arrays and the turbine design have been integrated with the surrounding landscape. To accomplish this integration, several elements of design are incorporated.

• Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has provided visual order and unity among clusters of turbines (visual units) to avoid visual disruptions and perceived —disorder, disarray, or clutter“. • Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has created visual uniformity in the shape, color, and size of rotor blades, nacelles, and towers. • The use of tubular towers is recommended. Truss or lattice-style wind turbine towers with lacework, pyramidal, or prism shapes have been avoided. Tubular towers present a simpler profile and less complex surface characteristics and reflective/shading properties. • Components are in proper proportion to one another. Nacelles and towers have been planned to form an aesthetic unit and have been combined with particular sizes and shapes in mind to achieve an aesthetic balance between the rotor, nacelle, and tower. • Color selections for turbines have been made to reduce visual impact and have been applied uniformly to tower, nacelle, and rotor. • Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. have used nonreflective paints and coatings to reduce reflection and glare. Turbines, visible ancillary structures, and other equipment have been painted before or immediately after installation. • Uncoated galvanized metallic surfaces have been avoided because they would create a stronger visual contrast, particularly as they oxidize and darken. • The site design has been integrated with the surrounding landscape. • To the extent practicable, Accion Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd. has avoided placing substations or large operations buildings on high land features and along —skylines“ that are visible from nearby sensitive view points. The presence of these structures has been concealed or made less conspicuous. Conspicuous structures have been designed and constructed to harmonize with desirable or acceptable characteristics of the surrounding environment. • Minimum amount of construction and ground clearing needed for roads, staging areas, and crane pads has been made.

5.12 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amounts and concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-10 Initial Environmental Examination for Arasinagundi Wind Farm, 13.20 MW at, Arasinagundi Village, Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, Karnataka State, India Chapter-5 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan

may include socio-economic interaction, through local liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.

5.12.1 Monitoring Schedule

The environmental monitoring for the operations will be conducted as follows:

• Ambient air monitoring; • Water monitoring; • Noise/vibration studies; and • Soil testing.

A recognized environmental laboratory has been already contracted for carrying out the above monitoring work for one year the details of the number of locations are given in Table-5.3. TABLE-5.3 POST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING SCHEDULE

Sr. Environ Sampling Locations Sampling Parameters No mental Component 1 Meteorology One central location Temperature, Wind Speed, Wind Direction Rainfall Relative Humidity, Cloud Cover

2 Ambient Air 5 locations SO2, NOx, CO, SPM, RPM, Lead, Zinc, Quality Cadmium 3 Water Quality 5 locations As per IS:10500-1991 Heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr-6, Total Cr, Cu, Zn, Se, Fe) 4 Noise 5 locations Leq 5 Soil 5 locations Soil profile, Chemical constituents, Suitability for agricultural growth

In addition to the above the bird population around the wind farm will be studied, with relation to species, etc. The study would include studying if there are any bird migratory paths in the area.

5.12.2 Implementation Schedule of Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures suggested shall be implemented so as to reduce the impact on environment due to the operations of the proposed expansion project. In order to facilitate easy implementation of mitigation measures, these are phased as per the priority implementation as given in Table-5.4.

TABLE-5.4 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Sr. No. Recommendations Schedule 1 Air pollution control measures Immediate 2 Water pollution control measures Immediate 3 Noise control measures Immediate 4 Ecological preservation and upgradation Immediate & Progressive

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-11 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

1.0 Meteorology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS : 8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD).

1.1 Methodology of Data Generation

The Central Monitoring Station (CMS) equipped with continuous monitoring equipment was installed at site at a height of about 10-m above ground level to record wind speed, direction, relative humidity and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located in such a way that it is free from any obstructions and as per the guidelines specified under IS:8829. Cloud cover was recorded by visual observation. Rainfall was monitored by rain gauge.

The continuous recording meteorological instrument of Dynalab, Pune (Model No.WDL1002) has been used for recording the met data. The sensitivity of the equipment is as given in Table-1.

TABLE-1 SENSITIVITY OF METEOROLOGY MONITORING STATION

Sr. No. Sensor Sensitivity 1 Wind speed Sensor ± 0.02 m/s 2 Wind direction Sensor ± 3 degrees 3 Temperature Sensor ± 0.2oC

Hourly maximum, minimum and average values of wind speed, direction and temperature were recorded continuously with continuous monitoring equipment. All the sensors were connected to filter and then logged on to datalogger. The readings were recorded in a memory module, which was attached to datalogger. The memory module was downloaded in computer through Dynalab software. The storage capacity of memory module was 256 KB. Data was downloaded every fortnight into the computer. The data was recorded continuously. The recovery of data was about 98%. The rest of 2 % data gaps were filled by referring to IMD data and daily weather reports in the local newspapers. However, Relative Humidity and Rainfall were recorded manually.

1.2 Ambient Air Quality

1.2.1 Method of Analysis

The air samples were analyzed as per standard methods specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), IS: 5184 and American Public Health Association (APHA).

1.2.2 Instruments used for Sampling

Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 instruments have been used for monitoring Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and

gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. Charcoal filled glass tubes were deployed for collection of carbon monoxide. Gas Chromatography techniques have been used for the estimation of CO. AI-1 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

1.2.3 Instruments used for Analysis

The make and model of the instruments used for analysis of the samples collected during the field monitoring are given in Table-2.

TABLE-2 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES

Sr. Instrument Name Make Model Parameters No

1 Spectrophotometer HACH DR 2000; Sl. No. SO2, NOx 911016344 2 Electronic Balance Metler AE 200S; Sl. No M10774 TSPM, SPM, RPM 3 Gas Chromatograph GC-3, CP- 3800-44; Sl. No. CO With FID, pFPD, VARIAN 8094 ECD

1.2.4 Sampling and Analytical Techniques

1] Total Suspended Particulate Matter TSPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx

SPM (>10 µ) and RPM (<10 µ) present in ambient air is drawn through the cyclone. Coarse and non-respirable dust (>10µ) is separated from the air stream by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles. These separated particulates fall through the cyclone's conical hopper and collect in the sampling cup placed at the bottom of the cyclone. The fine dust (<10 microns) forming the respirable fraction passes the cyclone and is retained by the filter paper. The TSPM is estimated by summing up the SPM and RPM fractions collected separately as above. A tapping is provided on the suction side of the blower to provide suction for sampling air through a set of impingers. Samples of gases are drawn at a flow rate of 0.2 Liters Per Minute (LPM). TSPM and RPM have been estimated by Gravimetric method (IS: 5182, Part IV). Modified West and Gaeke method (IS-5182 Part-II, 1969) has been adopted for

estimation of SO2. Jacobs-Hochheiser method (IS-5182 Part-VI, 1975) has been adopted for the estimation of NOx.

Calibration:

Calibration charts have been prepared for all gaseous pollutants. The calibration is carried out whenever new absorbing solutions are prepared. All the Resirable Dust Samplers are calibrated as per ASTM D-4096. The rotameter is calibrated using soap bubble meter.

2] Carbon Monoxide

Charcoal filled glass tubes have been used for collecting the samples of Carbon monoxide. The CO levels were analyzed through Gas Chromatography techniques.

The techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring and minimum detectable level are given in Table-3.

AI-2 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

TABLE-3 TECHNIQUES USED FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Sr. Parameter Technique Technical Minimum No. Protocol Detectable Limit (µg/m3) 1 Total Suspended Respirable Dust Sampler IS-5182 5.0 Particulate Matter (Gravimetric method) (Part-IV) 2 Respirable Respirable Dust Sampler IS-5182 5.0 Particulate Matter (Gravimetric method) (Part-IV) 3 Sulphur dioxide Modified West and IS-5182 4.0 Gaeke (Part-II) 4 Oxide of Nitrogen Jacob & Hochheiser IS-5182 4.0 (Part-VI) 5 Carbon Monoxide Gas Chromatography IS-5182 12.5 (Part-X)

1.3 Dust Fall Measurement

Dustfall was measured using dustfall jars. The dustfall jar was installed at all AAQ locations and monitoring was carried out for one month in each season. The jar was filled with 2.5 liter of water. The water in the jar was mixed with copper sulphate solution (0.02N solution) to prevent any growth of algae. A funnel having a diameter of 206 mm was attached to the top of the jar on which dust falls and slides into the jar. The water level in the jar is constantly maintained in such way that the 2.5 liter of water is retained. After one month the water is analyzed for pH, total undissolved matter, ash, total dissolved matter and total solids. Dustfall in 2 1m area was calculated by using the following formula:

Factor = 127.3 x104 d2

4 Factor = 127.3x10 = 29.998 (206)2

where d= diameter of funnel i.e. 206 mm in present case.

The factor is multiplied to the mg of dust collected to get the dust deposition in 2 mg/m .

Analysis of Collected Matter

Analysis was carried out at central laboratory. The pH of the water was measured by pH meter. The weight of the total un-dissolved matter was obtained after filtration. The weight of ash was obtained by combustion of the undissolved matter. The weight of the total dried soluble matter obtained from the residue from a

measured portion of filtrate after evaporation to dryness.

1.4 Water Analysis

Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples

collected for metal content were acidified with 1 ml HNO3. Samples for bacteriological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physico- chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the AI-3 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH were analyzed at the time of sample collection.

The methodology for sample collection and preservation techniques was followed as per the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) mentioned in Table-4.

TABLE-4 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP) FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER SAMPLING

Parameter Sample Collection Sample Size Storage/ Preservation pH Grab sampling 50 ml On site analysis Plastic /glass container Electrical Grab sampling 50 ml On site parameter Conductivity Plastic /glass container Total suspended Grab sampling 100 ml Refrigeration, solids Plastic /glass container can be stored for 7 days Total Dissolved Grab sampling 100 ml Refrigeration, Solids Plastic /glass container can be stored for 7 days BOD Grab sampling 500 ml Refrigeration, 48 hrs Plastic /glass container

Hardness Grab sampling 100 ml Add HNO3 to pH<2, Plastic /glass container refrigeration; 6 months Chlorides Grab sampling 50 ml Not required; 28 days Plastic /glass container Sulphates Grab sampling 100 ml Refrigeration; 28 days Plastic /glass container Sodium, Plastic container 100 ml Not required; 6 months Potassium Nitrates Plastic containers 100 ml Refrigeration; 48 hrs Fluorides Plastic containers only 100 ml Not required; 28 days Alkalinity Plastic/ glass containers 100 ml Refrigeration; 14 days

Ammonia Plastic/ glass containers 100 ml Add H2SO4 to pH>2, refrigeration, 28 days Hexavalent Plastic/ Glass rinse with 1+1 100 ml Grab sample; refrigeration; 24 +6 Chromium, Cr HNO3 hrs

Heavy Metals (Hg, Plastic/ Glass rinse with 1+1 500 ml Filter, add HNO3 to pH>2; Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, HNO3 Grab sample; 6 months Zn, Pb etc.) Source: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Published By APHA, AWWA, WEF 19th Edition, 1995

1.4.1 Analytical Techniques

The analytical techniques used for water and wastewater analysis is given in the Table-5. TABLE-5 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER ANALYSIS

Parameter Method pH APHA-4500-H+ Colour APHA-2120 C Odour IS: 3025, Part-4 Temperature APHA-2550 B Dissolved Oxygen APHA-4500 O BOD APHA-5210 B Electrical conductivity APHA-2510 B Turbidity APHA-2130 B Chlorides APHA-4500 Cl- Fluorides APHA-4500 F- AI-4 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Parameter Method Total dissolved solids APHA-2540 C Total suspended solids APHA-2540 D Total hardness APHA-2340 C -2 Sulphates APHA-4500 SO4 Arsenic APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3114 B/ APHA-3500 As Calcium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Ca Magnesium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Mg Sodium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Na Potassium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 K Manganese APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Mn Mercury APHA-3112 B/ APHA-3500 Hg Selenium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3114 B/ APHA-3500 Se Lead APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Pb Copper APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Cu Cadmium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Cd Iron APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Fe Zinc APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Zn Boron APHA-4500 B Coliform organisms APHA-9215 D Alkalinity APHA-2320 B

1.5 Soil Quality

At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized. This is in line with IS: 2720 & Methods of Soil Analysis, Part-1, 2nd edition, 1986 of (American Society for Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America). The homogenized samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The soil samples were collected and analyzed once in each season.

The samples have been analyzed as per the established scientific methods for physico-chemical parameters. The heavy metals have been analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analyzer.

The methodology adopted for each parameter is described in Table-6.

TABLE-6 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL ANALYSIS

Parameter Method (ASTM number) Grain size distribution Sieve analysis (D 422 œ 63) Textural classification Chart developed by Public Roads Administration Infiltration capacity Infiltrometer Bulk density Sand replacement, core cutter Porosity Void ratio Sodium absorption ratio Flame colourimetric (D 1428-82) PH pH meter (D 1293-84) Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter (D 1125-82) Nitrogen Kjeldahl distillation (D 3590-84) Phosphorus Molybdenum blue, colourimetric (D 515-82) Potassium Flame photometric (D 1428-82) Copper AAS (D 1688-84) Iron AAS (D 1068-84) Zinc AAS (D 1691-84) Boron Surcumin, colourimetric (D 3082-79) Chlorides Argentometric (D 512-81 Rev 85) Fluorides Fusion followed by distillation and estimation by Ion selective electrod. AI-5 ANNEXURE-I METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

1.6 Noise Levels

1.6.1 Method of Monitoring

Noise level monitoring was carried out continuously for 24-hours with one hour interval starting at 0030 hrs to 0030 hrs next day. The noise levels were monitored on working days only and Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays were not

monitored. During each hour Leq were directly computed by the instrument based on the sound pressure levels. Lday (Ld), Lnight (Ln) and Ldn values were computed using corresponding hourly Leq of day and night respectively. Monitoring was carried out at ”A‘ response and fast mode.

Parameters Measured During Monitoring

For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time certain noise levels exceeds the time interval. The notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:

• Hourly Leq values have been computed by integrating sound level meter. • Lday: As per the CPCB guidelines the day time limit is between 07:00 hours to 22.00 hours as outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification S.O. 123 (E) dated 14/02/2000.

• Lnight: As per the CPCB guidelines the night time limit is between 22:00 hours to 07.00 hours as outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification S.O. 123 (E) dated 14/02/2000.

A rating developed by Environmental Protection Agency, (US-EPA) for specification

of community noise from all the sources is the Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn).

Ldn: It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during night time period (10 pm to 07 am) a 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average. This nighttime penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night when people usually sleep is judged as more annoying than the same noise during the daytime.

The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq‘s, by the following equation.

15 9 (L i / 10) (L i +10 / 10) [ƒ 10 eq + ƒ 10 eq ] i =1 i =1 Ldn = 10Log 24

AI-6 ANNEXURE-III DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS

Table 1 : Demographic Profiles of the Villages in the Core Zone and Buffer Zone Number of Population Literacy rate Distance from the Name of No.of House Sl.No. Name of the Village core zone the Tehsil Holds SC ST Others Total Male Female 0-3 Km. 1 Byatagaranahalli 0-3 Km. Jagalur 56 291 0 0 291 95 88 2 Jyothipura 0-3 Km. Jagalur 227 720 60 468 1248 363 210 3 Doddabommanahalli 0-3 Km. Jagalur 111 80 495 143 718 238 147 4 Anabur 0-3 Km. Jagalur 391 262 103 1958 2323 542 347 3-7 Km. Sub Total 785 1353 658 2569 4580 1238 792 1 Jayaramanahalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 30 30 42 49 121 25 25 2 Hanumavvanagathihalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 60 0 0 310 310 94 81 3 Tamalihalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 337 233 1804 16 2053 478 255 4 Hanumanthapura 3-7 Km. Jagalur 358 140 244 1507 1891 516 379 5 Kasavanahalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 158 245 459 102 806 251 161 6 Goguddu 3-7 Km. Jagalur 126 69 0 709 778 224 177 7 Thimmalapura 3-7 Km. Jagalur 65 0 324 0 324 93 53 8 Kananakatte 3-7 Km. Jagalur 186 166 827 0 993 270 150 9 Madamuthnahalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 89 0 85 382 467 133 64 10 Huchavvanahalli 3-7 Km. Jagalur 210 561 39 402 1002 336 252 11 Bangarakkanagudda 3-7 Km. Jagalur 149 606 0 201 807 250 113 12 Ranganathanahalli 3-7 Km. Kudliga 106 69 61 529 659 176 119 13 Hulikere 3-7 Km. Kudliga 602 203 1166 1795 3164 1195 936 14 Alur 3-7 Km. Kudliga 766 778 609 3053 4440 1552 941 7-10 Km.Sub Total 3242 3100 5660 9055 17815 5593 3706 1 Gowdagondanahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 226 103 972 301 1376 319 206 2 Gowripura 7-10 Km. Jagalur 265 330 337 776 1443 398 195 3 Thumbinakatte 7-10 Km. Jagalur 37 28 19 150 197 61 51 4 Marikatte 7-10 Km. Jagalur 126 210 337 173 720 144 117 5 Kyasenahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 192 149 214 884 1247 357 189 6 Kenchenahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 189 343 156 557 1056 307 188 7 Rangapura 7-10 Km. Jagalur 106 0 498 61 559 151 115 8 Uddagatta 7-10 Km. Jagalur 163 171 52 593 816 271 180 9 Jagalur Rural 7-10 Km. Jagalur 331 644 187 916 1747 515 391 10 Bharamasamudra 7-10 Km. Jagalur 327 654 19 976 1649 597 430 11 Chikkamallanahole 7-10 Km. Jagalur 376 647 262 1067 1976 623 420

AIII-1 ANNEXURE-III DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS

12 Dibbadahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 90 38 174 212 424 157 115 13 Taitone 7-10 Km. Jagalur 85 168 127 157 452 178 106 14 Halehalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 65 68 90 186 344 132 76 15 Hiremallanahole 7-10 Km. Jagalur 247 294 61 1025 1380 475 267 16 Siddammanahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 184 35 0 1005 1040 404 241 17 Mudlamachikere 7-10 Km. Jagalur 110 12 116 385 513 200 116 18 Kamagethanahalli 7-10 Km. Jagalur 163 0 650 261 911 342 207 19 Nimbalageri 7-10 Km. Kudliga 768 207 1734 2593 4534 1509 841 20 Hosahalli 7-10 Km. Kudliga 1410 880 1225 5379 7484 2814 1972 21 Byluthumbaraguddi 7-10 Km. Kudliga 341 204 29 1680 1913 518 301 22 Hirekumbalagunta 7-10 Km. Kudliga 535 627 646 1740 3013 939 531 23 Kenchamallanahalli 7-10 Km. Kudliga 617 1308 147 2244 3699 1124 635 24 Lokikere 7-10 Km. Kudliga 299 496 278 978 1752 617 336 Sub Total 7252 7616 8330 24299 40245 13152 8226 Grand Total 11279 12069 14648 35923 62640 19983 12724

AIII-2 ANNEXURE-IV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS

LINGANAHALI (AAQ-1) Monitoring Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO I II III 16/9/08 81.6 27.7 6.7 4.4 206 197 185 17/9/08 78.0 26.5 5.6 4.6 193 184 172 18/9/08 62.6 21.3 5.4 5.1 227 217 205 19/9/08 66.4 22.6 5.2 5.2 218 208 196 20/9/08 62.7 21.3 6.7 6.1 241 230 218 21/9/08 87.9 29.9 5.2 4.7 217 207 195 22/9/08 84.0 28.6 7.2 6.3 198 189 177 23/9/08 85.6 29.1 5.0 5.0 232 222 210 24/9/08 85.9 29.2 6.3 5.2 204 195 183 25/9/08 79.6 27.1 5.3 4.6 246 235 223 26/9/08 81.6 27.7 5.2 5.4 217 207 195 27/9/08 89.0 30.3 7.8 5.0 247 236 224 28/9/08 98.6 33.5 6.5 5.2 210 200 188 29/9/08 65.0 22.1 5.0 5.3 202 192 180 30/9/08 71.0 24.1 8.0 5.9 225 215 203 1/10/2008 68.0 23.1 4.7 6.3 210 201 189 2/10/2008 87.6 29.8 5.1 4.8 252 240 228 3/10/2008 95.6 32.5 5.6 6.1 261 249 237 4/10/2008 74.0 25.2 5.6 6.5 269 257 245 5/10/2008 76.0 25.8 5.9 6.3 263 251 239 6/10/2008 98.6 33.5 7.4 6.5 276 264 252 7/10/2008 69.0 23.5 7.6 5.2 247 236 224 8/10/2008 71.0 24.1 5.8 6.4 258 247 235 9/10/2008 98.6 33.5 7.0 5.8 271 259 247 10/10/2008 76.0 25.8 5.2 5.4 258 246 234 11/10/2008 66.0 22.4 MINIMUM 62.6 21.3 4.7 4.4 172 MAXIMUM 98.6 33.5 8.0 6.5 276 AVG 79.2 26.9 6.0 5.5 223 th 98 Percentile 98.6 33.5 7.9 6.5 270

AIV-1 ANNEXURE-IV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS

BAMANHALLI ( R/R) (AAQ-2) Monitoring Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO I II III 16/9/08 56.2 17.984 6.1 8.3 268 250 210 17/9/08 58.2 18.624 6 7.5 250 235 197 18/9/08 68.5 21.92 5.7 8.8 295 277 238 19/9/08 56.5 18.08 5.4 6.2 283 266 224 20/9/08 62.9 20.128 7.7 8.5 313 297 260 21/9/08 66.9 21.408 5.4 8.9 281 265 217 22/9/08 70.6 22.592 6.9 9.2 256 238 197 23/9/08 69.3 22.176 5.1 8.2 302 286 246 24/9/08 85.6 27.392 7.1 7.6 265 251 212 25/9/08 79.6 25.472 5.5 7.1 321 303 263 26/9/08 84.4 27.008 5.4 8.2 282 268 229 27/9/08 81.4 26.048 4.8 5.3 322 305 263 28/9/08 74.4 23.808 7.3 7.7 272 257 214 29/9/08 55.8 17.856 5 8.5 261 242 201 30/9/08 68.6 21.952 7.5 8.7 293 278 239 1/10/2008 68.3 21.856 4.6 7.5 273 259 219 2/10/2008 66.3 21.216 5.2 6.2 328 310 271 3/10/2008 69.6 22.272 6 6.7 340 324 284 4/10/2008 63.7 20.384 5.9 5.3 351 337 298 5/10/2008 73.5 23.52 6.4 6 343 327 287 6/10/2008 68.8 22.016 4.1 6.9 360 345 307 7/10/2008 72.7 23.264 4.5 7.4 322 306 267 8/10/2008 64.1 20.512 7.2 4.5 337 322 282 9/10/2008 61.5 19.68 5.6 5.8 354 341 300 10/10/2008 57.4 18.368 6.4 4.5 336 322 281 11/10/2008 61.6 19.712 5.9 4.9 325 309 268 MINIUM 55.8 17.9 4.1 4.5 197 MAXIMUM 85.6 27.4 7.7 9.2 360 AVG 67.9 21.7 5.9 7.1 281 th 98 Percentile 85.0 27.2 7.6 9.1 352

AIV-2 ANNEXURE-IV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS

JAGALUR (AAQ-3) Monitoring Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO I II III 16/9/08 87.1 28.7 7.02 8.16 320 240 185 17/9/08 88.9 29.3 6.22 7.68 300 225 172 18/9/08 105.1 34.7 6.94 8.16 352 267 213 19/9/08 104.6 34.5 5.66 7.6 337 256 199 20/9/08 93.4 30.8 6.46 6.56 372 287 235 21/9/08 100.5 33.2 7.02 5.2 335 255 192 22/9/08 119.5 39.4 5.98 8.16 307 228 172 23/9/08 130.9 43.2 6.94 4.64 359 276 221 24/9/08 123.4 40.7 7.02 3.92 317 241 187 25/9/08 129.7 42.8 6.86 5.44 380 293 238 26/9/08 145.5 48.0 7.26 5.2 336 258 204 27/9/08 136.2 44.9 7.82 6.24 381 295 238 28/9/08 133.6 44.1 7.98 3.12 325 247 189 29/9/08 130.2 43.0 8.06 2.96 313 232 176 30/9/08 136.4 45.0 8.38 7.36 349 268 214 1/10/2008 133.6 44.1 6.94 5.12 326 249 194 2/10/2008 124.2 41.0 6.62 6.24 388 300 246 3/10/2008 127.3 42.0 6.22 6.32 402 314 259 4/10/2008 120.2 39.7 5.58 5.76 414 327 273 5/10/2008 113.2 37.4 6.22 7.52 405 317 262 6/10/2008 129.2 42.6 6.94 7.44 424 335 282 7/10/2008 104.6 34.5 7.58 8.32 381 296 242 8/10/2008 140.2 46.3 6.94 7.28 398 312 257 9/10/2008 134.1 44.3 7.58 6.56 417 331 275 10/10/2008 136.4 45.0 7.82 6.32 397 312 256 11/10/2008 132.2 43.6 6.94 5.68 385 299 243 MINIUM 87.1 28.7 5.6 3.0 172 MAXIMUM 145.5 48.0 8.4 8.3 424 AVG 121.5 40.1 7.0 6.3 288 th 98 Percentile 142.9 47.1 8.2 8.2 415

AIV-3 ANNEXURE-IV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS

KASAVANAHALLI (AAQ-4) Monitoring Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO I II III 16/9/08 70.1 23.8 6.52 8.228 365 259 226 17/9/08 71.9 24.4 6.44 8.116 344 243 212 18/9/08 88.1 30.0 7.64 9.796 396 290 258 19/9/08 87.6 29.8 8.92 11.588 382 278 242 20/9/08 76.4 26.0 4.92 6.612 417 314 283 21/9/08 83.5 28.4 3.88 7.732 380 277 234 22/9/08 102.5 34.9 6.36 6.948 351 246 212 23/9/08 107.9 36.7 5.48 5.044 404 300 267 24/9/08 100.4 34.1 9.08 11.9 362 261 228 25/9/08 106.7 36.3 9.16 11.5 425 320 287 26/9/08 106.5 36.2 5.8 10.42 381 280 248 27/9/08 97.2 33.0 4.12 8.068 426 323 287 28/9/08 110.6 37.6 3.56 7.284 370 268 231 29/9/08 107.2 36.4 3.9 5.044 357 250 216 30/9/08 108.4 36.9 3.72 7.508 393 292 259 1/10/2008 110.6 37.6 4.04 3.62 371 270 236 2/10/2008 101.2 34.4 4.44 3.588 433 328 296 3/10/2008 104.3 35.5 4.76 4.18 448 344 310 4/10/2008 97.2 33.0 7.64 6.58 460 359 327 5/10/2008 90.2 30.7 5.72 7.94 451 348 314 6/10/2008 106.2 36.1 4.28 8.292 470 368 337 7/10/2008 81.6 27.7 3.56 7.284 426 324 292 8/10/2008 108.2 36.8 4.9 4.484 444 341 308 9/10/2008 103.1 35.1 4.2 5.94 463 363 329 10/10/2008 105.4 35.8 6.76 7.284 443 341 307 11/10/2008 109.2 37.1 5.8 7.54 430 327 293 MINIUM 70.1 23.8 3.6 3.6 212 MAXIMUM 110.6 37.6 9.2 11.9 470 AVG 97.8 33.2 5.6 7.4 328 th 98 Percentile 110.6 37.6 9.1 11.7 461

AIV-4 ANNEXURE-IV AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS

KANNAKATTE (AAQ-5) Monitoring Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO I II III 16/9/08 76.1 23.6 6.72 11.7 322 290 255 17/9/08 98.9 30.7 5.92 11.6 301 274 241 18/9/08 115.1 35.7 6.64 11.3 353 321 287 19/9/08 114.6 35.5 5.36 11.1 339 309 271 20/9/08 103.4 32.1 6.16 10.1 374 345 312 21/9/08 110.5 34.3 6.72 11.2 337 308 263 22/9/08 129.5 40.1 5.68 10.4 308 277 241 23/9/08 140.9 43.7 6.64 8.5 361 331 296 24/9/08 133.4 41.4 6.72 11.4 318 292 257 25/9/08 139.7 43.3 6.56 10.0 382 351 316 26/9/08 135.5 42.0 6.96 9.9 338 311 277 27/9/08 146.2 45.3 7.52 11.6 383 354 316 28/9/08 143.6 44.5 7.68 10.8 327 299 260 29/9/08 140.2 43.5 7.76 8.5 314 281 245 30/9/08 146.4 45.4 8.08 11.0 350 323 288 1/10/2008 143.6 44.5 6.64 7.1 328 301 265 2/10/2008 134.2 41.6 6.32 7.1 390 359 325 3/10/2008 137.3 42.6 5.92 7.7 405 375 339 4/10/2008 130.2 40.4 5.28 10.1 417 390 356 5/10/2008 123.2 38.2 5.92 11.4 408 379 343 6/10/2008 139.2 43.2 6.64 11.8 427 399 366 7/10/2008 114.6 35.5 7.28 10.8 383 355 321 8/10/2008 146.2 45.3 6.64 8.0 401 372 337 9/10/2008 144.1 44.7 7.28 9.4 420 394 358 10/10/2008 146.4 45.4 7.52 10.8 399 372 336 11/10/2008 142.2 44.1 6.64 11.0 387 358 322 MINIUM 76.1 23.6 5.3 7.1 241 MAXIMUM 146.4 45.4 8.1 11.8 427 AVG 129.8 40.2 6.7 10.2 333 th 98 Percentile 146.4 45.4 7.9 11.8 418

AIV-5 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

TABLE-1.1 LIST OF PLANT SPECIES RECORDED IN JAGALUR AND ARASINAGUNDI FORESTS OF DAVANAGERE DISTRICT

Sr.No Botanical Name Local name ( Kannda) 1 Abrus precatorius Golagongi 2 Acacia ;eucophloe Bilijali, tumma 3 Acacia Arabica Babul, karijali 4 Acacia catechu Tadwad 5 Acacia ferruginea Bannimara 6 Acacia intsia Billisege 7 Acacia latrorum Hottlejali 8 Acacia sundra Mugatimara 9 Aegle marmelos Bilvapaatre,bilvam 10 Albizia amara Thuggali 11 Albizia lebbeck Bage 12 Albizia odorattissima Bilwara 13 Annona squamosa Seethaphal 14 Anogeissus latifolia Dindiga, dindalu 15 Asparagus racemosa Majjigaaygadai 16 Atalantia monophylla Kadunimbe 17 Azadirachta indica Bevu, vepa 18 Bambusa bamboo Hebbideru 19 Bauhinia prupuria Basavannapada 20 Bombax ceiba Boogga, buorga 21 Boswella serrata Doopa, palaki tadak 22 Bridelia retusa Gojayamara 23 Buchanania angustifolia Maradi 24 Butea monosperma Muthuga 25 Canthium didynum Nallabalusu 26 Canthium parviflora Kare 27 Carissa carandus Kavali 28 Carya arborea Kavalu 29 Cassia auriculata Thangedu, thangai 30 Cassia fistula Kakke 31 Chloroxylon swietenia Masavalu bitlu 32 Cochlospermum gossypium Bettadavare, Harismabooruga 33 Cordia myxa Sollehannu 34 Dalbergia latifolia Karimara, beete 35 Dalbergia paniculata Pacholi 36 Decalepis hamiltoni Makliberu 37 Delonix regia Samkeshwari 38 Dendrocalamus strictus Sannabiduru 39 Dichrystachys cineria Neladeachalu, earadutharaddu 40 Diospyros Montana Jagalaganti 41 Disopyros melanoxylon Tupra, tumbri 42 Dodonia viscose Bandre, Hangru 43 Eerythroxylon monogynum Devadari 44 Elaedendrum glaucum Mukurthi 45 Emblica officinalis Nelli 46 Eugenia jambolina Neralze,neredu 47 Euphorbia tirucauli Kalli 48 Ferosia limonia Byala, bela, 49 Ficus benghalensis Aladawara, 50 Ficus mysoorensis Goni 51 Ficus reliosa Arailmara, Ravi AVI-1 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

Sr.No Botanical Name Local name ( Kannda) 52 Ficus tseila Basarimara 53 Gardenia gummifera Bike, bong 54 Garuga pinnata Goddadaamara 55 Givotia rottleriformis Bilidale 56 Grewia tiliafolia Jane 57 Gymnosperia Montana Thandrasi 58 Hardwickia binata Hasu 59 Holoptelia integrefolia Thapasi 60 Holarrena antidicentirica 61 Ixora parviflora Goravi 62 Jatropha curcas Thukahale 63 Kydia calcina Bende, wild bende 64 Langaerstromea parviflora Channangi 65 Lantana camara Lantana 66 Mallotus phillipinensis Kumkumadamara 67 Mangifera indica Mavu, mamidi 68 Melia dubua Hebbevu 69 Mitrgyna parviflora Kadagadamara 70 Moridna tinctoria Kadukamabala 71 Opuntia dillinei Papaskalli 72 Phoenix farnifera Kirichilu 73 Phoenix sylvestris Eachalu 74 Plumaria actutifolia Devakanagalu 75 Pongamia pinnata Honge 76 Premna tomentosa Narve,eaji 77 Proteium candatum Kallutji 78 Pterocarpus marsupium Honne 79 Saccopetalum tomentosum Hesare 80 Santalum album Album 81 Sapindus emerginatus Antavala, kunkudu 82 Schleicheria oleosa Kodlimuruka 83 Seeurinega virosa Bilisule, Hooli 84 Semecarpus anacardium Kadugeru 85 Shorea talura Jalari 86 Soymida fabrifuga Somed 87 Stachytarptieta jamaicensis Uthrani 88 Sterculia urens Bhutale 89 Sterculia villosa Bilidalemara 90 Stereospermum chelonoides Padrimara 91 Strebulus asper Mitle 92 Strychnos muxvomica Chilladamara 93 Tamarindus indica Hunase 94 Tectona grandis Saguvvani 95 Terminalia arjuna Thoremathi 96 Terminalia belerica Thera 97 Terminalia chebula Alale, karaka 98 Terminalia tomentosa Mathi, budri 99 Terminlia paniculata Hulabe 100 Thespesia lampas Kadubende 101 Toddalia aculata Kakke 102 Wrightia tinctoria Hale, Neeli 103 Zizyphus jujube Bore, elachi 104 Zizyphus oenoplia Godchi

AVI-2 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

TABLE-1.2 LIST OF PLANT SPECIES RECORDED IN STUDY AREA

Sr. No. Technical Name Family Life form I. Agricultural Crops 1. Sorghum vulgare Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 2. Triticum vulgare Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 3. Zea mays Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 4. Oryza sativa Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 5. Elusine coracona Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 6. Pennisetum glaucum Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 7. Paspalum scrobicum Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 8. Echinochloe colore Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 9. Seteria verticillata Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte II. Commercial Crops (including Vegetables) 10. Allium cepa Liliaceae Geophyte 11. Allium sativum Liliaceae Geophyte 12. Annona squamosa Annonaceae Phanerophyte 13. Arachis hypogia Fabaceae Geophyte 14. Brassica oleracea var botrydis Cruciferae Therophyte 15. Brassica oleracea var capitata Cruciferae Therophyte 16. Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Therophyte 17. Carica papaya Caricaceae Therophyte 18. Catharanthes pusillus Compositae Therophyte 19. Cicer arietinum Fabaceae Hemicryptophyte 20. Citrus lemon Ruataceae Therophyte 21. Colacasia esculenta Areaceae Geophyte 22. Coreandrum sativum Umbelliferae Hemicryptophyte 23. Daucus carota Umbelliferae Geophyte 24. Gossypium sp Malvaceae Therophyte 25. Lycopersicum esculentus Solanaceae Therophyte 26. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Phanerophyte 27. Memordia charantia Cucurbitaceae Therophyte 28. Pisum sativum Fabaceae Therophyte 29. Psidium guava Myrtaceae Phanerophyte 30. Raphanus sativa Cruciferae Geophyte 31. Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Geophyte 32. Trichosanthes anguina Cucurbitaceae Therophyte III. Plantations 33. Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 34. Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 35. Albizia odorattissima Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 36. Albizia procera Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 37. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Phanerophyte 38. Bauhinia variegate Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 39. Bauhinia purpuria Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 40. Bambusa arundanacea Poaceae Phanerophyte 41. Butea superba Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 42. Butea frondosa Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 43. Eucalyptus sp Myrtaceae Phanerophyte 44. Delonix regia Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 45. Leucena leucophloe Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 46. Peltoforrum ferrusinum Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 47. Pongamia pinnata Papillionaceae Phanerophyte 48. Tectona grandis Verbinaceae Phanerophyte 49. Sesbania suevalens Ceasalpinacae Phanerophyte IV. Natural Vegetation/Forest Type 50. Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Phanerophyte 51. Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 52. Acacia arabica Mimosaceae Phanerophyte AVI-3 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

Sr. No. Technical Name Family Life form 53. Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 54. Acacia leucophloe Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 55. Acacia Senegal Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 56. Acalypha ciliate Mimosaceae Phanorophyte 57. Acanthospermum hispidum Compositae Therophyte 58. Achras sapota Sapotaceae Phanerophyte 59. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Therophyte 60. Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 61. Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Phanerophyte 62. Aerva lanata Compositae Phanerophyte 63. Agave wightii Agavaceae Phanerophyte 64. Ageratum conyzoides Compositae Therophyte 65. Ailanthes excela Simaroubaceae Phanerophyte 66. Alangium salivus Alangiceae Phanerophyte 67. Aloe barbedensis Agavaceae Geophyte 68. Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Therophyte 69. Ammania baccafera Lytharaceae Therophyte 70. Argemone mexicana Papevaraceae Phanerophyte 71. Asparagaus racemosus Liliaceae Therophyte 72. Atalantia monophylla Rutaceae Phanerophyte 73. Atalantia monophylla Rutaceae Therophyte 74. Balanites aegyptica Simaroubaceae Phanerophyte 75. Barleria prionoites Acanthaceae Therophyte 76. Bidens biternata Compositae Therophyte 77. Blepharis asperima Acanthaceae Phanerophyte 78. Blepharis madaraspatens Acanthaceae Therophyte 79. Boerheavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Therophyte 80. Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Phanerophyte 81. Borreria stricta Rubiaceae Therophyte 82. Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Phanerophyte 83. Brassica camprestris Cruciferae Therophyte 84. Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 85. Bridelia superba Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 86. Calotropis procera Asclipiadaceae Phanerophyte 87. Canna indicda Cannaceae Therophyte 88. Canthium parviflorum Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 89. Capparis aphylla Capparidaceae Therophyte 90. Capparis deciduas Capparidaceae Phanerophyte 91. Capsicum annulatum Solanaceae Therophyte 92. Careya arborea Palmae Phanerophyte 93. Carissa carandus Apocyanaceae Phanerophyte 94. Cassia auriculata Caesalpinaceae Therophyte 95. Cassia obtuse Caesalpinaceae Therophyte 96. Cassia occidentalis Caesalpinaceae Therophyte 97. Cassia tora Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 98. Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Phanerophyte 99. Cestrum diurnum Rubiaceae Theophyte 100. Cestrum noctrunum Rubiaceae Therophyte 101. Chrysanthemum sp Compositae Therophyte 102. Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae Therophyte 103. Chlorxylon sweitenia Rutaceae Phanerophyte 104. Citrus limon Rutaceae Phanerophyte 105. Citrus media Rutaceae Phanerophyte 106. Cleome gynandra Capparidaceae Therophyte 107. Cleome viscose Capparidaceae Therophyte 108. Cocos nucifera Palmae Phanerophyte 109. Combretum ovalifolium Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 110. Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Therophyte 111. Cordia dichotoma Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 112. Cordia rothri Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 113. Crataeva adsoni Capparidaceae Phanerophyte 114. Crotalaria burhia Fabaceae Therophyte AVI-4 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

Sr. No. Technical Name Family Life form 115. Crotalaria medicagenia Fabaceae Therophyte 116. Croton bonplandinum Amaryllidaceae Therophyte 117. Cuscuta reflexa Cuscutaceae Epiphyte 118. Datura alba Solanaceae Therophyte 119. Desmodium triflorum Asclepiadaceae Therophyte 120. Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Phanerophyte 121. Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Phanerophyte 122. Diospyros melanoxylon Ebanaceae Phanerophyte 123. Echinops echinatus Compositae Therophyte 124. Eclipta alba Compositae Therophyte 125. Eclipta prostrate Compositae Hemicryptophyte 126. Emblica officinale Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 127. Emilia lajerium Compositae Hemicryptophyte 128. Erythrina indica Papillionaceae Phanerophyte 129. Eugenia jumbolina Myrataceae Phanerophyte 130. Euphorbia acaulis Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 131. Euphorbia antiquorum Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 132. Euphorbia heyneae Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 133. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 134. Euphorbia nerifolia Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 135. Euphorbia neruri Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 136. Euphorbia nivula Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 137. Euphorbia parviflora Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 138. Euphorbia tricauli Euphorbiaceae Hemicryptophyte 139. Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae Therophyte 140. Fagonia cretica Zygophyllaceae Phanerophyte 141. Feronia elephantum Rutaceae Phanerophyte 142. Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Phanerophyte 143. Ficus carica Moraceae Phanerophyte 144. Ficus tsicia Moraceae Phanerophyte 145. Ficus glomerata Moraceae Phanerophyte 146. Ficus hispida Moraceae Phanerophyte 147. Ficus relisiosa Moraceae Phanerophyte 148. Ficus gibbosa Moraceae Phanerophyte 149. Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae Phanerophyte 150. Flacourtia latifolia Flacourtiaceae Phanerophyte 151. Flacourtia Montana Flacourtiaceae Phanerophyte 152. Fumaria indica Papillionaceae Hemicryptophyte 153. Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 154. Garuga pinnata Burseraceae Phanerophyte 155. Grewia abutifolia Tiliaceae Phanerophyte 156. Givotia rottleriformis Rutaceae Phanerophyte 157. Grewia salivifolia Tiliaceae Phanerophyte 158. Grewia subinaqualis Tiliaceae Phanerophyte 159. Gynandropis gynandra Capparidaceae Hemicryptophyte 160. Helictris isora Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 161. Heliotropium indicum Rubiaceae Hemicryptophyte 162. Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae Phanerophyte 163. Hibiscus gibbosa Malvaceae Therophyte 164. Hibiscus micronthus Malvaceae Therophyte 165. Hibiscus ovalifolia Malvaceae Therophyte 166. Hibiscus rosa-cianensis Malvaceae Therophyte 167. Hibsicus caesus Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 168. Hyptis suavalens Labiatae Therophyte 169. Ipomea carnea Convolvulaceae Phanerophyte 170. Ipomea coccinea Convolvulaceae Therophyte 171. Ipomea tuba Convolvulaceae Hemicryptophyte 172. Ixora parviflora Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 173. Ixora singapuriens Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 174. Jacarandra jacquimontii Bignoniaceae Therophyte 175. Jasmimum arborens Oleaceae Phanerophyte 176. Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae Therophyte AVI-5 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

Sr. No. Technical Name Family Life form 177. Justicia simplex Acanthaceae Therophyte 178. Justia diffusa Acanthaceae Therophyte 179. Justicia diffusa Acanthaceae Therophyte 180. Lantana camara Verbinacaee Phanerophyte 181. Lathyrus sativus Papillionaceae Hemicryptophyte 182. Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Phanerophyte 183. Lepidogathis cristata Acanthaceae Therophyte 184. Leucas aspera Labiatae Therophyte 185. Leucas longifolia Labiatae Therophyte 186. Leucas stelligera Labiatae Therophyte 187. Loranthus sp Loranthaceae Epiphyte 188. Malvastrum coramandalicum Malvaceae Therophyte 189. Merremia emerginata Convolvulaceae Therophyte 190. Mallotus phillipinensis Euphorbiaceae phanerophyte 191. Mitragyna parviflora Rubiaceae Phanerophyte 192. Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Therophyte 193. Melia dubia Meliaceae Phanerophyte 194. Mollugo hirta Aizoaceae Therophyte 195. Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Phanerophyte 196. Murraya exotica Rutaceae Phanerophyte 197. Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Phanerophyte 198. Musa paradisica Musaceae Therophyte 199. Nerium indicum Apocyanaceae Phanerophyte 200. Ocimum americanum Labiatae Therophyte 201. Ocimum basillum Labiatae Therophyte 202. Ocimum canum Labiatae Therophyte 203. Ocimum sanctum Labiatae Therophyte 204. Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Therophyte 205. Opuntia dillinii Opuntiaceae Therophyte 206. Opuntia elator Cacataceae Therophyteq 207. Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Therophyte 208. Parkinsonia aculata Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 209. Parthenium hysterophorus Compositae Therophyte 210. Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae Phanerophyte 211. Pavonia zeylanica Malvaceae Phanerophyte 212. Phoenix aculis Palmae Phanerophyte 213. Phyllanthes emblica Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 214. Phyllanthes nirurii Euphorbiaceae Therophyte 215. Physalis minima Solanaceae Therophyte 216. Protium caudatum Burseraceae Kondamavu 217. Pithocolobium dulce Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 218. Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Phanerophyte 219. Portulaca oleracea Portulaccaceae Therophyte 220. Prosopis spicegera Mimosaceae Phanerophyte 221. Premna tomentosa Verbinaceae Phanerophyte 222. Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Phanerophyte 223. Plumaria acutifolia Apocyanaceae Phanerophyte 224. Psidium guava Myrtaceae Phanerophyte 225. Punica granulatum Puniaceae Therophyte 226. Sapindus emerginatus Sapindaceae Phanerophyte 227. Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Phanerophyte 228. Sida vernanifolia Malvaceae Hemicryptophyte 229. Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Therophyte 230. Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Therophyte 231. Sterculia urens Euphorbiaceae Phanerophyte 232. Strychons nuxvomta Loganiaceae Phanerophyte 233. Sygygium cumini Myrtaceae Phanerophyte 234. Tagetus sp Compositae Therophyte 235. Tamarindus indica Caesalpinaceae Phanerophyte 236. Tecomella undulate Bignoniaceae Therophyte 237. Tephrosia purpuria Fabaceae Therophyte 238. Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Phanerophyte AVI-6 ANNEXURE-VI ECOLOGICAL DETAILS

Sr. No. Technical Name Family Life form 239. Thespesia lampas Malvaceae Phanerophyte 240. Tinospora cordifolia Rhamnaceae Therophyte 241. Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Therophyte 242. Tridax procumbens Compositae Therophyte 243. Vernonia cinera Compositae Therophyte 244. Vitex negungo Verbinaceae Therophyte 245. Vitis vermifera Vitaceae Therophyte 246. Xanthium strumariumk Compositae Therophyte 247. Yucca gloriosa Agavaceae Therophyte 248. Zizyphus jujube Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 249. Zizyphus oenoplica Rhamnaceae Therophyte 250. Zizyphus rotundus Rhamnaceae Phanerophyte 251. Zornia gobbosa Compositae Therophyte V. Grasslands 252. Apluda mutica Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 253. Chloris dolichosta Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 254. Cyanodactylon sp Poaceae Geophyte 255. Dichanthium annulatum Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 256. Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Therophyte 257. Cenchrus setifgera Poaceae Therophyte 258. Cyperus aristatus Cyperaceae Therophyte 259. Cyperus irea Cyperaceae Therophyte 260. Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Therophyte 261. Cyperus triceps Cyperaceae Therophyte 262. Dactylectinium annualatum Poaceae Therophyte 263. Digetaria bicornis Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 264. Digetaria stricta Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 265. Eragrostis japonica Poaceae Therophyte 266. Eragrostis tenella Poaceae Therophyte 267. Fibrystylis dichotoma Poaceae Hemicryptophyte 268. Ichnocarpus frutenscens Poaceae Therophyte 269. Setaria glauca Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte 270. Themeda ciliate Cyperaceae Hemicryptophyte

AVI-7